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Abstract
Historically, inappropriate lifestyle with an inadequate dietary intake of vitamin C has been associated with poor wound healing as a clinical manifestation of scurvy. In modern times, clinical evidence produced over the past few decades indicates that a modern lifestyle factor, such as smoking, together with biologic characteristics, like old age and male gender, are risk factors for abdominal wall hernia and recurrence. The pathologic pathways for these clinical observations are unclear. Yet, evidence from animal and human studies suggests that these exogenous and endogenous factors may have a negative impact on collagen metabolism, enhancing degradation and impairing formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Tue Sørensen
- Department of Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
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102
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Zhao H, Mortezaei R, Wang Y, Sheng X, Aria F, Bojanowski K. SBD.4 stimulates regenerative processes in vitro, and wound healing in genetically diabetic mice and in human skin/severe-combined immunodeficiency mouse chimera. Wound Repair Regen 2006; 14:593-601. [PMID: 17014672 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In search of novel angiostimulators, we performed a high-throughput screening of medicinal plants beneficial for blood circulation. From the panel of positive hits, Angelica sinensis was selected for further investigation. Purified down to a low-molecular-weight fraction and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, the material, named SBD.4A, revealed a particularly strong wound healing activity in the diabetic mouse wound-healing model, and in the human/severe combined immunodeficiency mouse chimera wound-healing model. In both models, SBD.4A compared favorably with the Food and Drug Administration-approved wound-healing drug becaplermin, suggesting that this botanical product could be a valuable treatment for difficult-to-heal wounds. Further high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation of SBD.4A yielded a hydrophilic fraction, which strongly stimulated endothelial cell proliferation, tridimensional endothelial cell network formation, as well as the proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts and type I collagen secretion. Because angiogenesis and fibroblast proliferation are essential for wound healing, we propose that this liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-defined hydrophilic fraction is at least partially responsible for the wound-healing activity of SBD.4A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Sunny BioDiscovery, Santa Clara, California 95050, USA
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103
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Ruixing Y, Qi B, Tangwei L, Jiaquan L. Effects of Nicotine on Angiogenesis and Restenosis in a Rabbit Model. Cardiology 2006; 107:122-31. [PMID: 16864991 DOI: 10.1159/000094658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nicotine is a major component of cigarette smoke and has been found to play an important role in angiogenesis. However, whether nicotine plays a role in restenosis has not been determined. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effects of nicotine on angiogenesis and restenosis in a rabbit model. METHODS Forty male New Zealand White rabbits were randomly divided into control and low-, middle-, and high-dose (0.005, 0.05 or 5 microg/kg, respectively) nicotine-treated groups. Balloon catheter denuding injury iliac artery and ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery were performed in all animals fed with a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) beginning 2 weeks before operation. Nicotine was administered daily by intramuscular injection in the ischemic hindlimb for 3 weeks. Control rabbits received an equal volume of phosphate-buffered saline alone. Collateral vessels of the ischemic hindlimb were observed by angiography of abdominal aorta, and the density of intramyocardial microvessels and proliferative activity of balloon-injured arteries were examined by immunohistochemistry. Serum levels of lipids and the indexes of hepatic or renal functions were also determined before HCD and after nicotine treatment. RESULTS One rabbit in control, two in low-, one in middle- and two in high-dose groups died during the experiment. The remaining 34 rabbits were included in the study. Two or five weeks after HCD, the levels of serum lipids were significantly increased in all groups, but there was no significant difference of the levels between control and nicotine-treated groups 3 weeks after treatment; the indexes of hepatic or renal functions showed no significant changes 3 weeks after nicotine treatment; there were no significant differences on collateral vessels shown by angiography in all four groups; the density of intramyocardial microvessels in three nicotine-treated groups was significantly higher than that in control group; but the intimal area and proliferative activity in the balloon-injured arteries in three nicotine-treated groups were also higher than those in control group. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that intramuscular administration of nicotine for 3 weeks could not increase arteriogenesis in ischemic hindlimb of rabbits, but is capable of significantly promoting intramyocardial angiogenesis. Nicotine can also accelerate intimal proliferation and thickening of balloon catheter denuding injury iliac artery, so it may contribute to the development of restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Ruixing
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.
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104
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Abstract
The non-neuronal cholinergic system of human epidermis includes the keratinocyte (KC) acetylcholine (ACh) axis composed of the enzymes mediating ACh synthesis and degradation, and two classes of ACh receptors, the nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptors, mediating biological effects of the cutaneous cytotransmitter ACh. Regulation of KC cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion is one of the important biological functions of cutaneous ACh. The downstream targets of ACh effects mediated by distinct ACh receptor subtypes include both the intercellular adhesion molecules, such as classical and desmosomal cadherins, and integrins mediating KC adhesion to a substrate. The signaling pathways include activation or inhibition of kinase cascades resulting in either up- or down-regulation of the expression of cell adhesion molecules or changes in their phosphorylation status, or both. The components of the KC ACh axis are involved in cutaneous blistering in patients with autoimmune pemphigus, junctional and dystrophic forms of epidermolysis bullosa, thermal burns, and mustard-induced vesication. Recent progress with the development of antiacantholytic therapies of patients with pemphigus using cholinomimetics indicates that cholinergic drugs may be a promising approach for other cutaneous blistering disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Grando
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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105
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Kawashima K. [Expression of non-neuronal acetylcholine and its biological roles in mammalian species]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2006; 127:368-74. [PMID: 16819242 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.127.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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106
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Asai J, Takenaka H, Katoh N, Kishimoto S. Dibutyryl cAMP influences endothelial progenitor cell recruitment during wound neovascularization. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1159-67. [PMID: 16514413 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Delayed wound healing is one of the major complications of diabetes, and is caused by delayed cellular infiltration, reduced angiogenesis, and decreased formation and organization of collagen fibers. Recently, endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) isolated from peripheral blood were shown to accumulate at sites of neovascularization during wound healing. The present study tested the hypothesis that sodium N-6,2'-O-dibutyryl adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphate (DBcAMP), which has been shown to accelerate wound healing, promotes recruitment of EPC into wounds and contributes to the stimulation of neovascularization in genetically diabetic mice. Topical application of DBcAMP resulted in significant acceleration of wound healing and wound vascularization partly via enhanced recruitment of EPC. EPC in DBcAMP-treated wounds were mainly localized to cell clusters at the border of the granulation tissue, a site where blood supply is most insufficient. DBcAMP treatment increased the mRNA expression of angiogenic cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) in vivo in wound tissue and in cultured fibroblasts and macrophages, in vitro. Culture supernatants of DBcAMP-treated cells enhanced EPC migration. Taken together, these results indicate that DBcAMP promotes neovascularization in wound healing, at least partly by increasing the accumulation of EPC at wound sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Asai
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Hirokoji, Kawaramachi, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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107
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Asai J, Takenaka H, Kusano KF, Ii M, Luedemann C, Curry C, Eaton E, Iwakura A, Tsutsumi Y, Hamada H, Kishimoto S, Thorne T, Kishore R, Losordo DW. Topical sonic hedgehog gene therapy accelerates wound healing in diabetes by enhancing endothelial progenitor cell-mediated microvascular remodeling. Circulation 2006; 113:2413-24. [PMID: 16702471 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.603167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a prototypical morphogen known to regulate epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during embryonic development. Recent observations indicate that exogenous administration of Shh can induce angiogenesis and may accelerate repair of ischemic myocardium and skeletal muscle. Because angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in wound repair, we hypothesized that activation of the hedgehog pathway may promote a favorable effect on microvascular remodeling during cutaneous wound healing and thereby accelerate wound closure. Because diabetes is associated with impaired wound healing, we tested this hypothesis in a diabetic model of cutaneous wound repair. METHODS AND RESULTS In Ptc1-LacZ mice, cutaneous injury resulted in LacZ expression, indicating that expression of the Shh receptor Patched was induced and therefore that the Shh signaling pathway was intact postnatally and upregulated in the process of wound repair. In diabetic mice, topical gene therapy with the use of naked DNA encoding for Shh resulted in significant local gene expression and acceleration of wound recovery. The acceleration in wound healing was notable for increased wound vascularity. In bone marrow transplantation models, the enhanced vascularity of the wound was shown to be mediated, at least in part, by enhanced recruitment of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. In vitro, Shh promoted production of angiogenic cytokines from fibroblasts as well as proliferation of dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, Shh directly promoted endothelial progenitor cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and tube formation. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a simple strategy of topically applied Shh gene therapy may have significant therapeutic potential for enhanced wound healing in patients with impaired microcirculation such as occurs in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Asai
- Division of Cardiovascular Research and Medicine, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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108
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The Nemertine Toxin Anabaseine and Its Derivative DMXBA (GTS-21): Chemical and Pharmacological Properties. Mar Drugs 2006. [PMCID: PMC3663414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nemertines are a phylum of carnivorous marine worms that possess a variety of alkaloidal, peptidic or proteinaceous toxins that serve as chemical defenses against potential predators. The hoplonemertines additionally envenomate their prey with a mixture of proboscis alkaloids delivered with the help of a calcareous stylet that punctures the skin of the victim. Anabaseine, the first of these alkaloids to be identified, stimulates a wide variety of animal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), especially the neuromuscular [e.g., α12β1γδ (embryogenic) or α12β1γɛ (adult)] and α7 AChRs that are inhibited by the snake peptide α-bungarotoxin. A synthetic derivative, 3-(2,4-Dimethoxybenzylidene)-Anabaseine (DMXBA; also called GTS-21), improves memory in experimental animals and humans and is currently in clinical trials to determine whether it can ameliorate cognitive problems associated with schizophrenia. Here we summarize present knowledge concerning the chemistry and mechanisms of action of these two substances (anabaseine and DMXBA) on AChRs, especially those found in the mammalian brain.
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109
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The Nemertine Toxin Anabaseine and Its Derivative DMXBA (GTS-21): Chemical and Pharmacological Properties. Mar Drugs 2006. [DOI: 10.3390/md403255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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110
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Morimoto N, Takemoto S, Kawazoe T, Naito M, Suzuki S. Nicotine at a low concentration promotes wound healing. Inflamm Regen 2006. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.26.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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111
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Bordel R, Laschke MW, Menger MD, Vollmar B. Nicotine does not affect vascularization but inhibits growth of freely transplanted ovarian follicles by inducing granulosa cell apoptosis. Hum Reprod 2005; 21:610-7. [PMID: 16311296 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is clear support for an association between smoking and decreased female fecundity and fertility. Cigarette smoke appears to have adverse effects along a continuum of reproductive processes. We therefore studied the effect of nicotine on follicular growth and vascularization of freely transplanted ovarian follicles. METHODS We used the skinfold chamber model in Syrian golden hamsters, which allows the in vivo microscopy of follicular grafts. Animals were treated daily with nicotine at doses mimicking low-rate and high-rate smokers (0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously). Saline-treated animals served as controls. To further evaluate the effect of nicotine on angiogenesis, an in vitro aortic ring assay was used. RESULTS The re-vascularisation rate of follicles was similar in nicotine-treated animals and controls. During the 7 days after transplantation, nicotine further caused a dose-dependent inhibition of follicular growth. In contrast, the vascularized area and microvessel density were not affected by the nicotine exposure. In vitro aortic ring assays confirmed that nicotine does not influence sprouting and microvessel formation. However, immunohistochemistry for cleaved caspase-3 revealed a large extent of granulosa cell apoptosis within transplanted follicles of high-dose nicotine-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS Nicotine as one toxic component of cigarette smoke does not affect vascularization, but adversely influences follicular growth by an increase in apoptotic cell death. As follicular growth is a crucial step in normal ovulation and fertilization, nicotine-induced cell apoptosis may represent one of the mechanisms underlying the well-established link between smoking and fertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bordel
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18055 Rostock, Germany
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112
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Roy S, Khanna S, Nallu K, Hunt TK, Sen CK. Dermal wound healing is subject to redox control. Mol Ther 2005; 13:211-20. [PMID: 16126008 PMCID: PMC1389791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.07.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we have reported in vitro evidence suggesting that that H2O2 may support wound healing by inducing VEGF expression in human keratinocytes (C. K. Sen et al., 2002, J. Biol. Chem.277, 33284-33290). Here, we test the significance of H2O2 in regulating wound healing in vivo. Using the Hunt-Schilling cylinder approach we present the first evidence that the wound site contains micromolar concentrations of H2O2. At the wound site, low concentrations of H2O2 supported the healing process, especially in p47(phox)- and MCP-1-deficient mice in which endogenous H2O2 generation is impaired. Higher doses of H2O2 adversely influenced healing. At low concentrations, H2O2 facilitated wound angiogenesis in vivo. H2O2 induced FAK phosphorylation both in wound-edge tissue in vivo and in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. H2O2 induced site-specific (Tyr-925 and Tyr-861) phosphorylation of FAK. Other sites, including the Tyr-397 autophosphorylation site, were insensitive to H2O2. Adenoviral gene delivery of catalase impaired wound angiogenesis and closure. Catalase overexpression slowed tissue remodeling as evidenced by a more incomplete narrowing of the hyperproliferative epithelium region and incomplete eschar formation. Taken together, this work presents the first in vivo evidence indicating that strategies to influence the redox environment of the wound site may have a bearing on healing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashwati Roy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Wound Center, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, OH 43210
| | - Savita Khanna
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Wound Center, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, OH 43210
| | - Kishore Nallu
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Wound Center, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, OH 43210
| | - Thomas K. Hunt
- Department of Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Chandan K. Sen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Wound Center, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, OH 43210
- Correspondence Dr. Chandan K. Sen, 512 DHLRI, OSU, 473 W. 12 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, Tel. 614 247 7658; Fax 614 247 7818, E. mail:
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113
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Schiekofer S, Galasso G, Sato K, Kraus BJ, Walsh K. Impaired revascularization in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes is associated with dysregulation of a complex angiogenic-regulatory network. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:1603-9. [PMID: 15920034 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000171994.89106.ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes is a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases associated with impaired angiogenesis or increased endothelial cell apoptosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Here it is shown that angiogenic repair of ischemic hindlimbs was impaired in Lepr(db/db) mice, a leptin receptor-deficient model of diabetes, compared with wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, as evaluated by laser Doppler flow and capillary density analyses. To identify molecular targets associated with this disease process, hindlimb cDNA expression profiles were created from adductor muscle of Lepr(db/db) and WT mice before and after hindlimb ischemia using Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Expression Set microarrays. The expression patterns of numerous angiogenesis-related proteins were altered in Lepr(db/db) versus WT mice after ischemic injury. These transcripts included neuropilin-1, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, placental growth factor, elastin, and matrix metalloproteinases implicated in blood vessel growth and maintenance of vessel wall integrity. CONCLUSIONS These data illustrate that impaired ischemia-induced neovascularization in type 2 diabetes is associated with the dysregulation of a complex angiogenesis-regulatory network.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/genetics
- Diabetic Angiopathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Elastin/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Hindlimb/blood supply
- Ischemia/genetics
- Ischemia/metabolism
- Ischemia/physiopathology
- Leptin/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Microcirculation/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics
- Neuropilin-1/genetics
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schiekofer
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany St, W611 Boston, MA 02118, USA
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114
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Sheikh AY, Rollins MD, Hopf HW, Hunt TK. Hyperoxia improves microvascular perfusion in a murine wound model. Wound Repair Regen 2005; 13:303-8. [PMID: 15953050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.130313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for a noninvasive method that measures wound angiogenesis. Hyperoxia is known to increase the appearance of new blood vessels in wounds, yet no study has confirmed increases in wound bed perfusion with periodic hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) exposure. This study investigates whether laser Doppler imaging is able to detect and quantify the enhancement of wound angiogenesis that is known to occur with intermittent HBO treatments. Full-thickness dorsal dermal wounds were created on mice randomized to hyperoxic (n = 14) and control (n = 15) groups. Hyperbaric oxygen was administered twice daily for 90 minutes each at 2.1 atmospheres for 7 days. Wound bed perfusion was measured by laser Doppler imaging on days 0, 7, and 10 postwounding. Wound blood flow increased significantly over baseline on day 7 and 10 in the hyperoxic group, but only on day 10 in the control group. Comparison between groups showed a 20% statistically significant increase in wound perfusion in HBO-treated animals compared to control on day 10 (p = 0.05). Laser Doppler imaging was able to detect and quantify the increase in wound bed perfusion resulting from intermittent HBO treatments and shows promise as a noninvasive measure of angiogenesis and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Y Sheikh
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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115
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Oben JA, Diehl AM. Sympathetic nervous system regulation of liver repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 280:874-83. [PMID: 15382023 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews recent evidence that the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulates liver repair by modulating the phenotypes of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the liver's principal fibrogenic cells, and hepatic epithelial progenitors, i.e., oval cells. SNS nerve fibers touch HSCs and these cells express adrenoceptors, suggesting that HSCs may be targets for SNS neurotransmitters. HSCs also contain catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, release norepinephrine (NE), and are growth-inhibited by adrenoceptor antagonists. In addition, HSCs from mice with reduced levels of NE grow poorly in culture and exhibit inhibited activation during liver injury. Finally, growth and injury-related fibrogenic responses are rescued by adrenoceptor agonists. Thus, certain SNS inhibitors (SNSIs) protect experimental animals from cirrhosis. Conversely, SNSIs enhance the hepatic accumulation of oval cells (OCs) in injured livers. This response is associated with improved liver injury. Because SNSIs do not affect the expression of cytokines, growth factors, or growth factor receptors that are known to regulate OCs, and OCs express adrenoceptors, it is conceivable that catecholamines influence OCs by direct interaction with OC adrenoceptors. Given evidence that the SNS regulates the viability and activation of HSCs and OCs differentially, SNSIs may be novel therapies to improve the repair of damaged livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude A Oben
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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116
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Abstract
The adverse effects of tobacco on the skin are well known but the role of nicotine is more controversial. Nicotinic receptors are expressed in the skin, on keratinocytes, fibroblasts and blood vessels. Nicotine induces vasoconstriction associated with local hyperaemia. It inhibits inflammation through effects on central and peripheral nervous system and through direct effect on immune cells. It delays wound healing and accelerates skin aging. The role of nicotine on skin diseases remains unclear. Therapeutic effects of nicotine could be possible and this a new stimulating field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Misery
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Neurobiology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Brest, France.
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117
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Galiano RD, Michaels J, Dobryansky M, Levine JP, Gurtner GC. Quantitative and reproducible murine model of excisional wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2004; 12:485-92. [PMID: 15260814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1067-1927.2004.12404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of animal wound healing models is to replicate human physiology and predict therapeutic outcomes. There is currently no model of wound healing in rodents that closely parallels human wound healing. Rodents are attractive candidates for wound healing studies because of their availability, low cost, and ease of handling. However, rodent models have been criticized because the major mechanism of wound closure is contraction, whereas in humans reepithelialization and granulation tissue formation are the major mechanisms involved. This article describes a novel model of wound healing in mice utilizing wound splinting that is accurate, reproducible, minimizes wound contraction, and allows wound healing to occur through the processes of granulation and reepithelialization. Our results show that splinted wounds have an increased amount of granulation tissue deposition as compared to controls, but the rate of reepithelialization is not affected. Thus, this model eliminates wound contraction and allows rodents' wounds to heal by epithelialization and granulation tissue formation. Given these analogies to human wound healing, we believe that this technique is a useful model for the study of wound healing mechanisms and for the evaluation of new therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Galiano
- Laboratory of Microvascular Research and Vascular Tissue Engineering, Institute of Reconstructive Surgery, New York University Medical Center, 560 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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118
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Jacobi J, Tam BYY, Sundram U, von Degenfeld G, Blau HM, Kuo CJ, Cooke JP. Discordant effects of a soluble VEGF receptor on wound healing and angiogenesis. Gene Ther 2004; 11:302-9. [PMID: 14737090 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Soluble receptors to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can inhibit its angiogenic effect. Since angiogenesis is involved in wound repair, we hypothesized that adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of a soluble form of VEGF receptor 2 (Flk-1) would attenuate wound healing in mice. C57Bl/6J and genetically diabetic (db/db) mice (each n=20) received intravenous (i.v.) injections of recombinant adenoviruses (10(9) PFU) encoding the ligand-binding ectodomain of VEGF receptor 2 (Flk-1) or cDNA encoding the murine IgG2alpha Fc fragment (each n=10). At 4 days after gene transfer, two full-thickness skin wounds (0.8 cm) were created on the dorsum of each animal. Wound closure was measured over 9-14 days after which wounds were resected for histological analysis. Prior to killing, fluorescent microspheres were systemically injected for quantitation of wound vascularity. Single i.v. injections of adenoviruses encoding soluble Flk-1 significantly decreased wound angiogenesis in both wild-type and diabetic mice. Fluorescence microscopy revealed a 2.0-fold (wild type) and 2.9-fold (diabetic) reduction in wound vascularity in Flk-1-treated animals (p<0.05). Impairment of angiogenesis was confirmed by CD31 immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, despite significant reductions in wound vascularity, wound closure was not grossly delayed. Our data indicates that while VEGF function is essential for optimal wound angiogenesis, it is not required for wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Jacobi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
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119
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Yang GP, Lim IJ, Phan TT, Lorenz HP, Longaker MT. From scarless fetal wounds to keloids: Molecular studies in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2003; 11:411-8. [PMID: 14617279 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.2003.11604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Surgical researchers were among the first to describe the different phases of wound healing and the events in tissue repair and regeneration that were taking place during each phase. The understanding of these events has been significantly enhanced in recent years by modern techniques in molecular and cellular biology. In this article, we discuss new findings in scarless fetal repair, angiogenesis in wound healing, and keloid pathogenesis. This serves to highlight the advances that have been made and also how much remains to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Yang
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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Oben JA, Roskams T, Yang S, Lin H, Sinelli N, Li Z, Torbenson M, Thomas SA, Diehl AM. Norepinephrine induces hepatic fibrogenesis in leptin deficient ob/ob mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 308:284-92. [PMID: 12901866 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Leptin's actions on certain cells require a leptin-inducible neurotransmitter, norepinephrine (NE). NE modulates hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, decreased NE may explain why leptin deficiency inhibits hepatic fibrosis. We manipulated adrenergic activity in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice, leptin-sufficient, dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficient (Dbh(-/-)) mice, and HSC cultures to determine if leptin requires NE to activate HSC and induce hepatic fibrosis. ob/ob mice have chronic liver injury, but reduced numbers of HSC. Supplemental leptin increases HSC, suggesting that leptin-dependent, injury-related factors permit expansion of HSC populations. NE also increases HSC numbers and activation, normalizing fibrogenesis. When fed hepatotoxic diets, NE-deficient Dbh(-/-) mice fail to accumulate activated HSC and have impaired fibrogenesis unless treated with adrenergic agonists. NE acts directly on HSC to modulate leptin's actions because leptin increases HSC proliferation and prazosin, an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, inhibits this. Thus, leptin permits injury-related increases in adrenergic activity and requires NE to activate HSC and induce hepatic fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude A Oben
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Yang GP, Longaker MT. Abstinence from smoking reduces incisional wound infection: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Surg 2003; 238:6-8. [PMID: 12832960 PMCID: PMC1422653 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000074966.51219.eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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122
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A fast acting, clean nicotine delivery system might substantially displace cigarettes. Public health consequences would depend on the subsequent prevalence of nicotine use, hazards of delivery systems, and intrinsic hazards of nicotine. METHODS A spreadsheet program, DEMANDS, estimates differences in expected mortality, adjusted for nicotine delivery system features and prevalence of nicotine use, by extending the data and methods of the SAMMEC 3 software from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The user estimates disease risks attributable to nicotine, other smoke components, and risk factors that coexist with smoking. The public health consequences of a widely used clean nicotine inhaler replacing cigarettes were compared to historical observations and public health goals, using four different risk attribution scenarios and nicotine use prevalence from 0-100%. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in years of potential life before age 85 (YPL85). RESULTS If nicotine accounts for less than a third of smokers' excess risk of SAMMEC diseases, as it most likely does, then even with very widespread use of clean nicotine DEMANDS predicts public health gains, relative to current tobacco use. Public health benefits accruing from a widely used clean nicotine inhaler probably equal or exceed the benefits of achieving Healthy People 2010 goals. CONCLUSIONS Clean nicotine inhalers might improve public health as much as any feasible tobacco control effort. Although the relevant risk estimates are somewhat uncertain, partial nicotine deregulation deserves consideration as part of a broad tobacco control policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sumner
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Medical Sciences, Box 8005, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Grando
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, 95817, UC Davis Medical Center 4860 Y, Street #3400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Oben JA, Yang S, Lin H, Ono M, Diehl AM. Acetylcholine promotes the proliferation and collagen gene expression of myofibroblastic hepatic stellate cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 300:172-7. [PMID: 12480538 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that initiate and perpetuate the fibrogenic response, during liver injury, are unclear. Animal studies, however, strongly support a role for the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in wound healing. Therefore, the ANS may also mediate the development of cirrhosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC), the liver's major matrix-producing cells, are activated by injury to become proliferative, fibrogenic myofibroblasts. HSC respond to sympathetic neurotransmitters by changing phenotype, suggesting that HSC may be the cellular effectors of ANS signals that modulate hepatic fibrogenesis during recovery from liver damage. We show here that the parasympathetic neurotransmitter acetylcholine markedly stimulates the proliferation of myofibroblastic HSC and induces HSC collagen gene expression in these cells. By extending evidence that HSC are direct targets of the ANS, these results support the proposed neuroglial role of HSC in the liver and suggest that interrupting ANS signalling may be useful in constraining the fibrogenic response to liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude A Oben
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 912 Ross Research Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21286, USA
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Minna JD. Nicotine exposure and bronchial epithelial cell nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:31-3. [PMID: 12511585 PMCID: PMC151841 DOI: 10.1172/jci17492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
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Minna JD. Nicotine exposure and bronchial epithelial cell nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. J Clin Invest 2003. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200317492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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