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Cortes N, Alvarez R, Osorio EH, Alzate F, Berkov S, Osorio E. Alkaloid metabolite profiles by GC/MS and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities with binding-mode predictions of five Amaryllidaceae plants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 102:222-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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102
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Decroocq C, Stauffert F, Pamlard O, Oulaïdi F, Gallienne E, Martin OR, Guillou C, Compain P. Iminosugars as a new class of cholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:830-3. [PMID: 25597004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To further extend the scope of iminosugar biological activity, a systematic structure-activity relationship investigation has been performed by synthesizing and evaluating as cholinesterase inhibitors a library of twenty-three iminoalditols with different substitutions and stereochemistry patterns. These compounds have been evaluated in vitro for the inhibition of cholinesterases (different sources of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase). Some compounds have IC50 values in the micromolar range and display significant inhibition selectivity for butyrylcholinesterase over acetylcholinesterase. These are the first examples of iminosugar-based inhibitors of cholinesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Decroocq
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS (UMR 7509), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabien Stauffert
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS (UMR 7509), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Pamlard
- ICSN-CNRS (Bat. 27)-LabEx LERMIT, 1, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Farah Oulaïdi
- ICOA, UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans et CNRS, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Estelle Gallienne
- ICOA, UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans et CNRS, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Olivier R Martin
- ICOA, UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans et CNRS, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Catherine Guillou
- ICSN-CNRS (Bat. 27)-LabEx LERMIT, 1, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Philippe Compain
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS (UMR 7509), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France.
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103
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Renuga Parameswari A, Rajalakshmi G, Kumaradhas P. A combined molecular docking and charge density analysis is a new approach for medicinal research to understand drug-receptor interaction: curcumin-AChE model. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 225:21-31. [PMID: 25446495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a molecular docking analysis has been performed on diketone form of curcumin molecule with acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The calculated lowest docked energy of curcumin molecule in the active site of AChE is -11.21 kcal/mol; this high negative value indicates that the molecule exhibits large binding affinity towards AChE. When the curcumin molecule present in the active site of AChE, subsequently, its conformation has altered significantly and the molecule adopts a U-shape geometry as it is linear in gas phase (before entering into the active site). This conformational transition facilitates curcumin to form strong interaction with Phe330 of acyl-binding pocket and the choline binding site with indole ring of Trp84 and Asp72. The gas phase and the active site analysis of curcumin allows to understand the conformational geometry, nature of molecular flexibility, charge density redistribution and the variation of electrostatic properties of curcumin in the active site. To obtain the gas phase structure, the curcumin molecule was optimized using Hartree-Fock and density functional methods (B3LYP) with the basis set 6-311G(∗∗). A charge density analysis on both gas phase as well as the molecule lifted from the active site was carried out using Bader's theory of atoms in molecules (AIM). The difference in molecular electrostatic potential between the two forms of curcumin displays the difference in charge distribution. The large dipole moment of curcumin (7.54 D) in the active site reflects the charge redistribution as it is much less in the gas phase (4.34 D).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Renuga Parameswari
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, India
| | - G Rajalakshmi
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, India
| | - P Kumaradhas
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, India.
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Brus B, Košak U, Turk S, Pišlar A, Coquelle N, Kos J, Stojan J, Colletier JP, Gobec S. Discovery, biological evaluation, and crystal structure of a novel nanomolar selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8167-79. [PMID: 25226236 DOI: 10.1021/jm501195e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is regarded as a promising drug target as its levels and activity significantly increase in the late stages of Alzheimer's disease. To discover novel BChE inhibitors, we used a hierarchical virtual screening protocol followed by biochemical evaluation of 40 highest scoring hit compounds. Three of the compounds identified showed significant inhibitory activities against BChE. The most potent, compound 1 (IC50 = 21.3 nM), was resynthesized and resolved into its pure enantiomers. A high degree of stereoselective activity was revealed, and a dissociation constant of 2.7 nM was determined for the most potent stereoisomer (+)-1. The crystal structure of human BChE in complex with compound (+)-1 was solved, revealing the binding mode and providing clues for potential optimization. Additionally, compound 1 inhibited amyloid β(1-42) peptide self-induced aggregation into fibrils (by 61.7% at 10 μM) and protected cultured SH-SY5Y cells against amyloid-β-induced toxicity. These data suggest that compound 1 represents a promising candidate for hit-to-lead follow-up in the drug-discovery process against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Brus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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105
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Lan P, Jackson CJ, Banwell MG, Willis AC. Synthesis of a D-Ring Isomer of Galanthamine via a Radical-Based Smiles Rearrangement Reaction. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6759-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501255c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lan
- Research
School of Chemistry,
Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Colin J. Jackson
- Research
School of Chemistry,
Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Martin G. Banwell
- Research
School of Chemistry,
Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research
School of Chemistry,
Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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106
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Ahmed F, Ghalib RM, Sasikala P, Ahmed KKM. Cholinesterase inhibitors from botanicals. Pharmacogn Rev 2014; 7:121-30. [PMID: 24347920 PMCID: PMC3841990 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.120511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, wherein a progressive loss of cholinergic synapses occurs in hippocampus and neocortex. Decreased concentration of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh), appears to be critical element in the development of dementia, and the most appropriate therapeutic approach to treat AD and other form of dementia is to restore acetylcholine levels by inhibiting both major form of cholinesterase: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Consequently, researches have focused their attention towards finding cholinesterase inhibitors from natural products. A large number of such inhibitors have been isolated from medicinal plants. This review presents a comprehensive account of the advances in field of cholinesterase inhibitor phytoconstituents. The structures of some important phytoconstituents (collected through www.Chemspider.com) are also presented and the scope for future research is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiyaz Ahmed
- Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India, Thanjavur, India
| | - Raza Murad Ghalib
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, IIUM, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - P Sasikala
- Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India, Thanjavur, India
| | - K K Mueen Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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107
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Stoddard SV, Hamann MT, Wadkins RM. Insights and ideas garnered from marine metabolites for development of dual-function acetylcholinesterase and amyloid-β aggregation inhibitors. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2114-31. [PMID: 24714126 PMCID: PMC4012451 DOI: 10.3390/md12042114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the diversity of biological activities that can be found in aquatic ecosystems, marine metabolites have been an active area of drug discovery for the last 30 years. Marine metabolites have been found to inhibit a number of enzymes important in the treatment of human disease. Here, we focus on marine metabolites that inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is the cellular target for treatment of early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. Currently, development of anticholinesterase drugs with improved potency, and drugs that act as dual acetylcholinesterase and amyloid-β aggregation inhibitors, are being sought to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Seven classes of marine metabolites are reported to possess anti-cholinesterase activity. We compared these metabolites to clinically-used acetylcholinesterase inhibitors having known mechanisms of inhibition. We performed a docking simulation and compared them to published experimental data for each metabolite to determine the most likely mechanism of inhibition for each class of marine inhibitor. Our results indicate that several marine metabolites bind to regions of the acetylcholinesterase active site that are not bound by the clinically-used drugs rivastigmine, galanthamine, donepezil, or tacrine. We use the novel poses adopted for computational drug design of tighter binding anticholinesterase drugs likely to act as inhibitors of both acetylcholinesterase activity and amyloid-β aggregation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana V Stoddard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 409 Coulter Hall, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Mark T Hamann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Mississippi, 407 Faser Hall, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Randy M Wadkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 409 Coulter Hall, University, MS 38677, USA.
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108
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Fang L, Fang X, Gou S, Lupp A, Lenhardt I, Sun Y, Huang Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Fleck C. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of D-ring opened galantamine analogs as multifunctional anti-Alzheimer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:376-86. [PMID: 24594525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Facing the multifactorial nature of Alzheimer's disease, twelve dibenzofuran/carbazole derivatives, which can be considered as the D-ring opened analogs of galantamine, have been designed and synthesized as multifunctional anti-Alzheimer agents. In vitro tests revealed that compounds 3 and 5, which bear a nitrate moiety in the molecule, showed a potent inhibition activity towards AChE and compound 3 showed a good Aβ42 aggregation inhibitory activity. Moreover, 3 and 5 could also release a relative low concentration of NO in vitro and they did not show toxicity to neuronal cells, while exerted a neuroprotective effect against the Aβ-induced toxicity. More importantly, compound 3 showed a significant spatial memory improving effect in vivo, and a good safety in the ex vivo toxicity study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xubin Fang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China.
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Isabell Lenhardt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yao Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Yihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Christian Fleck
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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109
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Pharmacophore mapping-based virtual screening followed by molecular docking studies in search of potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors as anti-Alzheimer's agents. Biosystems 2014; 116:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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110
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Correa-Basurto J, Bello M, Rosales-Hernández M, Hernández-Rodríguez M, Nicolás-Vázquez I, Rojo-Domínguez A, Trujillo-Ferrara J, Miranda R, Flores-Sandoval C. QSAR, docking, dynamic simulation and quantum mechanics studies to explore the recognition properties of cholinesterase binding sites. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 209:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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111
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Nair JJ, Van Staden J. Traditional usage, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the South African medicinal plant Boophone disticha (L.f.) Herb. (Amaryllidaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 151:12-26. [PMID: 24211396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Boophone disticha is the most common member of the South African Amaryllidaceae used extensively in traditional medicine of the various indigenous population groups, including the Sotho, Xhosa and Zulu as well as the San. This survey was carried out to identify and highlight areas relevant to the traditional usage of Boophone disticha. Pharmacological aspects were examined with the purpose of reconciling these with the traditional usage of the plant. In relation to phytochemical make-up, particular attention was paid on how its alkaloid constitution might corroborate the various biological effects manifested by the plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information gathering involved the use of four different database platforms, including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SciFinder(®) and Scopus. Arrangement and detailing of this information is as reflected in the various sections of the paper. RESULTS Sixteen categories were identified under which Boophone disticha finds use in traditional medicine. These were shown to include general usage purposes, such as 'cultural and dietary', 'well-being', 'personal injury', 'divinatory purposes', 'psychoactive properties' and 'veterinary uses'. Furthermore, traditional usage was seen to involve six body systems, including functions pertaining to the circulatory, gastrointestinal, muscular, neurological, respiratory and urinary systems. The four remaining categories relate to use for inflammatory conditions, cancer, malaria and tuberculosis. Overall, three areas were discernible in which Boophone disticha finds most usage, which are (i) ailments pertaining to the CNS, (ii) wounds and infections, and (iii) inflammatory conditions. In addition, several aspects pertaining to the toxic properties of the plant are discussed, including genotoxicity, mutagenicity and neurotoxicity. CONCLUSION The widespread ethnic usage of Boophone disticha has justified its standing as a flagship for the Amaryllidaceae and its relevance to South African traditional medicine. Furthermore, its promising pharmacological and phytochemical profiles have stimulated significant interest in the clinical realm, especially in the areas of cancer and motor neuron disease chemotherapy. These collective properties should prove useful in steering the progress of the plant towards a wider audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Johannes Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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112
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Abuhamdah S, Habash M, Taha MO. Elaborate ligand-based modeling coupled with QSAR analysis and in silico screening reveal new potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2013; 27:1075-92. [PMID: 24338032 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-013-9699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been shown to alleviate neurodegenerative diseases prompting several attempts to discover and optimize new AChE inhibitors. In this direction, we explored the pharmacophoric space of 85 AChE inhibitors to identify high quality pharmacophores. Subsequently, we implemented genetic algorithm-based quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling to select optimal combination of pharmacophoric models and 2D physicochemical descriptors capable of explaining bioactivity variation among training compounds (r2(68)=0.94, F-statistic=125.8, r2 LOO=0.92, r2 PRESS against 17 external test inhibitors = 0.84). Two orthogonal pharmacophores emerged in the QSAR equation suggesting the existence of at least two binding modes accessible to ligands within AChE binding pocket. The successful pharmacophores were comparable with crystallographically resolved AChE binding pocket. We employed the pharmacophoric models and associated QSAR equation to screen the national cancer institute list of compounds. Twenty-four low micromolar AChE inhibitors were identified. The most potent gave IC50 value of 1.0 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan Abuhamdah
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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113
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Gutiérrez M, Matus MF, Poblete T, Amigo J, Vallejos G, Astudillo L. Isoxazoles: synthesis, evaluation and bioinformatic design as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1796-804. [PMID: 24180424 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a common treatment for early stages of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, nine isoxazoles derivatives were tested for their in-vitro AChE activity. The molecular docking showed the interaction of the compounds with the active site. METHODS The isoxazoles were synthesized using 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in the presence of sodium hypochlorite. They were also isolated and characterized by spectroscopic methods. The in-vitro activity was measured by an adapted version of Ellman's assay. KEY FINDINGS The isoxazoles are described as inhibitors of AChE. The most potent compound in the series exhibited a moderate inhibitory activity (50% inhibitory concentration = 134.87 μm). The design of new compounds was created by using the RACHEL module of the SYBYL software. CONCLUSIONS Our research provided enough evidence of the efficacy of isoxazoles as AChE inhibitors. The isoxazoles were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of AChE. The docking study based on a novel series of complexes isoxazole with AChE from Electroporus electricus has demonstrated that the ligand bind is similar to the compounds used as reference. To find new candidates with the isoxazole core that act as inhibitors of AChE, part of the structure of the compound 9 was used for de-novo design. Molecular docking models of the ligand-AChE complexes suggest that the compound 10 is located on the periphery of the AChE active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio Síntesis Orgánica, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca
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114
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Nair JJ, Bastida J, Codina C, Viladomat F, van Staden J. Alkaloids of the South African Amaryllidaceae: A Review. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant family Amaryllidaceae is known for its horticultural and ornamental appeal as well as its medicinal value. In relation to these characteristics, trade in Amaryllid flower varieties (especially daffodils) is a multi-million dollar revenue generator for the floriculture industry. Of greater significance are the medicinal attributes of the family, which has already spawned the Alzheimer's prescription drug galanthamine, a potent and selective inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, of significance in the progression of neurodegeneration associated with motor neuron diseases, with annual global sales of around $150 million. Furthermore, it is anticipated that an anticancer drug target related to the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid pancratistatin, presently under advanced clinical evaluation, will enter commercial circulation within the next decade. Members of the Amaryllidaceae are distributed through both tropical and subtropical regions of the globe, but are of prominence within three distinct geographical locations, including Andean South America, the Mediterranean basin, and southern Africa. The southern African zone is known to harbor at least a third of the worldwide complement of around 1000 species, many of which are widely utilized in the traditional medicinal practices of the indigenous people of the region. Given its therapeutic and economic value, its natural abundance in the southern African region, coupled to its widespread usage in ethnic medicine, the family Amaryllidaceae provides a diverse and accessible platform for phytochemical based drug discovery. A consolidation of its traditional usage as well as its chemical and pharmacological profiles will thus guide efforts aimed at maximizing this potential. In undertaking this survey of the Amaryllidaceae of southern African, we aimed to achieve these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J. Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Codina
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Viladomat
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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115
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Nair JJ, van Staden J. Pharmacological and toxicological insights to the South African Amaryllidaceae. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:262-75. [PMID: 23994658 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The plant family Amaryllidaceae is of provenance in the South African region which is known to harbor about a third of the global complement of around 1000 species. It has widespread usage in the traditional medicinal practices of the indigenous peoples of the region. As a consequence and given its unique alkaloid principles, its members have provided a viable platform for phytochemical based drug discovery. The medicinal potential of the family has been realized through the commercialization of galanthamine as an Alzheimer's drug due to its potent and selective inhibitory activity against the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Further promising chemotherapeutic candidates of the family reside with the phenanthridone class of alkaloids such as pancratistatin which exhibit potent and cell line specific antiproliferative properties with significant potential for clinical development. Despite these interesting medicinal attributes, plants of the Amaryllidaceae are known to be poisonous and several of them have been classified as such. This survey taking into consideration Amaryllidaceae plants native to South Africa aims to strike a balance between the medicinal potential of the family on one hand and its adverse and toxic effects on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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116
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Hernández-Rodríguez M, Correa-Basurto J, Benitez-Cardoza CG, Resendiz-Albor AA, Rosales-Hernández MC. In silico and in vitro studies to elucidate the role of Cu2+ and galanthamine as the limiting step in the amyloid beta (1-42) fibrillation process. Protein Sci 2013; 22:1320-35. [PMID: 23904252 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The formation of fibrils and oligomers of amyloid beta (Aβ) with 42 amino acid residues (Aβ 1-42 ) is the most important pathophysiological event associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The formation of Aβ fibrils and oligomers requires a conformational change from an α-helix to a β-sheet conformation, which is encouraged by the formation of a salt bridge between Asp 23 or Glu 22 and Lys 28. Recently, Cu(2+) and various drugs used for AD treatment, such as galanthamine (Reminyl(®) ), have been reported to inhibit the formation of Aβ fibrils. However, the mechanism of this inhibition remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this work was to explore how Cu(2+) and galanthamine prevent the formation of Aβ1-42 fibrils using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (20 ns) and in vitro studies using fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies. The MD simulations revealed that Aβ1-42 acquires a characteristic U-shape before the α-helix to β-sheet conformational change. The formation of a salt bridge between Asp 23 and Lys 28 was also observed beginning at 5 ns. However, the MD simulations of Aβ 1-42 in the presence of Cu(2+) or galanthamine demonstrated that both ligands prevent the formation of the salt bridge by either binding to Glu 22 and Asp 23 (Cu(2+) ) or to Lys 28 (galanthamine), which prevents Aβ 1-42 from adopting the U-characteristic conformation that allows the amino acids to transition to a β-sheet conformation. The docking results revealed that the conformation obtained by the MD simulation of a monomer from the 1Z0Q structure can form similar interactions to those obtained from the 2BGE structure in the oligomers. The in vitro studies demonstrated that Aβ remains in an unfolded conformation when Cu(2+) and galanthamine are used. Then, ligands that bind Asp 23 or Glu 22 and Lys 28 could therefore be used to prevent β turn formation and, consequently, the formation of Aβ fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricarmen Hernández-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Bioinformatica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 México City, D.F., México; Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 México City, D.F., México
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Gharaghani S, Khayamian T, Ebrahimi M. Molecular dynamics simulation study and molecular docking descriptors in structure-based QSAR on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 24:773-794. [PMID: 23863115 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2013.792877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study we present an approach for predicting the inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors by combining molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and docking studies in a structure-based quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model. The MD simulation was performed on AChE to obtain enzyme conformation in a water environment. The resulting conformation of the enzyme was used for docking with the most potent inhibitor (26a). Docking analysis revealed that hydrophobic interactions play important roles in the AChE-inhibitor complex. Then, all inhibitors that could bind simultaneously at the catalytic site and at the peripheral anionic site of AChE were docked into the enzyme and their interactions with AChE were used as new interpretable descriptors in a structure-based QSAR model. The least squares support vector regression was constructed using the four most relevant docking descriptors and one molecular structure descriptor. The Q(2) value of the model was found to be 0.790. Furthermore, to study the enzyme conformation stability, a second MD simulation was performed on AChE-inhibitor 26a complex. In MD simulation, the topological parameters of the inhibitor were derived from the PRODRG server, and partial atomic charges were modified using the B3LYP/6-31G level of theory. The radius of gyration for the complex showed that AChE conformation did not change in the presence of the inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gharaghani
- Department of Chemistry Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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118
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Konrath EL, Passos CDS, Klein-Júnior LC, Henriques AT. Alkaloids as a source of potential anticholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:1701-25. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the key enzyme in the breakdown of acetylcholine, is currently the main pharmacological strategy available for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this sense, many alkaloids isolated from natural sources, such as physostigmine, have been long recognized as acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors. Since the approval of galantamine for the treatment of AD patients, the search for new anticholinesterase alkaloids has escalated, leading to promising candidates such as huperzine A. This review aims to summarize recent advances in current knowledge on alkaloids as AChE and BChE inhibitors, highlighting structure–activity relationship (SAR) and docking studies.
Key findings
Natural alkaloids belonging to the steroidal/triterpenoidal, quinolizidine, isoquinoline and indole classes, mainly distributed within Buxaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Lycopodiaceae, are considered important sources of alkaloids with anti-enzymatic properties. Investigations into the possible SARs for some active compounds are based on molecular modelling studies, predicting the mode of interaction of the molecules with amino acid residues in the active site of the enzymes. Following this view, an increasing interest in achieving more potent and effective analogues makes alkaloids good chemical templates for the development of new cholinesterase inhibitors.
Summary
The anticholinesterase activity of alkaloids, together with their structural diversity and physicochemical properties, makes them good candidate agents for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Luis Konrath
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carolina dos Santos Passos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Klein-Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Amélia T Henriques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Ali SK, Hamed AR, Soltan MM, Hegazy UM, Elgorashi EE, El-Garf IA, Hussein AA. In-vitro evaluation of selected Egyptian traditional herbal medicines for treatment of Alzheimer disease. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:121. [PMID: 23721591 PMCID: PMC3701527 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egyptians recognized the healing power of herbs and used them in their medicinal formulations. Nowadays, "Attarin" drug shops and the public use mainly the Unani medicinal system for treatment of their health problems including improvement of memory and old age related diseases. Numerous medicinal plants have been described in old literature of Arabic traditional medicine for treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) (or to strengthen memory). METHODS In this study, some of these plants were evaluated against three different preliminary bioassays related to AD to explore the possible way of their bio-interaction. Twenty three selected plants were extracted with methanol and screened in vitro against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cycloxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzymes. In addition, anti-oxidant activity using DPPH was determined. RESULTS Of the tested plant extracts; Adhatoda vasica and Peganum harmala showed inhibitory effect on AChE at IC50 294 μg/ml and 68 μg/ml respectively. Moreover, A. vasica interacted reversibly with the enzyme while P. harmala showed irreversible inhibition. Ferula assafoetida (IC50 3.2 μg/ml), Syzygium aromaticum (34.9 μg/ml) and Zingiber officinalis (33.6 μg/ml) showed activity against COX-1 enzyme. Potent radical scavenging activity was demonstrated by three plant extracts Terminalia chebula (EC50 2.2 μg/ml), T. arjuna (3.1 μg/ml) and Emblica officinalis (6.3 μg/ml). CONCLUSION Interestingly, differential results have been obtained which indicate the variability of the mode of actions for the selected plants. Additionally, the reversible interaction of A. vasica against AChE and the potent activity of F. assafoetida against COX-1 make them effective, new and promising agents for treatment of AD in the future, either as total extracts or their single bioactive constituents.
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Marcelo F, Dias C, Martins A, Madeira PJ, Jorge T, Florêncio MH, Cañada FJ, Cabrita EJ, Jiménez-Barbero J, Rauter AP. Molecular recognition of rosmarinic acid from Salvia sclareoides extracts by acetylcholinesterase: a new binding site detected by NMR spectroscopy. Chemistry 2013; 19:6641-9. [PMID: 23536497 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition is one of the most currently available therapies for the management of Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms. In this context, NMR spectroscopy binding studies were accomplished to explain the inhibition of AChE activity by Salvia sclareoides extracts. HPLC-MS analyses of the acetone, butanol and water extracts eluted with methanol and acidified water showed that rosmarinic acid is present in all the studied samples and is a major constituent of butanol and water extracts. Moreover, luteolin 4'-O-glucoside, luteolin 3',7-di-O-glucoside and luteolin 7-O-(6''-O-acetylglucoside) were identified by MS(2) and MS(3) data acquired during the LC-MS(n) runs. Quantification of rosmarinic acid by HPLC with diode-array detection (DAD) showed that the butanol extract is the richest one in this component (134 μg mg(-1) extract). Saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy binding experiments of S. sclareoides crude extracts in the presence of AChE in buffer solution determined rosmarinic acid as the only explicit binder for AChE. Furthermore, the binding epitope and the AChE-bound conformation of rosmarinic acid were further elucidated by STD and transferred NOE effect (trNOESY) experiments. As a control, NMR spectroscopy binding experiments were also carried out with pure rosmarinic acid, thus confirming the specific interaction and inhibition of this compound against AChE. The binding site of AChE for rosmarinic acid was also investigated by STD-based competition binding experiments using Donepezil, a drug currently used to treat AD, as a reference. These competition experiments demonstrated that rosmarinic acid does not compete with Donepezil for the same binding site. A 3D model of the molecular complex has been proposed. Therefore, the combination of the NMR spectroscopy based data with molecular modelling has permitted us to detect a new binding site in AChE, which could be used for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Marcelo
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciênias da Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, 5° Piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Bag S, Ghosh S, Tulsan R, Sood A, Zhou W, Schifone C, Foster M, LeVine H, Török B, Török M. Design, synthesis and biological activity of multifunctional α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffolds for Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2614-8. [PMID: 23540646 PMCID: PMC3676911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of compounds containing an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety, such as chalcones and coumarins were designed, synthesized and tested in a variety of assays to assess their potential as anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) agents. The investigations included the inhibition of cholinesterases (AChE, BuChE), the inhibition of amyloid beta (Aβ) self-assembly and the disassembly of preformed Aβ oligomers. Several compounds showed excellent potential as multifunctional compounds for AD. Docking studies for 16 that performed well in all the assays gave a clear interpretation of various interactions in the gorge of AChE. Based on the results, the long-chain coumarin scaffold appears to be a promising structural template for further AD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Bag
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125-3393, USA
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Kumar CG, Mongolla P, Sujitha P, Joseph J, Babu KS, Suresh G, Ramakrishna KVS, Purushotham U, Sastry GN, Kamal A. Metabolite profiling and biological activities of bioactive compounds produced by Chrysosporium lobatum strain BK-3 isolated from Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:122. [PMID: 23565355 PMCID: PMC3616213 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In an ongoing survey for bioactive potential of microorganisms from different biosphere zones of India, a new Chrysosporium lobatum strain BK-3 was isolated from soil sample collected from a biodiversity hotspot, Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India. Bioactivity-guided purification resulted in the isolation of two bioactive compounds whose chemical structures were elucidated by 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), 2D-NMR, Fourier Transform Infra-red (FT-IR) and mass spectroscopic techniques, and were identified as α, β-dehydrocurvularin and curvularin. Only curvularin exhibited 80% acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity. Detailed ligand receptor binding interactions were studied for curvularin by molecular docking studies. Further, both curvularin and α, β-dehydrocurvularin had similar level of cytotoxicity against different human tumour cell lines like A549, HeLa, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, while α, β-dehydrocurvularin was active against COLO 205 with a IC50 of 7.9 μM, but curvularin was inactive. α, β-Dehydrocurvularin also showed good superoxide anion scavenging activity with an EC50 value of 16.71 μg ml-1. Hence, both these compounds exhibited differences in bioactive profiles and this was probably associated with their minor structural differences. This is a first report on bioactive compounds exhibiting AChE inhibitory, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities from Chrysosporium lobatum strain BK-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ganesh Kumar
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500007 India
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Passos CS, Simões-Pires CA, Nurisso A, Soldi TC, Kato L, de Oliveira CMA, de Faria EO, Marcourt L, Gottfried C, Carrupt PA, Henriques AT. Indole alkaloids of Psychotria as multifunctional cholinesterases and monoamine oxidases inhibitors. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 86:8-20. [PMID: 23261030 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen Psychotria alkaloids were evaluated regarding their interactions with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and monoamine oxidases A and B (MAO-A and MAO-B), which are enzymatic targets related with neurodegenerative diseases. Two quaternary β-carboline alkaloids, prunifoleine and 14-oxoprunifoleine, inhibited AChE, BChE and MAO-A with IC(50) values corresponding to 10 and 3.39 μM for AChE, 100 and 11 μM for BChE, and 7.41 and 6.92 μM for MAO-A, respectively. Both compounds seem to behave as noncompetitive AChE inhibitors and time-dependent MAO-A inhibitors. In addition, the monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) angustine, vallesiachotamine lactone, E-vallesiachotamine and Z-vallesiachotamine inhibited BChE and MAO-A with IC(50) values ranging from 3.47 to 14 μM for BChE inhibition and from 0.85 to 2.14 μM for MAO-A inhibition. Among the tested MIAs, angustine is able to inhibit MAO-A in a reversible and competitive way while the three vallesiachotamine-like alkaloids display a time-dependent inhibition on this target. Docking calculations were performed in order to understand the binding mode between the most active ligands and the selected targets. Taken together, our findings established molecular details of AChE, BChE and MAO-A inhibition by quaternary β-carboline alkaloids and MIAs from Psychotria, suggesting these secondary metabolites are scaffolds for the development of multifunctional compounds against neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S Passos
- Departamento de Produção de Matéria-Prima, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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de Aquino RAN, Modolo LV, Alves RB, de Fátima Â. Synthesis, kinetic studies and molecular modeling of novel tacrine dimers as cholinesterase inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:8395-409. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41762j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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125
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Cheung J, Rudolph MJ, Burshteyn F, Cassidy MS, Gary EN, Love J, Franklin MC, Height JJ. Structures of human acetylcholinesterase in complex with pharmacologically important ligands. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10282-6. [PMID: 23035744 DOI: 10.1021/jm300871x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 814] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a significant target for therapeutic drugs. Here we present high resolution crystal structures of human AChE, alone and in complexes with drug ligands; donepezil, an Alzheimer's disease drug, binds differently to human AChE than it does to Torpedo AChE. These crystals of human AChE provide a more accurate platform for further drug development than previously available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Cheung
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York 10027, USA
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126
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Qu HM, Niu XH, Li J, Liu J, Jiang LL, Tang JK, Zhou LS. Synthesis and structure determination of novel hexasubstituted cyclohexadienes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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127
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New molecular scaffolds for the design of Alzheimer’s acetylcholinesterase inhibitors identified using ligand- and receptor-based virtual screening. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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128
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Deb PK, Sharma A, Piplani P, Akkinepally RR. Molecular docking and receptor-specific 3D-QSAR studies of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Mol Divers 2012; 16:803-23. [PMID: 22996404 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-012-9394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has become a promising target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) which is mainly associated with low in vivo levels of acetylcholine (ACh). The availability of AChE crystal structures with and without a ligand triggered the effort to find a structure-based design of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) for AD. The major problem observed with the structure-based design was the feeble robustness of the scoring functions toward the correlation of docking scores with inhibitory potencies of known ligands. This prompted us to develop new prediction models using the stepwise regression analysis based on consensus of different docking and their scoring methods (GOLD, LigandFit, and GLIDE). In the present investigation, a dataset of 91 molecules belonging to 9 different structural classes of heterocyclic compounds with an activity range of 0.008 to 281,000 nM was considered for docking studies and development of AChE-specific 3D-QSAR models. The model (M1) developed using consensus of docking scores of scoring functions viz. Glide score, Gold score, Chem score, ASP score, PMF score, and DOCK score was found to be the best (R(2) = 0.938, Q(2) = 0.925, R(pred)(2) = 0.919, R(2)m((overall)) = 0.936) compared to other consensus models. Docking studies revealed that the molecules with proper alignment in the active site gorge and the ability to interact with all the crucial amino acid residues, in particular by forming π-π stacking interactions with Trp84 at the catalytic anionic site (CAS) and Trp279 at peripheral anionic site (PAS), showed augmented potencies with consequent improvement in patient cognition and reduced the formation of senile plaques associated with AD. Further, the descriptors that signify the association of the ligands with the receptor as well as ADME properties of the ligands were also analyzed by means of the set of ligands that have been pre-positioned with respect to a receptor after docking analysis and considered as independent variables to generate a linear model (M3 and M4) using a stepwise multiple linear regression method to get additional insight into the physicochemical requirements for effective binding of ligands with AChE as well as for prediction of AChE inhibition. The developed AChE-specific prediction models (M1-M4) satisfactorily reflect the structure-activity relationship of the existing AChEIs and have all the potential to facilitate the process of design and development of new potent AChEIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pran Kishore Deb
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS) and Centre of Advanced Study in Pharmaceutical Sciences (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
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Galland N, Kone S, Le Questel JY. Mapping of the interaction sites of galanthamine: a quantitative analysis through pairwise potentials and quantum chemistry. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2012; 26:1111-26. [PMID: 22972560 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-012-9602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative analysis of the interaction sites of the anti-Alzheimer drug galanthamine with molecular probes (water and benzene molecules) representative of its surroundings in the binding site of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been realized through pairwise potentials calculations and quantum chemistry. This strategy allows a full and accurate exploration of the galanthamine potential energy surface of interaction. Significantly different results are obtained according to the distances of approaches between the various molecular fragments and the conformation of the galanthamine N-methyl substituent. The geometry of the most relevant complexes has then been fully optimized through MPWB1K/6-31 + G(d,p) calculations, final energies being recomputed at the LMP2/aug-cc-pVTZ(-f) level of theory. Unexpectedly, galanthamine is found to interact mainly from its hydrogen-bond donor groups. Among those, CH groups in the vicinity of the ammonium group are prominent. The trends obtained provide rationales to the predilection of the equatorial orientation of the galanthamine N-methyl substituent for binding to AChE. The analysis of the interaction energies pointed out the independence between the various interaction sites and the rigid character of galanthamine. The comparison between the cluster calculations and the crystallographic observations in galanthamine-AChE co-crystals allows the validation of the theoretical methodology. In particular, the positions of several water molecules appearing as strongly conserved in galanthamine-AChE co-crystals are predicted by the calculations. Moreover, the experimental position and orientation of lateral chains of functionally important aminoacid residues are in close agreement with the ones predicted theoretically. Our study provides relevant information for a rational drug design of galanthamine based AChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Galland
- UMR CNRS 6230, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UFR Sciences & Techniques, Université de Nantes, NANTES Cedex, France
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Nair JJ, van Staden J. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition within the Lycorine Series of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200700741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant family Amaryllidaceae occupies a privileged status within the botanical hierarchy due to its horticultural and ornamental appeal, as well as its widespread usage in the traditional medicinal practices of indigenous peoples across the globe. Of greater significance are the unique, structurally-diverse alkaloid constituents produced by members of the family, which has spawned several biologically significant molecules. In this regard, the Alzheimer's drug galanthamine has gained much prominence due to its selective and reversible inhibitory interaction with the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), of significance in the progression of neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The lycorine series of compounds within the family have recently emerged as novel inhibitors of AChE, in some instances with higher levels of activity compared with the commercial drug galanthamine, making them attractive targets for natural product and synthetically-driven structure-activity relationship studies. This brief survey traces the emergence of lycorine compounds over the past decade as promising leads in the therapeutic approach towards AD and their possible future advancement onto the clinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J. Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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Bartolucci C, Stojan J, Yu QS, Greig NH, Lamba D. Kinetics of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase inhibition by bisnorcymserine and crystal structure of the complex with its leaving group. Biochem J 2012; 444:269-77. [PMID: 22390827 PMCID: PMC4979005 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic carbamates act as pseudo-irreversible inhibitors of AChE (acetylcholinesterase) as well as BChE (butyrylcholinesterase), two enzymes involved in neuronal function as well as in the development and progression of AD (Alzheimer's disease). The AChE mode of action is characterized by a rapid carbamoylation of the active-site Ser(200) with release of a leaving group followed by a slow regeneration of enzyme action due to subsequent decarbamoylation. The experimental AD therapeutic bisnorcymserine, a synthetic carbamate, shows an interesting activity and selectivity for BChE, and its clinical development is currently being pursued. We undertook detailed kinetic studies on the activity of the carbamate bisnorcymserine with Tc (Torpedo californica) AChE and, on the basis of the results, crystallized the complex between TcAChE and bisnorcymserine. The X-ray crystal structure showed only the leaving group, bisnoreseroline, trapped at the bottom of the aromatic enzyme gorge. Specifically, bisnoreseroline interacts in a non-covalent way with Ser(200) and His(440), disrupting the existing interactions within the catalytic triad, and it stacks with Trp(84) at the bottom of the gorge, giving rise to an unprecedented hydrogen-bonding contact. These interactions point to a dominant reversible inhibition mechanism attributable to the leaving group, bisnoreseroline, as revealed by kinetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bartolucci
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca di Roma, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy.
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Determination of Bis(9)-(-)-Meptazinol, a bis-ligand for Alzheimer's disease, in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to pharmacokinetics study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 881-882:126-30. [PMID: 22204875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of Bis(9)-(-)-Meptazinol (B9M) in rat plasma. Protein precipitation method was used for sample preparation, using five volumes of methanol as the precipitation agent. The analytes were separated by a Zorbax Extend-C18 column with the mobile phase of methanol-water (containing 5mM ammonium formate, pH 9.8) (95:5, v/v), and monitored by positive electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Retention time of IS (Bis(5)-(-)-Meptazinol) and B9M were 1.9 min and 3.3 min, respectively. The limit of detection was 0.1 ng/ml and the linear range was 1-500 ng/ml. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of intra-day and inter-day variation was 4.4-6.2% and 6.2-8.9%, respectively. The extraction recoveries of B9M in plasma were over 95%. The method proved to be applicable to the pharmacokinetic study of B9M in rat after intravenous and subcutaneous administration.
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133
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Berg L, Andersson CD, Artursson E, Hörnberg A, Tunemalm AK, Linusson A, Ekström F. Targeting acetylcholinesterase: identification of chemical leads by high throughput screening, structure determination and molecular modeling. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26039. [PMID: 22140425 PMCID: PMC3227566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an essential enzyme that terminates cholinergic transmission by rapid hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Compounds inhibiting this enzyme can be used (inter alia) to treat cholinergic deficiencies (e.g. in Alzheimer's disease), but may also act as dangerous toxins (e.g. nerve agents such as sarin). Treatment of nerve agent poisoning involves use of antidotes, small molecules capable of reactivating AChE. We have screened a collection of organic molecules to assess their ability to inhibit the enzymatic activity of AChE, aiming to find lead compounds for further optimization leading to drugs with increased efficacy and/or decreased side effects. 124 inhibitors were discovered, with considerable chemical diversity regarding size, polarity, flexibility and charge distribution. An extensive structure determination campaign resulted in a set of crystal structures of protein-ligand complexes. Overall, the ligands have substantial interactions with the peripheral anionic site of AChE, and the majority form additional interactions with the catalytic site (CAS). Reproduction of the bioactive conformation of six of the ligands using molecular docking simulations required modification of the default parameter settings of the docking software. The results show that docking-assisted structure-based design of AChE inhibitors is challenging and requires crystallographic support to obtain reliable results, at least with currently available software. The complex formed between C5685 and Mus musculus AChE (C5685•mAChE) is a representative structure for the general binding mode of the determined structures. The CAS binding part of C5685 could not be structurally determined due to a disordered electron density map and the developed docking protocol was used to predict the binding modes of this part of the molecule. We believe that chemical modifications of our discovered inhibitors, biochemical and biophysical characterization, crystallography and computational chemistry provide a route to novel AChE inhibitors and reactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Berg
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Elisabet Artursson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Hörnberg
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Linusson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail: (FE); (AL)
| | - Fredrik Ekström
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail: (FE); (AL)
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134
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Acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting alkaloids from Zephyranthes concolor. Molecules 2011; 16:9520-33. [PMID: 22086403 PMCID: PMC6264317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16119520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bulbs and aerial parts of Zephyranthes concolor (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook. f. (Amaryllidaceae), an endemic species to Mexico, were found to contain the alkaloids chlidanthine, galanthamine, galanthamine N-oxide, lycorine, galwesine, and epinorgalanthamine. Since currently only partial and low resolution 1H-NMR data for chlidanthine acetate are available, and none for chlidanthine, its 1D and 2D high resolution 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded. Unambiguous assignations were achieved with HMBC, and HSQC experiments, and its structure was corroborated by X-ray diffraction. Minimum energy conformation for structures of chlidanthine, and its positional isomer galanthamine, were calculated by molecular modelling. Galanthamine is a well known acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; therefore, the isolated alkaloids were tested for this activity. Chlidanthine and galanthamine N-oxide inhibited electric eel acetylcholinesterase (2.4 and 2.6 × 10−5 M, respectively), indicating they are about five times less potent than galanthamine, while galwesine was inactive at 10−3 M. Inhibitory activity of HIV-1 replication, and cytotoxicity of the isolated alkaloids were evaluated in human MT-4 cells; however, the alkaloids showed poor activity as compared with standard anti-HIV drugs, but most of them were not cytotoxic.
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135
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Atkinson AP, Baguet E, Galland N, Le Questel JY, Planchat A, Graton J. Structural Features and Hydrogen-Bond Properties of Galanthamine and Codeine: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. Chemistry 2011; 17:11637-49. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Synthesis and X-ray structures of new cycloalka[e]pyrano[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives: novel tacrine analogues. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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137
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Al-Rashid ZF, Hsung RP. (+)-Arisugacin A--computational evidence of a dual binding site covalent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2687-91. [PMID: 21216144 PMCID: PMC3082004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A computation docking study of the highly potent, non-nitrogen containing, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (+)-arisugacin A is presented. The model suggests that (+)-arisugacin A is a dual binding site covalent inhibitor of AChE. These findings are examined in the context of Alzheimer's disease-modifying therapeutic design. (+)-Arisugacin A's revealed mode of action is unique, and may serve as a basis for the development of AD therapeutics capable of treating the symptomatic aspects of AD, while being neuroprotective with long term efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyad F. Al-Rashid
- Alchemical Research, LLC, 426 Heckewelder Place, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18018, USA
| | - Richard P Hsung
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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138
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Lu SH, Wu JW, Liu HL, Zhao JH, Liu KT, Chuang CK, Lin HY, Tsai WB, Ho Y. The discovery of potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: a combination of pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, and molecular docking studies. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:8. [PMID: 21251245 PMCID: PMC3036604 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia characterized by progressive cognitive impairment in the elderly people. The most dramatic abnormalities are those of the cholinergic system. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a key role in the regulation of the cholinergic system, and hence, inhibition of AChE has emerged as one of the most promising strategies for the treatment of AD. METHODS In this study, we suggest a workflow for the identification and prioritization of potential compounds targeted against AChE. In order to elucidate the essential structural features for AChE, three-dimensional pharmacophore models were constructed using Discovery Studio 2.5.5 (DS 2.5.5) program based on a set of known AChE inhibitors. RESULTS The best five-features pharmacophore model, which includes one hydrogen bond donor and four hydrophobic features, was generated from a training set of 62 compounds that yielded a correlation coefficient of R = 0.851 and a high prediction of fit values for a set of 26 test molecules with a correlation of R² = 0.830. Our pharmacophore model also has a high Güner-Henry score and enrichment factor. Virtual screening performed on the NCI database obtained new inhibitors which have the potential to inhibit AChE and to protect neurons from Aβ toxicity. The hit compounds were subsequently subjected to molecular docking and evaluated by consensus scoring function, which resulted in 9 compounds with high pharmacophore fit values and predicted biological activity scores. These compounds showed interactions with important residues at the active site. CONCLUSIONS The information gained from this study may assist in the discovery of potential AChE inhibitors that are highly selective for its dual binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hua Lu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1 Sec. 3 ZhongXiao E, Rd., Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
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139
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Kitisripanya N, Saparpakorn P, Wolschann P, Hannongbua S. Binding of huperzine A and galanthamine to acetylcholinesterase, based on ONIOM method. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 7:60-8. [PMID: 20851778 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Binding energy calculations of huperzine A (HUP A) and galanthamine (GAL) to the binding pocket of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) were studied. It was found that hydrogen bond formation and particular hydrogen π interactions exhibit the most significant contributions to the binding interaction of HUP A with Trp84 (W84) and Tyr130 (Y130), whereas no hydrogen bond was detected with Y130 of GAL binding. The interaction energies, calculated at the MP2 level between drugs and residues, demonstrate that the attractive interactions between GAL and residues at positions 84 and 130 were less than those for HUP A by 1.6 and 7.7 kcal·mol(-1), respectively. In addition, ONIOM3 results show that the binding energies of HUP A per pocket (-28.4 kcal mol(-1)) are higher than for GAL per pocket (-17.0 kcal·mol(-1)). The detailed understanding of these interactions can be useful for the design of specific inhibitors for the AChE binding site. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR The more efficient and specific inhibition of acetylcholinesterase may provide an enhanced treatment strategy in Alzheimer's disease compared to the currently available inhibitors. This study discusses interactions of the enzyme binding site with two ligands. The results may pave the way to the development of more potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nareerat Kitisripanya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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140
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Araújo JQ, Lima JA, Pinto ADC, de Alencastro RB, Albuquerque MG. Docking of the alkaloid geissospermine into acetylcholinesterase: a natural scaffold targeting the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J Mol Model 2010; 17:1401-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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141
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Nascimento ECM, Martins JBL. Electronic structure and PCA analysis of covalent and non-covalent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. J Mol Model 2010; 17:1371-9. [PMID: 20839017 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hartree-Fock and density functional methods were used to analyze electronic and structural properties of known drugs to evaluate the influence of these data on acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The energies of the frontier orbitals and the distances between the more acidic hydrogen species were investigated to determine their contributions to the activity of a group of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Electrostatic potential maps indicated suitable sites for drugs-enzyme interactions. In this study, the structural, electronic and spatial properties of nine drugs with known inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase were examined. The data were obtained based on calculations at the B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p) level. Multivariate principal components analysis was applied to 18 parameters to determine the pharmacophoric profile of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Desirable features for acetylcholinesterase inhibitor molecules include aromatic systems or groups that simulate the surface electrostatic potential of aromatic systems and the presence of a sufficient number of hydrogen acceptors and few hydrogen donors. PCA showed that electronic properties, including the HOMO-1 orbital energy, logP and aromatic system quantity, as well as structural data, such as volume, size and H-H distance, are the most significant properties.
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142
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McNulty J, Nair JJ, Little JRL, Brennan JD, Bastida J. Structure-activity studies on acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the lycorine series of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5290-4. [PMID: 20655219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of differentially functionalized analogs of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid lycorine, accessed via a concise chemoselective silylation strategy, is described uncovering two of the most potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) identified to date in this series. Important elements of this novel pharmacophore were elucidated through structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McNulty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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143
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Sopkova-de Oliveira Santos J, Lesnard A, Agondanou JH, Dupont N, Godard AM, Stiebing S, Rochais C, Fabis F, Dallemagne P, Bureau R, Rault S. Virtual Screening Discovery of New Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Issued from CERMN Chemical Library. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:422-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ci900491t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sopkova-de Oliveira Santos
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA-4258, FR CNRS INC3M, Université de Caen, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, bd Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Aurelien Lesnard
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA-4258, FR CNRS INC3M, Université de Caen, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, bd Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Hugues Agondanou
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA-4258, FR CNRS INC3M, Université de Caen, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, bd Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Dupont
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA-4258, FR CNRS INC3M, Université de Caen, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, bd Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Marie Godard
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA-4258, FR CNRS INC3M, Université de Caen, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, bd Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Silvia Stiebing
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA-4258, FR CNRS INC3M, Université de Caen, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, bd Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Rochais
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA-4258, FR CNRS INC3M, Université de Caen, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, bd Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Frederic Fabis
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA-4258, FR CNRS INC3M, Université de Caen, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, bd Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Dallemagne
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA-4258, FR CNRS INC3M, Université de Caen, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, bd Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Ronan Bureau
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA-4258, FR CNRS INC3M, Université de Caen, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, bd Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Rault
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA-4258, FR CNRS INC3M, Université de Caen, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, bd Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
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144
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Banwell MG, Ma X, Karunaratne OP, Willis AC. A First Generation Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of (+)-Galanthamine. Aust J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A total synthesis of (+)-galanthamine [(+)-1] has been achieved using the readily available and enantiomerically pure metabolite 2 as starting material. The quaternary carbon centre (C8a) associated with target 1 was constructed using the Eschenmoser–Claisen rearrangement reaction.
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145
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Bartolucci C, Haller LA, Jordis U, Fels G, Lamba D. Probing Torpedo californica Acetylcholinesterase Catalytic Gorge with Two Novel Bis-functional Galanthamine Derivatives. J Med Chem 2009; 53:745-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901296p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bartolucci
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca di Roma, P.O. Box 10, I-00016 Monterotondo Stazione(Roma), Italy
| | - Lars A. Haller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Jordis
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Wien, Austria
| | - Gregor Fels
- Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Doriano Lamba
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, UOS di Trieste, Area Science Park, Basovizza S.S 14 Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
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146
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Ibrahim F, Guillaume Y, Thomassin M, André C. Magnesium effect on the acetylcholinesterase inhibition mechanism: A molecular chromatographic approach. Talanta 2009; 79:804-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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147
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Khan MTH. Molecular interactions of cholinesterases inhibitors using in silico methods: current status and future prospects. N Biotechnol 2009; 25:331-46. [PMID: 19491049 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a low amount of acetylcholine (ACh) in hippocampus and cortex. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is one of the most important enzymes in many living organisms including human being and other vertebrates, insects like mosquitoes, among others. Several reports have been published where it has been clearly shown that the genesis of amyloid protein plaques associated with AD is connected to modifications of both AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), since the plaque is significantly decreased in AD patients using cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs). This review gives some examples of these inhibitors discovered during past couple of years that have shown very prominent interactions at the active site triad of the proteins as well as different other parts of the active site like, peripheral anionic site (PAS), oxyanionic hole, anionic subsite or acyl binding pocket (ABP). Most of the inhibition and their interactions have been visualized by X-ray crystallography, but some of the other inhibitors have been studied either by molecular docking or molecular dynamic (MD) simulations or by both the in silico methods. Some of these prominent studies have been crucially observed and reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Tareq Hassan Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway(1)
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148
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Matharu B, Gibson G, Parsons R, Huckerby TN, Moore SA, Cooper LJ, Millichamp R, Allsop D, Austen B. Galantamine inhibits beta-amyloid aggregation and cytotoxicity. J Neurol Sci 2009; 280:49-58. [PMID: 19249060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability of galantamine (Reminyl) to inhibit the aggregation and toxicity of the beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) was investigated. Galantamine showed concentration-dependent inhibition of aggregation of both Abeta 1-40 and Abeta 1-42, as determined by an ELISA method. Electron microscope studies of Abeta 1-40 incubated in the presence of galantamine revealed fibrils that were disordered and clumped in appearance. MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays, employing SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, showed that galantamine reduced the cytotoxicity induced by Abeta 1-40. Galantamine also dramatically reduced Abeta 1-40-induced cellular apoptosis in these cells. There is some evidence that galantamine may not be acting purely as a symptomatic treatment. Disease-modifying effects of the drug could be due to an additional effect on Abeta aggregation and/or toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balpreet Matharu
- Neurodegeneration Unit, Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London SW17 0RE, UK
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149
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Delivery of peptide and protein drugs over the blood-brain barrier. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 87:212-51. [PMID: 19395337 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptide and protein (P/P) drugs have been identified as showing great promises for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases. A major challenge in this regard, however, is the delivery of P/P drugs over the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Intense research over the last 25 years has enabled a better understanding of the cellular and molecular transport mechanisms at the BBB, and several strategies for enhanced P/P drug delivery over the BBB have been developed and tested in preclinical and clinical-experimental research. Among them, technology-based approaches (comprising functionalized nanocarriers and liposomes) and pharmacological strategies (such as the use of carrier systems and chimeric peptide technology) appear to be the most promising ones. This review combines a comprehensive overview on the current understanding of the transport mechanisms at the BBB with promising selected strategies published so far that can be applied to facilitate enhanced P/P drug delivery over the BBB.
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Darvesh S, Darvesh KV, McDonald RS, Mataija D, Walsh R, Mothana S, Lockridge O, Martin E. Carbamates with Differential Mechanism of Inhibition Toward Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4200-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8002075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Darvesh
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Katherine V. Darvesh
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Robert S. McDonald
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Diane Mataija
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ryan Walsh
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sam Mothana
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Earl Martin
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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