101
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Liu D, Staveley-O’Carroll KF, Li G. Immune-based Therapy Clinical Trials in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 6:376. [PMID: 26877890 PMCID: PMC4750497 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality and continues to increase. Current standard of care for patients with HCC only provides limited therapeutic benefit. Development of innovative strategies is urgently needed. Experience with immunotherapy in HCC is quite early, but rapidly rise in the recent 15 years. Multifaceted immune-based approaches have shown efficacy in achieving disease regression, representing the most promising new treatment approach. Here, we classify the ongoing or completed clinical trials in HCC in terms of the immune strategies to be used and assess their clinical outcomes. The generated information may be helpful in the design of future immune-based therapies for achieving ideal tumor control and maximizing anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Liu
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kevin F. Staveley-O’Carroll
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Guangfu Li
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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102
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Antitumor Responses of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:652875. [PMID: 26543874 PMCID: PMC4620262 DOI: 10.1155/2015/652875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that were first described in the late 1980s. Since their initial description, numerous studies have collectively shed light on their development and effector function. These studies have highlighted the unique requirements for the activation of these lymphocytes and the functional responses that distinguish these cells from other effector lymphocyte populations such as conventional T cells and NK cells. This body of literature suggests that NKT cells play diverse nonredundant roles in a number of disease processes, including the initiation and propagation of airway hyperreactivity, protection against a variety of pathogens, development of autoimmunity, and mediation of allograft responses. In this review, however, we focus on the role of a specific lineage of NKT cells in antitumor immunity. Specifically, we describe the development of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells and the factors that are critical for their acquisition of effector function. Next, we delineate the mechanisms by which iNKT cells influence and modulate the activity of other immune cells to directly or indirectly affect tumor growth. Finally, we review the successes and failures of clinical trials employing iNKT cell-based immunotherapies and explore the future prospects for the use of such strategies.
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103
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Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes Suppress Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth in a Rat Model: Apparent Diffusion Coefficient, Natural Killer T-Cell Responses, and Histopathological Features. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:853506. [PMID: 26345219 PMCID: PMC4545422 DOI: 10.1155/2015/853506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to evaluate the effects of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) exosomes on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats using apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), natural killer T-cell (NKT-cell) responses, and histopathological features. ADMSC-derived exosomes appeared as nanoparticles (30–90 nm) on electron microscopy and were positive for CD63, tumor susceptibility gene-101, and β-catenin on western blotting. The control (n = 8) and exosome-treated (n = 8) rats with N1S1-induced HCC underwent baseline and posttreatment day 10 and day 20 magnetic resonance imaging and measurement of ADC. Magnetic resonance imaging showed rapidly enlarged HCCs with low ADCs in the controls. The exosome-treated rats showed partial but nonsignificant tumor reduction, and significant ADC and ADC ratio increases on day 10. On day 20, the exosome-treated rats harbored significantly smaller tumors and volume ratios, higher ADC and ADC ratios, more circulating and intratumoral NKT-cells, and low-grade HCC (P < 0.05 for all comparisons) compared to the controls. The ADC and volume ratios exhibited significant inverse correlations (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.679). ADMSC-derived exosomes promoted NKT-cell antitumor responses in rats, thereby facilitating HCC suppression, early ADC increase, and low-grade tumor differentiation. ADC may be an early biomarker of treatment response.
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104
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Birkholz AM, Girardi E, Wingender G, Khurana A, Wang J, Zhao M, Zahner S, Illarionov PA, Wen X, Li M, Yuan W, Porcelli SA, Besra GS, Zajonc DM, Kronenberg M. A Novel Glycolipid Antigen for NKT Cells That Preferentially Induces IFN-γ Production. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:924-33. [PMID: 26078271 PMCID: PMC4506857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we characterize a novel Ag for invariant NKT (iNKT) cells capable of producing an especially robust Th1 response. This glycosphingolipid, DB06-1, is similar in chemical structure to the well-studied α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer), with the only change being a single atom: the substitution of a carbonyl oxygen with a sulfur atom. Although DB06-1 is not a more effective Ag in vitro, the small chemical change has a marked impact on the ability of this lipid Ag to stimulate iNKT cells in vivo, with increased IFN-γ production at 24 h compared with αGalCer, increased IL-12, and increased activation of NK cells to produce IFN-γ. These changes are correlated with an enhanced ability of DB06-1 to load in the CD1d molecules expressed by dendritic cells in vivo. Moreover, structural studies suggest a tighter fit into the CD1d binding groove by DB06-1 compared with αGalCer. Surprisingly, when iNKT cells previously exposed to DB06-1 are restimulated weeks later, they have greatly increased IL-10 production. Therefore, our data are consistent with a model whereby augmented and or prolonged presentation of a glycolipid Ag leads to increased activation of NK cells and a Th1-skewed immune response, which may result, in part, from enhanced loading into CD1d. Furthermore, our data suggest that strong antigenic stimulation in vivo may lead to the expansion of IL-10-producing iNKT cells, which could counteract the benefits of increased early IFN-γ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia M Birkholz
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Gerhard Wingender
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Archana Khurana
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Meng Zhao
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sonja Zahner
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Petr A Illarionov
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangshu Wen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Michelle Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037;
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105
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Harnessing the PD-1 pathway in renal cell carcinoma: current evidence and future directions. BioDrugs 2015; 28:513-26. [PMID: 25445176 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-014-0111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is a recognized immune checkpoint. It is frequently upregulated on the T cells that infiltrate tumors, providing an inhibitory signal, which may facilitate immune escape. Blocking antibodies have been developed to interrupt the interaction of PD-1 with its ligands PD-L1/PD-L2, with the goal of increasing the host antitumor immune response. Initial results have been encouraging, with durable responses in both treatment-naive and pretreated patients, along with an acceptable toxicity profile. This tolerability makes PD-1 blockade an excellent potential partner for combination strategies with the approved targeted agents, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) antibodies, as well as other investigational immune checkpoint inhibitors or agonist antibodies that may costimulate an immune response. PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells is also being evaluated as a predictive biomarker of response to treatment. This review summarizes the biological basis, preclinical studies, ongoing trials, and future challenges associated with targeting the PD-1 pathway in renal cell carcinoma.
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106
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Opasawatchai A, Matangkasombut P. iNKT Cells and Their Potential Lipid Ligands during Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2015; 6:378. [PMID: 26257744 PMCID: PMC4513233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique population of lipid-reactive CD1d-restricted innate-like T lymphocytes. Despite being a minor population, they serve as an early source of cytokines and promote immunological crosstalk thus bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Diseases ranging from allergy, autoimmunity, and cancer, as well as infectious diseases, including viral infection, have been reported to be influenced by iNKT cells. However, it remains unclear how iNKT cells are activated during viral infection, as virus-derived lipid antigens have not been reported. Cytokines may activate iNKT cells during infections from influenza and murine cytomegalovirus, although CD1d-dependent activation is evident in other viral infections. Several viruses, such as dengue virus, induce CD1d upregulation, which correlates with iNKT cell activation. In contrast, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Epstein–Barr virus, and human papilloma virus promote CD1d downregulation as a strategy to evade iNKT cell recognition. These observations suggest the participation of a CD1d-dependent process in the activation of iNKT cells in response to viral infection. Endogenous lipid ligands, including phospholipids as well as glycosphingolipids, such as glucosylceramide, have been proposed to mediate iNKT cell activation. Pro-inflammatory signals produced during viral infection may stimulate iNKT cells through enhanced CD1d-dependent endogenous lipid presentation. Furthermore, viral infection may alter lipid composition and inhibit endogenous lipid degradation. Recent advances in this field are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anunya Opasawatchai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand ; Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Ponpan Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand ; Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
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107
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Transfer of mRNA Encoding Invariant NKT Cell Receptors Imparts Glycolipid Specific Responses to T Cells and γδT Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131477. [PMID: 26121617 PMCID: PMC4488262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies using genetically engineered lymphocytes expressing antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) hold promise for the treatment of several types of cancers. Almost all studies using this modality have focused on transfer of TCR from CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The transfer of TCR from innate lymphocytes to other lymphocytes has not been studied. In the current study, innate and adaptive lymphocytes were transfected with the human NKT cell-derived TCRα and β chain mRNA (the Vα24 and Vβ11 TCR chains). When primary T cells transfected with NKT cell-derived TCR were subsequently stimulated with the NKT ligand, α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), they secreted IFN-γ in a ligand-specific manner. Furthermore when γδT cells were transfected with NKT cell-derived TCR mRNA, they demonstrated enhanced proliferation, IFN-γ production and antitumor effects after α-GalCer stimulation as compared to parental γδT cells. Importantly, NKT cell TCR-transfected γδT cells responded to both NKT cell and γδT cell ligands, rendering them bi-potential innate lymphocytes. Because NKT cell receptors are unique and universal invariant receptors in humans, the TCR chains do not yield mispaired receptors with endogenous TCR α and β chains after the transfection. The transfection of NKT cell TCR has the potential to be a new approach to tumor immunotherapy in patients with various types of cancer.
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108
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Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique population of T lymphocytes, which lie at the interface between the innate and adaptive immune systems, and are important mediators of immune responses and tumor surveillance. iNKT cells recognize lipid antigens in a CD1d-dependent manner; their subsequent activation results in a rapid and specific downstream response, which enhances both innate and adaptive immunity. The capacity of iNKT cells to modify the immune microenvironment influences the ability of the host to control tumor growth, making them an important population to be harnessed in the clinic for the development of anticancer therapeutics. Indeed, the identification of strong iNKT-cell agonists, such as α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) and its analogues, has led to the development of synthetic lipids that have shown potential in vaccination and treatment against cancers. In this Masters of Immunology article, we discuss these latest findings and summarize the major discoveries in iNKT-cell biology, which have enabled the design of potent strategies for immune-mediated tumor destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna M McEwen-Smith
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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109
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Filatenkov A, Baker J, Mueller AMS, Kenkel J, Ahn GO, Dutt S, Zhang N, Kohrt H, Jensen K, Dejbakhsh-Jones S, Shizuru JA, Negrin RN, Engleman EG, Strober S. Ablative Tumor Radiation Can Change the Tumor Immune Cell Microenvironment to Induce Durable Complete Remissions. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3727-39. [PMID: 25869387 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goals of the study were to elucidate the immune mechanisms that contribute to desirable complete remissions of murine colon tumors treated with single radiation dose of 30 Gy. This dose is at the upper end of the ablative range used clinically to treat advanced or metastatic colorectal, liver, and non-small cell lung tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Changes in the tumor immune microenvironment of single tumor nodules exposed to radiation were studied using 21-day (>1 cm in diameter) CT26 and MC38 colon tumors. These are well-characterized weakly immunogenic tumors. RESULTS We found that the high-dose radiation transformed the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment resulting in an intense CD8(+) T-cell tumor infiltrate, and a loss of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). The change was dependent on antigen cross-presenting CD8(+) dendritic cells, secretion of IFNγ, and CD4(+)T cells expressing CD40L. Antitumor CD8(+) T cells entered tumors shortly after radiotherapy, reversed MDSC infiltration, and mediated durable remissions in an IFNγ-dependent manner. Interestingly, extended fractionated radiation regimen did not result in robust CD8(+) T-cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS For immunologically sensitive tumors, these results indicate that remissions induced by a short course of high-dose radiotherapy depend on the development of antitumor immunity that is reflected by the nature and kinetics of changes induced in the tumor cell microenvironment. These results suggest that systematic examination of the tumor immune microenvironment may help in optimizing the radiation regimen used to treat tumors by adding a robust immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Filatenkov
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Jeanette Baker
- Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Antonia M S Mueller
- Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Justin Kenkel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - G-One Ahn
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Suparna Dutt
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Nigel Zhang
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Holbrook Kohrt
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kent Jensen
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Sussan Dejbakhsh-Jones
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Judith A Shizuru
- Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Robert N Negrin
- Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Samuel Strober
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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110
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Sadegh L, Chen PW, Brown JR, Han Z, Niederkorn JY. NKT cells act through third party bone marrow-derived cells to suppress NK cell activity in the liver and exacerbate hepatic melanoma metastases. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1085-94. [PMID: 25683463 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular tumor in adults and liver metastasis is the leading cause of death in UM patients. We have previously shown that NKT cell-deficient mice develop significantly fewer liver metastases from intraocular melanomas than do wild-type (WT) mice. Here, we examine the interplay between liver NKT cells and NK cells in resistance to liver metastases from intraocular melanomas. NKT cell-deficient CD1d(-/-) mice and WT C57BL/6 mice treated with anti-CD1d antibody developed significantly fewer liver metastases than WT mice following either intraocular or intrasplenic injection of B16LS9 melanoma cells. The increased number of metastases in WT mice was associated with reduced liver NK cytotoxicity and decreased production of IFN-γ. However, liver NK cell-mediated cytotoxic activity was identical in non-tumor bearing NKT cell-deficient mice and WT mice, indicating that liver metastases were crucial for the suppression of liver NK cells. Depressed liver NK cytotoxicity in WT mice was associated with production of IL-10 by bone marrow-derived liver cells that were neither Kupffer cells nor myeloid-derived suppressor cells and by increased IL-10 receptor expression on liver NK cells. IL-10(-/-) mice had significantly fewer liver metastases than WT mice, but were not significantly different from NKT cell-deficient mice. Thus, development of melanoma liver metastases is associated with upregulation of IL-10 in the liver and an elevated expression of IL-10 receptor on liver NK cells. This impairment of liver NK activity is NKT cell-dependent and only occurs in hosts with melanoma liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Sadegh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Peter W Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Joseph R Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Zhiqiang Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jerry Y Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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111
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Abstract
The observation that a subset of cancer patients show evidence for spontaneous CD8+ T cell priming against tumor-associated antigens has generated renewed interest in the innate immune pathways that might serve as a bridge to an adaptive immune response to tumors. Manipulation of this endogenous T cell response with therapeutic intent-for example, using blocking antibodies inhibiting PD-1/PD-L1 (programmed death-1/programmed death ligand 1) interactions-is showing impressive clinical results. As such, understanding the innate immune mechanisms that enable this T cell response has important clinical relevance. Defined innate immune interactions in the cancer context include recognition by innate cell populations (NK cells, NKT cells, and γδ T cells) and also by dendritic cells and macrophages in response to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Recent evidence has indicated that the major DAMP driving host antitumor immune responses is tumor-derived DNA, sensed by the stimulator of interferon gene (STING) pathway and driving type I IFN production. A deeper knowledge of the clinically relevant innate immune pathways involved in the recognition of tumors is leading toward new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
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112
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Ni C, Wu P, Wu X, Zhang T, Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhang S, Qiu F, Huang J. Thymosin alpha1 enhanced cytotoxicity of iNKT cells against colon cancer via upregulating CD1d expression. Cancer Lett 2015; 356:579-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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113
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Abstract
Despite the growing number of preclinical and clinical trials focused on immunotherapy for the treatment of malignant gliomas, the prognosis for this disease remains grim. Cancer immunotherapy seeks to recruit an effective immune response to eliminate tumor cells. To date, cancer vaccines have shown only limited effectiveness because of our incomplete understanding of the necessary effector cells and mechanisms that yield efficient tumor clearance. CD8+ T cell cytotoxic activity has long been proposed as the primary effector function necessary for tumor regression. However, there is increasing evidence that indicates that components of the immune system other than CD8+ T cells play important roles in tumor eradication and control. The following review should provide an understanding of the mechanisms involved in an effective antitumor response to guide future therapeutic designs. The information provided suggests an alternate means of effective tumor clearance in malignant glioma to the canonical CD8+ cytotoxic T cell mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Elizabeth Pluhar
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. 55108
| | - Christopher A. Pennell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. 55445
| | - Michael R. Olin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. 55445
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114
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Bassiri H, Das R, Guan P, Barrett DM, Brennan PJ, Banerjee PP, Wiener SJ, Orange JS, Brenner MB, Grupp SA, Nichols KE. iNKT cell cytotoxic responses control T-lymphoma growth in vitro and in vivo . Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:59-69. [PMID: 24563871 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells comprise a lineage of CD1d-restricted glycolipid-reactive T lymphocytes with important roles in host immunity to cancer. iNKT cells indirectly participate in antitumor responses by inducing dendritic cell maturation and producing cytokines that promote tumor clearance by CD8+ T and NK cells. Although iNKT cells thereby act as potent cellular adjuvants, it is less clear whether they directly control the growth of tumors. To gain insights into the direct contribution of iNKT cells to tumor immune surveillance, we developed in vitro and in vivo systems to selectively examine the antitumor activity of iNKT cells in the absence of other cytolytic effectors. Using the EL4 T-lymphoma cell line as a model, we found that iNKT cells exert robust and specific lysis of tumor cells in vitro in a manner that is differentially induced by iNKT cell agonists of varying T-cell receptor (TCR) affinities, such as OCH, α-galactosyl ceramide, and PBS44. In vitro blockade of CD1d-mediated lipid antigen presentation, disruption of TCR signaling, or loss of perforin expression significantly reduce iNKT cell killing. Consistent with these findings, iNKT cell reconstitution of T, B, and NK cell–deficient mice slows EL4 growth in vivo via TCR-CD1d and perforin-dependent mechanisms. Together, these observations establish that iNKT cells are sufficient to control the growth of T lymphoma in vitro and in vivo. They also suggest that the induction of iNKT cell cytotoxic responses in situ might serve as a more effective strategy to prevent and/or treat CD1d+ cancers, such as T lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1d/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression
- Glycolipids/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/mortality
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Perforin/genetics
- Perforin/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Burden/genetics
- Tumor Burden/immunology
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115
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Choi SYC, Lin D, Gout PW, Collins CC, Xu Y, Wang Y. Lessons from patient-derived xenografts for better in vitro modeling of human cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:222-37. [PMID: 25305336 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel cancer therapeutics is often plagued by discrepancies between drug efficacies obtained in preclinical studies and outcomes of clinical trials. The inconsistencies can be attributed to a lack of clinical relevance of the cancer models used for drug testing. While commonly used in vitro culture systems are advantageous for addressing specific experimental questions, they are often gross, fidelity-lacking simplifications that largely ignore the heterogeneity of cancers as well as the complexity of the tumor microenvironment. Factors such as tumor architecture, interactions among cancer cells and between cancer and stromal cells, and an acidic tumor microenvironment are critical characteristics observed in patient-derived cancer xenograft models and in the clinic. By mimicking these crucial in vivo characteristics through use of 3D cultures, co-culture systems and acidic culture conditions, an in vitro cancer model/microenvironment that is more physiologically relevant may be engineered to produce results more readily applicable to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Yiu Chuen Choi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Dong Lin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Peter W Gout
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Colin C Collins
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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116
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Zhang H, Zhang F, Zhu Z, Luong D, Meadows GG. Chronic alcohol consumption enhances iNKT cell maturation and activation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 282:139-50. [PMID: 25499027 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption exhibits diverse effects on different types of immune cells. NKT cells are a unique T cell population and play important immunoregulatory roles in different types of immune responses. The effects of chronic alcohol consumption on NKT cells remain to be elucidated. Using a mouse model of chronic alcohol consumption, we found that alcohol increases the percentage of NKT cells, especially iNKT cells in the thymus and liver, but not in the spleen or blood. Alcohol consumption decreases the percentage of NK1.1(-) iNKT cells in the total iNKT cell population in all of the tissues and organs examined. In the thymus, alcohol consumption increases the number of NK1.1(+)CD44(hi) mature iNKT cells but does not alter the number of NK1.1(-) immature iNKT cells. A BrdU incorporation assay shows that alcohol consumption increases the proliferation of thymic NK1.1(-) iNKT cells, especially the NK1.1(-)CD44(lo) Stage I iNKT cells. The percentage of NKG2A(+) iNKT cells increases in all of the tissues and organs examined; whereas CXCR3(+) iNKT cells only increases in the thymus of alcohol-consuming mice. Chronic alcohol consumption increases the percentage of IFN-γ-producing iNKT cells and increases the blood concentration of IFN-γ and IL-12 after in vivo α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) stimulation. Consistent with the increased cytokine production, the in vivo activation of iNKT cells also enhances the activation of dendritic cells (DC) and NK, B, and T cells in the alcohol-consuming mice. Taken together the data indicate that chronic alcohol consumption enhances iNKT cell maturation and activation, which favors the Th1 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA.
| | - Faya Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA
| | - Zhaohui Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA
| | - Dung Luong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA
| | - Gary G Meadows
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA
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117
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Bowcutt R, Forman R, Glymenaki M, Carding SR, Else KJ, Cruickshank SM. Heterogeneity across the murine small and large intestine. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15216-15232. [PMID: 25386070 PMCID: PMC4223255 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i41.15216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The small and large intestine of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) have evolved to have discrete functions with distinct anatomies and immune cell composition. The importance of these differences is underlined when considering that different pathogens have uniquely adapted to live in each region of the gut. Furthermore, different regions of the GIT are also associated with differences in susceptibility to diseases such as cancer and chronic inflammation. The large and small intestine, given their anatomical and functional differences, should be seen as two separate immunological sites. However, this distinction is often ignored with findings from one area of the GIT being inappropriately extrapolated to the other. Focussing largely on the murine small and large intestine, this review addresses the literature relating to the immunology and biology of the two sites, drawing comparisons between them and clarifying similarities and differences. We also highlight the gaps in our understanding and where further research is needed.
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118
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Izhak L, Berzofsky JA, Terabe M. Balance is a key for happiness. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e24211. [PMID: 23762801 PMCID: PMC3667907 DOI: 10.4161/onci.24211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Eliminating one immunosuppressive mechanism is rarely sufficient to overcome cancer. One of reasons underlying this fact is that whether regulatory T cells (Tregs) or type II natural killer T (NKT) cells dominate immunosuppression depends on the mutual interactions between the latter and their type I counterparts. Thus, the balance among three immunomodulatory cell types dictates whether eliminating Tregs relieves or not immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Izhak
- Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH; Bethesda, MD USA
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119
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Robertson FC, Berzofsky JA, Terabe M. NKT cell networks in the regulation of tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:543. [PMID: 25389427 PMCID: PMC4211539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells lie at the interface between the innate and adaptive immune systems and are important mediators of immune responses and tumor immunosurveillance. These NKT cells uniquely recognize lipid antigens, and their rapid yet specific reactions influence both innate and adaptive immunity. In tumor immunity, two NKT subsets (type I and type II) have contrasting roles in which they not only cross-regulate one another, but also impact innate immune cell populations, including natural killer, dendritic, and myeloid lineage cells, as well as adaptive populations, especially CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. The extent to which NKT cells promote or suppress surrounding cells affects the host’s ability to prevent neoplasia and is consequently of great interest for therapeutic development. Data have shown the potential for therapeutic use of NKT cell agonists and synergy with immune response modifiers in both pre-clinical studies and preliminary clinical studies. However, there is room to improve treatment efficacy by further elucidating the biological mechanisms underlying NKT cell networks. Here, we discuss the progress made in understanding NKT cell networks, their consequent role in the regulation of tumor immunity, and the potential to exploit that knowledge in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith C Robertson
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Masaki Terabe
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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120
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Berzins SP, Ritchie DS. Natural killer T cells: drivers or passengers in preventing human disease? Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:640-6. [PMID: 25103356 DOI: 10.1038/nri3725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are credited with regulatory roles in immunity against cancers, autoimmune diseases, allergies, and bacterial and viral infections. Studies in mice and observational research in patient groups have suggested that NKT cell-based therapies could be used to prevent or treat these diseases, yet the translation into clinical settings has been disappointing. We support the view that NKT cells have regulatory characteristics that could be exploited in clinical settings, but there are doubts about the natural roles of NKT cells in vivo and whether NKT cell defects are fundamental drivers of disease in humans. In this Opinion article, we discuss the uncertainties and opportunities regarding NKT cells in humans, and the potential for NKT cells to be manipulated to prevent or treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P Berzins
- School of Health Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria 3350, Australia, the Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, Victoria 3350, Australia, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David S Ritchie
- Department of Clinical Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia, and the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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Zhu S, Bing Y, Wang X, Yu Q, Wang Y, Xu S, Song L, Wang X, Xia B, Zhu Y, Zhou R. CCL25/CCR9 interactions regulate the function of iNKT cells in oxazolone-induced colitis in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100167. [PMID: 24936795 PMCID: PMC4061108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer T (NKT) cells share phenotypic and functional properties with both conventional natural killer cells and T cells. These cells might have an important role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). The interaction of chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25) with chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) is involved in gut-specific migration of leukocytes and induces regulatory T cells (Tregs) to migrate to the intestine in chronic ileitis. METHODOLOGY/FINDINGS In UC patients, NKT receptor CD161, CCL25, and CCR9 expression levels were evaluated by qRT-PCR. A murine model of oxazolone-induced colitis was induced in BALB/c mice. The mRNA levels of NK1.1, CCL25 and CCR9, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice were evaluated. The CCR9 expression on Type I or invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, and the iNKT cells chemotaxis are observed according to flow cytometry. NKT receptor CD161, CCL25 and CCR9 expression levels were significantly increased in UC patients. And, the mRNA expression levels of NK1.1, CCL25 and CCR9 were increased in oxazolone-induced colitis in mice. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was significantly increased, especially interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-10 and IL-13. We observed significantly increased CCR9 expression on iNKT cells. Furthermore, we found an increased iNKT population and enhanced chemotaxis during oxazolone-induced colitis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our study suggests that CCL25/CCR9 interactions may promote the induction and function of iNKT cells during oxazolone-induced colitis. These findings may have important implications for UC treatment and suggest a role for CCR9 inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Colitis/chemically induced
- Colitis/immunology
- Colitis/metabolism
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
- Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Middle Aged
- Natural Killer T-Cells/drug effects
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Oxazolone/toxicity
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, CCR/genetics
- Receptors, CCR/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yuntao Bing
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Yu
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yipeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Shufang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xintao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Bing Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Youqing Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (RZ); (YZ)
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (RZ); (YZ)
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Sui Y, Hogg A, Wang Y, Frey B, Yu H, Xia Z, Venzon D, McKinnon K, Smedley J, Gathuka M, Klinman D, Keele BF, Langermann S, Liu L, Franchini G, Berzofsky JA. Vaccine-induced myeloid cell population dampens protective immunity to SIV. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2538-49. [PMID: 24837435 PMCID: PMC4038576 DOI: 10.1172/jci73518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are largely evaluated for their ability to promote adaptive immunity, with little focus on the induction of negative immune regulators. Adjuvants facilitate and enhance vaccine-induced immune responses and have been explored for mediating protection against HIV. Using a regimen of peptide priming followed by a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) boost in a nonhuman primate model, we found that an SIV vaccine incorporating molecular adjuvants mediated partial protection against rectal SIVmac251 challenges. Animals treated with vaccine and multiple adjuvants exhibited a reduced viral load (VL) compared with those treated with vaccine only. Surprisingly, animals treated with adjuvant alone had reduced VLs that were comparable to or better than those of the vaccine-treated group. VL reduction was greatest in animals with the MHC class I allele Mamu-A*01 that were treated with adjuvant only and was largely dependent on CD8+ T cells. Early VLs correlated with Ki67+CCR5+CD4+ T cell frequency, while set-point VL was associated with expansion of a myeloid cell population that was phenotypically similar to myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and that suppressed T cell responses in vitro. MDSC expansion occurred in animals receiving vaccine and was not observed in the adjuvant-only group. Collectively, these results indicate that vaccine-induced MDSCs inhibit protective cellular immunity and suggest that preventing MDSC induction may be critical for effective AIDS vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, and Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. Amplimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison Hogg
- Vaccine Branch, Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, and Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. Amplimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Yichuan Wang
- Vaccine Branch, Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, and Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. Amplimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Blake Frey
- Vaccine Branch, Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, and Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. Amplimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Huifeng Yu
- Vaccine Branch, Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, and Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. Amplimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Zheng Xia
- Vaccine Branch, Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, and Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. Amplimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - David Venzon
- Vaccine Branch, Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, and Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. Amplimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine McKinnon
- Vaccine Branch, Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, and Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. Amplimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Vaccine Branch, Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, and Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. Amplimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Mercy Gathuka
- Vaccine Branch, Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, and Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. Amplimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Dennis Klinman
- Vaccine Branch, Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, and Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. Amplimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- Vaccine Branch, Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, and Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. Amplimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Sol Langermann
- Vaccine Branch, Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, and Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. Amplimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Linda Liu
- Vaccine Branch, Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, and Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. Amplimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Vaccine Branch, Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, and Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. Amplimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, and Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. Amplimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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123
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Hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity, autoimmune reactions, and tumor regression: plausibility of mediating antitumor immunity. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:175265. [PMID: 24949488 PMCID: PMC4052058 DOI: 10.1155/2014/175265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Haptens are small molecule irritants that bind to proteins and elicit an immune response. Haptens have been commonly used to study allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) using animal contact hypersensitivity (CHS) models. However, extensive research into contact hypersensitivity has offered a confusing and intriguing mechanism of allergic reactions occurring in the skin. The abilities of haptens to induce such reactions have been frequently utilized to study the mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to induce autoimmune-like responses such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and to elicit viral wart and tumor regression. Hapten-induced tumor regression has been studied since the mid-1900s and relies on four major concepts: (1) ex vivo haptenation, (2) in situ haptenation, (3) epifocal hapten application, and (4) antigen-hapten conjugate injection. Each of these approaches elicits unique responses in mice and humans. The present review attempts to provide a critical appraisal of the hapten-mediated tumor treatments and offers insights for future development of the field.
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124
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Rigo V, Corrias MV, Orengo AM, Brizzolara A, Emionite L, Fenoglio D, Filaci G, Croce M, Ferrini S. Recombinant IL-21 and anti-CD4 antibodies cooperate in syngeneic neuroblastoma immunotherapy and mediate long-lasting immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:501-11. [PMID: 24647609 PMCID: PMC11028713 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
IL-21 is an immune-enhancing cytokine, which showed promising results in cancer immunotherapy. We previously observed that the administration of anti-CD4 cell-depleting antibody strongly enhanced the anti-tumor effects of an IL-21-engineered neuroblastoma (NB) cell vaccine. Here, we studied the therapeutic effects of a combination of recombinant (r) IL-21 and anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in a syngeneic model of disseminated NB. Subcutaneous rIL-21 therapy at 0.5 or 1 μg/dose (at days 2, 6, 9, 13 and 15 after NB induction) had a limited effect on NB development. However, coadministration of rIL-21 at the two dose levels and a cell-depleting anti-CD4 mAb cured 28 and 70 % of mice, respectively. Combined immunotherapy was also effective if started 7 days after NB implant, resulting in a 30 % cure rate. Anti-CD4 antibody treatment efficiently depleted CD4(+) CD25(high) Treg cells, but alone had limited impact on NB. Combination immunotherapy by anti-CD4 mAb and rIL-21 induced a CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte response, which resulted in tumor eradication and long-lasting immunity. CD4(+) T cells, which re-populated mice after combination immunotherapy, were required for immunity to NB antigens as indicated by CD4(+) T cell depletion and re-challenge experiments. In conclusion, these data support a role for regulatory CD4(+) T cells in a syngeneic NB model and suggest that rIL-21 combined with CD4(+) T cell depletion reprograms CD4(+) T cells from immune regulatory to anti-tumor functions. These observations open new perspectives for the use of IL-21-based immunotherapy in conjunction with transient CD4(+) T cell depletion, in human metastatic NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rigo
- IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- CEBR Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV n. 7, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Orengo
- IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Brizzolara
- IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Emionite
- IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Fenoglio
- IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- CEBR Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV n. 7, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV n. 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gilberto Filaci
- IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- CEBR Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV n. 7, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV n. 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Croce
- IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvano Ferrini
- IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique subset of CD1d-restricted T lymphocytes that express characteristics of both T cells and natural killer cells. NKT cells mediate tumor immune-surveillance; however, NKT cells are numerically reduced and functionally impaired in lymphoma patients. Many hematologic malignancies express CD1d molecules and co-stimulatory proteins needed to induce anti-tumor immunity by NKT cells, yet most tumors are poorly immunogenic. In this study, we sought to investigate NKT cell responses to B cell lymphoma. In the presence of exogenous antigen, both mouse and human NKT cell lines produce cytokines following stimulation by B cell lymphoma lines. NKT cell populations were examined ex vivo in mouse models of spontaneous B cell lymphoma, and it was found that during early stages, NKT cell responses were enhanced in lymphoma-bearing animals compared to disease-free animals. In contrast, in lymphoma-bearing animals with splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy, NKT cells were functionally impaired. In a mouse model of blastoid variant mantle cell lymphoma, treatment of tumor-bearing mice with a potent NKT cell agonist, α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), resulted in a significant decrease in disease pathology. Ex vivo studies demonstrated that NKT cells from α-GalCer treated mice produced IFN-γ following α-GalCer restimulation, unlike NKT cells from vehicle-control treated mice. These data demonstrate an important role for NKT cells in the immune response to an aggressive hematologic malignancy like mantle cell lymphoma.
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126
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Development of a qPCR method to rapidly assess the function of NKT cells. J Immunol Methods 2014; 407:82-9. [PMID: 24721393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NKT cells comprise a rare, but important subset of T cells which account for ~0.2% of the total circulating T cell population. NKT cells are known to have anti-tumor functions and rapidly produce high levels of cytokines following activation. Several clinical trials have sought to exploit the effector functions of NKT cells. While some studies have shown promise, NKT cells are approximately 50% lower in cancer patients compared to healthy donors of the same age and gender, thus limiting their therapeutic efficacy. These studies indicate that baseline levels of activation should be assessed before initiating an NKT cell based immunotherapeutic strategy. AIM The goal of this study was to develop a sensitive method to rapidly assess NKT cell function. METHODS We utilized artificial antigen presenting cells in combination with qPCR in order to determine NKT cell function in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and breast cancer patients. RESULTS We found that NKT cell activation can be detected by qPCR, but not by ELISA, in healthy donors as well as in breast cancer patients following four hour stimulation. CONCLUSION This method utilizing CD1d-expressing aAPCs will enhance our knowledge of NKT cell biology and could potentially be used as a novel tool in adoptive immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Singh AK, Gaur P, Shukla NK, Das SN. Differential dendritic cell‐mediated activation and functions of invariant
NKT
‐cell subsets in oral cancer. Oral Dis 2014; 21:e105-13. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AK Singh
- Department of Biotechnology All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - P Gaur
- Department of Biotechnology All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - NK Shukla
- Department of Surgical Oncology Dr. BRA‐IRCH All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - SN Das
- Department of Biotechnology All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
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Wu J, Shin J, Xie D, Wang H, Gao J, Zhong XP. Tuberous sclerosis 1 promotes invariant NKT cell anergy and inhibits invariant NKT cell-mediated antitumor immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:2643-50. [PMID: 24532578 PMCID: PMC3965184 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of effective immune therapies for cancer patients requires better understanding of hurdles that prevent the generation of effective antitumor immune responses. Administration of α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) in animals enhances antitumor immunity via activation of the invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. However, repeated injections of α-GalCer result in long-term unresponsiveness or anergy of iNKT cells, severely limiting its efficacy in tumor eradication. The mechanisms leading to iNKT cell anergy remain poorly understood. We report in this study that the tuberous sclerosis 1 (TSC1), a negative regulator of mTOR signaling, plays a crucial role in iNKT cell anergy. Deficiency of TSC1 in iNKT cells results in resistance to α-GalCer-induced anergy, manifested by increased expansion of and cytokine production by iNKT cells in response to secondary Ag stimulation. It is correlated with impaired upregulation of programmed death-1, Egr2, and Grail. Moreover, TSC1-deficient iNKT cells display enhanced antitumor immunity in a melanoma lung metastasis model. Our data suggest targeting TSC1/2 as a strategy for boosting antitumor immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jinwook Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Danli Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jimin Gao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Percentages of NKT cells in the tissues of patients with non-small cell lung cancer who underwent surgical treatment. POLISH JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2014; 11:34-9. [PMID: 26336391 PMCID: PMC4283905 DOI: 10.5114/kitp.2014.41928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural killer T (NKT) cells are involved in the antitumor response by direct cytotoxicity and indirectly through activation of effector cells. Recent studies have shown a relationship between the number and function of NKT cells and clinical outcomes. NKT cells seem to represent a promising tool for immunotherapy of cancer. THE AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study was to evaluate the distribution of NKT cells in peripheral blood, lymph nodes and tumor tissue of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, as well as development of the most efficient set of cytokines stimulating differentiation of NKT cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS We evaluated the percentage of iNKT+CD3+ cells in the tissues collected from patients with NSCLC. For the generation of NKT cells, we cultured cells isolated from the blood of 20 healthy donors and from the tissues of 4 NSCLC patients. Cells were stimulated with α-GalCer in combinations with cytokines. RESULTS We noted significant differences in the percentages of NKT cells in the patients' tissues. The highest percentage of these cells was observed in the tumor tissue and the lowest in the lymph nodes. In vitro, in healthy donors all α-GalCer-cytokine combinations were effective in stimulation of NKT cells' proliferation. NKT cells' proliferation was the most efficiently stimulated by α-GalCer+IL-2+IL-7 and α-GalCer+IL-2+IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that in the course of NSCLC, NKT cells migrate to the primary tumor and accumulate therein. All tested combinations of α-GalCer and cytokines were capable of generation of NKT cells in vitro.
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Chan AC, Neeson P, Leeansyah E, Tainton K, Quach H, Prince HM, Harrison SJ, Godfrey DI, Ritchie D, Berzins SP. Natural killer T cell defects in multiple myeloma and the impact of lenalidomide therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 175:49-58. [PMID: 24032527 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of multiple myeloma (MM) remain obscure and there are few known risk factors; however, natural killer T (NKT) cell abnormalities have been reported in patients with MM, and therapeutic targeting of NKT cells is promoted as a potential treatment. We characterized NKT cell defects in treated and untreated patients with MM and determined the impact of lenalidomide therapy on the NKT cell pool. Lenalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug with co-stimulatory effects on NKT cells in vitro and is an approved treatment for MM, although its mode of action in that context is not well defined. We find that patients with relapsed/progressive MM had a marked deficiency in NKT cell numbers. In contrast, newly diagnosed patients had relatively normal NKT cell frequency and function prior to treatment, although a specific NKT cell deficiency emerged after high-dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) regimen. This also impacted NK cells and conventional T cells, but the recovery of NKT cells was considerably delayed, resulting in a prolonged, treatment-induced NKT cell deficit. Longitudinal analysis of individual patients revealed that lenalidomide therapy had no in-vivo impact on NKT cell numbers or cytokine production, either as induction therapy, or as maintenance therapy following ASCT, indicating that its clinical benefits in this setting are independent of NKT cell modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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131
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Polyclonal type II natural killer T cells require PLZF and SAP for their development and contribute to CpG-mediated antitumor response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2674-9. [PMID: 24550295 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323845111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like T cells with potent immunomodulatory function via rapid production of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. NKT cells comprise well-characterized type I NKT cells, which can be detected by α-galactosylceramide-loaded CD1d tetramers, and less-studied type II NKT cells, which do not recognize α-galactosylceramide. Here we characterized type II NKT cells on a polyclonal level by using a Jα18-deficient IL-4 reporter mouse model. This model allows us to track type II NTK cells by the GFP(+)TCRβ(+) phenotype in the thymus and liver. We found type II NKT cells, like type I NKT cells, exhibit an activated phenotype and are dependent on the transcriptional regulator promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) and the adaptor molecule signaling lymphocyte activation molecule-associated protein (SAP) for their development. Type II NKT cells are potently activated by β-D-glucopyranosylceramide (β-GlcCer) but not sulfatide or phospholipids in a CD1d-dependent manner, with the stimulatory capacity of β-GlcCer influenced by acyl chain length. Compared with type I NKT cells, type II NKT cells produce lower levels of IFN-γ but comparable amounts of IL-13 in response to polyclonal T-cell receptor stimulation, suggesting they may play different roles in regulating immune responses. Furthermore, type II NKT cells can be activated by CpG oligodeoxynucletides to produce IFN-γ, but not IL-4 or IL-13. Importantly, CpG-activated type II NKT cells contribute to the antitumor effect of CpG in the B16 melanoma model. Taken together, our data reveal the characteristics of polyclonal type II NKT cells and their potential role in antitumor immunotherapy.
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Catucci M, Zanoni I, Draghici E, Bosticardo M, Castiello MC, Venturini M, Cesana D, Montini E, Ponzoni M, Granucci F, Villa A. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein deficiency in natural killer and dendritic cells affects antitumor immunity. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1039-45. [PMID: 24338698 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by reduced or absent expression of the WAS protein (WASP). WAS patients are affected by microthrombocytopenia, recurrent infections, eczema, autoimmune diseases, and malignancies. Although immune deficiency has been proposed to play a role in tumor pathogenesis, there is little evidence on the correlation between immune cell defects and tumor susceptibility. Taking advantage of a tumor-prone model, we show that the lack of WASP induces early tumor onset because of defective immune surveillance. Consistently, the B16 melanoma model shows that tumor growth and the number of lung metastases are increased in the absence of WASP. We then investigated the in vivo contribution of Was(-/-) NK cells and DCs in controlling B16 melanoma development. We found fewer B16 metastases developed in the lungs of Was(-/-) mice that had received WT NK cells as compared with mice bearing Was(-/-) NK cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Was(-/-) DCs were less efficient in inducing NK-cell activation in vitro and in vivo. In summary, for the first time, we demonstrate in in vivo models that WASP deficiency affects resistance to tumor and causes impairment in the antitumor capacity of NK cells and DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Catucci
- TIGET, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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133
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Fatourou EM, Koskinas JS. Adaptive immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic and therapeutic implications. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 9:1499-510. [DOI: 10.1586/era.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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134
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Fraser CK, Brown MP, Diener KR, Hayball JD. Unravelling the complexity of cancer–immune system interplay. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 10:917-34. [DOI: 10.1586/era.10.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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135
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Terabe M, Berzofsky JA. The immunoregulatory role of type I and type II NKT cells in cancer and other diseases. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:199-213. [PMID: 24384834 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells are CD1d-restricted T cells that recognize lipid antigens. They also have been shown to play critical roles in the regulation of immune responses. In the immune responses against tumors, two subsets of NKT cells, type I and type II, play opposing roles and cross-regulate each other. As members of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, which form a network of multiple components, they also interact with other immune components. Here, we discuss the function of NKT cells in tumor immunity and their interaction with other regulatory cells, especially CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Terabe
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 41-Room D702, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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136
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Singh AK, Gaur P, Das SN. Natural killer T cell anergy, co-stimulatory molecules and immunotherapeutic interventions. Hum Immunol 2013; 75:250-60. [PMID: 24373798 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique subset of glycolipid-reactive T lymphocytes that share properties with natural killer (NK) cells. These lymphocytes can produce array of cytokines and chemokines that modulate the immune response, and play a pivotal role in cancer, autoimmunity, infection and inflammation. Owing to these properties, NKT cells have gained attentions for its potential use in antitumor immunotherapies. To date several NKT cell-based clinical trials have been performed in patients with cancer using its potent ligand α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). However, inconsistent therapeutic benefit, and inevitable health risks associated with drug dose and NKT cell activation have been observed. α-GalCer-activated NKT cells become anergic and produce both Th1 and Th2 cytokines that may function antagonistically, limiting the desired effector functions. Besides, various co-stimulatory and signaling molecules such as programmed death-1 (PD-1; CD279), casitas B-cell lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) and CARMA1 have been shown to be implicated in the induction of NKT cell anergy. In this review, we discuss the role of such key regulators and their functional mechanisms that may facilitate the development of improved approaches to overcome NKT cell anergy. In addition, we describe the evidences indicating that tailored-ligands can optimally activate NKT cells to obtain desired immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avadhesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India.
| | - Poonam Gaur
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India.
| | - Satya N Das
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India.
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Kansara M, Leong HS, Lin DM, Popkiss S, Pang P, Garsed DW, Walkley CR, Cullinane C, Ellul J, Haynes NM, Hicks R, Kuijjer ML, Cleton-Jansen AM, Hinds PW, Smyth MJ, Thomas DM. Immune response to RB1-regulated senescence limits radiation-induced osteosarcoma formation. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:5351-60. [PMID: 24231354 DOI: 10.1172/jci70559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) and germline mutations in the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene (RB1) are the strongest risk factors for developing osteosarcoma. Recapitulating the human predisposition, we found that Rb1+/- mice exhibited accelerated development of IR-induced osteosarcoma, with a latency of 39 weeks. Initial exposure of osteoblasts to carcinogenic doses of IR in vitro and in vivo induced RB1-dependent senescence and the expression of a panel of proteins known as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), dominated by IL-6. RB1 expression closely correlated with that of the SASP cassette in human osteosarcomas, and low expression of both RB1 and the SASP genes was associated with poor prognosis. In vivo, IL-6 was required for IR-induced senescence, which elicited NKT cell infiltration and a host inflammatory response. Mice lacking IL-6 or NKT cells had accelerated development of IR-induced osteosarcomas. These data elucidate an important link between senescence, which is a cell-autonomous tumor suppressor response, and the activation of host-dependent cancer immunosurveillance. Our findings indicate that overcoming the immune response to senescence is a rate-limiting step in the formation of IR-induced osteosarcoma.
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138
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Singh AK, Shukla NK, Das SN. Altered Invariant Natural Killer T cell Subsets and its Functions in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:468-77. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Singh
- Department of Biotechnology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - N. K. Shukla
- Department of Surgical Oncology; Dr. BRA-IRCH; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - S. N. Das
- Department of Biotechnology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
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Ibarrondo FJ, Yang OO, Chodon T, Avramis E, Lee Y, Sazegar H, Jalil J, Chmielowski B, Koya RC, Schmid I, Gomez-Navarro J, Jamieson BD, Ribas A, Comin-Anduix B. Natural killer T cells in advanced melanoma patients treated with tremelimumab. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76829. [PMID: 24167550 PMCID: PMC3805549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant barrier to effective immune clearance of cancer is loss of antitumor cytotoxic T cell activity. Antibodies to block pro-apoptotic/downmodulatory signals to T cells are currently being tested. Because invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) can regulate the balance of Th1/Th2 cellular immune responses, we characterized the frequencies of circulating iNKT cell subsets in 21 patients with melanoma who received the anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody tremelimumab alone and 8 patients who received the antibody in combination with MART-126–35 peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (MART-1/DC). Blood T cell phenotypes and functionality were characterized by flow cytometry before and after treatment. iNKT cells exhibited the central memory phenotype and showed polyfunctional cytokine production. In the combination treatment group, high frequencies of pro-inflammatory Th1 iNKT CD8+ cells correlated with positive clinical responses. These results indicate that iNKT cells play a critical role in regulating effective antitumor T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FJI); (BC-A)
| | - Otto O. Yang
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Thinle Chodon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Earl Avramis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yohan Lee
- Department of Child Psychiatry Branch, NIH/NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland, Untied States of America
| | - Hooman Sazegar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Jalil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Bartosz Chmielowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Koya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ingrid Schmid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jesus Gomez-Navarro
- Department of Clinical Research, Pfizer Global Research and Development (PGRD), New London, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Beth D. Jamieson
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FJI); (BC-A)
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Duman M, Chtcheglova LA, Zhu R, Bozna BL, Polzella P, Cerundolo V, Hinterdorfer P. Nanomapping of CD1d-glycolipid complexes on THP1 cells by using simultaneous topography and recognition imaging. J Mol Recognit 2013; 26:408-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rong Zhu
- Institute for Biophysics; University of Linz; Altenbergerstrasse 69; A-4040; Linz; Austria
| | - Bianca L. Bozna
- Institute for Biophysics; University of Linz; Altenbergerstrasse 69; A-4040; Linz; Austria
| | - Paolo Polzella
- Cancer Research UK Tumor Immunology Group, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine; University of Oxford; Oxford; OX3 9DS; UK
| | - Vicenzo Cerundolo
- Cancer Research UK Tumor Immunology Group, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine; University of Oxford; Oxford; OX3 9DS; UK
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O'Konek JJ, Kato S, Takao S, Izhak L, Xia Z, Illarionov P, Besra GS, Terabe M, Berzofsky JA. β-mannosylceramide activates type I natural killer t cells to induce tumor immunity without inducing long-term functional anergy. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4404-11. [PMID: 23804426 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most studies characterizing antitumor properties of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have used the agonist, α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). However, α-GalCer induces strong, long-lasting anergy of iNKT cells, which could be a major detriment for clinical therapy. A novel iNKT cell agonist, β-mannosylceramide (β-ManCer), induces strong antitumor immunity through a mechanism distinct from that of α-GalCer. The objective of this study was to determine whether β-ManCer induces anergy of iNKT cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Induction of anergy was determined by ex vivo analysis of splenocytes from mice pretreated with iNKT cell agonists as well as in the CT26 lung metastasis in vivo tumor model. RESULTS β-ManCer activated iNKT cells without inducing long-term anergy. The transience of anergy induction correlated with a shortened duration of PD-1 upregulation on iNKT cells activated with β-ManCer, compared with α-GalCer. Moreover, whereas mice pretreated with α-GalCer were unable to respond to a second glycolipid stimulation to induce tumor protection for up to 2 months, mice pretreated with β-ManCer were protected from tumors by a second stimulation equivalently to vehicle-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS The lack of long-term functional anergy induced by β-ManCer, which allows for a second dose to still give therapeutic benefit, suggests the strong potential for this iNKT cell agonist to succeed in settings where α-GalCer has failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J O'Konek
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Tan C, Reddy V, Dannull J, Ding E, Nair SK, Tyler DS, Pruitt SK, Lee WT. Impact of anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody on dendritic cell-tumor fusion vaccine efficacy in a murine melanoma model. J Transl Med 2013; 11:148. [PMID: 23768240 PMCID: PMC3691646 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A promising cancer vaccine involves the fusion of tumor cells with dendritic cells (DCs). As such, a broad spectrum of both known and unidentified tumor antigens is presented to the immune system in the context of the potent immunostimulatory capacity of DCs. Murine studies have demonstrated the efficacy of fusion immunotherapy. However the clinical impact of DC/tumor fusion vaccines has been limited, suggesting that the immunosuppresive milieu found in patients with malignancies may blunt the efficacy of cancer vaccination. Thus, novel strategies to enhance fusion vaccine efficacy are needed. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known to suppress anti-tumor immunity, and depletion or functional inactivation of these cells improves immunotherapy in both animal models and clinical trials. In this study, we sought to investigate whether functional inactivation of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg with anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody (mAb) PC61 prior to DC/tumor vaccination would significantly improve immunotherapy in the murine B16 melanoma model. Methods Treg blockade was achieved with systemic PC61 administration. This blockage was done in conjunction with DC/tumor fusion vaccine administration to treat established melanoma pulmonary metastases. Enumeration of these metastases was performed and compared between experimental groups using Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay was performed on splenocytes from treated mice. Results We demonstrate that treatment of mice with established disease using mAb PC61 and DC/tumor fusion significantly reduced counts of pulmonary metastases compared to treatment with PC61 alone (p=0.002) or treatment with control antibody plus fusion vaccine (p=0.0397). Furthermore, IFN-gamma ELISPOT analyses reveal that the increase in cancer immunity was mediated by anti-tumor specific CD4+ T-helper cells, without concomitant induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. Lastly, our data provide proof of principle that combination treatment with mAb PC61 and systemic IL-12 can lower the dose of IL-12 necessary to obtain maximal therapeutic efficacy. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report investigating the effects of anti-CD25 mAb administration on DC/tumor-fusion vaccine efficacy in a murine melanoma model, and our results may aide the design of future clinical trials with enhanced therapeutic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrui Tan
- Division of Otolaryngology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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143
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Nur H, Fostier K, Aspeslagh S, Renmans W, Bertrand E, Leleu X, Favreau M, Breckpot K, Schots R, De Waele M, Van Valckenborgh E, De Bruyne E, Facon T, Elewaut D, Vanderkerken K, Menu E. Preclinical evaluation of invariant natural killer T cells in the 5T33 multiple myeloma model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65075. [PMID: 23741460 PMCID: PMC3669090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulators have been used in recent years to reactivate host anti-tumor immunity in several hematological malignancies. This report describes the effect of activating natural killer T (NKT) cells by α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) in the 5T33MM model of multiple myeloma (MM). NKT cells are T lymphocytes, co-expressing T and NK receptors, while invariant NKT cells (iNKTs) also express a unique semi-invariant TCR α-chain. We followed iNKT numbers during the development of the disease in both 5T33MM mice and MM patients and found that their numbers dropped dramatically at the end stage of the disease, leading to a loss of total IFN-γ secretion. We furthermore observed that α-GalCer treatment significantly increased the survival of 5T33MM diseased mice. Taken together, our data demonstrate for the first time the possibility of using a preclinical murine MM model to study the effects of α-GalCer and show promising results of α-GalCer treatment in a low tumor burden setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Nur
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Hebron University, Hebron, Palestine
| | - Karel Fostier
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Aspeslagh
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Renmans
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Xavier Leleu
- Service des maladies du sang, Hôpital Huriez, CHRU, Lille, France
| | - Mérédis Favreau
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rik Schots
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc De Waele
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Valckenborgh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Facon
- Service des maladies du sang, Hôpital Huriez, CHRU, Lille, France
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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144
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Pio R, Ajona D, Lambris JD. Complement inhibition in cancer therapy. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:54-64. [PMID: 23706991 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For decades, complement has been recognized as an effector arm of the immune system that contributes to the destruction of tumor cells. In fact, many therapeutic strategies have been proposed that are based on the intensification of complement-mediated responses against tumors. However, recent studies have challenged this paradigm by demonstrating a tumor-promoting role for complement. Cancer cells seem to be able to establish a convenient balance between complement activation and inhibition, taking advantage of complement initiation without suffering its deleterious effects. Complement activation may support chronic inflammation, promote an immunosuppressive microenvironment, induce angiogenesis, and activate cancer-related signaling pathways. In this context, inhibition of complement activation would be a therapeutic option for treating cancer. This concept is relatively new and deserves closer attention. In this article, we summarize the mechanisms of complement activation on cancer cells, the cancer-promoting effect of complement initiation, and the rationale behind the use of complement inhibition as a therapeutic strategy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Pio
- Oncology Division, Center for Applied Medical Research-CIMA, Pamplona, Spain. rpio.@unav.es
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145
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Gilbert ER, Eby JM, Hammer AM, Klarquist J, Christensen DG, Barfuss AJ, Boissy RE, Picken MM, Love RB, Dilling DF, Le Poole IC. Positioning ganglioside D3 as an immunotherapeutic target in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:226-34. [PMID: 23665200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumors that develop in lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) as a consequence of biallelic loss of TSC1 or TSC2 gene function express melanoma differentiation antigens. However, the percentage of LAM cells expressing these melanosomal antigens is limited. Here, we report the overexpression of ganglioside D3 (GD3) in LAM. GD3 is a tumor-associated antigen otherwise found in melanoma and neuroendocrine tumors; normal expression is largely restricted to neuronal cells in the brain. We also observed markedly reduced serum antibody titers to GD3, which may allow for a population of GD3-expressing LAM cells to expand within patients. This is supported by the demonstrated sensitivity of cultured LAM cells to complement mediated cytotoxicity via GD3 antibodies. GD3 can serve as a natural killer T (NKT) cell antigen when presented on CD1d molecules expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells. Although CD1d-expressing monocyte derivatives were present in situ, enhanced NKT-cell recruitment to LAM lung was not observed. Cultured LAM cells retained surface expression of GD3 over several passages and also expressed CD1d, implying that infiltrating NKT cells can be directly cytotoxic toward LAM lung lesions. Immunization with antibodies to GD3 may thus be therapeutic in LAM, and enhancement of existing NKT-cell infiltration may be effective to further improve antitumor responses. Overall, we hereby establish GD3 as a suitable target for immunotherapy of LAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Gilbert
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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146
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Fox LM, Miksanek J, May NA, Scharf L, Lockridge JL, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Adams EJ, Hudson AW, Gumperz JE. Expression of CD1c enhances human invariant NKT cell activation by α-GalCer. CANCER IMMUNITY 2013; 13:9. [PMID: 23885215 PMCID: PMC3721260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate T lymphocytes that specifically recognize α-linked glycosphingolipids (α-GSLs) as antigens presented by CD1d molecules. Activating iNKT cells by administering α-GSLs improves disease outcomes in murine cancer models and, thus, there is great interest in the clinical potential of these lipids for treating human cancers. However, humans possess several other CD1 isoforms that are not present in mice and it is not clear whether these CD1 molecules, which also bind lipids, affect human iNKT cell responses. We demonstrate here that CD1c, which is co-expressed with CD1d on blood dendritic cells and on a fraction of B cells, is able to present α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) as a weak agonist to human iNKT cells, and that the presence of CD1c synergistically enhances α-GalCerdependent activation of iNKT cells by CD1d. Primary human B cells expressing CD1c induced stronger iNKT cell responses to α-GalCer than the CD1c- subset, and an antibody against CD1c inhibited iNKT cell cytokine secretion. These results suggest that therapeutic activation of human iNKT cells by α-GSLs will be driven preferentially by CD1c+ cell types. Thus, B cell neoplasias that co-express CD1c and CD1d may be particularly susceptible to α-GSL therapy, and cancer vaccines using α-GSLs as adjuvants may be most effective when presented by CD1c+ antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Fox
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI,USA
| | - Jennifer Miksanek
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI,USA
| | - Nathan A. May
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Louise Scharf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Lockridge
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI,USA
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Erin J. Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy W. Hudson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jenny E. Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI,USA
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147
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Chan AC, Leeansyah E, Cochrane A, d'Udekem d'Acoz Y, Mittag D, Harrison LC, Godfrey DI, Berzins SP. Ex-vivo analysis of human natural killer T cells demonstrates heterogeneity between tissues and within established CD4(+) and CD4(-) subsets. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 172:129-37. [PMID: 23480193 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of human type 1 natural killer T (NKT) cells has been heavily dependent on studies of cells from peripheral blood. These have identified two functionally distinct subsets defined by expression of CD4, although it is widely believed that this underestimates the true number of subsets. Two recent studies supporting this view have provided more detail about diversity of the human NKT cells, but relied on analysis of NKT cells from human blood that had been expanded in vitro prior to analysis. In this study we extend those findings by assessing the heterogeneity of CD4(+) and CD4(-) human NKT cell subsets from peripheral blood, cord blood, thymus and spleen without prior expansion ex vivo, and identifying for the first time cytokines expressed by human NKT cells from spleen and thymus. Our comparative analysis reveals highly heterogeneous expression of surface antigens by CD4(+) and CD4(-) NKT cell subsets and identifies several antigens whose differential expression correlates with the cytokine response. Collectively, our findings reveal that the common classification of NKT cells into CD4(+) and CD4(-) subsets fails to reflect the diversity of this lineage, and that more studies are needed to establish the functional significance of the antigen expression patterns and tissue residency of human NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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148
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Kunte A, Zhang W, Paduraru C, Veerapen N, Cox LR, Besra GS, Cresswell P. Endoplasmic reticulum glycoprotein quality control regulates CD1d assembly and CD1d-mediated antigen presentation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16391-16402. [PMID: 23615906 PMCID: PMC3675576 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.474221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) homologue CD1d presents lipid antigens to innate-like lymphocytes called natural-killer T (NKT) cells. These cells, by virtue of their broad cytokine repertoire, shape innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we have assessed the role of endoplasmic reticulum glycoprotein quality control in CD1d assembly and function, specifically the role of a key component of the quality control machinery, the enzyme UDP glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (UGT1). We observe that in UGT1-deficient cells, CD1d associates prematurely with β2-microglobulin (β2m) and is able to rapidly exit the endoplasmic reticulum. At least some of these CD1d-β2m heterodimers are shorter-lived and can be rescued by provision of a defined exogenous antigen, α-galactosylceramide. Importantly, we show that in UGT1-deficient cells the CD1d-β2m heterodimers have altered antigenicity despite the fact that their cell surface levels are unchanged. We propose that UGT1 serves as a quality control checkpoint during CD1d assembly and further suggest that UGT1-mediated quality control can shape the lipid repertoire of newly synthesized CD1d. The quality control process may play a role in ensuring stability of exported CD1d-β2m complexes, in facilitating presentation of low abundance high affinity antigens, or in preventing deleterious responses to self lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kunte
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011
| | - Crina Paduraru
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Liam R Cox
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Cresswell
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011.
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Fallarini S, Paoletti T, Orsi Battaglini N, Lombardi G. Invariant NKT cells increase drug-induced osteosarcoma cell death. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1533-49. [PMID: 22817659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In osteosarcoma (OS) patients, only a limited number of drugs are active and the regimens currently in use include a combination of at least two of these drugs: doxorubicin, cisplatin, methotrexate and ifosfamide. Today, 30-40% of patients still die of OS highlighting the urgent need for new treatments. Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are a lymphocyte lineage with features of both T and NK cells, playing important roles in tumour suppression. Our aim was to test whether the cytoxicity induced by cisplatin, doxorubicin and methotrexate against OS cells can be enhanced by iNKT cell treatment. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH iNKT cells were purified from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by cell sorting (Vα24Vβ11(+) cells) and used as effector cells against OS cells (U2-OS, HOS, MG-63). Cell death (calcein-AM method), perforin/granzyme B and Fas/FasL expressions were determined by flow cytometry. CD1d expression was analysed at both the gene and protein level. KEY RESULTS iNKT cells were cytotoxic against OS cells through a CD1d-dependent mechanism. This activity was specific for tumour cells, because human CD1d(+) mesenchymal stem cells and CD1d(-) osteoblasts were not affected. iNKT cell treatment enhanced drug-induced OS cell death in a concentration-dependent manner and this effect was reduced in CD1d-silenced OS cells. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS iNKT cells kill malignant, but not non-malignant, cells. iNKT cell treatment enhances the cytotoxicity of anti-neoplastic drugs against OS cells in a CD1d-dependent manner. The present data encourage further studies on the use of iNKT cells in OS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fallarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of 'Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro', Novara, Italy
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150
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Ghalamfarsa G, Hadinia A, Yousefi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. The role of natural killer T cells in B cell malignancies. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:1349-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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