101
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Chung J, Kim S, Lee HA, Park MH, Kim S, Song YR, Na HS. Trans-cinnamic aldehyde inhibitsAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced inflammation in THP-1-derived macrophages via autophagy activation. J Periodontol 2018; 89:1262-1271. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chung
- Department of Oral Microbiology; School of Dentistry; Pusan National University; Yangsan South Korea
| | - Sumi Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology; School of Dentistry; Pusan National University; Yangsan South Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology; School of Dentistry; Pusan National University; Yangsan South Korea
| | - Mi Hee Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology; School of Dentistry; Pusan National University; Yangsan South Korea
| | - Seyeon Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology; School of Dentistry; Pusan National University; Yangsan South Korea
| | - Yu Ri Song
- Department of Oral Microbiology; School of Dentistry; Pusan National University; Yangsan South Korea
| | - Hee Sam Na
- Department of Oral Microbiology; School of Dentistry; Pusan National University; Yangsan South Korea
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102
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Delatola C, Loos BG, Levin E, Laine ML. At least three phenotypes exist among periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 44:1068-1076. [PMID: 28800144 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify phenotypes of periodontitis patients by the use of an unsupervised modelling technique (clustering), based on pre-treatment radiographic and microbiological characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included data from 392 untreated periodontitis patients. Co-regularized spectral clustering algorithm was used to cluster the patients. The resulting clusters were subsequently characterized based on their demographics, radiographic bone loss patterns and microbial data. RESULTS The vast majority of patients fitted into one of the three main clusters (accuracy 90%). Cluster A (n = 18) was characterized by high prevalence and high proportions of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a trend for a more localized pattern of alveolar bone loss and young individuals. Clusters B (n = 200) and C (n = 135) differed clearly in disease severity patterns and smoking habits, but not in microbiological characteristics. CONCLUSION On the basis of alveolar bone loss patterns and microbiological data, untreated periodontitis patients can be clustered into at least three phenotypes. These results should be validated in other cohorts, and the clinical utility needs to be explored on the basis of periodontal treatment outcomes and/or disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssa Delatola
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno G Loos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeni Levin
- Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja L Laine
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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103
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Mínguez M, Ennibi OK, Perdiguero P, Lakhdar L, Abdellaoui L, Sánchez MC, Sanz M, Herrera D. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis strains from periodontitis patients in Morocco. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:1161-1170. [PMID: 29967975 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis have been frequently isolated in periodontitis patients in Morocco. Its persistence after the subgingival debridement of the biofilm has been correlated with worse clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibilities of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis, to amoxicillin, amoxicillin plus clavulanate, metronidazole, and azithromycin. In addition, microbiological profiles of patients harbouring A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, or both were compared. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 45 consecutive periodontitis Moroccan patients, subgingival samples were taken and processed by culture. Twenty-four A. actinomycetemcomitans and 30 P. gingivalis colonies were isolated (54 strains) and susceptibility tests, using the epsilometric method, were run for amoxicillin, amoxicillin plus clavulanate, metronidazole, and azithromycin. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for 50 (MIC50) and 90% (MIC90) of the organisms were calculated. RESULTS The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis was 79.5 and 84.4%, respectively. A. actinomycetemcomitans showed susceptibility to amoxicillin, amoxicillin plus clavulanate, while 28% of the isolated strains were resistant to azithromycin and 61.7% towards metronidazole. No P. gingivalis resistance towards amoxicillin, amoxicillin plus clavulanate, metronidazole, and azithromycin was found. CONCLUSION A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were frequently detected in Moroccan patients with periodontitis, while antimicrobial resistance was only detected for A. actinomycetemcomitans to metronidazole and azithromycin. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A. actinomycetemcomitans resistance against some antimicrobials in periodontitis patients in Morocco can influence the selection of the therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mínguez
- Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - O K Ennibi
- EREB (Oral Ecosystem) Research Group, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - P Perdiguero
- Laboratory of Research, Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Lakhdar
- EREB (Oral Ecosystem) Research Group, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - L Abdellaoui
- EREB (Oral Ecosystem) Research Group, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - M C Sánchez
- Laboratory of Research, Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Sanz
- Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Herrera
- Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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Whole-Genome Sequencing of Aggregatibacter Species Isolated from Human Clinical Specimens and Description of Aggregatibacter kilianii sp. nov. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.00053-18. [PMID: 29695522 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00053-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter species are commensal bacteria of human mucosal surfaces that are sometimes involved in serious invasive infections. During the investigation of strains cultured from various clinical specimens, we encountered a coherent group of 10 isolates that could not be allocated to any validly named species by phenotype, mass spectrometry, or partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a phylogenetic cluster related to but separate from Aggregatibacter aphrophilus The mean in silico DNA hybridization value for strains of the new cluster versus A. aphrophilus was 56% (range, 53.7 to 58.0%), whereas the average nucleotide identity was 94.4% (range, 93.9 to 94.8%). The new cluster exhibited aggregative properties typical of the genus Aggregatibacter Key phenotypic tests for discrimination of the new cluster from validly named Aggregatibacter species are alanine-phenylalanine-proline arylamidase, N-acetylglucosamine, and β-galactosidase. The name Aggregatibacter kilianii is proposed, with PN_528 (CCUG 70536T or DSM 105094T) as the type strain.
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105
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Fine DH, Patil AG, Loos BG. Classification and diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis. J Periodontol 2018; 89 Suppl 1:S103-S119. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.16-0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Fine
- Department of Oral Biology; Rutgers School of Dental Medicine; Rutgers University - Newark; NJ USA
| | - Amey G. Patil
- Department of Oral Biology; Rutgers School of Dental Medicine; Rutgers University - Newark; NJ USA
| | - Bruno G. Loos
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Center of Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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106
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Fine DH, Patil AG, Loos BG. Classification and diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45 Suppl 20:S95-S111. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Fine
- Department of Oral Biology; Rutgers School of Dental Medicine; Rutgers University - Newark; NJ USA
| | - Amey G. Patil
- Department of Oral Biology; Rutgers School of Dental Medicine; Rutgers University - Newark; NJ USA
| | - Bruno G. Loos
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Center of Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Manji F, Dahlen G, Fejerskov O. Caries and Periodontitis: Contesting the Conventional Wisdom on Their Aetiology. Caries Res 2018; 52:548-564. [PMID: 29694978 DOI: 10.1159/000488948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We review the literature on the oral microbiome and the role of the microbiota in the development of dental caries and periodontitis. While most research has been focused on identifying one or more specific determinants of these diseases, the results have provided limited predictive value and have not been able to explain the variation in the distribution of these diseases observed in epidemiological or clinical studies. Drawing on existing knowledge about the nature of the oral microbiota, we suggest that a stochastic model based on the Weiner process provides simple and parsimonious explanations for the pathogenesis of both caries and periodontitis, making few assumptions, and providing explanations for phenomena that have hitherto proved difficult, or have required complex arguments, to explain. These diseases occur as the result of the dental hard tissues and periodontal tissues integrating the random "noise" caused by normal metabolic activities of commensal microorganisms in the dental biofilm. The processes that result in the progression and regression of caries and periodontitis may be considered as "natural," rather than pathological, even if, when left unchecked over long periods of time, they can result in the development of pathologies. The likelihood of progression or regression can be influenced by other determinants, but these processes will nevertheless occur in the absence of such influences. The distributional characteristics of the model approximate the findings of epidemiological studies indicating that, for both caries and periodontitis, there will be few sites affected in the early period after the eruption of the permanent dentition, but in those older there is an almost linear relationship with increasing age; furthermore, the longer a site survives without being affected, the less likely that it will be affected. We discuss the clinical and public health importance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoze Manji
- Daraja Press, CSP Mozart, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gunnar Dahlen
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ole Fejerskov
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus,
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108
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Nibali L, Tomlins P, Akcalı A. Radiographic morphology of intrabony defects in the first molars of patients with localized aggressive periodontitis: Comparison with health and chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2018; 53:582-588. [PMID: 29660823 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe the radiographic features of the first molars of patients with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP) and of their associated intrabony defects and to compare them with a control sample of chronic periodontitis cases and healthy subjects. METHODS Data from a total of 93 patients were included in this analysis. First, dental panoramic tomograms of 34 patients with LAgP (131 first molars) and 30 periodontally healthy patients (110 first molars) were compared. Then, periapical radiographs of the first molars of the same patients with LAgP and of 29 patients with chronic periodontitis affected by intrabony defects were analysed. RESULTS Shorter root trunks were associated with the presence of intrabony defects in patients with LAgP (P = .002 at multilevel logistic regression), also when LAgP molars were compared with healthy subjects (P = .036). Although no difference in defect depth and angle was noted between LAgP and chronic periodontitis intrabony defects, LAgP intrabony defects appeared to be more frequently symmetrical and arch-shaped than in chronic periodontitis (P = .008), with positive predictive value and negative predictive value of for 'wide arch' defect of 87.3% (95% CI = 77.2%-93.3%) and 32.3% (95% CI = 27.7%-37.2%) respectively. CONCLUSION First molars of patients with LAgP affected by intrabony defects may have some distinct radiographic anatomical characteristics to those of healthy subjects. The shape of intrabony defects seems to differ between LAgP and chronic periodontitis cases. Further studies need to confirm these features and investigate if they are related to the initiation and progression of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nibali
- Centre for Immunobiology & Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Oral Clinical Research, Institute of Dentistry, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), London, UK
| | - P Tomlins
- Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), London, UK
| | - A Akcalı
- Centre for Immunobiology & Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Oral Clinical Research, Institute of Dentistry, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), London, UK
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109
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Abstract
The three main oral diseases of humans, that is, caries, periodontal diseases, and oral candidiasis, are associated with microbiome shifts initiated by changes in the oral environment and/or decreased effectiveness of mucosal immune surveillance. In this review, we discuss the role that microbial-based therapies may have in the control of these conditions. Most investigations on the use of microorganisms for management of oral disease have been conducted with probiotic strains with some positive but very discrete clinical outcomes. Other strategies such as whole oral microbiome transplantation or modification of community function by enrichment with health-promoting indigenous oral strains may offer more promise, but research in this field is still in its infancy. Any microbial-based therapeutics for oral conditions, however, are likely to be only one component within a holistic preventive strategy that should also aim at modification of the environmental influences responsible for the initiation and perpetuation of microbiome shifts associated with oral dysbiosis.
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110
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Pietiäinen M, Kopra KAE, Vuorenkoski J, Salminen A, Paju S, Mäntylä P, Buhlin K, Liljestrand JM, Nieminen MS, Sinisalo J, Hyvärinen K, Pussinen PJ. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitansserotypes associate with periodontal and coronary artery disease status. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45:413-421. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milla Pietiäinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - K. A. Elisa Kopra
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Juha Vuorenkoski
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Aino Salminen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Dental Medicine Huddinge; Division of Periodontology; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Susanna Paju
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Päivi Mäntylä
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
- Institute of Dentistry; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - Kåre Buhlin
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Dental Medicine Huddinge; Division of Periodontology; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - John M. Liljestrand
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Markku S. Nieminen
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Kati Hyvärinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Pirkko J. Pussinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
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Abstract
For millions of years, our resident microbes have coevolved and coexisted with us in a mostly harmonious symbiotic relationship. We are not distinct entities from our microbiome, but together we form a 'superorganism' or holobiont, with the microbiome playing a significant role in our physiology and health. The mouth houses the second most diverse microbial community in the body, harbouring over 700 species of bacteria that colonise the hard surfaces of teeth and the soft tissues of the oral mucosa. Through recent advances in technology, we have started to unravel the complexities of the oral microbiome and gained new insights into its role during both health and disease. Perturbations of the oral microbiome through modern-day lifestyles can have detrimental consequences for our general and oral health. In dysbiosis, the finely-tuned equilibrium of the oral ecosystem is disrupted, allowing disease-promoting bacteria to manifest and cause conditions such as caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. For practitioners and patients alike, promoting a balanced microbiome is therefore important to effectively maintain or restore oral health. This article aims to give an update on our current knowledge of the oral microbiome in health and disease and to discuss implications for modern-day oral healthcare.
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112
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Tsai CC, Ho YP, Chou YS, Ho KY, Wu YM, Lin YC. Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actimycetemcomitans leukotoxin and human periodontitis - A historic review with emphasis on JP2. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2018; 34:186-193. [PMID: 29655406 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actimycetemcomitans (Aa) is a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human oral cavity and is causative agent for localized aggressive (juvenile) periodontitis (AgP). In the middle of 1990s, a specific JP2 clone of belonging to the cluster of serotype b strains of Aa with highly leukotoxicity (leukotoxin, LtxA) able to kill human immune cells was isolated. JP2 clone of Aa was strongly associated with in particularly in rapidly progressing forms of aggressive periodontitis. The JP2 clone of Aa is transmitted through close contacts. Therefore, AgP patients need intense monitoring of their periodontal status as the risk for developing severely progressing periodontitis lesions are relatively high. Furthermore, timely periodontal treatment, including periodontal surgery supplemented by the use of antibiotics, is warranted. More importantly, periodontal attachment loss should be prevented by early detection of the JP2 clone of Aa by microbial diagnosis testing and/or preventive means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Cheng Tsai
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ping Ho
- College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Division of Periodontics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shian Chou
- Division of Periodontics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yen Ho
- College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Division of Periodontics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Wu
- College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Division of Periodontics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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113
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Mombelli A. Microbial colonization of the periodontal pocket and its significance for periodontal therapy. Periodontol 2000 2017; 76:85-96. [PMID: 29193304 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to evaluate strategies for periodontal therapy from the perspective of periodontal disease being a consequence of microbial colonization of the periodontal pocket environment. In classic bacterial infections the diversity of the microbiota decreases as the disease develops. In most cases of periodontitis, however, the diversity of the flora increases. Most incriminating bacteria are thought to harm tissues significantly only if present in high numbers over prolonged periods of time. Clinical trials have repeatedly demonstrated that scaling and root planing, a procedure that aims to remove subgingival bacterial deposits by scraping on the tooth surface within the periodontal pocket, is effective. At present, for the therapy of any form of periodontal disease, there exists no protocol with proven superiority, in terms of efficiency or effectiveness, over scaling and root planing plus systemic amoxicillin and metronidazole. Some exponents advocate rationing these drugs for patients with a specific microbial profile. However, the evidence for any benefit of bacteriology-assisted clinical protocols is unsatisfactory. Treated sites are subject to recolonization with a microbiota similar to that present before therapy. The degree and speed of recolonization depends on the treatment protocol, the distribution patterns of periodontal microorganisms elsewhere in the oral cavity and the quality of the patient's oral hygiene. To limit the use of antibiotics and to avoid accumulation of harmful effects by repeated therapy, further efforts must be made to optimize procedures addressing the microbial colonization and recolonization of the periodontal pocket.
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114
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Nascimento GG, Leite FRM, Scheutz F, López R. Periodontitis: from Infection to Inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40496-017-0158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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115
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Ding Q, Tan KS. Himar1 Transposon for Efficient Random Mutagenesis in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1842. [PMID: 29018421 PMCID: PMC5622930 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is the primary etiological agent of aggressive periodontal disease. Identification of novel virulence factors at the genome-wide level is hindered by lack of efficient genetic tools to perform mutagenesis in this organism. The Himar1 mariner transposon is known to yield a random distribution of insertions in an organism’s genome with requirement for only a TA dinucleotide target and is independent of host-specific factors. However, the utility of this system in A. actinomycetemcomitans is unknown. In this study, we found that Himar1 transposon mutagenesis occurs at a high frequency (×10-4), and can be universally applied to wild-type A. actinomycetemcomitans strains of serotypes a, b, and c. The Himar1 transposon inserts were stably inherited in A. actinomycetemcomitans transconjugants in the absence of antibiotics. A library of 16,000 mutant colonies of A. actinomycetemcomitans was screened for reduced biofilm formation. Mutants with transposon inserts in genes encoding pilus, putative ion transporters, multidrug resistant proteins, transcription regulators and enzymes involved in the synthesis of extracellular polymeric substance, bacterial metabolism and stress response were discovered in this screen. Our results demonstrated the utility of the Himar1 mutagenesis system as a novel genetic tool for functional genomic analysis in A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfeng Ding
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Soo Tan
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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116
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Damgaard C, Reinholdt J, Enevold C, Fiehn NE, Nielsen CH, Holmstrup P. Immunoglobulin G antibodies against Porphyromonas gingivalis or Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in cardiovascular disease and periodontitis. J Oral Microbiol 2017; 9:1374154. [PMID: 29081914 PMCID: PMC5646634 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1374154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim was to elucidate whether levels of circulating antibodies to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis correlate to loss of attachment, as a marker for periodontitis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Design: Sera were collected from 576 participants of the Danish Health Examination Survey (DANHES). Immunoglobulin G antibodies against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and protein antigens from the a, b and c serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were quantified by titration in ELISA plates coated with a mixture of antigens prepared by disintegration of bacteria. Results: Levels of antibodies against P. gingivalis (OR = 1.48) and A. actinomycetemcomitans (1.31) associated with periodontitis, as determined by univariable logistic regression analysis. These antibody levels also associated with CVD (1.17 and 1.37), respectively, However, after adjusting for other risk factors, including age, smoking, gender, alcohol consumption, overweight, and level of education using multivariable logistic regression analysis, only increasing body mass index (BMI; 1.09), previous smoking (1.99), and increasing age (decades) (2.27) remained associated with CVD. Increased levels of antibodies against P. gingivalis (1.34) remained associated with periodontitis after adjusting for other risk factors. Conclusions: CVD and periodontitis were associated with levels of IgG antibodies to P. gingivalis or A. actinomycetemcomitans in univariable analyses, but only the association of P. gingivalis antibody levels with periodontitis reached statistical significance after adjustment for common confounders. Age, in particular, influenced this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Damgaard
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Reinholdt
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Enevold
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nils-Erik Fiehn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Henrik Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Palle Holmstrup
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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117
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Akrivopoulou C, Green IM, Donos N, Nair SP, Ready D. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotype prevalence and antibiotic resistance in a UK population with periodontitis. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 10:54-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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118
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Hashim N, Linden G, Winning L, Ibrahim M, Gismalla B, Lundy F, El Karim I. Putative periodontal pathogens in the subgingival plaque of Sudanese subjects with aggressive periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 81:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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119
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Burgess DK, Huang H, Harrison P, Kompotiati T, Aukhil I, Shaddox LM. Non-Surgical Therapy Reduces Presence of JP2 Clone in Localized Aggressive Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2017; 88:1263-1270. [PMID: 28820321 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.170285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have provided substantial evidence of the association of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and its highly leukotoxic JP2 genotype, with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP). The present study aims to evaluate presence of JP2 in individuals with LAgP after periodontal treatment. METHODS Sixty African-American patients with LAgP, aged 5 to 25 years, were examined. At baseline, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing, and plaque index were measured, and subgingival plaque was collected from LAgP diseased and healthy sites for each participant. Patients received whole-mouth ultrasonic debridement, scaling and root planing, and a 7-day prescription of amoxicillin and metronidazole. Participants were reevaluated and resampled and received regular maintenance therapy at 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect presence of the JP2 genotype before and after treatment. RESULTS At baseline, the JP2 sequence was identified in 75% of LAgP diseased sites and in 56.67% of healthy sites. At 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment, the number of patients was 40, 31, and 31, respectively, and JP2 detection decreased to 17.5%, 6.45%, and 3.23%, respectively, in diseased sites (P <0.001) and to 2.5%, 3.23%, and 0%, respectively, in healthy sites (P <0.001). Clinical parameters of disease were also significantly reduced after therapy (P <0.001). Additionally, significant correlations were observed between JP2 presence and mean PD (P <0.002) and CAL (P <0.001), after therapy. CONCLUSION Periodontal therapy was successful in reducing clinical parameters of LAgP and subgingival presence of JP2 in diseased and healthy sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Huang
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - Peter Harrison
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Theodora Kompotiati
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - Ikramuddin Aukhil
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - Luciana M Shaddox
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
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120
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Llama-Palacios A, Potupa O, Sánchez MC, Figuero E, Herrera D, Sanz M. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Growth in Biofilm versus Planktonic State: Differential Expression of Proteins. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:3158-3167. [PMID: 28707473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) is a pathogenic bacterium residing in the subgingival plaque biofilm strongly associated with the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The aim of this investigation was to study the protein differential expression of Aa when growing on biofilm compared with planktonic state using proteomic analysis by the 2D-DIGE system. Eighty-seven proteins were differentially expressed during biofilm growth (1.5-fold, p < 0.05), with 13 overexpressed and 37 down-expressed. Those repressed were mainly proteins involved in metabolism, biosynthesis, and transport. The overexpressed proteins were outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and highly immunogenic proteins such as YaeT (OMP), FtsZ, OMP39, OMP18/16, the chaperone GroEL, OMPA, adenylate kinase (Adk), and dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase. The enrichment fractions of the OMPs from biofilm and planktonic states were obtained, and these proteins were analyzed by Western blotting with human serum from a periodontitis patient and one healthy control. These immunogenic proteins overexpressed in the biofilm may represent candidate virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arancha Llama-Palacios
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory at the Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense , Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Oksana Potupa
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory at the Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense , Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - María C Sánchez
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory at the Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense , Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Elena Figuero
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense , Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - David Herrera
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense , Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense , Madrid 28040, Spain
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121
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Liu CC, Chen CH, Tang CY, Chen KH, Chen ZF, Chang SH, Tsai CY, Liou ML. Prevalence and comparative analysis of the type IV secretion system in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2017; 51:278-285. [PMID: 28711435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUD/PURPOSE Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has emerged as one of the aetiological agents in periodontal disease. Although Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are widely distributed in many bacteria, the genetic features and distribution of T4SSs in A. actinomycetemcomitans remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes and their T4SSs in a Taiwanese population. METHODS A comparative analysis of 20 A. actinomycetemcomitans genomes and their T4SSs deposited in GenBank was performed. One hundred subjects, including 20 periodontitis and 80 normal subjects, were enrolled and PCR identification of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes and T4SS genes were performed. RESULTS Of 100 subjects, serotypes C (22%) and E (11%) were most common. In addition, T4SSs were distributed in all of the serotypes. The prevalence of T4SSs and their location in plasmids in periodontitis subjects were 1.28-2 fold higher but not significantly different compared to normal subjects. Of 20 A. actinomycetemcomitans genomes, only ten with complete T4SS modules could be detected, which was highly correlated with localized aggressive periodontitis (p < 0.1). Nine of ten T4SS modules were from periodontitis subjects. Phylogenetic analysis of 10 T4SSs in A. actinomycetemcomitans showed that they were clustered into two groups, T4SSAaI and T4SSAaII, with only T4SSAaI appearing in the Taiwanese subjects. CONCLUSION A. actinomycetemcomitans strains with different serotypes carrying T4SSAaI are widely distributed in a Taiwanese population. This is the first report to show the distribution and detailed comparative genomics of T4SSs in A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chin Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Chung Hua University, Hsin-Chu City, Taiwan; Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Providence University, Taichung County, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hua Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, College of Medicine & Nursing, Hung Kuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chuan Yi Tang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Providence University, Taichung County, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hsueh Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Providence University, Taichung County, Taiwan
| | - Zhao-Feng Chen
- Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University, Hsin-Chu City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Chang
- Department of Periodontics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan County, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying Tsai
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan County, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Li Liou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsin-Chu City, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Periodontal diseases comprise a wide range of inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting structures of the teeth (the gingiva, bone and periodontal ligament), which could lead to tooth loss and contribute to systemic inflammation. Chronic periodontitis predominantly affects adults, but aggressive periodontitis may occasionally occur in children. Periodontal disease initiation and propagation is through a dysbiosis of the commensal oral microbiota (dental plaque), which then interacts with the immune defences of the host, leading to inflammation and disease. This pathophysiological situation persists through bouts of activity and quiescence, until the affected tooth is extracted or the microbial biofilm is therapeutically removed and the inflammation subsides. The severity of the periodontal disease depends on environmental and host risk factors, both modifiable (for example, smoking) and non-modifiable (for example, genetic susceptibility). Prevention is achieved with daily self-performed oral hygiene and professional removal of the microbial biofilm on a quarterly or bi-annual basis. New treatment modalities that are actively explored include antimicrobial therapy, host modulation therapy, laser therapy and tissue engineering for tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis F Kinane
- University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Panagiota G Stathopoulou
- University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Panos N Papapanou
- Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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123
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Polak D. Is Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans the missing link between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis? Oral Dis 2017. [PMID: 28632321 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Polak
- Department of Periodontology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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124
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Claesson R, Höglund-Åberg C, Haubek D, Johansson A. Age-related prevalence and characteristics of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in periodontitis patients living in Sweden. J Oral Microbiol 2017; 9:1334504. [PMID: 28748039 PMCID: PMC5508378 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1334504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in patients with periodontitis has been extensively studied for decades. Objective: To study the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in younger and older periodontitis patients and to genetically characterize isolates of this bacterium. Design: Data from microbiological analyses of 3459 subgingival plaque samples collected from 1445 patients, 337 ‘younger’ patients (≤35 yrs) and 1108 ‘older’ patients (>35 yrs) during 15 years (2000–2014), has been summerized. Isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans were serotyped, leukotoxin promoter typed (JP2 and non JP2) and arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) genotyped. The origin of the JP2 genotype detected in the study population was determined. Results: The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was higher among younger than older patients and samples from the younger patients contained higher proportions of the bacterium. Serotype b was more prevalent among younger patients and the majorty of these isolates was from the same AP-PCR genotype. The JP2 genotype was detected in 1.2% of the patients, and the majority of these carriers were of non-African origin. Conslusions: For presence and charcteristics of A. actinomycetemcomitans in clinical samples the age of the carriers were a discriminating factor. Additional, apparently non-African carriers of the JP2 genotype of A. actinomycetemcomitans were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Claesson
- Division of Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carola Höglund-Åberg
- Division of Molecular Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dorte Haubek
- Section for Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Health, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Johansson
- Division of Molecular Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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125
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Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans regulates the expression of integrins and reduces cell adhesion via integrin α5 in human gingival epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 436:39-48. [PMID: 28593565 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gingival epithelial cells form a physiological barrier against bacterial invasion. Excessive bacterial invasion destroys the attachment between the tooth surface and the epithelium, resulting in periodontitis. Integrins play a significant role in cell attachment; therefore, we hypothesized that bacterial infection might decrease the expressions of these integrins in gingival epithelial cells, resulting in reduced cell adhesion. Immortalized human gingival epithelial cells were co-cultured with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Y4 (Aa Y4), and the gene expression levels of IL-8, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and integrins (α2, α3, α5, β4, and β6) were measured using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Expression of PCNA and integrins, except integrin α5, was significantly downregulated, while expression of IL-8 and integrin α5 was significantly upregulated in the cells co-cultured with Aa Y4. The number of adherent cells significantly decreased when co-cultured with Aa Y4, as determined using cell adhesion assays. In the cells co-cultured with Aa Y4 and an integrin α5 neutralizing antibody, there was no effect on the expression of IL-8 and PCNA, while the expressions of integrins α2, α3, β4, and β6, and the number of adherent cells did not decrease. The number of invading bacteria in the cells was reduced in the presence of the antibody and increased in the presence of TLR2/4 inhibitor. Therefore, integrin α5 might be involved in Aa Y4 invasion into gingival epithelial cells, and the resulting signal transduction cascade reduces cell adhesion by decreasing the expression of integrins, while the TLR2/4 signaling cascade regulates IL-8 expression.
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126
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Pretzl B, Paul J, Krigar DM, Uhlmann L, Eickholz P, Dannewitz B. Reproducibility of a commercially available subgingival plaque sampling strategy and analysis strategy with oligonucleotide probes. Acta Odontol Scand 2017; 75:302-307. [PMID: 28325127 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2017.1303192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to evaluate the intra-test agreement of pooled samples from the deepest periodontal pocket of each quadrant with a commercially available test kit based on hybridization of 16S rRNA. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plaque samples of 50 patients with generalized severe chronic periodontitis before therapy were pooled in two separate vials in order to detect and compare counts of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. Cohen's κ and interclass correlation coefficients were calculated to judge intra-test agreement. RESULTS Cohen's κ for detection and counts of Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola showed a perfect agreement. Porphyromonas ginigivalis was identified in both tests with a substantial agreement, whereas detection of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans varied in eight patients resulting in a good agreement. Possible confounding factors could not be identified statistically. CONCLUSION Test results of the commercial 16S rRNA test are perfectly reproducible regarding detection of red complex pathogens. Intra-test agreement concerning detection of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was less favorable. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Detection of certain periodontal pathogens may alter the treatment and lead to prescription of antibiotics parallel to mechanical debridement. It is quite important not to use antibiotics excessively. Thus, the basis for decision-making in favor of antibiotics should be solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Pretzl
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Conservative Dentistry Clinic for Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jule Paul
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Conservative Dentistry Clinic for Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Diana M. Krigar
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Conservative Dentistry Clinic for Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Private Practice, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Uhlmann
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics (IMBI), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Eickholz
- Department of Periodontology, Center of Dentistry and Oral Medicine (Carolinum), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bettina Dannewitz
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Conservative Dentistry Clinic for Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Periodontology, Center of Dentistry and Oral Medicine (Carolinum), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Private Practice, Weilburg, Germany
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127
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Johansson A, Claesson R, Höglund Åberg C, Haubek D, Oscarsson J. ThecagEgene sequence as a diagnostic marker to identify JP2 and non-JP2 highly leukotoxicAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitansserotype b strains. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52:903-912. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Johansson
- Division of Molecular Periodontology; Department of Odontology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - R. Claesson
- Division of Oral Microbiology; Department of Odontology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - C. Höglund Åberg
- Division of Molecular Periodontology; Department of Odontology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - D. Haubek
- Section for Pediatric Dentistry; Department of Dentistry and Oral Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - J. Oscarsson
- Division of Oral Microbiology; Department of Odontology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
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128
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Nickles K, Scharf S, Röllke L, Dannewitz B, Eickholz P. Comparison of Two Different Sampling Methods for Subgingival Plaque: Subgingival Paper Points or Mouthrinse Sample? J Periodontol 2017; 88:399-406. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Nickles
- Department of Periodontology, Center for Dentistry and Oral Medicine (Carolinum), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Scharf
- Department of Periodontology, Center for Dentistry and Oral Medicine (Carolinum), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lasse Röllke
- Department of Periodontology, Center for Dentistry and Oral Medicine (Carolinum), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bettina Dannewitz
- Department of Periodontology, Center for Dentistry and Oral Medicine (Carolinum), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Clinic for Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Eickholz
- Department of Periodontology, Center for Dentistry and Oral Medicine (Carolinum), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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129
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Rams TE, van Winkelhoff AJ. Introduction to Clinical Microbiology for the General Dentist. Dent Clin North Am 2017; 61:179-197. [PMID: 28317561 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical oral microbiology may help dental professionals identify infecting pathogenic species and evaluate their in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility. Saliva, dental plaque biofilms, mucosal smears, abscess aspirates, and soft tissue biopsies are sources of microorganisms for laboratory testing. Microbial-based treatment end points may help clinicians better identify patients in need of additional or altered dental therapies before the onset of clinical treatment failure, and help improve patient oral health outcomes. Microbiological testing appears particularly helpful in periodontal disease treatment planning. Further research and technological advances are likely to increase the availability and clinical utility of microbiological analysis in modern dental practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Rams
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Oral Microbiology Testing Service Laboratory, Temple University School of Dentistry, 3223 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Arie J van Winkelhoff
- Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen GZ 9713, The Netherlands
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130
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Mira A, Simon-Soro A, Curtis MA. Role of microbial communities in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and caries. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44 Suppl 18:S23-S38. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics; Center for Advanced Research in Public Health; FISABIO Foundation; Valencia Spain
| | - A. Simon-Soro
- Department of Health and Genomics; Center for Advanced Research in Public Health; FISABIO Foundation; Valencia Spain
| | - M. A. Curtis
- Institute of Dentistry; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
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131
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Burgess D, Huang H, Harrison P, Aukhil I, Shaddox L. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in African Americans with Localized Aggressive Periodontitis. JDR Clin Trans Res 2017; 2:249-257. [PMID: 28879247 DOI: 10.1177/2380084417695543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the prevalence of the highly leukotoxic JP2 sequence versus the minimally leukotoxic non-JP2 sequence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans within a cohort of 180 young African Americans, with and without localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP), in north Florida. The study included patients aged 5 to 25 y: 60 LAP patients, 60 healthy siblings (HS), and 60 unrelated healthy controls (HC). Subgingival plaque was collected from LAP sites-diseased (PD ≥5 mm with bleeding on probing) and healthy (PD ≤3 mm with no bleeding on probing)-and from healthy sites of HS and HC. Plaque DNA was extracted and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the JP2 and non-JP2 sequences of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Overall, 90 (50%) subjects tested positive for the JP2 sequence. Fifty (83.33%) LAP subjects were carriers of the highly leukotoxic JP2 sequence, detected in 45 (75%) diseased sites and 34 (56.67%) healthy sites. Additionally, JP2 carriage was found in 16 HS (26.67%) and 24 HC (40%; P < 0.0001, among groups). The non-JP2 sequence was detected in 26 (14.44%) total subjects: 17 (28.33%) LAP patients detected in equal amounts of diseased and healthy sites (n = 11, 18.33%), 6 (10%) HS sites, and 3 (5%) HC sites (P < 0.05, among groups). The JP2 sequence was strongly associated with LAP-diseased sites in young African Americans, significantly more so than the non-JP2 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01330719). Knowledge Transfer Statement: Clinicians may use the results of this study to identify susceptible individuals to aggressive periodontitis, potentially leading to more appropriate selection of therapeutic choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Burgess
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - H Huang
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - P Harrison
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Division of Periodontology, School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - I Aukhil
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - L Shaddox
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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132
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Ishihara K. New approach for studying mobile genes using metagenomic analysis. Oral Dis 2017; 24:494-496. [PMID: 28083919 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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133
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Scholz CFP, Jensen A. Development of a Single Locus Sequence Typing (SLST) Scheme for Typing Bacterial Species Directly from Complex Communities. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1535:97-107. [PMID: 27914075 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6673-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The protocol describes a computational method to develop a Single Locus Sequence Typing (SLST) scheme for typing bacterial species. The resulting scheme can be used to type bacterial isolates as well as bacterial species directly from complex communities using next-generation sequencing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian F P Scholz
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelms Meyers Allé 4, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Anders Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelms Meyers Allé 4, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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134
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Johansson A, Buhlin K, Sorsa T, Pussinen PJ. Systemic Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Leukotoxin-Neutralizing Antibodies in Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2017; 88:122-129. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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135
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Coffey J, Choudhry M, Shlossman M, Makin IRS, Singh VK. Multiplex real-time PCR detection and relative quantification of periodontal pathogens. Clin Exp Dent Res 2016; 2:185-192. [PMID: 29744166 PMCID: PMC5839218 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease, which is strongly associated with certain pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study was to develop a real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect and quantify bacterial species associated with periodontitis. We targeted detection and relative quantification of the following five bacterial species relevant to periodontal diseases: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. The conserved regions of the genome of these species were targeted with oligos and TaqMan probes in real-time PCR assays. The species-specific TaqMan oligos and TaqMan probes showed no cross-amplification, and there was no loss of amplification yield in multiplex real-time PCR assays. All five bacterial targets were amplified analogous to the template concentrations used in these assays. This multiplex real-time PCR strategy could potentially be used to detect the bacterial species in periodontal pockets of patients with periodontal diseases. This assay may also serve as a quick tool for profiling and quantifying bacteria relevant to periodontal diseases and likely be a valuable tool for clinical translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Coffey
- Missouri School of Dentistry and Oral HealthMissouriUSA
| | | | - Marc Shlossman
- Arizona School of Dentistry and Oral Health, A.T. Still University of Health SciencesArizonaUSA
| | - Inder Raj S. Makin
- Arizona School of Dentistry and Oral Health, A.T. Still University of Health SciencesArizonaUSA
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136
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Hirschfeld J, Roberts HM, Chapple ILC, Parčina M, Jepsen S, Johansson A, Claesson R. Effects of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin on neutrophil migration and extracellular trap formation. J Oral Microbiol 2016; 8:33070. [PMID: 27834173 PMCID: PMC5103672 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v8.33070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aggressive periodontitis is associated with the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a leukotoxin (Ltx)-producing periodontal pathogen. Ltx has the ability to lyse white blood cells including neutrophils. Objectives This study was aimed at investigating the interactions between neutrophils and Ltx with regard to the chemotactic properties of Ltx and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Methods Neutrophils from healthy blood donors were isolated and incubated for 30 min and 3 h with increasing concentrations of Ltx (1, 10, and 100 ng/mL) as well as with A. actinomycetemcomitans strains (NCTC 9710 and HK 1651) producing different levels of Ltx. Formation of NETs and cell lysis were assessed by microscopy, fluorescence-based assays, and measurement of released lactate dehydrogenase. Neutrophil migration in response to different Ltx gradients was monitored by real-time video microscopy, and image analysis was performed using ImageJ software. Results Although Ltx (10 and 100 ng/mL) and the leukotoxic A. actinomycetemcomitans strain HK 1651 lysed some neutrophils, other cells were still capable of performing NETosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Low doses of Ltx and the weakly leukotoxic strain NCTC 9710 did not lead to neutrophil lysis, but did induce some NETosis. Furthermore, all three concentrations of Ltx enhanced random neutrophil movement; however, low directional accuracy was observed compared with the positive control (fMLP). Conclusions The results indicate that Ltx acts both as a neutrophil activator and also causes cell death. In addition, Ltx directly induces NETosis in neutrophils prior to cell lysis. In future studies, the underlying pathways involved in Ltx-meditated neutrophil activation and NETosis need to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Hirschfeld
- Periodontal Research Group, Birmingham Dental School & Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany;
| | - Helen M Roberts
- Periodontal Research Group, Birmingham Dental School & Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Iain L C Chapple
- Periodontal Research Group, Birmingham Dental School & Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marijo Parčina
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Søren Jepsen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anders Johansson
- Section Molecular Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rolf Claesson
- Section Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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137
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Inhibition of P2X Receptors Protects Human Monocytes against Damage by Leukotoxin from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and α-Hemolysin from Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3114-3130. [PMID: 27528275 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00674-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Hemolysin (HlyA) from Escherichia coli and leukotoxin A (LtxA) from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans are important virulence factors in ascending urinary tract infections and aggressive periodontitis, respectively. The extracellular signaling molecule ATP is released immediately after insertion of the toxins into plasma membranes and, via P2X receptors, is essential for the erythrocyte damage inflicted by these toxins. Moreover, ATP signaling is required for the ensuing recognition and phagocytosis of damaged erythrocytes by the monocytic cell line THP-1. Here, we investigate how these toxins affect THP-1 monocyte function. We demonstrate that both toxins trigger early ATP release and a following increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in THP-1 monocytes. The HlyA- and LtxA-induced [Ca2+]i response is diminished by the P2 receptor antagonist in a pattern that fits the functional P2 receptor expression in these cells. Both toxins are capable of lysing THP-1 cells, with LtxA being more aggressive. Either desensitization or blockage of P2X1, P2X4, or P2X7 receptors markedly reduces toxin-induced cytolysis. This pattern is paralleled in freshly isolated human monocytes from healthy volunteers. Interestingly, only a minor fraction of the toxin-damaged THP-1 monocytes eventually lyse. P2X7 receptor inhibition generally prevents cell damage, except from a distinct cell shrinkage that prevails in response to the toxins. Moreover, we find that preexposure to HlyA preserves the capacity of THP-1 monocytes to phagocytose damaged erythrocytes and may induce readiness to discriminate between damaged and healthy erythrocytes. These findings suggest a new pharmacological target for protecting monocytes during exposure to pore-forming cytolysins during infection or injury.
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138
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Damgaard C, Reinholdt J, Palarasah Y, Enevold C, Nielsen C, Brimnes MK, Holmstrup P, Nielsen CH. In vitro complement activation, adherence to red blood cells and induction of mononuclear cell cytokine production by four strains of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans with different fimbriation and expression of leukotoxin. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:485-496. [PMID: 27663487 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been proposed as pro-atherogenic, and complement-mediated adherence to red blood cells (RBCs) may facilitate its systemic spread. We investigated the ability of four strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans with differential expression of leukotoxin A (LtxA) and fimbriae to activate complement, adhere to RBCs and elicit cytokine responses by mononuclear cells (MNCs). MATERIAL AND METHODS Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotype b strains HK 921, HK 1651, HK 2092 and HK 2108 were fluorescence-labeled, incubated with human whole blood cells in the presence of autologous serum, and assessed for RBC adherence by flow cytometry and for capacity to induce cytokine production by cytometric bead array analysis. The levels of IgG to A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype b were quantified by ELISA, as was consumption of complement. RESULTS The JP2 clone variants HK 1651 and, to a lesser extent, HK 2092, consumed complement efficiently, while HK 2108 (= strain Y4) consumed complement poorly. Nonetheless, the four tested strains adhered equally well to RBCs in the presence of autologous serum, without causing RBC lysis. The JP2 clone variant HK 2092, selectively lacking LtxA production, induced higher production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 by MNCs than did the other three strains, while the four strains induced similar production of IL-12p70. RBCs facilitated the HK 2092-induced production of TNF-α and IL-1β, and IL-6 was enhanced by RBCs, and this facilitation could be counteracted by blockade of complement receptor 3 (CD11b/CD18). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans, most closely resembled by the variant HK 1651, activates complement well, while strain Y4, represented by HK 2108, activates complement poorly. However, all strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans adhere to RBCs and, when capable of producing LtxA, prevent production of inflammatory cytokines by MNCs. This "immunologically silent" immune adherence may facilitate systemic spread and atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Damgaard
- Section for Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Reinholdt
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Y Palarasah
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - C Enevold
- Section for Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - M K Brimnes
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Holmstrup
- Section for Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C H Nielsen
- Section for Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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139
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Varanat M, Haase EM, Kay JG, Scannapieco FA. Activation of the TREM-1 pathway in human monocytes by periodontal pathogens and oral commensal bacteria. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 32:275-287. [PMID: 27448788 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent disease caused in part by an aberrant host response to the oral multi-species biofilm. A balance between the oral bacteria and host immunity is essential for oral health. Imbalances in the oral microbiome lead to an uncontrolled host inflammatory response and subsequent periodontal disease (i.e. gingivitis and periodontitis). TREM-1 is a signaling receptor present on myeloid cells capable of acting synergistically with other pattern recognition receptors leading to amplification of inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the activation of the TREM-1 pathway in the human monocyte-like cell line THP-1 exposed to both oral pathogens and commensals. The relative expression of the genes encoding TREM-1 and its adapter protein DAP12 were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The surface expression of TREM-1 was determined by flow cytometry. Soluble TREM-1 and cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results demonstrate that both commensal and pathogenic oral bacteria activate the TREM-1 pathway, resulting in a proinflammatory TREM-1 activity-dependent increase in proinflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Varanat
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - E M Haase
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - J G Kay
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - F A Scannapieco
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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140
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Innate Immune Response of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Fibroblasts and Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Periodontopathogens. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8905365. [PMID: 27642305 PMCID: PMC5014959 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8905365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis involves complex interplay of bacteria and host immune response resulting in destruction of supporting tissues of the tooth. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a role in recognizing microbial pathogens and eliciting an innate immune response. Recently, the potential application of multipotent stem cells and pluripotent stem cells including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in periodontal regenerative therapy has been proposed. However, little is known about the impact of periodontopathogens on hESC-derived progenies. This study investigates the effects of heat-killed periodontopathogens, namely, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, on TLR and cytokine expression profile of hESC-derived progenies, namely, fibroblasts (hESC-Fib) and mesenchymal stem cells (hESC-MSCs). Additionally, the serotype-dependent effect of A. actinomycetemcomitans on hESC-derived progenies was explored. Both hESC-Fib and hESC-MSCs constitutively expressed TLR-2 and TLR-4. hESC-Fib upon exposure to periodontopathogens displayed upregulation of TLRs and release of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8). In contrast, hESC-MSCs were largely nonresponsive to bacterial challenge, especially in terms of cytokine production. Further, exposure of hESC-Fib to A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype c was associated with higher IL-8 production than serotype b. In contrast, the hESC-MSCs displayed no serotype-dependent response. Differential response of the two hESC progenies implies a phenotype-dependent response to periodontopathogens and supports the concept of immunomodulatory properties of MSCs.
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141
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Tang-Siegel G, Bumgarner R, Ruiz T, Kittichotirat W, Chen W, Chen C. Human Serum-Specific Activation of Alternative Sigma Factors, the Stress Responders in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160018. [PMID: 27490177 PMCID: PMC4973924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a known pathogen causing periodontal disease and infective endocarditis, is a survivor in the periodontal pocket and blood stream; both environments contain serum as a nutrient source. To screen for unknown virulence factors associated with this microorganism, A. actinomycetemcomitans was grown in serum-based media to simulate its in vivo environment. Different strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans showed distinct growth phenotypes only in the presence of human serum, and they were grouped into high- and low-responder groups. High-responders comprised mainly serotype c strains, and showed an unusual growth phenomenon, featuring a second, rapid increase in turbidity after 9-h incubation that reached a final optical density 2- to 7-fold higher than low-responders. Upon further investigation, the second increase in turbidity was not caused by cell multiplication, but by cell death. Whole transcriptomic analysis via RNA-seq identified 35 genes that were up-regulated by human serum, but not horse serum, in high-responders but not in low-responders, including prominently an alternative sigma factor rpoE (σE). A lacZ reporter construct driven by the 132-bp rpoE promoter sequence of A. actinomycetemcomitans responded dramatically to human serum within 90 min of incubation only when the construct was carried by a high responder strain. The rpoE promoter is 100% identical among high- and low-responder strains. Proteomic investigation showed potential interactions between human serum protein, e.g. apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) and A. actinomycetemcomitans. The data clearly indicated a different activation process for rpoE in high- versus low-responder strains. This differential human serum-specific activation of rpoE, a putative extra-cytoplasmic stress responder and global regulator, suggests distinct in vivo adaptations among different strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyan Tang-Siegel
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Roger Bumgarner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Teresa Ruiz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Weerayuth Kittichotirat
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weizhen Chen
- Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Casey Chen
- Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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142
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Accuracy of commercial kits and published primer pairs for the detection of periodontopathogens. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:2515-2528. [PMID: 27020914 PMCID: PMC5119851 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the input of microbiome research, a group of 20 bacteria continues to be the focus of periodontal diagnostics and therapy. The aim of this study was to compare three commercial kits and laboratory-developed primer pairs for effectiveness in detecting such periodontopathogens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen bacterial mock communities, consisting of 16 randomly assembled bacterial strains, were used as reference standard for testing kits and primers. Extracted DNA from mock communities was analyzed by PCR in-house with specific primers and forwarded for analysis to the manufacturer's laboratory of each of the following kits: ParoCheck®Kit 20, micro-IDent®plus11, and Carpegen® Perio Diagnostik. RESULTS The kits accurately detected Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia/Prevotella nigrescens, Parvimonas micra, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Campylobacter rectus/showae, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, and Veillonella parvula. The in-house primers for F.nucleatum were highly specific to subtypes of the respective periopathogen. Other primers repeatedly detected oral pathogens not present in the mock communities, indicating reduced specificity. CONCLUSIONS The commercial kits used in this study are reliable tools to support periodontal diagnostics. Whereas the detection profile of the kits is fixed at a general specificity level, the design of primers can be adjusted to differentiate between highly specific strains. In-house primers are more error-prone. Bacterial mock communities can be established as a reference standard for any similar testing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The tested kits render good results with selected bacterial species. Primers appear to be less useful for routine clinical diagnostics and of limited applicability in research. Basic information about the periodontopathogens identified in this study supports clinical decision-making.
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143
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Jensen AB, Ennibi OK, Ismaili Z, Poulsen K, Haubek D. The JP2 genotype of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
and marginal periodontitis in the mixed dentition. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 43:19-25. [PMID: 26659719 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Birkeholm Jensen
- Section for Pediatric Dentistry; Department of Dentistry, Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Oum Keltoum Ennibi
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Medicine Dentistry; Mohammed V Souissi University; Rabat Morocco
| | - Zouheir Ismaili
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Medicine Dentistry; Mohammed V Souissi University; Rabat Morocco
| | - Knud Poulsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Dorte Haubek
- Section for Pediatric Dentistry; Department of Dentistry, Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
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144
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Åberg CH, Kelk P, Johansson A. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: virulence of its leukotoxin and association with aggressive periodontitis. Virulence 2016; 6:188-95. [PMID: 25494963 PMCID: PMC4601274 DOI: 10.4161/21505594.2014.982428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infection-induced inflammatory disease that causes loss of the tooth supporting tissues. Much focus has been put on comparison of the microbial biofilm in the healthy periodontium with the diseased one. The information arising from such studies is limited due to difficulties to compare the microbial composition in these two completely different ecological niches. A few longitudinal studies have contributed with information that makes it possible to predict which individuals who might have an increased risk of developing aggressive forms of periodontitis, and the predictors are either microbial or/and host-derived factors. The most conspicuous condition that is associated with disease risk is the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans at the individual level. This Gram-negative bacterium has a great genetic variation with a number of virulence factors. In this review we focus in particular on the leukotoxin that, based on resent knowledge, might be one of the most important virulence factors of A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Höglund Åberg
- a Division of Molecular Periodontology; Department of Odontology; Faculty of Medicine; Umeå University ; Umeå , Sweden
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145
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Abstract
A paradigm shift several decades ago elucidated that aggressive periodontitis (AgP) was not a degenerative disorder but a rapid progressive form of plaque-induced inflammatory periodontal disease. Ensuing years of research have led to linkage analysis identification of specific genetic defects responsible for AgP in some families and to the finding that subgingival detection of A. actinomycet-emcomitans JP2 clone is a predictive factor for disease onset and progression. However, rather disappointingly, these ‘proven’ risk factors are only detected in a small subset of AgP cases. Recent advances are leading to a new paradigm shift, with the realization that genetically-driven dysbiotic changes in the subgingival microbiota may predispose to a cascade of events leading to the rapid periodontal tissue destruction seen in AgP. This review tries to dissect the existing literature on the host response-microbial axis of AgP and to propose possible pathogenic pathways in line with current theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Nibali
- a Periodontology Unit and Department of Clinical Research; UCL Eastman Dental Institute ; London , UK
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146
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Ding Q, Quah SY, Tan KS. Secreted adenosine triphosphate from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans triggers chemokine response. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 31:423-34. [PMID: 26470857 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) is an important intercellular signaling molecule secreted by activated immune cells or released by damaged cells. In mammalian cells, a rapid increase of ATP concentration in the extracellular space sends a danger signal, which alerts the immune system of an impending danger, resulting in recruitment and priming of phagocytes. Recent studies show that bacteria also release ATP into the extracellular milieu, suggesting a potential role for eATP in host-microbe interactions. It is currently unknown if any oral bacteria release eATP. As eATP triggers and amplifies innate immunity and inflammation, we hypothesized that eATP secreted from periodontal bacteria may contribute to inflammation in periodontitis. The aims of this study were to determine if periodontal bacteria secrete ATP, and to determine the function of bacterially derived eATP as an inducer of inflammation. Our results showed that Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, but not Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, or Fusobacterium nucleatum, secreted ATP into the culture supernatant. Exposure of periodontal fibroblasts to filter sterilized culture supernatant of A. actinomycetemcomitans induced chemokine expression in an eATP-dependent manner. This occurred independently of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and phospholipase C, suggesting that ionotrophic P2X receptor is involved in sensing of bacterial eATP. Silencing of P2X7 receptor in periodontal fibroblasts led to a significant reduction in bacterial eATP-induced chemokine response. Furthermore, bacterial eATP served as a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils and monocytes. Collectively, our findings provide evidence for secreted ATP of A. actinomycetemcomitans as a novel virulence factor contributing to inflammation during periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Ding
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Y Quah
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - K S Tan
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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147
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Characterization of A. actinomycetemcomitans strains in subgingival samples from periodontitis subjects in Morocco. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:1809-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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148
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Abstract
For decades, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been considered the most likely etiologic agent in aggressive periodontitis. Implementation of DNA-based microbiologic methodologies has considerably improved our understanding of the composition of subgingival biofilms, and advanced open-ended molecular techniques even allow for genome mapping of the whole bacterial spectrum in a sample and characterization of both the cultivable and not-yet-cultivable microbiota associated with periodontal health and disease. Currently, A. actinomycetemcomitans is regarded as a minor component of the resident oral microbiota and as an opportunistic pathogen in some individuals. Its specific JP2 clone, however, shows properties of a true exogenous pathogen and has an important role in the development of aggressive periodontitis in certain populations. Still, limited data exist on the impact of other microbes specifically in aggressive periodontitis. Despite a wide heterogeneity of bacteria, especially in subgingival samples collected from patients, bacteria of the red complex in particular, and those of the orange complex, are considered as potential pathogens in generalized aggressive periodontitis. These types of bacterial findings closely resemble those found for chronic periodontitis, representing a mixed polymicrobial infection without a clear association with any specific microorganism. In aggressive periodontitis, the role of novel and not-yet-cultivable bacteria has not yet been elucidated. There are geographic and ethnic differences in the carriage of periodontitis-associated microorganisms, and they need to be taken into account when comparing study reports on periodontal microbiology in different study populations. In the present review, we provide an overview on the colonization of potential periodontal pathogens in childhood and adolescence, and on specific microorganisms that have been suspected for their role in the initiation and progression of aggressive forms of periodontal disease.
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149
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Monteiro MDF, Casati MZ, Taiete T, do Vale HF, Nociti FH, Sallum EA, Silvério KG, Casarin RCV. Periodontal clinical and microbiological characteristics in healthyversusgeneralized aggressive periodontitis families. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:914-21. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcio Z. Casati
- Division of Periodontics; State University of Campinas; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Tiago Taiete
- Division of Periodontics; State University of Campinas; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Hugo F. do Vale
- Division of Periodontics; State University of Campinas; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | | | | | - Karina G. Silvério
- Division of Periodontics; State University of Campinas; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
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Roberts FA, Darveau RP. Microbial protection and virulence in periodontal tissue as a function of polymicrobial communities: symbiosis and dysbiosis. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:18-27. [PMID: 26252399 PMCID: PMC4530467 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses polymicrobial interactions with the host in both health and disease. As our ability to identify specific bacterial clonal types, with respect to their abundance and location in the oral biofilm, improves, we will learn more concerning their contribution to both oral health and disease. Recent studies examining host- bacteria interactions have revealed that commensal bacteria not only protect the host simply by niche occupation, but that bacterial interactions with host tissue can promote the development of proper tissue structure and function. These data indicate that our host-associated polymicrobial communities, such as those found in the oral cavity, co-evolved with us and have become an integral part of who we are. Understanding the microbial community factors that underpin the associations with host tissue that contribute to periodontal health may also reveal how dysbiotic periodontopathic oral communities disrupt normal periodontal tissue functions in disease. A disruption of the oral microbial community creates dysbiosis, either by overgrowth of specific or nonspecific microorganisms or by changes in the local host response where the community can now support a disease state. Dysbiosis provides the link between systemic changes (e.g. diabetes) and exogenous risk factors (e.g. smoking), and the dysbiotic community, and can drive the destruction of periodontal tissue. Many other risk factors associated with periodontal disease, such as stress, aging and genetics, are also likely to affect the microbial community, and more research is needed, utilizing sophisticated bacterial taxonomic techniques, to elucidate these effects on the microbiome and to develop strategies to target the dysbiotic mechanisms and improve periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. Roberts
- University of Washington, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357444, Seattle Washington 98195-7444, Phone: 206-685-9046, Fax: 206-616-7478
| | - Richard P. Darveau
- University of Washington, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357444, Seattle Washington 98195-7444, Phone: 206-543-9514, Fax: 206-616-7478
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