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Nuzzo A, Rossi R, Modena MG. Endothelial dysfunction in postmenopausal women and hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3:515-8. [PMID: 19804026 DOI: 10.2217/17455057.3.5.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Nuzzo
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Institute of Cardiology Women's Clinic, Via del Pozzo, 71 41100 Modena, Italy.
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102
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Alexánderson E, Jácome R, Jiménez-Santos M, Ochoa JM, Romero E, Cabral MAP, Ricalde A, Iñarra F, Meave A, Alexánderson G. Evaluation of the endothelial function in hypertensive patients with 13N-ammonia PET. J Nucl Cardiol 2012; 19:979-86. [PMID: 22689073 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-012-9584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential hypertension is one of the main risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). Hypertension causes endothelial dysfunction which is considered an early sign for the development of CAD. Positron emission tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique that measures myocardial blood flow (MBF), allowing us to identify patients with endothelial dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS 19 patients without comorbidities recently diagnosed hypertensive, as well as 21 healthy volunteers were studied. A three-phase (rest, cold pressor test, and adenosine-induced hyperemia) (13)N-ammonia PET was performed, and MBF was measured. Endothelial-Dependent Vasodilation Index, ΔMBF, and coronary flow reserve (CFR) were calculated for each patient. Hypertensive patients had a significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures compared with the control group (134.6 ± 11.7/86.4 ± 10.6 mm Hg and 106.0 ± 11.8/71.4 ± 6.6 mm Hg, respectively, P < .001). The ENDEVI (1.28 ± 0.26 vs 1.79 ± 0.30, P < .001), the ΔMBF (0.81 ± 0.50 vs 0.25 ± 0.21, P < .001) and the CFR (2.18 ± 0.88 vs 3.17 ± 0.68, P = .001) were significantly lower in the hypertensive patients compared to the control group, 84% of the former group had endothelial dysfunction i.e., ENDEVI < 1.5 and 58% had vasomotor abnormalities, i.e., CFR < 2.5. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we showed that recently diagnosed hypertensive patients have coronary endothelial dysfunction and vasomotor disturbances which are early signs for the development of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Alexánderson
- Unidad PET/CT Ciclotrón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edificio de Investigación, Planta Baja, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
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103
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El-Shamy E, Eskaros S, Dief AE, Nassar SZ, Algenady A, Eldin NH. Study of endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation in sleep apnea, obesity and aged humans. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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104
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Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction Distal to Stent of First-Generation Drug-Eluting Stents. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2012; 5:966-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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105
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Fedorovich AA. Non-invasive evaluation of vasomotor and metabolic functions of microvascular endothelium in human skin. Microvasc Res 2012; 84:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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106
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Preliminary observations of passive exercise using whole body periodic acceleration on coronary microcirculation and glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Cardiol 2012; 60:283-7. [PMID: 22738691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The whole body periodic acceleration (WBPA) system was recently developed as a passive exercise device by providing increased pulsatile shear stress for improvement of endothelial function. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of WBPA on coronary microcirculation and glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS The study subjects were 8 patients with T2D who underwent transthoracic Doppler echocardiography for the assessment of coronary flow reserve (CFR) before and immediately after a 45-min session of WBPA. The flow velocity in the distal portion of the left anterior descending coronary artery was measured at baseline and during adenosine infusion. The CFR represented the ratio of hyperemic to basal mean diastolic flow velocity. RESULTS WBPA increased CFR from 2.3±0.3 to 2.6±0.4 (p=0.02). WBPA decreased serum insulin level from 26±19μIU/ml to 19±15μIU/ml (p=0.01) and increased total adiponectin from 11.6±7.3μg/ml to 12.5±8.0μg/ml (p=0.02) and high molecular weight adiponectin from 4.9±3.6μg/ml to 5.3±3.9μg/ml (p=0.03), whereas the serum glucose level was stable from 207±66mg/dl to 203±56mg/dl (p=0.8). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that a single session of WBPA treatment simultaneously improved coronary microcirculation and glucose tolerance in patients with T2D.
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Kanwar RK, Chaudhary R, Tsuzuki T, Kanwar JR. Emerging engineered magnetic nanoparticulate probes for molecular MRI of atherosclerosis: how far have we come? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:899-916. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, immunoinflammatory disease of the large and medium-sized arteries, and a major cause of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis often progresses silently for decades until the occurrence of a major catastrophic clinical event such as myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest and stroke. The main challenge in the diagnosis and management of atherosclerosis is to develop a safe, noninvasive technique that is accurate and reproducible, which can detect the biologically active high-risk vulnerable plaques (with ongoing active inflammation, angiogenesis and apoptosis) before the occurrence of an acute clinical event. This article reviews the events involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in light of recently advanced understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of the disease. Next, we elaborate on the interesting developments in molecular MRI, by describing the recently engineered magnetic nanoparticulate probes targeting clinically promising molecular and cellular players/processes, involved in early atherosclerotic lesion formation to plaque rupture and erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupinder K Kanwar
- Nanomedicine, Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Rajneesh Chaudhary
- Nanomaterials, Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Takuya Tsuzuki
- Nanomaterials, Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine, Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
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Pregnancy followed by delivery may affect circulating soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 levels in women of reproductive age. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:837375. [PMID: 22619487 PMCID: PMC3350984 DOI: 10.1155/2012/837375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective. It is known that menopause or lack of endogenous estrogen is a risk factor for endothelial dysfunction and CAD. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is involved inmultiple phases of vascular dysfunction.The purpose of the current study was to determine the association between soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) and pregnancy followed by delivery in women of reproductive age. Materials/Methods. Sixty-eight subjects with pregnancy followed by delivery (group 1) and 57 subjects with nongravidity (group 2) were included in this study. Levels of sLOX-1 were measured in serum by EL SA. Results. Plasma levels of sLOX-1 were significantly lower in Group 1 than Group 2 in women of reproductive age (0.52 ± 0.18 ng/mL and 0.78 ± 0.13, resp., P < 0.001). There were strong correlations between sLOX-1 levels and the number of gravida (r = −0.645, P < 0.001). The levels of sLOX-1 highly correlated with the number of parous (r = −0.683, P < 0.001). Conclusion. Our study demonstrated that serum sLOX-1 levels were associated with pregnancy followed by delivery that might predict endothelial dysfunction. We conclude that pregnancy followed by delivery may delay the beginning and progress of arteriosclerosis and its clinical manifestations in women of reproductive age.
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109
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Regulation and maintenance of vascular tone and patency in cardiovascular health and disease. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:396369. [PMID: 22577553 PMCID: PMC3332196 DOI: 10.1155/2012/396369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Weichenthal S. Selected physiological effects of ultrafine particles in acute cardiovascular morbidity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 115:26-36. [PMID: 22465230 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFPs) have emerged as a potentially important environmental health concern as they are produced in large numbers by vehicle emissions and may contribute to previously reported associations between traffic pollution and acute cardiovascular morbidity. This review examines recent epidemiological evidence of UFP exposures and selected physiological outcomes that may be modified as part of the underlying causal pathway(s) linking particulate air pollution and acute cardiovascular morbidity. Outcomes examined included changes in heart rate variability (HRV) (autonomic function), ST-segment depression (myocardial ischemia), QT-interval (ventricular repolarization), and endothelial vasomotor function. Twenty-two studies were reviewed in total: 10 prospective panel studies and 12 randomized cross-over studies. Sixteen studies identified a significant relationship between UFPs and at least one of the above outcomes and current evidence generally supports the biological plausibility of a relationship between UFPs and acute cardiovascular morbidity. However, discrepancies were apparent in the direction of observed associations, particularly for HRV and ventricular repolarization. Reasons for these discrepancies may include differences in particle composition, time-point of clinical evaluation, and population susceptibilities. Nevertheless, evidence to date suggests that UFPs have a measureable impact on physiological measures known to be altered in cases of acute cardiovascular morbidity. Moving forward, expanded use of personal exposure measures is recommended for prospective panel studies to minimize exposure misclassification. In addition, effort should be made to include more women in studies of the acute cardiovascular effects of UFPs as findings to date generally reflect responses in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Weichenthal
- Health Canada, Air Health Effects Science Division, 269 Laurier Avenue West, 3rd Floor, AL 4903C, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9.
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111
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Al Gadban MM, German J, Truman JP, Soodavar F, Riemer EC, Twal WO, Smith KJ, Heller D, Hofbauer AF, Oates JC, Hammad SM. Lack of nitric oxide synthases increases lipoprotein immune complex deposition in the aorta and elevates plasma sphingolipid levels in lupus. Cell Immunol 2012; 276:42-51. [PMID: 22560558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients display impaired endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) function required for normal vasodilatation. SLE patients express increased compensatory activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) generating excess nitric oxide that may result in inflammation. We examined the effects of genetic deletion of NOS2 and NOS3, encoding iNOS and eNOS respectively, on accelerated vascular disease in MRL/lpr lupus mouse model. NOS2 and NOS3 knockout (KO) MRL/lpr mice had higher plasma levels of triglycerides (23% and 35%, respectively), ceramide (45% and 21%, respectively), and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) (21%) compared to counterpart MRL/lpr controls. Plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) in NOS2 and NOS3 KO MRL/lpr mice were lower (53% and 80%, respectively) than counterpart controls. Nodule-like lesions in the adventitia were detected in aortas from both NOS2 and NOS3 KO MRL/lpr mice. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the lesions revealed activated endothelial cells and lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells), elevated sphingosine kinase 1 expression, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein immune complexes (oxLDL-IC). The findings suggest that advanced vascular disease in NOS2 and NOS3 KO MRL/lpr mice maybe mediated by increased plasma triglycerides, ceramide and S1P; decreased plasma IL-10; and accumulation of oxLDL-IC in the vessel wall. The results expose possible new targets to mitigate lupus-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Al Gadban
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Jokhadze G, Machaidze M, Panosyan H, Chu CC, Katsarava R. Synthesis and characterization of functional elastomeric poly(ester amide) co-polymers. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 18:411-38. [PMID: 17540117 DOI: 10.1163/156856207780425031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A new family of random co-poly(ester amides)s (co-PEAs) having reactive pendant functional carboxylic acid groups were synthesized by co-polycondensation of di-p-toluenesulfonic acid salts of bis-(L-alpha-amino acid (L-leucine and/or L-phenylalanine)) alpha,omega-alkylene diesters with active diesters of dicarboxylic acids using di-p-toluenesulfonic acid salt of L-lysine benzyl ester as a co-monomer. The lateral benzyl ester groups in the L-lysine segment of co-PEAs were subsequently transformed into free COOH groups by catalytic hydrogenolysis using Pd black as a catalyst. The co-PEA-based polyacids obtained, as well as the original co-PEA having lateral benzyl ester groups were characterized by standard methods. In vitro biodegradation studies in the presence of hydrolases like alpha-chymotrypsin and lipase showed significant enzymatic-catalyzed biodegradation of these co-PEAs. These co-PEA-based polyacids were used for covalent attachment of iminoxyl radicals (4-amino-TEMPO) and in vitro biodegradation of 4-aminoTEMPO attached polymer was studied along with releasing kinetic of iminoxyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jokhadze
- Research Centre for Medical Polymers and Biomaterials, Georgian Technical University, P.O. Box 24, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia, USA
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Toblli JE, DiGennaro F, Giani JF, Dominici FP. Nebivolol: impact on cardiac and endothelial function and clinical utility. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2012; 8:151-60. [PMID: 22454559 PMCID: PMC3310359 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s20669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a systemic pathological state of the endothelium characterized by a reduction in the bioavailability of vasodilators, essentially nitric oxide, leading to impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation, as well as disarrangement in vascular wall metabolism and function. One of the key factors in endothelial dysfunction is overproduction of reactive oxygen species which participate in the development of hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and stroke. Because impaired endothelial activity is believed to have a major causal role in the pathophysiology of vascular disease, hypertension, and heart failure, therapeutic agents which modify this condition are of clinical interest. Nebivolol is a third-generation β-blocker with high selectivity for β1-adrenergic receptors and causes vasodilation by interaction with the endothelial L-arginine/ nitric oxide pathway. This dual mechanism of action underscores several hemodynamic qualities of nebivolol, which include reductions in heart rate and blood pressure and improvements in systolic and diastolic function. Although nebivolol reduces blood pressure to a degree similar to that of conventional β-blockers and other types of antihypertensive drugs, it may have advantages in populations with difficult-to-treat hypertension, such as patients with heart failure along with other comorbidities, like diabetes and obesity, and elderly patients in whom nitric oxide-mediated endothelial dysfunction may be more pronounced. Furthermore, recent data indicate that nebivolol appears to be a cost-effective treatment for elderly patients with heart failure compared with standard care. Thus, nebivolol is an effective and well tolerated agent with benefits above those of traditional β-blockers due to its influence on nitric oxide release, which give it singular hemodynamic effects, cardioprotective activity, and a good tolerability profile. This paper reviews the pharmacology structure and properties of nebivolol, focusing on endothelial dysfunction, clinical utility, comparative efficacy, side effects, and quality of life in general with respect to the other antihypertensive agents.
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Park KH, Park WJ, Kim MK, Kim HS, Kim SH, Cho GY, Choi YJ. Alterations in arterial function after high-voltage electrical injury. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2012; 16:R25. [PMID: 22326053 PMCID: PMC3396269 DOI: 10.1186/cc11190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional changes of the arterial endothelium and smooth muscle after a high-voltage electrical injury (HVEI), using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and nitrate-mediated dilation (NMD). Methods Twenty-five male patients injured in the upper extremities by current due to contact with more than 20,000 volts were enrolled in the study. FMD and NMD were measured on the brachial artery within 48 hours after HVEI, and follow-up FMD and NMD were evaluated six weeks later. In addition, we enrolled an age, sex and body mass index matched healthy control group consisting of 25 individuals. Including FMD and NMD, all the variables of the control group were investigated one time and compared with the initial and six week follow-up data of the HVEI group. Results A significantly lower initial FMD was seen in the HVEI group compared with the control group (2.1 ± 1.2% versus 13.6 ± 3.4%, P < 0.01). At the six week follow-up, the FMD of the HVEI group had significantly improved compared to the initial FMD (2.1 ± 1.2% versus 5.1 ± 2.1%, P < 0.01), but it was still lower than the FMD of the control group (5.1 ± 2.1% versus 13.6 ± 3.4%, P < 0.01). A significantly lower NMD was seen both initially and at the six week follow-up compared with the NMD of the control group (7.3 ± 4.7% versus 20.4 ± 4.1%, P < 0.01 and 11.4 ± 6.7% versus 20.4 ± 4.1%, P < 0.01, respectively). The FMD study of the contralateral arm which was uninjured by HVEI was available in six patients. In those patients, the six week follow-up FMD was significantly improved in the HVEI arm compared with the initial FMD (1.8 ± 0.6% versus 4.4 ± 1.6%, P < 0.01). However, in the contralateral uninjured arm, there was no difference between the initial and the six week follow-up FMDs (5.5 ± 1.4% versus 6.9 ± 2.2%, P = 0.26). Conclusions After HVEI, the endothelial and smooth muscle functions of the brachial artery were significantly decreased for at least six weeks. Long term cautious care might be needed for all victims of HVEI, because there is a chance of increased risk of thrombosis or stenosis in the injured arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Ha Park
- Department of Cardiology, Hallym University Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, 94-200, Yeongdeungpo-dong, 150-030 Seoul, Korea.
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115
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Comparison of coronary microcirculation in female nurses after day-time versus night-time shifts. Am J Cardiol 2011; 108:1665-8. [PMID: 21880287 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nightshift work, which is known to cause mental stress and disrupt normal biological diurnal rhythms, leads to endothelial dysfunction resulting in increased risk for cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to investigate the acute effect of night-shift work on coronary microcirculation through assessment of coronary flow reserve (CFR) by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. This study consisted of 36 women nurses who underwent transthoracic Doppler echocardiographic examinations after working a nightshift and on a regular day without previous nightshift work. Flow velocity in the distal portion of the left anterior descending coronary artery was measured at baseline and during adenosine infusion. CFR was calculated as the ratio of hyperemic to basal mean diastolic flow velocity. CFR after night work was lower than that on a regular workday (3.8 ± 0.6 vs 4.1 ± 0.6, p <0.001). Degree of decreases in CFR after night work was correlated to Framingham risk score (r = 0.35, p = 0.036). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that coronary microcirculation was impaired after nightshift work in women nurses.
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Meyrelles SS, Peotta VA, Pereira TMC, Vasquez EC. Endothelial dysfunction in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse: insights into the influence of diet, gender and aging. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:211. [PMID: 22082357 PMCID: PMC3247089 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1990s, several strains of genetically modified mice have been developed as models for experimental atherosclerosis. Among the available models, the apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE⁻/⁻) mouse is of particular relevance because of its propensity to spontaneously develop hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic lesions that are similar to those found in humans, even when the mice are fed a chow diet. The main purpose of this review is to highlight the key achievements that have contributed to elucidating the mechanisms pertaining to vascular dysfunction in the apoE⁻/⁻ mouse. First, we summarize lipoproteins and atherosclerosis phenotypes in the apoE⁻/⁻ mouse, and then we briefly discuss controversial evidence relative to the influence of gender on the development of atherosclerosis in this murine model. Second, we discuss the main mechanisms underlying the endothelial dysfunction of conducting vessels and resistance vessels and examine how this vascular defect can be influenced by diet, aging and gender in the apoE⁻/⁻ mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana S Meyrelles
- Departament of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
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117
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Vascular endothelial function of sirolimus maintenance regimen in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2011; 43:1616-8. [PMID: 21693243 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is of vital importance as it may cause ischemia and dysfunction in various organs, especially the heart and kidneys. Despite this problem being well documented in patients with end-stage renal disease, there are insufficient data considering this issue to demand sirolimus use in renal transplantation. One potential cause of endothelial dysfunction in renal transplantation patients may be the use of the conventional protocols with cyclosporine [CsA]- versus sirolimus-based therapy. We studied 22 renal transplant recipients including on CsA (n = 14; group I, and sirolimus (n = 8; group II). Endothelial functions of the brachial artery were evaluated using high-resolution vascular ultrasound. Endothelium-dependent and-independent vasodilatations were assessed by sublingual nitroglycerine (NTG). Results are presented as percentage from baseline values. Significant endothelial dysfunction was noted among renal transplant patients treated with CsA. Endothelium-dependent vasodilatation was 3.6% ± 2.8% in group I and 14.5% ± 3.2% in group II (P < 0.002). The increase in brachial artery diameter after sublingual NTG measured 9.9% ± 4.7% versus 22.1% ± 5.9% in groups I and group II, respectively. This observation indicated that endothelial vasodilatation was preserved among patients on sirolimus but not CsA therapy. We concluded that endothelial vasodilatation is impaired in renal transplant recipients. Moreover, sirolimus seems to be more useful than CsA to overcome the compromised vasculature as observed in diabetic and elderly patients.
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118
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Deshpande DD, Janero DR, Amiji MM. Therapeutic strategies for endothelial dysfunction. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:1637-54. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.625007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ferreira ADS, Filho JB, Souza MND. Model for post-occlusive reactive hyperemia as measured noninvasively with pressure pulse waveform. Biomed Signal Process Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Serum cadmium levels are independently associated with endothelial function in hemodialysis patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2011; 44:1487-92. [PMID: 21904850 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-011-0055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hemodialysis (HD) patients are at risk of deficiency of essential trace elements and excess of toxic trace elements. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relation between the serum levels of some trace elements and heavy metals (iron, zinc, manganese, copper, magnesium, cobalt, cadmium, and lead) and endothelial function in HD patients. METHODS Forty-eight chronic HD patients without known atherosclerotic disease and 42 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were included in the study. The serum levels of trace elements (iron, zinc, manganese, copper, and magnesium) and heavy metals (cobalt, cadmium, and lead) were measured by Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer (UNICAM-929). RESULTS The serum levels of iron, zinc, and manganese were lower, and levels of copper, magnesium, cobalt, cadmium, and lead were higher in HD patients compared to controls. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD %) in HD patients was lower than that in the control group (7.27 ± 0.76 vs. 11.29 ± 0.82, P < 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between FMD % and serum levels of cobalt (r = -0.313, P = 0.03) and cadmium (r = -0.524, P < 0.01). A linear regression analysis showed that serum cadmium levels were still significantly and negatively correlated with FMD % (regression coefficient = -0.526, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION We first demonstrated that serum cadmium levels independently predict endothelial function in HD patients without known atherosclerotic disease.
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Tarzia P, Milo M, Di Franco A, Di Monaco A, Cosenza A, Laurito M, Lanza GA, Crea F. Effect of shift work on endothelial function in young cardiology trainees. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2011; 19:908-13. [PMID: 21900367 DOI: 10.1177/1741826711422765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term shift work (SW) is associated with an increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Previous studies have shown that prolonged SW is associated with endothelial dysfunction, suggesting that this abnormality may contribute to the SW-related increase in cardiovascular risk. The immediate effect of SW on endothelial function in healthy subjects, however, is unknown. DESIGN We studied endothelial function and endothelium-independent function in 20 healthy specialty trainees in cardiology at our Institute, without any cardiovascular risk factor (27.3 ± 1.9 years, nine males), at two different times: (1) after a working night (WN), and (2) after a restful night (RN). The two test sessions were performed in a random sequence. METHODS Endothelial function was assessed by measuring brachial artery dilation during post-ischaemic forearm hyperaemia (flow-mediated dilation, FMD). Endothelium-independent function in response to 25 µg of sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (nitrate-mediated dilation, NMD) was also assessed. RESULTS FMD was 8.02 ± 1.4% and 8.56 ± 1.7% after WN and RN, respectively (p = 0.025), whereas NMD was 10.5 ± 2.1% and 10.4 ± 2.0% after WN and RN, respectively (p = 0.48). The difference in FMD between WN and RN was not influenced by the numbers of hours slept during WN (<4 vs >4 hours) and by the duration of involvement of specialty trainees in nocturnal work (<12 vs >12 months). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that in healthy medical residents, without any cardiovascular risk factor, FMD is slightly impaired after WN compared to RN. Disruption of physiological circadian neuro-humoral rhythm is likely to be responsible for this adverse vascular effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Tarzia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Costa RRS, Villela NR, Souza MDGC, Boa BCS, Cyrino FZGA, Silva SV, Lisboa PC, Moura EG, Barja-Fidalgo TC, Bouskela E. High fat diet induces central obesity, insulin resistance and microvascular dysfunction in hamsters. Microvasc Res 2011; 82:416-22. [PMID: 21889944 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular dysfunction is an early finding in obesity possibly related to co-morbidities like diabetes and hypertension. Therefore we have investigated changes on microvascular function, body composition, glucose and insulin tolerance tests (GTT and ITT) on male hamsters fed either with high fat (HFD, n=20) or standard (Control, n=21) diet during 16 weeks. Total body fat and protein content were determined by carcass analysis, aorta eNOS and iNOS expression by immunoblotting assay and mean blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) by an arterial catheter. Microvascular reactivity in response to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, functional capillary density (FCD), capillary recruitment induced by a hyperinsulinemic status and macromolecular permeability after 30 min ischemia was assessed on either cheek pouch or cremaster muscle preparations. Compared to Control, HFD animals have shown increased visceral fat (6.0 ± 0.8 vs. 13.8 ± 0.6g/100g BW), impaired endothelial dependent vasodilatation, decreased FCD (11.3 ± 1.3 vs. 6.8 ± 1.2/field) and capillary recruitment during hyperinsulinemia and increased macromolecular permeability after ischemia/reperfusion (86.4 ± 5.2 vs.105.2 ± 5.1 leaks/cm(2)), iNOS expression and insulin resistance. MAP, HR, endothelial independent vasodilatation and eNOS expression were not different between groups. Our results have shown that HFD elicits an increase on visceral fat deposition, microvascular dysfunction and insulin resistance in hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute R S Costa
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kaya Y, Ari E, Demir H, Soylemez N, Cebi A, Alp H, Bakan E, Gecit I, Asicioglu E, Beytur A. Accelerated atherosclerosis in haemodialysis patients; correlation of endothelial function with oxidative DNA damage. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 27:1164-9. [PMID: 21821836 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accelerated atherosclerosis is the major cause of mortality in patients on chronic haemodialysis (HD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between oxidative DNA damage [8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine/deoxyguanosine ratio (8-OHdG/dG ratio)], oxidative stress biomarkers and endothelial function in HD patients as an indicator of atherosclerosis. METHODS Forty-four chronic HD patients without known atherosclerotic disease and 55 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were included in the study. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and 8-OHdG/dG ratio were determined as oxidative stress markers. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured as antioxidants. Endothelial function was assessed by ultrasonography. RESULTS 8-OHdG/dG ratio and MDA levels were higher in HD patients than controls while SOD and GPx activities were lower in HD patients compared to controls. Flow-mediated dilatation FMD% in HD patients were lower than the control group (7.28 ± 0.79 versus 11.18 ± 0.82, P < 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between FMD% and 8-OHdG/dG ratio (r = -0.678, P < 0.01) and MDA levels (r = -0.517, P < 0.01), while there was a significant positive correlation between FMD% and SOD (r = 0.538, P < 0.01) and GPx levels (r = 0.720, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our data have demonstrated that HD patients exhibit increased oxidative DNA damage and decreased antioxidant activity. We propose that endothelial function is negatively correlated with 8-OHdG/dG ratio and positively correlated with antioxidant enzymes. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the inverse relationship between endothelial function and plasma oxidative DNA damage in HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuksel Kaya
- Department of Cardiology, Van Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital, Van, Turkey
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124
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Oh YK, Bachar AR, Zacharias DG, Kim SG, Wan J, Cobb LJ, Lerman LO, Cohen P, Lerman A. Humanin preserves endothelial function and prevents atherosclerotic plaque progression in hypercholesterolemic ApoE deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219:65-73. [PMID: 21763658 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Humanin (HN) is a cytoprotective peptide derived from endogenous mitochondria, expressed in the endothelial layer of human vessels, but its role in atherogenesis in vivo is not known. In vitro study, however, HN reduced oxidized low-density lipoprotein induced formation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. The present study tested the hypothesis that long term treatment with HN will have a protective role against endothelial dysfunction and progression of atherosclerosis in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS Daily intraperitonial injection of the HN analogue HNGF6A for 16 weeks prevented endothelial dysfunction and decreased atherosclerotic plaque size in the proximal aorta of ApoE-deficient mice fed on a high cholesterol diet, without showing direct vasoactive effects or cholesterol-reducing effects. HN was expressed in the endothelial layer on the aortic plaques. HNGF6A treatment reduced apoptosis and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in the aortic plaques without affecting the systemic cytokine profile. HNGF6A also preserved expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in aorta. CONCLUSIONS HN may have a protective effect on endothelial function and progression of atherosclerosis by modulating oxidative stress and apoptosis in the developing plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun K Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Barringer TA, Hatcher L, Sasser HC. Potential benefits on impairment of endothelial function after a high-fat meal of 4 weeks of flavonoid supplementation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:796958. [PMID: 18955351 PMCID: PMC3137609 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nen048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Studies with foods high in flavonoids have demonstrated improvement in endothelial function. We investigated whether 4 weeks of flavonoid supplementation would prevent an adverse impact on endothelial function of a high-fat meal. Endothelial function was measured by reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT). The RH-PAT index was measured both before and 3 h after a high-fat meal, in 23 healthy volunteers. Subjects were randomized in a double-blind, cross-over design to 4 weeks of daily supplementation with OPC-3, or a matching placebo. RH-PAT index before and after the high-fat meal was measured at the beginning and end of each 4-week treatment phase. The high-fat meal caused a decline in endothelial function at baseline in the placebo (-10.71%, P = .006) and flavonoid [-9.97% (P = .077)] groups, and there was no difference in decline between arms (P = .906). The high-fat meal produced a decline after 4 weeks of placebo [-12.37% (P = .005)], but no decline after 4 weeks of flavonoid supplement [-3.16% (P = .663)], and the difference between the two responses was highly significant (P < .0001). Within-group comparisons revealed no difference in endothelial function decline in the placebo arm between baseline and 4 weeks [-10.71% versus -12.37% (P = .758)]. In the flavonoid supplement arm, the difference in endothelial function decline between baseline and 4 weeks was -9.97% versus -3.16%, but did not reach statistical significance (P = .451). These results suggest that the flavonoid supplement used in this study mitigates the impairment of endothelial function caused by a high-fat meal. Whether certain subpopulations derive greater or lesser benefit remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Barringer
- Center for Cardiovascular Health (TAB, LH) and Dickson Institute for Health Studies (HCS), Carolinas Healthcare System, P.O. Box 32861, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA
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Reriani MK, Dunlay SM, Gupta B, West CP, Rihal CS, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Effects of statins on coronary and peripheral endothelial function in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:704-16. [DOI: 10.1177/1741826711398430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Reriani
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shannon M Dunlay
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bhanu Gupta
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Colin P West
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Charanjit S Rihal
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Demirci S, Sekeroğlu MR, Noyan T, Köçeroğlu R, Soyoral YU, Dülger H, Erkoç R. The importance of oxidative stress in patients with chronic renal failure whose hypertension is treated with peritoneal dialysis. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 29:249-54. [PMID: 21465497 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress is a well-known phenomenon in dialysis patients. However, the contribution of hypertension to the oxidative stress in peritoneal dialysis patients has not yet been assessed. The present study aimed to investigate if hypertension had an additional effect on oxidative stress in peritoneal dialysis patients. A total of 50 patients treated with peritoneal dialysis were divided into two groups: The patients with mean of last three blood pressure results as 135/90 mmHg and above were considered hypertensive, the patients with lower blood pressure were considered normotensive. The control group included 25 healthy individuals. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels were measured in all groups. MDA level, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, was significantly higher in the hypertensive group compared to the control group, while the increase in the normotensive group was not significant. However, the difference between the hypertensive and normotensive groups was significant. The levels of AOPP, an indicator of protein oxidation level, and MPO, an indicator of neutrophil activation, were not different between the groups, while the activities of antioxidant CAT and GSH-Px decreased in both normotensive and hypertensive groups compared to the control group, and there was no significant difference between the patient groups. This study shows that both normotensive and hypertensive peritoneal dialysis patients have increased-oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant levels and hypertension might have an additional effect on oxidative stress by increasing MDA level in peritoneal dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafettin Demirci
- Department of Biochemistry, Yüzüncü Yil University School of Medicine, Van, Turkey
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128
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Circadian variation in coronary flow velocity reserve and its relation to α1-sympathetic activity in humans. Int J Cardiol 2010; 157:216-20. [PMID: 21194761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The circadian change in coronary microvascular function has not been directly assessed in human beings. Recent advances in transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) provide noninvasive, physiological assessment of coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR). METHODS This study consisted of 20 young healthy subjects (24 ± 2 years, 20 men) who underwent CFVR examinations at 3 different times; early morning (6AM), late morning (11AM) and late evening (10PM). The flow velocity in the distal portion of the left anterior descending coronary artery was measured with TTDE at baseline and during adenosine infusion to calculate CFVR. These examinations were repeated with the intake of α1-blocker (prazosin 1mg) on the other day. RESULTS CFVR showed a circadian variation with an increase from the early morning to the late morning, following a decrease to the late evening thereafter (4.4 ± 0.9 at 6AM; 5.2 ± 1.3 at 11AM; 4.2 ± 1.1 at 10PM, p<0.001). In the study with α1-blocker, CFVR was comparable between the early morning and the late morning, whereas CFVR in the late evening was lower than those in other 2 time points (5.0 ± 1.1 at 6AM; 4.9 ± 0.9 at 11AM; 4.3 ± 0.9 at 10PM, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that CFVR has a circadian variation in humans, with an increase from the late evening to the late morning. Adding α1-blocker ameliorated CFVR only in the early morning, indicating that α1-sympathetic activity plays a heterogeneous and important role in the circadian change of CFVR in humans.
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Sandoo A, van Zanten JJCSV, Metsios GS, Carroll D, Kitas GD. The endothelium and its role in regulating vascular tone. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2010; 4:302-12. [PMID: 21339899 PMCID: PMC3040999 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401004010302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium forms an important part of the vasculature and is involved in promoting an atheroprotective environment via the complementary actions of endothelial cell-derived vasoactive factors. Disruption of vascular homeostasis can lead to the development of endothelial dysfunction which in turn contributes to the early and late stages of atherosclerosis. In recent years an increasing number of non-invasive vascular tests have been developed to assess vascular structure and function in different clinical populations. The present review aims to provide an insight into the anatomy of the vasculature as well as the underlying endothelial cell physiology. In addition, an in-depth overview of the current methods used to assess vascular function and structure is provided as well as their link to certain clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamer Sandoo
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
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130
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Battaglia C, Mancini F, Battaglia B, Facchinetti F, Artini PG, Venturoli S. L-arginine plus drospirenone-ethinyl estradiol in the treatment of patients with PCOS: a prospective, placebo controlled, randomised, pilot study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2010; 26:861-8. [PMID: 20642382 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2010.501882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify the effects of a pill containing drospirenone on the surrogate markers of arterial function and to evaluate the possible improvements induced by the addition of L-arginine. DESIGN A prospective, placebo controlled, randomised, pilot study. SETTING University of Bologna. POPULATION Twenty-eight young women with PCOS. METHODS Random submission to: drospirenone + ethinylestradiol+ a placebo (Group I; n = 15) or drospirenone + ethinylestradiol + oral L-arginine (4 g × 2/daily) (Group II, n = 13). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Medical examination; blood measurement of nitrites/nitrates, biochemical and hormonal parameters; ultrasonographic analysis and colour Doppler evaluation of uterine, stromal ovarian and ophthalmic arteries; analysis of brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilatation; and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. The above parameters were evaluated before and after 6 months. RESULTS The low dose oral contraceptive containing drospirenone favoured a pre-hypertensive state. The L-arginine supplementation increased the circulating levels of nitrites/nitrates and improved the endothelium-dependent vasodilatation counteracting the negative effect of the contraceptive pill. CONCLUSIONS Although, the present pilot study was conducted in a limited number of patients, it seems that the L-arginine co-treatment may improve the long-term side effects of the pill reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Battaglia
- Department of Gynecology and Pathophysiology of Human Reproduction, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Shimada K, Fukuda S, Maeda K, Kawasaki T, Kono Y, Jissho S, Taguchi H, Yoshiyama M, Yoshikawa J. Aromatherapy alleviates endothelial dysfunction of medical staff after night-shift work: preliminary observations. Hypertens Res 2010; 34:264-7. [PMID: 21107332 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Night-shift work causes mental stress and lifestyle changes, and is recognized as a risk of cardiovascular diseases associated with impaired endothelial function. Aromatherapy is becoming popular as a complementary therapy that is beneficial for mental relaxation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy on the endothelial function of medical staff after night-shift work. This study consisted of 19 healthy medical personnel (19 men, mean age 32 ± 7 years), including 11 physicians and 8 technicians. Aromatherapy was performed for 30 min by inhalation of the essential oil of lavender. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery was measured three times in each subject: on a regular workday, and after night-shift work before and immediately after aromatherapy. A control study was performed to assess the effect of a 30-min rest without aromatherapy. The mean value of sleep time during night-shift work was 3.3 ± 1.3 h. FMD after night-shift work was lower than on a regular workday (10.4 ± 1.8 vs. 12.5 ± 1.7%, P<0.001), which improved after aromatherapy (11.8 ± 2.5%, P=0.02 vs. before aromatherapy). FMD was stable in the control study (10.1 ± 1.9 vs. 10.1 ± 2.2%, P=0.9). This study demonstrated that night-shift work impaired endothelial function in medical staff, an effect that was alleviated by short-term aromatherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenei Shimada
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Osaka Ekisaikai Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Demir M, Kucuk A, Sezer MT, Altuntas A, Kaya S. Malnutrition-Inflammation Score and Endothelial Dysfunction in Hemodialysis Patients. J Ren Nutr 2010; 20:377-83. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Jones ID, Fuentes VL, Fray TR, Vallance C, Elliott J. Evaluation of a flow-mediated vasodilation measurement technique in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:1154-61. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.10.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Reriani MK, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Endothelial function as a functional expression of cardiovascular risk factors. Biomark Med 2010; 4:351-60. [PMID: 20550469 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.10.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional cardiovascular risk (CV) factors based on the Framingham study have been used to estimate the risk of CV events and determine target cholesterol levels for primary prevention. Recently published systematic reviews have, however, demonstrated that the Framingham risk score is limited in certain cohorts and requires adjustment. Indeed, traditional CV risk factors fail to predict the development of coronary heart disease in 25-50% of cases. This underscores the complex interplay between traditional CV risk factors, genetic predisposition and other atheroprotective factors present in individuals of different populations in predicting CV events. Endothelial dysfunction, a functional expression of the inherent atherosclerotic risk representing an integrated index of both the overall CV risk-factor burden and the sum of all vasculoprotective factors in an individual, may serve as the missing link between CV risk factors and atherosclerotic disease. Endothelial function measurements may aid in future prediction of CV events and help identify high-risk patients for targeted therapy as well as provide a primary therapeutic end point for clinical follow-up of these patients. Recently introduced reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry is emerging as a promising tool in endothelial function measurement and CV risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Reriani
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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135
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Triggle CR, Ding H. A review of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes: a focus on the contribution of a dysfunctional eNOS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 4:102-15. [PMID: 20470995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the etiology of vascular dysfunction in diabetes has been extensively investigated in both humans as well as animal models of human diabetes, the relative importance of the cellular pathways involved is still not fully understood. In this review, we focus on reviewing the literature that provides insights into how an acute exposure to hyperglycemia results in a dysregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase function, the subsequent downstream effects of endothelial nitric oxide synthase dysregulation, and the development of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R Triggle
- Department of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar.
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136
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Ding H, Triggle CR. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes: multiple targets for treatment. Pflugers Arch 2010; 459:977-94. [PMID: 20238124 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Robert Furchgott's discovery of the obligatory role that the endothelium plays in the regulation of vascular tone has proved to be a major advance in terms of our understanding of the cellular basis of diabetic vascular disease. Endothelial dysfunction, as defined by a reduction in the vasodilatation response to an endothelium-dependent vasodilator (such as acetylcholine) or to flow-mediated vasodilatation, is an early indicator for the development of the micro- and macroangipathy that is associated with diabetes. In diabetes, hyperglycaemia plays a key role in the initiation and development of endothelial dysfunction; however, the cellular mechanisms involved as well as the importance of dyslipidaemia and co-morbidities such as hypertension and obesity remain incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms whereby hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress and dyslipidaemia can alter endothelial function and highlight their effects on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), the endothelium-dependent hyperpolarising factor (EDHF) pathway(s), as well as on the role of endothelium-derived contracting factors (EDCFs) and adipocyte-derived vasoactive factors such as adipose-derived relaxing factor (ADRF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ding
- Department of Pharmacology & Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
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Olamaei N, Dupuis J, Ngo Q, Finnerty V, Vo Thang TT, Authier S, Khairy P, Harel F. Characterization and reproducibility of forearm arterial flow during reactive hyperemia. Physiol Meas 2010; 31:763-73. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/31/6/003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Akgul E, Tokgozoglu SL, Erbas T, Kabakci G, Aytemir K, Haznedaroglu I, Oto A, Kes SS. Evaluation of the Impact of Treatment on Endothelial Function and Cardiac Performance in Acromegaly. Echocardiography 2010; 27:990-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2010.01179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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139
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Cilingiroglu M, Bailey SR. Effect of drug-eluting stents on endothelial dysfunction. Interv Cardiol 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/ica.09.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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140
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Zhu W, Chandrasekharan UM, Bandyopadhyay S, Morris SM, DiCorleto PE, Kashyap VS. Thrombin induces endothelial arginase through AP-1 activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 298:C952-60. [PMID: 20032511 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00466.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Arterial thrombosis is a common disease leading to severe ischemia beyond the obstructing thrombus. Additionally, endothelial dysfunction at the site of thrombosis can be rescued by l-arginine supplementation or arginase blockade in several animal models. Exposure of rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) to thrombin upregulates arginase I mRNA and protein levels. In this study, we further investigated the molecular mechanism of thrombin-induced arginase changes in endothelial cells. Thrombin strikingly increased arginase I promoter and enzyme activity in primary cultured RAECs. Using different deletion and point mutations of the promoter, we demonstrated that the activating protein-1 (AP-1) consensus site located at -3,157 bp in the arginase I promoter was a thrombin-responsive element. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay further confirmed that upon thrombin stimulation, c-Jun and activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2) bound to the AP-1 site, which initiated the transactivation. Moreover, loss-of-function studies using small interfering RNA confirmed that recruitment of these two transcription factors to the AP-1 site was required for thrombin-induced arginase upregulation. In the course of defining the signaling pathway leading to the activation of AP-1 by thrombin, we found thrombin-induced phosphorylation of stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun-NH(2)-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK or JNK1/2/3) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, which were followed by the phosphorylation of both c-Jun and ATF-2. These findings reveal the basis for thrombin induction of endothelial arginase I and indicate that arginase inhibition may be an attractive therapeutic alternative in the setting of arterial thrombosis and its associated endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifei Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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141
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Avni B, Frenkel G, Shahar L, Golik A, Sherman D, Dishy V. Aortic stiffness in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Blood Press 2009; 19:11-5. [DOI: 10.3109/08037050903464535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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142
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Henareh L, Jogestrand T, Agewall S. Prothrombin fragment 1+2 is associated with intima media thickness of the carotid artery in patients with myocardial infarction. Thromb Res 2009; 124:526-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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143
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144
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Distensibility of Forearm Veins in Haemodialysis Patients on Duplex Ultrasound Testing Using Three Provocation Methods. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2009; 38:375-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 03/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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145
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Consolim-Colombo FM, Lopes HF, Rosetto EA, Rubira MC, Barreto-Filho JAS, Baruzzi ACA, Rocha NN, Mady C, Irigoyen MC, Krieger EM. Endothelial Function Is Preserved in Chagas' Heart Disease Patients Without Heart Failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:241-6. [PMID: 15763943 DOI: 10.1080/10623320490904106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium may be damaged, especially at the coronary microcirculation, in animal models of Chagas' disease by several mechanisms. Endothelial dysfunction has been reported in chronic Chagas' heart disease patients with heart failure. Nevertheless, peripheral endothelial function has never been studied in patients with Chagas' heart disease without heart failure and other conditions that could per se alter the endothelial function. Endothelial function was evaluated in 9 patients with Chagas' heart disease (44.8 +/- 1.5 years, 5 females, left ventricular ejection fraction > or = 60%) and 10 healthy matched controls (38.6 +/- 5.5 years, 5 females). Extreme caution was exercised to select patients with no other conditions that could per se alter the endothelial function. Forearm blood flow was measured at baseline and during intra-brachial artery infusion of crescent doses of acetylcholine (0.75, 5, and 15 microg/100 mL tissue/min) and nitroprusside (1, 2, and 4 microg/ 100 mL tissue/min), an endothelium-dependent and an endothelium-independent vasoactive drug, respectively. At baseline, blood pressure and heart rate (continuously recorded with Finapress) and the forearm blood flow were similar in both groups. Acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) caused significant and similar dose-dependent increases in forearm blood flow of all subjects: maximum ACh response of 24.8 versus 23.7, and maximum SNP response 24.4 versus 23.7 mL/100 mL tissue/min, respectively, for control and chagasic Groups. No significant systemic hemodynamic changes were observed during the intra-arterial infusion of the drugs. The authors conclude that the peripheral endothelial function is preserved in Chagas' heart disease patients without heart failure.
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Abstract
Increased oxidative stress impairs endothelial function and is thought to mediate vascular disease. Several pathological conditions increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the vascular wall, including hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and hypertension. These conditions are associated with endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Thus, overall vascular function is dependent upon the balance of oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms, which determines endothelial function. Endothelial function is usually defined as nitric oxide (NO) production and/or bioavailability. Because ROS can interact and inactivate NO, vascular oxidative stress can lead to decrease NO bioavailability. This results in endothelial dysfunction and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Several pharmacological approaches have been used to improve endothelial function and decrease oxidative stress. These include treatment modalities that augment the antioxidant defense mechanisms, increase NO production, and inhibit ROS-generating enzymes. This review provides an overview of the relationship between endothelial function and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisakazu Ogita
- Vascular Medicine Research, Department of Medicine, Brigham, & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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147
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148
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Odueyungbo A, Smieja M, Thabane L, Smaill F, Gough K, Gill J, Anderson T, Elston D, Smith S, Beyene J, Lonn E. Comparison of brachial and carotid artery ultrasound for assessing extent of subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV: a prospective cohort study. AIDS Res Ther 2009; 6:11. [PMID: 19519884 PMCID: PMC2708196 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-invasive surrogate measures which are valid and responsive to change are needed to study cardiovascular risks in HIV. We compared the construct validity of two noninvasive arterial measures: carotid intima medial thickness (IMT), which measures anatomic disease; and brachial flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), a measure of endothelial dysfunction. Methods A sample of 257 subjects aged 35 years or older, attending clinics in five Canadian centres, were prospectively recruited into a study of cardiovascular risk among HIV subjects. The relationship between baseline IMT or FMD and traditional vascular risk factors was studied using regression analysis. We analyzed the relationship between progression of IMT or FMD and risk factors using fixed-effects models. We adjusted for use of statin medication and CD4 count in both models. Results Baseline IMT was significantly associated with age (p < 0.001), male gender (p = 0.034), current smoking status (p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001) and total:HDL cholesterol ratio (p = 0.004), but not statin use (p = 0.904) and CD4 count (p = 0.929). IMT progression was significantly associated with age (p < 0.001), male gender (p = 0.0051) and current smoking status (p = 0.011), but not statin use (p = 0.289) and CD4 count (p = 0.927). FMD progression was significantly associated with current statin use (p = 0.019), but not CD4 count (p = 0.84). Neither extent nor progression of FMD was significantly associated with any of the examined vascular risk factors. Conclusion IMT correlates better than FMD with established cardiovascular risk factors in this cohort of HIV patients. Standardization of protocols for FMD and IMT will facilitate the comparison of results across studies.
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149
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Node K, Inoue T. Postprandial hyperglycemia as an etiological factor in vascular failure. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2009; 8:23. [PMID: 19402896 PMCID: PMC2688503 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-8-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hyperglycemia is characterized by hyperglycemic spikes that induce endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress, which may lead to progression of atherosclerosis and occurrence of cardiovascular events. Emerging data indicate that postprandial hyperglycemia or even impaired glucose tolerance may predispose to progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. There is evidence that postprandial hyperglycemia, but not fasting hyperglycemia, independently predicts the occurrence of cardiovascular events. We proposed a concept of 'vascular failure' as a comprehensive syndrome of vascular dysfunction extending from risk factors to advanced atherosclerotic disease. Postprandial hyperglycemia is therefore one of the very important pathophysiological states contributing to vascular failure. Accordingly, controlling postprandial hyperglycemia should be the focus of future clinical investigation as a potential target for preventing vascular failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Node
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan.
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150
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Beer S, Feihl F, Ruiz J, Juhan-Vague I, Aillaud MF, Wetzel SG, Liaudet L, Gaillard RC, Waeber B. Comparison of skin microvascular reactivity with hemostatic markers of endothelial dysfunction and damage in type 2 diabetes. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009; 4:1449-58. [PMID: 19337558 PMCID: PMC2663449 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s4175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) are at increased cardiovascular risk due to an accelerated atherosclerotic process. The present study aimed to compare skin microvascular function, pulse wave velocity (PWV), and a variety of hemostatic markers of endothelium injury [von Willebrand factor (vWF), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and the soluble form of thrombomodulin (s-TM)] in patients with NIDDM. Methods: 54 patients with NIDDM and 38 sex- and age-matched controls were studied. 27 diabetics had no overt micro- and/or macrovascular complications, while the remainder had either or both. The forearm skin blood flow was assessed by laser-Doppler imaging, which allowed the measurement of the response to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine (endothelium-dependent vasodilation) and sodium nitroprusside (endothelium-independent vasodilation), as well as the reactive hyperemia triggered by the transient occlusion of the circulation. Results: Both endothelial and non-endothelial reactivity were significantly blunted in diabetics, regardless of the presence or the absence of vascular complications. Plasma vWF, TFPI and s-TM levels were significantly increased compared with controls only in patients exhibiting vascular complications. Concentrations of t-PA and PAI-1 were significantly increased in the two groups of diabetics versus controls. Conclusion: In NIDDM, both endothelium-dependent and -independent microvascular skin reactivity are impaired, whether or not underlying vascular complications exist. It also appears that microvascular endothelial dysfunction is not necessarily associated in NIDDM with increased circulating levels of hemostatic markers of endothelial damage known to reflect a hypercoagulable state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Beer
- Division de Physiopathologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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