101
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Ashhad S, Narayanan R. Stores, Channels, Glue, and Trees: Active Glial and Active Dendritic Physiology. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:2278-2299. [PMID: 30014322 PMCID: PMC6394607 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells and neuronal dendrites were historically assumed to be passive structures that play only supportive physiological roles, with no active contribution to information processing in the central nervous system. Research spanning the past few decades has clearly established this assumption to be far from physiological realities. Whereas the discovery of active channel conductances and their localized plasticity was the turning point for dendritic structures, the demonstration that glial cells release transmitter molecules and communicate across the neuroglia syncytium through calcium wave propagation constituted path-breaking discoveries for glial cell physiology. An additional commonality between these two structures is the ability of calcium stores within their endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to support active propagation of calcium waves, which play crucial roles in the spatiotemporal integration of information within and across cells. Although there have been several demonstrations of regulatory roles of glial cells and dendritic structures in achieving common physiological goals such as information propagation and adaptability through plasticity, studies assessing physiological interactions between these two active structures have been few and far. This lacuna is especially striking given the strong connectivity that is known to exist between these two structures through several complex and tightly intercoupled mechanisms that also recruit their respective ER structures. In this review, we present brief overviews of the parallel literatures on active dendrites and active glial physiology and make a strong case for future studies to directly assess the strong interactions between these two structures in regulating physiology and pathophysiology of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufyan Ashhad
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rishikesh Narayanan
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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102
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Glial ensheathment of the somatodendritic compartment regulates sensory neuron structure and activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5126-5134. [PMID: 30804200 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814456116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons perceive environmental cues and are important of organismal survival. Peripheral sensory neurons interact intimately with glial cells. While the function of axonal ensheathment by glia is well studied, less is known about the functional significance of glial interaction with the somatodendritic compartment of neurons. Herein, we show that three distinct glia cell types differentially wrap around the axonal and somatodendritic surface of the polymodal dendritic arborization (da) neuron of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system for detection of thermal, mechanical, and light stimuli. We find that glial cell-specific loss of the chromatin modifier gene dATRX in the subperineurial glial layer leads to selective elimination of somatodendritic glial ensheathment, thus allowing us to investigate the function of such ensheathment. We find that somatodendritic glial ensheathment regulates the morphology of the dendritic arbor, as well as the activity of the sensory neuron, in response to sensory stimuli. Additionally, glial ensheathment of the neuronal soma influences dendritic regeneration after injury.
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103
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Salvo E, Saraithong P, Curtin JG, Janal MN, Ye Y. Reciprocal interactions between cancer and Schwann cells contribute to oral cancer progression and pain. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01223. [PMID: 30815600 PMCID: PMC6378335 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (oral SCC) decreases quality of life and survival. The interaction between cancer and the peripheral nerves is known to initiate and amplify pain and contribute to carcinogenesis. Schwann cells envelop peripheral nerves and are activated in response to neuronal damage. The contributions of Schwann cells to oral SCC progression and pain are unknown. Using a non-contact co-culture model, we demonstrate that Schwann cells (RSC-96) and oral SCC cells (HSC-3) reciprocally interact to promote proliferation, migration, and invasion. Schwann cell-oral SCC interaction leads to increased production of adenosine, which stimulates cell proliferation and migration of both cell types. The adenosine receptor A2B (ADORA2B) is expressed on RSC-96 cells. We show that supernatant from the RSC-96 cells co-cultured with HSC-3 cells induces increased mechanical hypersensitivity in mice compared to supernatant from control RSC-96 cells. Treatment with the ADORA2B antagonist PSB603 significantly inhibits co-culture interactions - proliferation and migration, and co-culture supernatant induced mechanical hypersensitivity. RSC-96 cells co-cultured with HSC-3 cells secrete increased amounts of the pronociceptive mediator, interleukin-6 (IL-6), which can be reduced by adding PSB603 into the co-culture. Our data support a reciprocal interaction between oral SCC and Schwann cells mediated by adenosine with potential to promote oral SCC progression and pain via increased secretion of IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Salvo
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Prakaimuk Saraithong
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Jared G. Curtin
- DDS Program, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Malvin N. Janal
- Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Yi Ye
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
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104
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de Faria O, Gonsalvez DG, Nicholson M, Xiao J. Activity-dependent central nervous system myelination throughout life. J Neurochem 2019; 148:447-461. [PMID: 30225984 PMCID: PMC6587454 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Myelin, the multilayered membrane surrounding many axons in the nervous system, increases the speed by which electrical signals travel along axons and facilitates neuronal communication between distant regions of the nervous system. However, how neuronal signals influence the myelinating process in the CNS is still largely unclear. Recent studies have significantly advanced this understanding, identifying important roles for neuronal activity in controlling oligodendrocyte development and their capacity of producing myelin in both developing and mature CNS. Here, we review these recent advances, and discuss potential mechanisms underpinning activity-dependent myelination and how remyelination may be stimulated via manipulating axonal activity, raising new questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar de Faria
- Wellcome Trust MRC Stem Cell Institute & Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David G. Gonsalvez
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of MedicineDentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Madeline Nicholson
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of MedicineDentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of MedicineDentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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105
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Yamazaki Y. Oligodendrocyte Physiology Modulating Axonal Excitability and Nerve Conduction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:123-144. [PMID: 31760642 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes enable saltatory conduction by forming a myelin sheath around axons, dramatically boosts action potential conduction velocity. In addition to this canonical function of oligodendrocytes, it is now known that oligodendrocytes can respond to neuronal activity and regulate axonal conduction. Importantly, white matter plasticity, including adaptive responses by oligodendrocytes, has been shown to be involved in learning and memory. In this chapter, the role of oligodendrocytes in axonal conduction and axonal excitability will be reviewed. Focus will be paid to the mechanisms through which oligodendrocytes, including perineuronal oligodendrocytes, facilitate and suppress axonal conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Yamazaki
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
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106
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Abstract
Oligodendrocyte form myelin around the axons to regulate the conduction velocity. Myelinated axons are composed of white matter to act as cables to connect distinct brain regions. Recent human MRI studies showed that the signal from white matter change in the people with special skills such as taxi driver, piano player, and juggling. The change of the white matter suggested that (1) The plasticity of myelination depends on neuronal activity (activity-dependent myelination) and (2) White matter plasticity is essential for brain functions. In this session, we discussed that how the un-electrical components, oligodendrocytes, and its precursor cells receive the signal from electrically active neurons and differentiate, proliferate, and myelinate the axons to modulate the activity of neuronal circuits, ultimately affect on their behaviors. In this review, we highlight the physiological functions of oligodendrocyte and their neuronal activity-dependent functions and thus show new insight for their contribution to brain functions.
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107
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Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the CNS, producing the insulating myelin sheath that facilitates rapid electrical conduction of axonal action potentials. Oligodendrocytes arise from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) under the control of multiple factors, including neurotransmitters and other neuron-derived factors. A significant population of OPCs persists in the adult CNS, where they are often referred to as NG2-glia, because they are identified by their expression of the NG2 chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG4). In the adult brain, the primary function of NG2-glia is the life-long generation of oligodendrocytes to replace myelin lost through natural 'wear and tear' and pathology, as well as to provide new oligodendrocytes to myelinate new connections formed in response to new life experiences. NG2-glia contact synapses and respond to neurotransmitters and potassium released during neuronal transmission; to this end, NG2-glia (OPCs) express multiple neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels, with prominent roles being identified for glutamatergic signalling and potassium channels in oligodendrocyte differentiation. Myelinating oligodendrocytes also express a wide range of neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels, together with transporters and gap junctions; together, these have critical functions in cellular ion and water homeostasis, as well as metabolism, which is essential for maintaining myelin and axon integrity. An overriding theme is that oligodendrocyte function and myelination is not only essential for rapid axonal conduction, but is essential for learning and the long-term integrity of axons and neurones. Hence, myelination underpins cognitive function and the massive computing power of the human brain and myelin loss has devastating effects on CNS function. This chapter focuses on normal oligodendrocyte physiology.
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108
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Silver nanoparticles conjugated with Neurotrophin 3 upregulate myelin gene transcription pathway. J Theor Biol 2018; 459:111-118. [PMID: 30268839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical modeling is the art of converting problems from the biological area into handy mathematical formulations whose theoretical and numerical analysis provides understandings about the directions and solutions to the particular problem. Recently, the combination therapy treatments have been revealed exceptionally fruitful by using mathematical modeling technique. The human nervous system is composed of axons, covered by the myelin sheath. Axons carry signals and promote myelin development. The abnormalities in myelination formation due to mutations in myelin gene result in memory disorders and impaired cognitive activities. The ERBb gene family is responsible for causing abnormalities in myelin gene. Using this knowledge, the pathway of mutated myelin gene was retrieved and its model was developed. Modeling and simulation analysis was performed to determine the level of expression of several genes. The Neurotrophin 3 ligand-coated with silver nanoparticle was induced in the model to normalize the transcription of myelin gene. It was observed that the myelin gene expression level increases from 0 after two days of NT3 induction and reaches to the maximum level on the 10th day of drug induction along with an increase in ERBb expression. This research work can be used in the future as a part of drug discovery and formulation.
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109
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Shen HY, Huang N, Reemmer J, Xiao L. Adenosine Actions on Oligodendroglia and Myelination in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:482. [PMID: 30581380 PMCID: PMC6292987 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the most commonly diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder. Independent of neuronal dysfunction, ASD and its associated comorbidities have been linked to hypomyelination and oligodendroglial dysfunction. Additionally, the neuromodulator adenosine has been shown to affect certain ASD comorbidities and symptoms, such as epilepsy, impairment of cognitive function, and anxiety. Adenosine is both directly and indirectly responsible for regulating the development of oligodendroglia and myelination through its interaction with, and modulation of, several neurotransmitters, including glutamate, dopamine, and serotonin. In this review, we will focus on the recent discoveries in adenosine interaction with physiological and pathophysiological activities of oligodendroglia and myelination, as well as ASD-related aspects of adenosine actions on neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. Moreover, we will discuss the potential therapeutic value and clinical approaches of adenosine manipulation against hypomyelination in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ying Shen
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Department, Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Nanxin Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jesica Reemmer
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Department, Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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110
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Coover RA, Healy TE, Guo L, Chaney KE, Hennigan RF, Thomson CS, Aschbacher-Smith LE, Jankowski MP, Ratner N. Tonic ATP-mediated growth suppression in peripheral nerve glia requires arrestin-PP2 and is evaded in NF1. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:127. [PMID: 30470263 PMCID: PMC6251093 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal Schwann cells (SCs) are quiescent in adult nerves, when ATP is released from the nerve in an activity dependent manner. We find that suppressing nerve activity in adult nerves causes SC to enter the cell cycle. In vitro, ATP activates the SC G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) P2Y2. Downstream of P2Y2, β-arrestin-mediated signaling results in PP2-mediated de-phosphorylation of AKT, and PP2 activity is required for SC growth suppression. NF1 deficient SC show reduced growth suppression by ATP, and are resistant to the effects of β-arrestin-mediated signaling, including PP2-mediated de-phosphorylation of AKT. In patients with the disorder Neurofibromatosis type 1, NF1 mutant SCs proliferate and form SC tumors called neurofibromas. Elevating ATP levels in vivo reduced neurofibroma cell proliferation. Thus, the low proliferation characteristic of differentiated adult peripheral nerve may require ongoing, nerve activity-dependent, ATP. Additionally, we identify a mechanism through which NF1 SCs may evade growth suppression in nerve tumors.
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111
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Chorghay Z, Káradóttir RT, Ruthazer ES. White Matter Plasticity Keeps the Brain in Tune: Axons Conduct While Glia Wrap. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:428. [PMID: 30519159 PMCID: PMC6251003 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise timing of neuronal inputs is crucial for brain circuit function and development, where it contributes critically to experience-dependent plasticity. Myelination therefore provides an important adaptation mechanism for vertebrate circuits. Despite its importance to circuit activity, the interplay between neuronal activity and myelination has yet to be fully elucidated. In recent years, significant attention has been devoted to uncovering and explaining the phenomenon of white matter (WM) plasticity. Here, we summarize some of the critical evidence for modulation of the WM by neuronal activity, ranging from human diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies to experiments in animal models. These experiments reveal activity-dependent changes in the differentiation and proliferation of the oligodendrocyte lineage, and in the critical properties of the myelin sheaths. We discuss the implications of such changes for synaptic function and plasticity, and present the underlying mechanisms of neuron–glia communication, with a focus on glutamatergic signaling and the axomyelinic synapse. Finally, we examine evidence that myelin plasticity may be subject to critical periods. Taken together, the present review aims to provide insights into myelination in the context of brain circuit formation and function, emphasizing the bidirectional interplay between neurons and myelinating glial cells to better inform future investigations of nervous system plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Chorghay
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ragnhildur Thóra Káradóttir
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward S Ruthazer
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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112
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Mata-Mbemba D, Iimura Y, Hazrati LN, Ochi A, Otsubo H, Snead OC, Rutka J, Widjaja E. MRI, Magnetoencephalography, and Surgical Outcome of Oligodendrocytosis versus Focal Cortical Dysplasia Type I. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 39:2371-2377. [PMID: 30442696 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Abnormalities of oligodendrocytes have been reported in surgical specimens of patients with medically intractable epilepsy. The aim of this study was to compare the MR imaging, magnetoencephalography, and surgical outcome of children with oligodendrocytosis relative to focal cortical dysplasia I. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oligodendrocytosis included oligodendroglial hyperplasia, oligodendrogliosis, and oligodendroglial-like cells in the white matter, gray matter, or both from children with medically intractable epilepsy. Focal cortical dysplasia I included radial and tangential cortical dyslamination. The MR imaging, magnetoencephalography, type of operation, location, and seizure outcome of oligodendrocytosis, focal cortical dysplasia I, and oligodendrocytosis + focal cortical dysplasia I were compared. RESULTS Eighteen subjects (39.1%) had oligodendrocytosis, 21 (45.7%) had focal cortical dysplasia I, and 7 (15.2%) had oligodendrocytosis + focal cortical dysplasia I. There were no significant differences in the type of seizures, focal or nonfocal epileptiform discharges, magnetoencephalography, and MR imaging features, including high T1 signal in the cortex, high T2/FLAIR signal in the cortex or subcortical white matter, increased cortical thickness, blurring of the gray-white junction, or abnormal sulcation and gyration among those with oligodendrocytosis, focal cortical dysplasia I, or oligodendrocytosis + focal cortical dysplasia I (P > .01). There were no significant differences in the extent of resection (unilobar versus multilobar versus hemispherectomy), location of the operation (temporal versus extratemporal versus both), or seizure-free outcome of oligodendrocytosis, focal cortical dysplasia I, and oligodendrocytosis + focal cortical dysplasia I (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Oligodendrocytosis shared MR imaging and magnetoencephalography features with focal cortical dysplasia I, and multilobar resection was frequently required to achieve seizure freedom. In 15% of cases, concurrent oligodendrocytosis and focal cortical dysplasia I were identified. The findings suggest that oligodendrocytosis may represent a mild spectrum of malformations of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mata-Mbemba
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (D.M.-M., E.W.)
| | - Y Iimura
- Division of Neurology (Y.I., A.O., H.O., O.C.S., E.W.)
| | | | - A Ochi
- Division of Neurology (Y.I., A.O., H.O., O.C.S., E.W.)
| | - H Otsubo
- Division of Neurology (Y.I., A.O., H.O., O.C.S., E.W.)
| | - O C Snead
- Division of Neurology (Y.I., A.O., H.O., O.C.S., E.W.)
| | - J Rutka
- Neurosurgery (J.R.), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Widjaja
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (D.M.-M., E.W.) .,Division of Neurology (Y.I., A.O., H.O., O.C.S., E.W.)
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113
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Wellman SM, Cambi F, Kozai TD. The role of oligodendrocytes and their progenitors on neural interface technology: A novel perspective on tissue regeneration and repair. Biomaterials 2018; 183:200-217. [PMID: 30172245 PMCID: PMC6469877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes and their precursors are critical glial facilitators of neurophysiology, which is responsible for cognition and behavior. Devices that are used to interface with the brain allow for a more in-depth analysis of how neurons and these glia synergistically modulate brain activity. As projected by the BRAIN Initiative, technologies that acquire a high resolution and robust sampling of neural signals can provide a greater insight in both the healthy and diseased brain and support novel discoveries previously unobtainable with the current state of the art. However, a complex series of inflammatory events triggered during device insertion impede the potential applications of implanted biosensors. Characterizing the biological mechanisms responsible for the degradation of intracortical device performance will guide novel biomaterial and tissue regenerative approaches to rehabilitate the brain following injury. Glial subtypes which assist with neuronal survival and exchange of electrical signals, mainly oligodendrocytes, their precursors, and the insulating myelin membranes they produce, are sensitive to inflammation commonly induced from insults to the brain. This review explores essential physiological roles facilitated by oligodendroglia and their precursors and provides insight into their pathology following neurodegenerative injury and disease. From this knowledge, inferences can be made about the impact of device implantation on these supportive glia in order to engineer effective strategies that can attenuate their responses, enhance the efficacy of neural interfacing technology, and provide a greater understanding of the challenges that impede wound healing and tissue regeneration during pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Wellman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Franca Cambi
- Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Takashi Dy Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA; NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, USA.
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114
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Hackett TA. Adenosine A 1 Receptor mRNA Expression by Neurons and Glia in the Auditory Forebrain. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1882-1905. [PMID: 30315630 PMCID: PMC6282551 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, purines such as ATP and adenosine can function as neurotransmitters and co‐transmitters, or serve as signals in neuron–glial interactions. In thalamocortical (TC) projections to sensory cortex, adenosine functions as a negative regulator of glutamate release via activation of the presynaptic adenosine A1 receptor (A1R). In the auditory forebrain, restriction of A1R‐adenosine signaling in medial geniculate (MG) neurons is sufficient to extend LTP, LTD, and tonotopic map plasticity in adult mice for months beyond the critical period. Interfering with adenosine signaling in primary auditory cortex (A1) does not contribute to these forms of plasticity, suggesting regional differences in the roles of A1R‐mediated adenosine signaling in the forebrain. To advance understanding of the circuitry, in situ hybridization was used to localize neuronal and glial cell types in the auditory forebrain that express A1R transcripts (Adora1), based on co‐expression with cell‐specific markers for neuronal and glial subtypes. In A1, Adora1 transcripts were concentrated in L3/4 and L6 of glutamatergic neurons. Subpopulations of GABAergic neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia expressed lower levels of Adora1. In MG, Adora1 was expressed by glutamatergic neurons in all divisions, and subpopulations of all glial classes. The collective findings imply that A1R‐mediated signaling broadly extends to all subdivisions of auditory cortex and MG. Selective expression by neuronal and glial subpopulations suggests that experimental manipulations of A1R‐adenosine signaling could impact several cell types, depending on their location. Strategies to target Adora1 in specific cell types can be developed from the data generated here. Anat Rec, 301:1882–1905, 2018. © 2018 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A Hackett
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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115
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Treichel AJ, Hines JH. Development of an Embryonic Zebrafish Oligodendrocyte-Neuron Mixed Coculture System. Zebrafish 2018; 15:586-596. [PMID: 30300571 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2018.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate neural development, oligodendrocytes insulate nerve axons with myelin sheaths. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a useful model organism for studying oligodendrocyte development. However, the absence of an in vitro culture system necessitates in vivo manipulations and analyses, which, in some instances, limits the questions that can be addressed. To fill this gap we developed a mixed coculture system for embryonic zebrafish neurons and oligodendrocyte-lineage cells. Cultures harvested from embryos ≥30 hours postfertilization (hpf) yielded oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) positive for olig2 and sox10 transgenic reporters. Cultured OPCs exhibited dynamic, exploratory membrane processes, and cell morphologies resembled those established in vivo. Cells harvested from advanced stage embryos possessed more arborized processes than those from early stage embryos. Advanced stage (>60 hpf) embryo culture produced differentiated, mbp+ oligodendrocytes. Genetically tractable neuron subtypes extended neurites when harvested from embryos ≥19 hpf. Coculture produced juxtaposed oligodendrocytes and neurons, demonstrating the practical usefulness of this technique for future studies examining axon-oligodendrocyte interactions under defined conditions. We expect that zebrafish oligodendrocyte culture will complement existing in vivo strengths and may facilitate future studies elucidating the mechanisms of oligodendrocyte specification, proliferation, differentiation, motility, and axon-oligodendrocyte interactions that shape adult myelination patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob H Hines
- Department of Biology, Winona State University , Winona, Minnesota
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116
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Zhang J, Yang L, Fang Z, Kong J, Huang Q, Xu H. Adenosine Promotes the Recovery of Mice from the Cuprizone-Induced Behavioral and Morphological Changes while Effecting on Microglia and Inflammatory Cytokines in the Brain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:412-425. [PMID: 30069711 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that multiple sclerosis (MS) and schizophrenia share similarities in some respects, including white matter damage and neuroinflammation. On the other hand, adenosine was reported to promote oligodendrocyte precursor maturation and remyelinating while influencing microglia activation. The aim of the present study was to examine possible beneficial effects of adenosine on the recovery of cuprizone (CPZ)-exposed mouse which has been used as an animal model of MS and schizophrenia as the CPZ-exposed mouse presents demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, microglia accumulation, as well as behavioral changes. As reported previously, C57BL/6 mice, after fed CPZ for 5 weeks, showed salient demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss in the cerebral cortex (CTX) and hippocampus, in addition to displaying anxiety-like behavior, spatial working memory deficit, and social interaction impairment. Administration of adenosine for 7 days during the recovery period after CPZ withdrawal promoted the behavioral recovery of CPZ-exposed mice and accelerated the remyelinating process in the brains of mice after CPZ withdrawal in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the effective dose (10 mg/kg) of adenosine inhibited microglia activation and suppressed abnormal elevation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in CTX and hippocampus, but increased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 or IL-10 in the same brain regions during the remyelinating process. These results provided an evidence-based rationale for the application of adenosine or its analogues as add-on therapy for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Zhang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Liu Yang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zeman Fang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Qingjun Huang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - Haiyun Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
- Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
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117
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Polachini CRN, Spanevello RM, Schetinger MRC, Morsch VM. Cholinergic and purinergic systems: A key to multiple sclerosis? J Neurol Sci 2018; 392:8-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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118
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LoPresti P. Tau in Oligodendrocytes Takes Neurons in Sickness and in Health. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082408. [PMID: 30111714 PMCID: PMC6121290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLGs), the myelin-forming cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are lifelong partners of neurons. They adjust to the functional demands of neurons over the course of a lifetime to meet the functional needs of a healthy CNS. When this functional interplay breaks down, CNS degeneration follows. OLG processes are essential features for OLGs being able to connect with the neurons. As many as fifty cellular processes from a single OLG reach and wrap an equal number of axonal segments. The cellular processes extend to meet and wrap axonal segments with myelin. Further, transport regulation, which is critical for myelination, takes place within the cellular processes. Because the microtubule-associated protein tau plays a crucial role in cellular process extension and myelination, alterations of tau in OLGs have deleterious effects, resulting in neuronal malfunction and CNS degeneration. Here, we review current concepts on the lifelong role of OLGs and myelin for brain health and plasticity. We present key studies of tau in OLGs and select important studies of tau in neurons. The extensive work on tau in neurons has considerably advanced our understanding of how tau promotes either health or disease. Because OLGs are crucial to neuronal health at any age, an understanding of the functions and regulation of tau in OLGs could uncover new therapeutics for selective CNS neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia LoPresti
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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119
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Marin MA, Carmichael ST. Stroke in CNS white matter: Models and mechanisms. Neurosci Lett 2018; 684:193-199. [PMID: 30098384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
White matter stroke (WMS) is a debilitating disorder, which is characterized by the formation of ischemic lesions along subcortical white matter tracts of the central nervous system. Initial infarction during the early stages of the disease is often asymptomatic and is thus considered a form of silent stroke. However, over time lesions accumulate, resulting in severe cognitive and motor decline of which there are no known therapies. Functional imaging and post mortem analysis of patients demonstrates a loss of oligodendrocytes and the subsequent damage of myelin as a primary hallmark of WMS lesions. Though the adult mammalian brain maintains the capacity to regenerate adult oligodendrocytes, this process is blocked in the infarcted white matter thereby preventing remyelination. Recent evidence suggests that activation of neural circuits via motor training or direct stimulation drives oligodendrogenesis and de novo myelin synthesis, opening a potential avenue for therapy in WMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alejandro Marin
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 9009, United States.
| | - S Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 9009, United States.
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120
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Singh DK, Ling EA, Kaur C. Hypoxia and myelination deficits in the developing brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 70:3-11. [PMID: 29964158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelination is a complex and orderly process during brain development that is essential for normal motor, cognitive and sensory functions. Cellular and molecular interactions between myelin-forming oligodendrocytes and axons are required for normal myelination in the developing brain. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) proliferate and differentiate into mature myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. In this connection, astrocytes and microglia are also involved in survival and proliferation of OPCs. Hypoxic insults during the perinatal period affect the normal development, differentiation and maturation of the OPCs or cause their death resulting in impaired myelination. Several factors such as augmented release of proinflammatory cytokines by activated microglia and astrocytes, extracellular accumulation of excess glutamate and increased levels of nitric oxide are some of the underlying factors for hypoxia induced damage to the OPCs. Additionally, hypoxia also leads to down-regulation of several genes involved in oligodendrocyte differentiation encoding proteolipid protein, platelet-derived growth factor receptor and myelin-associated glycoprotein in the developing brain. Furthermore, oligodendrocytes may also accumulate increased amounts of iron in hypoxic conditions that triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress, misfolding of proteins and generation of reactive oxygen species that ultimately would lead to myelination deficits. More in-depth studies to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the inability of oligodendrocytes to myelinate the developing brain in hypoxic insults are desirable to develop new therapeutic options or strategies for myelination deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Kumar Singh
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD10, 4 Medical drive, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD10, 4 Medical drive, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD10, 4 Medical drive, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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121
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Rungta RL, Chaigneau E, Osmanski BF, Charpak S. Vascular Compartmentalization of Functional Hyperemia from the Synapse to the Pia. Neuron 2018; 99:362-375.e4. [PMID: 29937277 PMCID: PMC6069674 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional hyperemia, a regional increase of blood flow triggered by local neural activation, is used to map brain activity in health and disease. However, the spatial-temporal dynamics of functional hyperemia remain unclear. Two-photon imaging of the entire vascular arbor in NG2-creERT2;GCaMP6f mice shows that local synaptic activation, measured via oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) Ca2+ signaling, generates a synchronous Ca2+ drop in pericytes and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) enwrapping all upstream vessels feeding the activated synapses. Surprisingly, the onset timing, direction, and amplitude of vessel diameter and blood velocity changes vary dramatically from juxta-synaptic capillaries back to the pial arteriole. These results establish a precise spatial-temporal sequence of vascular changes triggered by neural activity and essential for the interpretation of blood-flow-based imaging techniques such as BOLD-fMRI. Odor triggers rapid Ca2+ elevations in OPC process that are input specific All pericyte subtypes and SMCs respond to downstream synaptic activation Synchronous mural cell activation is associated with heterogeneous local hemodynamics The arteriole and first-order capillary dilate first and form the primary functional unit
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi L Rungta
- INSERM U1128, Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopy, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75006, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Chaigneau
- INSERM U1128, Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopy, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75006, France
| | - Bruno-Félix Osmanski
- INSERM U1128, Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopy, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75006, France
| | - Serge Charpak
- INSERM U1128, Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopy, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75006, France.
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122
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Santos AK, Vieira MS, Vasconcellos R, Goulart VAM, Kihara AH, Resende RR. Decoding cell signalling and regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 95:54-73. [PMID: 29782926 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are fundamental for the functioning of the nervous system; they participate in several cellular processes, including axonal myelination and metabolic maintenance for astrocytes and neurons. In the mammalian nervous system, they are produced through waves of proliferation and differentiation, which occur during embryogenesis. However, oligodendrocytes and their precursors continue to be generated during adulthood from specific niches of stem cells that were not recruited during development. Deficiencies in the formation and maturation of these cells can generate pathologies mainly related to myelination. Understanding the mechanisms involved in oligodendrocyte development, from the precursor to mature cell level, will allow inferring therapies and treatments for associated pathologies and disorders. Such mechanisms include cell signalling pathways that involve many growth factors, small metabolic molecules, non-coding RNAs, and transcription factors, as well as specific elements of the extracellular matrix, which act in a coordinated temporal and spatial manner according to a given stimulus. Deciphering those aspects will allow researchers to replicate them in vitro in a controlled environment and thus mimic oligodendrocyte maturation to understand the role of oligodendrocytes in myelination in pathologies and normal conditions. In this study, we review these aspects, based on the most recent in vivo and in vitro data on oligodendrocyte generation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M S Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nanocell, Rua Santo Antônio, 420, 35500-041 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - R Vasconcellos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nanocell, Rua Santo Antônio, 420, 35500-041 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - V A M Goulart
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - A H Kihara
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - R R Resende
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nanocell, Rua Santo Antônio, 420, 35500-041 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
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123
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Kurth S, Riedner BA, Dean DC, O'Muircheartaigh J, Huber R, Jenni OG, Deoni SCL, LeBourgeois MK. Traveling Slow Oscillations During Sleep: A Marker of Brain Connectivity in Childhood. Sleep 2018; 40:3953857. [PMID: 28934529 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow oscillations, a defining characteristic of the nonrapid eye movement sleep electroencephalogram (EEG), proliferate across the scalp in highly reproducible patterns. In adults, the propagation of slow oscillations is a recognized fingerprint of brain connectivity and excitability. In this study, we (1) describe for the first time maturational features of sleep slow oscillation propagation in children (n = 23; 2-13 years) using high-density (hd) EEG and (2) examine associations between sleep slow oscillatory propagation characteristics (ie, distance, traveling speed, cortical involvement) and white matter myelin microstructure as measured with multicomponent Driven Equilibrium Single Pulse Observation of T1 and T2-magnetic resonance imaging (mcDESPOT-MRI). Results showed that with increasing age, slow oscillations propagated across longer distances (average growth of 0.2 cm per year; R(21) = 0.50, p < .05), while traveling speed and cortical involvement (ie, slow oscillation expanse) remained unchanged across childhood. Cortical involvement (R(20) = 0.44) and slow oscillation speed (R(20) = -0.47; both p < .05, corrected for age) were associated with myelin content in the superior longitudinal fascicle, the largest anterior-posterior, intrahemispheric white matter connectivity tract. Furthermore, slow oscillation distance was moderately associated with whole-brain (R(21) = 0.46, p < .05) and interhemispheric myelin content, the latter represented by callosal myelin water fraction (R(21) = 0.54, p < .01, uncorrected). Thus, we demonstrate age-related changes in slow oscillation propagation distance, as well as regional associations between brain activity during sleep and the anatomical connectivity of white matter microstructure. Our findings make an important contribution to knowledge of the brain connectome using a noninvasive and novel analytic approach. These data also have implications for understanding the emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders and the role of sleep in brain maturation trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Kurth
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Clinical Research Priority Program Sleep and Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brady A Riedner
- Center for Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Douglas C Dean
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Reto Huber
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oskar G Jenni
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sean C L Deoni
- Advanced Baby Imaging Lab, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Monique K LeBourgeois
- Sleep and Development Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
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124
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Káradóttir RT, Kuo CT. Neuronal Activity-Dependent Control of Postnatal Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis. Annu Rev Neurosci 2018; 41:139-161. [PMID: 29618286 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The addition of new neurons and oligodendroglia in the postnatal and adult mammalian brain presents distinct forms of gray and white matter plasticity. Substantial effort has been devoted to understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling postnatal neurogenesis and gliogenesis, revealing important parallels to principles governing the embryonic stages. While during central nervous system development, scripted temporal and spatial patterns of neural and glial progenitor proliferation and differentiation are necessary to create the nervous system architecture, it remains unclear what driving forces maintain and sustain postnatal neural stem cell (NSC) and oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) production of new neurons and glia. In recent years, neuronal activity has been identified as an important modulator of these processes. Using the distinct properties of neurotransmitter ionotropic and metabotropic channels to signal downstream cellular events, NSCs and OPCs share common features in their readout of neuronal activity patterns. Here we review the current evidence for neuronal activity-dependent control of NSC/OPC proliferation and differentiation in the postnatal brain, highlight some potential mechanisms used by the two progenitor populations, and discuss future studies that might advance these research areas further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnhildur T Káradóttir
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom; .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Chay T Kuo
- Departments of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; .,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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125
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Hammann J, Bassetti D, White R, Luhmann HJ, Kirischuk S. α2 isoform of Na +,K +-ATPase via Na +,Ca 2+ exchanger modulates myelin basic protein synthesis in oligodendrocyte lineage cells in vitro. Cell Calcium 2018; 73:1-10. [PMID: 29880193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes in the CNS myelinate neuronal axons, facilitating rapid propagation of action potentials. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is an essential component of myelin and its absence results in severe hypomyelination. In oligodendrocyte lineage cell (OLC) monocultures MBP synthesis starts at DIV4. Ouabain (10 nM), a Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA) blocker, stimulates MBP synthesis. As OLCs express the α2 isoform of NKA (α2-NKA) that has a high affinity for ouabain, we hypothesized that α2-NKA mediates this effect. Knockdown of α2-NKA with small interfering (si)RNA (α2-siRNA) significantly potentiated MBP synthesis at DIV4 and 5. This effect was completely blocked by KB-R7943 (1 μM), a Na+,Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) antagonist. α2-NKA ablation increased the frequency of NCX-mediated spontaneous Ca2+ transients ([Ca2+]t) at DIV4, whereas in control OLC cultures comparable frequency of [Ca2+]t was observed at DIV5. At DIV6 almost no [Ca2+]t were observed either in control or in α2-siRNA-treated cultures. Immunocytochemical analyses showed that α2-NKA co-localizes with MBP in proximal processes of immature OLCs but is only weakly present in MBP-enriched membrane sheets. Knockdown of α2-NKA in cortical slice cultures did not change MBP levels but reduced co-localization of neurofilament- and MBP-positive compartments. We conclude that α2-NKA activity in OLCs affects NCX-mediated [Ca2+]t and the onset of MBP synthesis. We suggest therefore that neuronal activity, presumably in form of local extracellular [K+] changes, might locally influence NCX-mediated [Ca2+]t in OLC processes thus triggering local MBP synthesis in the vicinity of an active axon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hammann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Davide Bassetti
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robin White
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergei Kirischuk
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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126
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Welsh TG, Kucenas S. Purinergic signaling in oligodendrocyte development and function. J Neurochem 2018; 145:6-18. [PMID: 29377124 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myelin, an insulating membrane that enables rapid action potential propagation, is an essential component of an efficient, functional vertebrate nervous system. Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating glia of the central nervous system (CNS), produce myelin throughout the CNS, which requires continuous proliferation, migration, and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Because myelination is essential for efficient neurotransmission, researchers hypothesize that neuronal signals may regulate the cascade of events necessary for this process. The ability of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells to detect and respond to neuronal activity is becoming increasingly appreciated, although the specific signals involved are still a matter of debate. Recent evidence from multiple studies points to purinergic signaling as a potential regulator of oligodendrocyte development and differentiation. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its derivatives are potent signaling ligands with receptors expressed on many populations of cells in the nervous system, including cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Release of ATP into the extracellular space can initiate a multitude of signaling events, and these downstream signals are specific to the particular purinergic receptor (or receptors) expressed, and whether enzymes are present to hydrolyze ATP to its derivatives adenosine diphosphate and adenosine, each of which can activate their own unique downstream signaling cascades. This review will introduce purinergic signaling in the CNS and discuss evidence for its effects on oligodendrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and myelination. We will review sources of extracellular purines in the nervous system and how changes in purinergic receptor expression may be coupled to oligodendrocyte differentiation. We will also briefly discuss purinergic signaling in injury and diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor G Welsh
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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127
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Bechler ME, Swire M, ffrench‐Constant C. Intrinsic and adaptive myelination-A sequential mechanism for smart wiring in the brain. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:68-79. [PMID: 28834358 PMCID: PMC5813148 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The concept of adaptive myelination-myelin plasticity regulated by activity-is an important advance for the field. What signals set up the adaptable pattern in the first place? Here we review work that demonstrates an intrinsic pathway within oligodendrocytes requiring only an axon-shaped substrate to generate multilayered and compacted myelin sheaths of a physiological length. Based on this, we discuss a model we proposed in 2015 which argues that myelination has two phases-intrinsic and then adaptive-which together generate "smart wiring," in which active axons become more myelinated. This model explains why prior studies have failed to identify a signal necessary for central nervous system myelination and argues that myelination, like synapses, might contribute to learning by the activity-dependent modification of an initially hard-wired pattern. © 2017 The Authors. Developmental Neurobiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 68-79, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E. Bechler
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France DriveEdinburghEH16 4UUUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew Swire
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France DriveEdinburghEH16 4UUUnited Kingdom
| | - Charles ffrench‐Constant
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France DriveEdinburghEH16 4UUUnited Kingdom
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128
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite major progress in multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment, to date, accumulation of irreversible clinical disability is not sufficiently prevented with immunotherapies. In this context, repair strategies aimed at reducing axonal damage are becoming a very active field of preclinical and clinical research. RECENT FINDINGS Improved understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of myelin repair, together with the emergence of new therapeutic candidates are paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies in MS. In parallel, there is a very active development of imaging methods to assess lesions ongoing remyelination that are crucially needed to evaluate therapeutic efficacy. SUMMARY The current development of a very dynamic and multidisciplinary research on remyelination should accelerate the development of myelin repair strategies in MS, to prevent disability progression.
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129
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Panfoli I, Candiano G, Malova M, De Angelis L, Cardiello V, Buonocore G, Ramenghi LA. Oxidative Stress as a Primary Risk Factor for Brain Damage in Preterm Newborns. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:369. [PMID: 30555809 PMCID: PMC6281966 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of oxidative stress is high in preterm newborns. Room air exposure of an organism primed to develop in a hypoxic environment, lacking antioxidant defenses, and subjected to hyperoxia, hypoxia, and ischemia challenges the newborn with oxidative stress production. Free radicals can be generated by a multitude of other mechanisms, such as glutamate excitotoxicity, excess free iron, inflammation, and immune reactions. Free radical-induced damage caused by oxidative stress appears to be the major candidate for the pathogenesis of most of the complications of prematurity, brain being especially at risk, with short to long-term consequences. We review the role of free radical oxidative damage to the newborn brain and propose a mechanism of oxidative injury, taking into consideration the particular maturation-dependent vulnerability of the oligodendrocyte precursors. Prompted by our observation of an increase in plasma Adenosine concentrations significantly associated with brain white matter lesions in some premature infants, we discuss a possible bioenergetics hypothesis, correlated to the oxidative challenge of the premature infant. We aim at explaining both the oxidative stress generation and the mechanism promoting the myelination disturbances. Being white matter abnormalities among the most common lesions of prematurity, the use of Adenosine as a biomarker of brain damage appears promising in order to design neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Candiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Mariya Malova
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura De Angelis
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Valentina Cardiello
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Buonocore
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca A Ramenghi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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130
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Krasnow AM, Ford MC, Valdivia LE, Wilson SW, Attwell D. Regulation of developing myelin sheath elongation by oligodendrocyte calcium transients in vivo. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:24-28. [PMID: 29230052 PMCID: PMC6478117 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-017-0031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
How action potentials regulate myelination by oligodendrocytes is uncertain. We show that neuronal activity raises [Ca2+]i in developing oligodendrocytes in vivo and that myelin sheath elongation is promoted by a high frequency of [Ca2+]i transients and prevented by [Ca2+]i buffering. Sheath elongation occurs ~1 h after [Ca2+]i elevation. Sheath shortening is associated with a low frequency of [Ca2+]i transients but with longer duration [Ca2+]i bursts. Thus, [Ca2+]i controls myelin sheath development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Krasnow
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Marc C Ford
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Leonardo E Valdivia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Stephen W Wilson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
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131
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Figlia G, Gerber D, Suter U. Myelination and mTOR. Glia 2017; 66:693-707. [PMID: 29210103 PMCID: PMC5836902 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myelinating cells surround axons to accelerate the propagation of action potentials, to support axonal health, and to refine neural circuits. Myelination is metabolically demanding and, consistent with this notion, mTORC1—a signaling hub coordinating cell metabolism—has been implicated as a key signal for myelination. Here, we will discuss metabolic aspects of myelination, illustrate the main metabolic processes regulated by mTORC1, and review advances on the role of mTORC1 in myelination of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Recent progress has revealed a complex role of mTORC1 in myelinating cells that includes, besides positive regulation of myelin growth, additional critical functions in the stages preceding active myelination. Based on the available evidence, we will also highlight potential nonoverlapping roles between mTORC1 and its known main upstream pathways PI3K‐Akt, Mek‐Erk1/2, and AMPK in myelinating cells. Finally, we will discuss signals that are already known or hypothesized to be responsible for the regulation of mTORC1 activity in myelinating cells. Myelination is metabolically demanding. The metabolic regulator mTORC1 controls differentiation of myelinating cells and promotes myelin
growth. mTORC1‐independent targets of the PI3K‐Akt and Mek‐Erk1/2 pathways may also be significant in myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Figlia
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH 8093, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Gerber
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Suter
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH 8093, Switzerland
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132
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Zempoalteca R, Porras MG, Moreno-Pérez S, Ramirez-Funez G, Aguirre-Benítez EL, González Del Pliego M, Mariscal-Tovar S, Mendoza-Garrido ME, Hoffman KL, Jiménez-Estrada I, Melo AI. Early postnatal development of electrophysiological and histological properties of sensory sural nerves in male rats that were maternally deprived and artificially reared: Role of tactile stimulation. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 78:351-362. [PMID: 29197166 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early adverse experiences disrupt brain development and behavior, but little is known about how such experiences impact on the development of the peripheral nervous system. Recently, we found alterations in the electrophysiological and histological characteristics of the sensory sural (SU) nerve in maternally deprived, artificially reared (AR) adult male rats, as compared with maternally reared (MR) control rats. In the present study, our aim was to characterize the ontogeny of these alterations. Thus, male pups of four postnatal days (PND) were (1) AR group, (2) AR and received daily tactile stimulation to the body and anogenital region (AR-Tactile group); or (3) reared by their mother (MR group). At PND 7, 14, or 21, electrophysiological properties and histological characteristics of the SU nerves were assessed. At PND 7, the electrophysiological properties and most histological parameters of the SU nerve did not differ among MR, AR, and AR-Tactile groups. By contrast, at PND 14 and/or 21, the SU nerve of AR rats showed a lower CAP amplitude and area, and a significant reduction in myelin area and myelin thickness, which were accompanied by a reduction in axon area (day 21 only) compared to the nerves of MR rats. Tactile stimulation (AR-Tactile group) partially prevented most of these alterations. These results suggest that sensory cues from the mother and/or littermates during the first 7-14 PND are relevant for the proper development and function of the adult SU nerve. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 351-362, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Zempoalteca
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México
| | | | - Suelem Moreno-Pérez
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México.,Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México
| | - Gabriela Ramirez-Funez
- Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México.,Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Laboratorio Tlaxcala, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México
| | | | | | | | | | - Kurt Leroy Hoffman
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Laboratorio Tlaxcala, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México
| | | | - Angel I Melo
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Laboratorio Tlaxcala, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México
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133
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Kirischuk S, Sinning A, Blanquie O, Yang JW, Luhmann HJ, Kilb W. Modulation of Neocortical Development by Early Neuronal Activity: Physiology and Pathophysiology. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:379. [PMID: 29238291 PMCID: PMC5712676 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal and human studies revealed that patterned neuronal activity is an inherent feature of developing nervous systems. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the mechanisms generating early electrical activity patterns and their impact on structural and functional development of the cerebral cortex. All neocortical areas display distinct spontaneous and sensory-driven neuronal activity patterns already at early phases of development. At embryonic stages, intermittent spontaneous activity is synchronized within small neuronal networks, becoming more complex with further development. This transition is accompanied by a gradual shift from electrical to chemical synaptic transmission, with a particular role of non-synaptic tonic currents before the onset of phasic synaptic activity. In this review article we first describe functional impacts of classical neurotransmitters (GABA, glutamate) and modulatory systems (e.g., acetylcholine, ACh) on early neuronal activities in the neocortex with special emphasis on electrical synapses, nonsynaptic and synaptic currents. Early neuronal activity influences probably all developmental processes and is crucial for the proper formation of neuronal circuits. In the second part of our review, we illustrate how specific activity patterns might interfere with distinct neurodevelopmental processes like proliferation, migration, axonal and dendritic sprouting, synapse formation and neurotransmitter specification. Finally, we present evidence that transient alterations in neuronal activity during restricted perinatal periods can lead to persistent changes in functional connectivity and therefore might underlie the manifestation of neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Kirischuk
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Sinning
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oriane Blanquie
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jenq-Wei Yang
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Kilb
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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134
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In Vivo PET Imaging of Adenosine 2A Receptors in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Disease. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2017; 2017:6975841. [PMID: 29348737 PMCID: PMC5733838 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6975841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors are G-protein coupled P1 purinergic receptors that are broadly expressed in the peripheral immune system, vasculature, and the central nervous system (CNS). Within the immune system, adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor-mediated signaling exerts a suppressive effect on ongoing inflammation. In healthy CNS, A2A receptors are expressed mainly within the neurons of the basal ganglia. Alterations in A2A receptor function and expression have been noted in movement disorders, and in Parkinson's disease pharmacological A2A receptor antagonism leads to diminished motor symptoms. Although A2A receptors are expressed only at a low level in the healthy CNS outside striatum, pathological challenge or inflammation has been shown to lead to upregulation of A2A receptors in extrastriatal CNS tissue, and this has been successfully quantitated using in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and A2A receptor-binding radioligands. Several radioligands for PET imaging of A2A receptors have been developed in recent years, and A2A receptor-targeting PET imaging may thus provide a potential additional tool to evaluate various aspects of neuroinflammation in vivo. This review article provides a brief overview of A2A receptors in healthy brain and in a selection of most important neurological diseases and describes the recent advances in A2A receptor-targeting PET imaging studies.
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135
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Abstract
In this paper, we argue that prefrontal cortex ontogenetic functional development is best understood through an ecological lens. We first begin by reviewing evidence supporting the existing consensus that PFC structural and functional development is protracted based on maturational constraints. We then examine recent findings from neuroimaging studies in infants, early life stress research, and connectomics that support the novel hypothesis that PFC functional development is driven by reciprocal processes of neural adaptation and niche construction. We discuss implications and predictions of this model for redefining the construct of executive functions and for informing typical and atypical child development. This ecological account of PFC functional development moves beyond descriptions of development that are characteristic of existing frameworks, and provides novel insights into the mechanisms of developmental change, including its catalysts and influences. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Werchan
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University
| | - Dima Amso
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University
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136
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Lecca D, Fumagalli M, Ceruti S, Abbracchio MP. Intertwining extracellular nucleotides and their receptors with Ca2+ in determining adult neural stem cell survival, proliferation and final fate. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0433. [PMID: 27377726 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), during both brain and spinal cord development, purinergic and pyrimidinergic signalling molecules (ATP, UTP and adenosine) act synergistically with peptidic growth factors in regulating the synchronized proliferation and final specification of multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) to neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells. Some NSCs still persist throughout adulthood in both specific 'neurogenic' areas and in brain and spinal cord parenchyma, retaining the potentiality to generate all the three main types of adult CNS cells. Once CNS anatomical structures are defined, purinergic molecules participate in calcium-dependent neuron-to-glia communication and also control the behaviour of adult NSCs. After development, some purinergic mechanisms are silenced, but can be resumed after injury, suggesting a role for purinergic signalling in regeneration and self-repair also via the reactivation of adult NSCs. In this respect, at least three different types of adult NSCs participate in the response of the adult brain and spinal cord to insults: stem-like cells residing in classical neurogenic niches, in particular, in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), parenchymal oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs, also known as NG2-glia) and parenchymal injury-activated astrocytes (reactive astrocytes). Here, we shall review and discuss the purinergic regulation of these three main adult NSCs, with particular focus on how and to what extent modulation of intracellular calcium levels by purinoceptors is mandatory to determine their survival, proliferation and final fate.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings Ca(2+) and ATP together to control life and death'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Lecca
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Ceruti
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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137
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Nagy B, Hovhannisyan A, Barzan R, Chen TJ, Kukley M. Different patterns of neuronal activity trigger distinct responses of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the corpus callosum. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2001993. [PMID: 28829781 PMCID: PMC5567905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing and adult brain, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are influenced by neuronal activity: they are involved in synaptic signaling with neurons, and their proliferation and differentiation into myelinating glia can be altered by transient changes in neuronal firing. An important question that has been unanswered is whether OPCs can discriminate different patterns of neuronal activity and respond to them in a distinct way. Here, we demonstrate in brain slices that the pattern of neuronal activity determines the functional changes triggered at synapses between axons and OPCs. Furthermore, we show that stimulation of the corpus callosum at different frequencies in vivo affects proliferation and differentiation of OPCs in a dissimilar way. Our findings suggest that neurons do not influence OPCs in “all-or-none” fashion but use their firing pattern to tune the response and behavior of these nonneuronal cells. Oligodendrocytes are glial cells of the central nervous system. One of their major tasks is to enwrap neuronal axons with myelin, providing electrical insulation of axons and a dramatic increase in the speed of nerve impulse propagation. Oligodendrocytes develop from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Self-renewal of OPCs, their differentiation into oligodendrocytes, and the process of myelin synthesis are influenced by neuronal activity. Furthermore, OPCs receive glutamatergic synaptic input from neurons. Neuronal activity in vivo is highly variable depending on the brain region, input stimulus, and/or behavioral task that an animal or human has to perform in everyday life. Therefore, it is important to understand whether different types of neuronal activity affect development and function of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in a distinct way. In this study, we demonstrate that the amount and the timing of glutamate release at synapses between neurons and OPCs, the properties of the subsequent ionic current through glutamate receptors in OPC membrane, as well as the extent of OPCs’ self-renewal and differentiation into oligodendrocytes differ depending on the frequency and duration of neuronal activity. Hence, the pattern of neuronal activity rather than just presence or absence of activity is an important parameter that determines development and function of oligodendroglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balint Nagy
- Group of Neuron Glia Interaction, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (MK); (BN)
| | - Anahit Hovhannisyan
- Group of Neuron Glia Interaction, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ruxandra Barzan
- Group of Neuron Glia Interaction, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ting-Jiun Chen
- Group of Neuron Glia Interaction, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria Kukley
- Group of Neuron Glia Interaction, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (MK); (BN)
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138
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Kashfi S, Peymani M, Ghaedi K, Baharvand H, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Javan M. Purinergic Receptor Expression and Potential Association with Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Development. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 19:386-402. [PMID: 28836401 PMCID: PMC5570404 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2017.3906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective Due to recent progress in production of human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hESC-OPCs) for ameliorating myelin disease
such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and the role of purinergic signaling in OPCs development, we avaluated the profile of purinergic receptors expression during development
of OPCs from hESC. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, we used reverse transcription and
quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to obtain more information about
potential roles of purinergic receptors during in vitro production of hESC-OPCs. We
first determined the expression level of different subtypes of purinergic receptors in
hESCs, embryoid bodies (EBs), and hESC-OPCs. The effects of A1adenosine receptor (A1AR)
activation on hESC-OPCs development were subsequently examined. Results hESCs and OPCs had different mRNA expression levels of the AR subtypes.
ARs mRNA were expressed in the EB stage, except for A2AAR. We observed expressions
of several P2X (P2X1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7) and P2Y (P2Y1, 2, 4, 6, 11-14) genes in hESCs. hESC-OPCs
expressed different subtypes of P2X (P2X1, 2, 3,4,5,7) and P2Y (P2Y1, 2, 4, 6, 11-14). Except for P2X1
and P2X6, all other P2X and P2Y purinergic receptor subtypes expressed in EBs. We also
indicate that A1AR might be involved in modulating gene expression levels of cell cycle
regulators in an agonist and/or dose-dependent manner.
Conclusion Elucidation of the expression pattern of purinergic receptors and the effects
of different subtypes of these receptors in hESC-OPCs may have a promising role in future cell-based therapy or drug design for demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Kashfi
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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139
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Mount CW, Monje M. Wrapped to Adapt: Experience-Dependent Myelination. Neuron 2017; 95:743-756. [PMID: 28817797 PMCID: PMC5667660 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Activity of the nervous system has long been recognized as a critical modulator of brain structure and function. Influences of experience on the cytoarchitecture and functional connectivity of neurons have been appreciated since the classic work of Hubel and Wiesel (1963; Wiesel and Hubel, 1963a, 1963b). In recent years, a similar structural plasticity has come to light for the myelinated infrastructure of the nervous system. While an innate program of myelin development proceeds independently of nervous system activity, increasing evidence supports a role for activity-dependent, plastic changes in myelin-forming cells that influence myelin structure and neurological function. Accumulating evidence of complementary and likely temporally overlapping activity-independent and activity-dependent modes of myelination are beginning to crystallize in a model of myelin plasticity, with broad implications for neurological function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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140
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Cruz T, Gleizes M, Balayssac S, Mornet E, Marsal G, Millán JL, Malet-Martino M, Nowak LG, Gilard V, Fonta C. Identification of altered brain metabolites associated with TNAP activity in a mouse model of hypophosphatasia using untargeted NMR-based metabolomics analysis. J Neurochem 2017; 140:919-940. [PMID: 28072448 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is a key player of bone mineralization and TNAP gene (ALPL) mutations in human are responsible for hypophosphatasia (HPP), a rare heritable disease affecting the mineralization of bones and teeth. Moreover, TNAP is also expressed by brain cells and the severe forms of HPP are associated with neurological disorders, including epilepsy and brain morphological anomalies. However, TNAP's role in the nervous system remains poorly understood. To investigate its neuronal functions, we aimed to identify without any a priori the metabolites regulated by TNAP in the nervous tissue. For this purpose we used 1 H- and 31 P NMR to analyze the brain metabolome of Alpl (Akp2) mice null for TNAP function, a well-described model of infantile HPP. Among 39 metabolites identified in brain extracts of 1-week-old animals, eight displayed significantly different concentration in Akp2-/- compared to Akp2+/+ and Akp2+/- mice: cystathionine, adenosine, GABA, methionine, histidine, 3-methylhistidine, N-acetylaspartate (NAA), and N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate, with cystathionine and adenosine levels displaying the strongest alteration. These metabolites identify several biochemical processes that directly or indirectly involve TNAP function, in particular through the regulation of ecto-nucleotide levels and of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes. Some of these metabolites are involved in neurotransmission (GABA, adenosine), in myelin synthesis (NAA, NAAG), and in the methionine cycle and transsulfuration pathway (cystathionine, methionine). Their disturbances may contribute to the neurodevelopmental and neurological phenotype of HPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cruz
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (CNRS UMR 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Marie Gleizes
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition (CerCo), Université de Toulouse UPS; CNRS UMR 5549, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Balayssac
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (CNRS UMR 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Etienne Mornet
- Unité de Génétique Constitutionnelle Prénatale et Postnatale, Service de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Grégory Marsal
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition (CerCo), Université de Toulouse UPS; CNRS UMR 5549, Toulouse, France
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Myriam Malet-Martino
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (CNRS UMR 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Lionel G Nowak
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition (CerCo), Université de Toulouse UPS; CNRS UMR 5549, Toulouse, France
| | - Véronique Gilard
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (CNRS UMR 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Caroline Fonta
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition (CerCo), Université de Toulouse UPS; CNRS UMR 5549, Toulouse, France
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141
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Subcellular electrical stimulation of neurons enhances the myelination of axons by oligodendrocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179642. [PMID: 28671962 PMCID: PMC5495216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin formation has been identified as a modulator of neural plasticity. New tools are required to investigate the mechanisms by which environmental inputs and neural activity regulate myelination patterns. In this study, we demonstrate a microfluidic compartmentalized culture system with integrated electrical stimulation capabilities that can induce neural activity by whole cell and focal stimulation. A set of electric field simulations was performed to confirm spatial restriction of the electrical input in the compartmentalized culture system. We further demonstrate that electrode localization is a key consideration for generating uniform the stimulation of neuron and oligodendrocytes within the compartments. Using three configurations of the electrodes we tested the effects of subcellular activation of neural activity on distal axon myelination with oligodendrocytes. We further investigated if oligodendrocytes have to be exposed to the electrical field to induce axon myelination. An isolated stimulation of cell bodies and proximal axons had the same effect as an isolated stimulation of distal axons co-cultured with oligodendrocytes, and the two modes had a non-different result than whole cell stimulation. Our platform enabled the demonstration that electrical stimulation enhances oligodendrocyte maturation and myelin formation independent of the input localization and oligodendrocyte exposure to the electrical field.
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142
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Berman S, West KL, Does MD, Yeatman JD, Mezer AA. Evaluating g-ratio weighted changes in the corpus callosum as a function of age and sex. Neuroimage 2017; 182:304-313. [PMID: 28673882 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a growing interest in relating MRI measurements to the structural-biophysical properties of white matter fibers. The fiber g-ratio, defined as the ratio between the inner and outer radii of the axon myelin sheath, is an important structural property of white matter, affecting signal conduction. Recently proposed modeling methods that use a combination of quantitative-MRI signals, enable a measurement of the fiber g-ratio in vivo. Here we use an MRI-based g-ratio estimation to observe the variance of the g-ratio within the corpus callosum, and evaluate sex and age related differences. To estimate the g-ratio we used a model (Stikov et al., 2011; Duval et al., 2017) based on two different WM microstructure parameters: the relative amounts of myelin (myelin volume fraction, MVF) and fibers (fiber volume fraction, FVF) in a voxel. We derived the FVF from the fractional anisotropy (FA), and estimated the MVF by using the lipid and macromolecular tissue volume (MTV), calculated from the proton density (Mezer et al., 2013). In comparison to other methods of estimating the MVF, MTV represents a stable parameter with a straightforward route of acquisition. To establish our model, we first compared histological MVF measurements (West et al., 2016) with the MRI derived MTV. We then implemented our model on a large database of 92 subjects (44 males), aged 7 to 81, in order to evaluate age and sex related changes within the corpus callosum. Our results show that the MTV provides a good estimation of MVF for calculating g-ratio, and produced values from the corpus callosum that correspond to those found in animals ex vivo and are close to the theoretical optimum, as well as to published in vivo data. Our results demonstrate that the MTV derived g-ratio provides a simple and reliable in vivo g-ratio-weighted (GR*) measurement in humans. In agreement with theoretical predictions, and unlike other tissue parameters measured with MRI, the g-ratio estimations were found to be relatively stable with age, and we found no support for a significant sexual dimorphism with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Berman
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kathryn L West
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark D Does
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jason D Yeatman
- Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences and Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aviv A Mezer
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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143
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Kougioumtzidou E, Shimizu T, Hamilton NB, Tohyama K, Sprengel R, Monyer H, Attwell D, Richardson WD. Signalling through AMPA receptors on oligodendrocyte precursors promotes myelination by enhancing oligodendrocyte survival. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28608780 PMCID: PMC5484614 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin, made by oligodendrocytes, is essential for rapid information transfer in the central nervous system. Oligodendrocyte precursors (OPs) receive glutamatergic synaptic input from axons but how this affects their development is unclear. Murine OPs in white matter express AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunits GluA2, GluA3 and GluA4. We generated mice in which OPs lack both GluA2 and GluA3, or all three subunits GluA2/3/4, which respectively reduced or abolished AMPAR-mediated input to OPs. In both double- and triple-knockouts OP proliferation and number were unchanged but ~25% fewer oligodendrocytes survived in the subcortical white matter during development. In triple knockouts, this shortfall persisted into adulthood. The oligodendrocyte deficit resulted in ~20% fewer myelin sheaths but the average length, number and thickness of myelin internodes made by individual oligodendrocytes appeared normal. Thus, AMPAR-mediated signalling from active axons stimulates myelin production in developing white matter by enhancing oligodendrocyte survival, without influencing myelin synthesis per se. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.28080.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kougioumtzidou
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola B Hamilton
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Koujiro Tohyama
- The Center for Electron Microscopy and Bio-Imaging Research and Department of Physiology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Rolf Sprengel
- Max-Planck Research Group at the Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah Monyer
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Deutches Krebforschungzentrum, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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144
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Methylthioadenosine promotes remyelination by inducing oligodendrocyte differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40893-017-0020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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145
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146
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Neue histopathologische Entitäten in der Epilepsiechirurgie. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR EPILEPTOLOGIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10309-017-0120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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147
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Torres RJ, Prior C, Garcia MG, Puig JG. A review of the implication of hypoxanthine excess in the physiopathology of Lesch-Nyhan disease. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 35:507-516. [PMID: 27906640 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2016.1147579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan disease is caused by HGprt deficiency, however, the mechanism by which enzyme deficiency leads to the severe neurological manifestations is still unknown. We hypothesized that hypoxanthine excess leads, directly or indirectly, through its action in adenosine transport, to aberrations in neuronal development. We found that hypoxanthine diminishes adenosine transport and enhances stimulation of adenosine receptors. These effects cause an imbalance between adenosine, dopamine, and serotonin receptors in HGprt deficient cells, and cells differentiated with hypoxanthine showed an increase in dopamine, adenosine and serotonin receptors expression. Hypoxanthine deregulates early neuronal differentiation increasing WNT4 and EN1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Torres
- a Department of Biochemistry , La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII , Spain
| | - C Prior
- a Department of Biochemistry , La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII , Spain
| | - M G Garcia
- a Department of Biochemistry , La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII , Spain
| | - J G Puig
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Metabolic-Vascular Unit, La Paz University Hospital , IdiPaz , Madrid , Spain
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148
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Venkatesh H, Monje M. Neuronal Activity in Ontogeny and Oncology. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:89-112. [PMID: 28718448 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system plays a central role in regulating the stem cell niche in many organs, and thereby pivotally modulates development, homeostasis, and plasticity. A similarly powerful role for neural regulation of the cancer microenvironment is emerging. Neurons promote the growth of cancers of the brain, skin, prostate, pancreas, and stomach. Parallel mechanisms shared in development and cancer suggest that neural modulation of the tumor microenvironment may prove a universal theme, although the mechanistic details of such modulation remain to be discovered for many malignancies. We review here what is known about the influences of active neurons on stem cell and cancer microenvironments across a broad range of tissues, and we discuss emerging principles of neural regulation of development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humsa Venkatesh
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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149
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Buzzard K, Chan WH, Kilpatrick T, Murray S. Multiple Sclerosis: Basic and Clinical. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 15:211-252. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57193-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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150
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Marin MA, Rasband MN. Reassembly of the axon initial segment and nodes of Ranvier in regenerated axons of the central nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1276-1277. [PMID: 28966641 PMCID: PMC5607821 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.213543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Marin
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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