101
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Abstract
Proper expression of products of the recombination-activating genes (RAGs) is essential for the development of the adaptive immune system. A major advance in the past year toward understanding RAG regulation is the establishment of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-RAG indicator mouse strains. In vivo visualization of RAG expression in single cells has helped to define the cells that express RAGs in secondary lymphoid organs and revealed differential cis requirements for stage- and lineage-specific RAG expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nagaoka
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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102
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Monroe JG. Balancing signals for negative selection and activation of developing B lymphocytes. Clin Immunol 2000; 95:S8-13. [PMID: 10729232 DOI: 10.1006/clim.1999.4817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J G Monroe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Room 311 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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103
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Pogue SL, Goodnow CC. Gene dose-dependent maturation and receptor editing of B cells expressing immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 or IgM/IgG1 tail antigen receptors. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1031-44. [PMID: 10727464 PMCID: PMC2193121 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.6.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/1999] [Accepted: 12/15/1999] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserved differences between the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of membrane immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG may alter the function of antigen receptors on naive versus memory B cells. Here, we compare the ability of these domains to signal B cell allelic exclusion and maturation in transgenic mice. A lysozyme-binding antibody was expressed in parallel sets of mice as IgM, IgG1, or a chimeric receptor with IgM extracellular domains and transmembrane/cytoplasmic domains of IgG1. Like IgM, the IgG1 or chimeric IgM/G receptors triggered heavy chain allelic exclusion and supported development of mature CD21(+) B cells. Many of the IgG or IgM/G B cells became CD21(high) and downregulated their IgG and IgM/G receptors spontaneously, resembling memory B cells and B cells with mutations that exaggerate B cell antigen receptor signaling. Unlike IgM-transgenic mice, "edited" B cells that carry non-hen egg lysozyme binding receptors preferentially accumulated in IgG and IgM/G mice. This was most extreme in lines with the highest transgene copy number and diminished in variant offspring with fewer copies. The sensitivity of B cell maturation to transgene copy number conferred by the IgG transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains may explain the diverse phenotypes found in other IgG-transgenic mouse strains and may reflect exaggerated signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Chickens
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Female
- Gene Dosage
- Genetic Vectors/chemical synthesis
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/physiology
- Immunoglobulin M/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muramidase/metabolism
- RNA Editing/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Fc/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Fc/genetics
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Transposases/deficiency
- Transposases/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Pogue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305
| | - Christopher C. Goodnow
- Medical Genome Centre, Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genetics Laboratory, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University Canberra, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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104
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Mandik-Nayak L, Seo SJ, Eaton-Bassiri A, Allman D, Hardy RR, Erikson J. Functional consequences of the developmental arrest and follicular exclusion of anti-double-stranded DNA B cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:1161-8. [PMID: 10640726 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.3.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anti-dsDNA B cells are actively tolerized in nonautoimmune BALB/c mice, as manifested by their developmental arrest, follicular exclusion, and rapid turnover rate. Previously, we have documented changes in the maturation status and follicular localization of anti-dsDNA B cells in autoimmune-prone MRL (+/+ and lpr/lpr) mice. To determine whether these differences in developmental status and follicular localization affect the functional capacity of anti-dsDNA B cells, we have now compared their in vivo life spans and their responses to in vitro stimuli. Our study shows that although anti-dsDNA B cells from both BALB/c and MRL-+/+ mice are localized to the T/B interface, only those in BALB/c mice have a rapid turnover rate. Therefore, the immature status and not the exclusion from the B cell follicle correlates with a shortened life span. Interestingly, apoptotic anti-dsDNA B cells were not detected at the T/B interface in BALB/c mice, suggesting that they are not dying there. This study also demonstrates that anti-dsDNA B cells, regardless of maturation status or follicular localization, are able to proliferate and up-regulate the costimulatory molecule B7-2 in response to CD40 ligand and IL-4. Therefore, one of the critical in vivo differences between anti-dsDNA B cells in BALB/c and MRL-+/+ mice compared with MRL-lpr/lpr mice may be the availability of T cell help.
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105
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Abstract
The process of clonal selection is a central feature of the immune system, but immune specificity is also regulated by receptor selection, in which the fate of a lymphocyte's antigen receptor is uncoupled from that of the cell itself. Whereas clonal selection controls cell death or survival in response to antigen receptor signaling, receptor selection regulates the process of V(D)J recombination, which can alter or fix antigen receptor specificity. Receptor selection is carried out in both T and B cells and can occur at different stages of lymphocyte differentiation, in which it plays a key role in allelic exclusion, positive selection, receptor editing, and the diversification of the antigen receptor repertoire. Thus, the immune system takes advantage of its control of V(D)J recombination to modify antigen receptors in such a way that self/non-self discrimination is enhanced. New information about receptor editing in T cells and B-1 B cells is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nemazee
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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106
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nemazee
- Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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107
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Morafo V, Rath S, Thomas ML, Durdik JM. Induction of a germinal center phenotype in B cells in vitro by a Th2 cell line. Cell Immunol 1999; 198:77-86. [PMID: 10648121 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1999.1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the contribution of various stimuli for generating in vitro the changes in surface phenotype characteristic of B cells responding to a T-dependent antigen in a germinal center (GC). We show that, unlike many other stimuli such as B cell mitogens, cytokines, and surrogate antigen, alone or in combination, an alloreactive Th2 clonal line induces splenic B cells to become cell surface peanut agglutinin (PNA)(hi), Ig(lo), CD62L(lo), and CD44(hi) to produce mRNA for M17 and to express a GC-specific transgene even without B cell receptor ligation. Neither proliferation nor prior activation of responding B cells is needed, but B cells from CD45-null mice show reduced efficiency of this induction. These findings open up possibilities for separation and dissection of the various components of the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Morafo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
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108
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Affiliation(s)
- S Desiderio
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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109
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Retter MW, Nemazee D. Receptor editing: genetic reprogramming of autoreactive lymphocytes. Cell Biochem Biophys 1999; 31:81-8. [PMID: 10505669 DOI: 10.1007/bf02738156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The clonal selection theory postulates that immune tolerance mediated selection occurs at the level of the cell. The receptor editing model, instead, suggests that selection occurs at the level of the B-cell receptor, so that self-reactive receptors that encounter autoantigen in the bone marrow are altered through secondary rearrangement. Recent studies in transgenic model systems and normal B cells, both in vivo and in vitro, have demonstrated that receptor editing is a major mechanism for inducing B-cell tolerance.
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110
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Melchers F, ten Boekel E, Yamagami T, Andersson J, Rolink A. The roles of preB and B cell receptors in the stepwise allelic exclusion of mouse IgH and L chain gene loci. Semin Immunol 1999; 11:307-17. [PMID: 10497085 DOI: 10.1006/smim.1999.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-bound preBCR of wild-type mice, and probably also preBCR-like V(preB) muH chain complexes in lambda5-deficient mice, signal allelic exclusion so that < 0.1% of all preB-II cells and all subsequent B lineage cells express two muH chains on their surface. On the other hand a large number of muH chains which are originally generated at the transition of preB-I to preB-II cells cannot pair with surrogate L chains, cannot form a preBCR on the surface and, hence, allow two H chain alleles to be productively rearranged in one B-lineage cell. By contrast membrane-bound BCR on immature B cells does not signal allelic or isotypic exclusion Of Ig kappaL and lambdaL chain gene loci. This allows the rearrangement machinery to remain active, and secondary L chain rearrangements on one kappaL chain allele are frequently observed. Rapid selection of fitting H/L chain pairs, forming BCR on the surface, allows B-lineage cells to enter the mature B cell pool where the rearrangement machinery is shut off, securing allelic exclusion of L chain loci in most B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Melchers
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Basel, Postfach, 4005, Switzerland
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111
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Benschop RJ, Melamed D, Nemazee D, Cambier JC. Distinct signal thresholds for the unique antigen receptor-linked gene expression programs in mature and immature B cells. J Exp Med 1999; 190:749-56. [PMID: 10499913 PMCID: PMC2195635 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.6.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that immature B lymphocytes are exquisitely sensitive to tolerance induction compared with their mature counterparts, the molecular basis for this difference is unknown. We demonstrate that signaling by B cell antigen receptors leads to distinct and mutually exclusive biologic responses in mature and immature B cells: upregulation of CD86, CD69, and MHC class II in mature cells and receptor editing in immature cells. These responses can be induced simply by elevation of intracellular free calcium levels, as occurs after receptor aggregation. Importantly, induction of immature B cell responses requires much smaller increases in intracellular free calcium than does induction of mature B cell responses. These differences in biologic response and sensitivity to intracellular free calcium likely contributes to selective elimination at the immature stage of even those B cells that express low affinity for self-antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B7-2 Antigen
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- RNA Editing/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Benschop
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center
| | - Doron Melamed
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center
| | - David Nemazee
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - John C. Cambier
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80206
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112
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Yamagami T, ten Boekel E, Andersson J, Rolink A, Melchers F. Frequencies of multiple IgL chain gene rearrangements in single normal or kappaL chain-deficient B lineage cells. Immunity 1999; 11:317-27. [PMID: 10514010 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PCR analyses of the kappaL chain locus in single B-lineage cells of wild-type, Ckappa-, or JCkappa-deficient homozygous or heterozygous mice often detect multiple in- and out-of-frame rearrangements at the kappaL and lambdaL loci. They are most frequent in small pre-BII cells and equally so in wild-type and kappaL chain-deficient cells. Hence, kappaL chain production appears not to inhibit secondary rearrangements. Around 20% of all small preBII cells express IgL chains in their cytoplasm. Cells with a first productive rearrangement on one allele are favored to enter the immature B cell compartment. Thus, allelic exclusion might be secured by control of accessibility of IgL chain loci for rearrangement and by rapid selection of cells with a fitting over those with a nonfitting IgL chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamagami
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
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113
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Watanabe N, Nisitani S, Ikuta K, Suzuki M, Chiba T, Honjo T. Expression levels of B cell surface immunoglobulin regulate efficiency of allelic exclusion and size of autoreactive B-1 cell compartment. J Exp Med 1999; 190:461-69. [PMID: 10449517 PMCID: PMC2195600 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.4.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-expressed immunoglobulin (Ig) has been shown to have a critical role in allelic exclusion of Ig heavy (H) and light (L) chains. Although various degrees of suppression of endogenous Ig expression are observed in Ig transgenic (Tg) mice, it was not clear whether this difference is due to different onsets of Tg expression or to different levels of Tg expression, which are obviously affected by integration sites of the transgene. In this study we generated antierythrocyte antibody Tg mice that carry tandem joined H and L chain transgenes (H+L) and confirmed that homozygosity of the transgene loci enhances the level of transgene expression as compared with heterozygosity. Suppression of endogenous H and L chain gene expression was stronger in homozygous than in heterozygous Tg mice. Similar results were obtained in control Tg mice carrying the H chain only. These results suggest that there is a threshold of the B cell receptor expression level that induces allelic exclusion. In addition, despite the same B cell receptor specificity, the size of Tg autoreactive B-1 cell compartment in the peritoneal cavity is larger in homozygous than in heterozygous mice, although the number of the Tg B-2 cell subset decreased in the spleen and bone marrow of homozygous Tg mice as compared with heterozygous Tg mice. By contrast, homozygosity of the H chain alone Tg line, which does not recognize self-antigens, did not increase the size of the peritoneal B-1 subset. These results suggest that the size of the B-1 cell subset in the Tg mice may depend on strength of signals through B cell receptors triggered by self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Watanabe
- From the Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sazuku Nisitani
- From the Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- From the Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Misao Suzuki
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kuhonji, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tasuku Honjo
- From the Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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114
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Ohdan H, Yang YG, Shimizu A, Swenson KG, Sykes M. Mixed chimerism induced without lethal conditioning prevents T cell- and anti-Gal alpha 1,3Gal-mediated graft rejection. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:281-90. [PMID: 10430609 PMCID: PMC408419 DOI: 10.1172/jci6656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gal alpha 1,3Gal-reactive (Gal-reactive) antibodies are a major impediment to pig-to-human xenotransplantation. We investigated the potential to induce tolerance of anti-Gal-producing cells and prevent rejection of vascularized grafts in the combination of alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase wild-type (GalT(+/+)) and deficient (GalT(-/-)) mice. Allogeneic (H-2 mismatched) GalT(+/+) bone marrow transplantation (BMT) to GalT(-/-) mice conditioned with a nonmyeloablative regimen, consisting of depleting CD4 and CD8 mAb's and 3 Gy whole-body irradiation and 7 Gy thymic irradiation, led to lasting multilineage H-2(bxd) GalT(+/+) + H-2(d) GalT(-/-) mixed chimerism. Induction of mixed chimerism was associated with a rapid reduction of serum anti-Gal naturally occurring antibody levels. Anti-Gal-producing cells were undetectable by 2 weeks after BMT, suggesting that anti-Gal-producing cells preexisting at the time of BMT are rapidly tolerized. Even after immunization with Gal-bearing xenogeneic cells, mixed chimeras were devoid of anti-Gal-producing cells and permanently accepted donor-type GalT(+/+) heart grafts (>150 days), whereas non-BMT control animals rejected these hearts within 1-7 days. B cells bearing receptors for Gal were completely absent from the spleens of mixed chimeras, suggesting that clonal deletion and/or receptor editing may maintain B-cell tolerance to Gal. These findings demonstrate the principle that induction of mixed hematopoietic chimerism with a potentially relevant nonmyeloablative regimen can simultaneously lead to tolerance among both T cells and Gal-reactive B cells, thus preventing vascularized xenograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ohdan
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Surgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA
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115
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ten Boekel E, Yamagami T, Andersson J, Rolink AG, Melchers F. The formation and selection of cells expressing preB cell receptors and B cell receptors. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1999; 246:3-9; discussion 9-10. [PMID: 10396033 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60162-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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116
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Mandik-Nayak L, Seo SJ, Sokol C, Potts KM, Bui A, Erikson J. MRL-lpr/lpr mice exhibit a defect in maintaining developmental arrest and follicular exclusion of anti-double-stranded DNA B cells. J Exp Med 1999; 189:1799-814. [PMID: 10359584 PMCID: PMC2193088 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.11.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus and the MRL murine model for lupus is the presence of anti-double-stranded (ds)DNA antibodies (Abs). To identify the steps leading to the production of these Abs in autoimmune mice, we have compared the phenotype and localization of anti-dsDNA B cells in autoimmune (MRL+/+ and lpr/lpr) mice with that in nonautoimmune (BALB/c) mice. Anti-dsDNA B cells are actively regulated in BALB/c mice as indicated by their developmental arrest and accumulation at the T-B interface of the splenic follicle. In the MRL genetic background, anti-dsDNA B cells are no longer developmentally arrested, suggesting an intrinsic B cell defect conferred by MRL background genes. With intact Fas, they continue to exhibit follicular exclusion; however, in the presence of the lpr/lpr mutation, anti-dsDNA B cells are now present in the follicle. Coincident with the altered localization of anti-dsDNA B cells is a follicular infiltration of CD4 T cells. Together, these data suggest that MRL mice are defective in maintaining the developmental arrest of autoreactive B cells and indicate a role for Fas in restricting entry into the follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mandik-Nayak
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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117
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Fischer P, Jendreyko N, Hoffmann M, Lerch H, Uttenreuther-Fischer MM, Chen PP, Gaedicke G. Platelet-reactive IgG antibodies cloned by phage display and panning with IVIG from three patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 1999; 105:626-40. [PMID: 10354123 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1999.01407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (AITP) is a severe disease in children with a still unknown aetiology. It is not known why AITP can either be transient and self limiting or become chronic. The beneficial use of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) in certain groups of AITP patients has been proven. It is, however, not clear how IVIG functions. To analyse patient-derived monoclonal IgG platelet autoantibodies that interact with IVIG in an anti-idiotypic manner, the combinatorial antibody phage display system was applied. From three different patients a large number of clones specifically reacting with IVIG molecules were derived. Many of these IVIG binders also reacted strongly with platelets in ELISA and FACS, in contrast to IVIG binders derived from a healthy individual. The heavy and light chain variable regions were sequenced and compared with each other and with databases. In all three AITP patients clones with a striking complementarity-determining region (CDR) sequence homology to each other and to many of the known anti-platelet antibodies were observed. Selected Fab-phages representing the characteristic variable regions that occurred in the investigated patients with AITP may now be used to clone potentially regulatory anti-idiotypes from healthy donors by phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fischer
- Research Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Charité Children's Hospital, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany.
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118
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Dreyfus DH, Jones JF, Gelfand EW. Asymmetric DDE (D35E)-like sequences in the RAG proteins: implications for V(D)J recombination and retroviral pathogenesis. Med Hypotheses 1999; 52:545-9. [PMID: 10459836 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.1997.0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests that the mechanism of vertebrate V(D)J recombination catalyzed by the vertebrate RAG proteins is similar to both retroviral integration and the transposition of IS630/Tc1-family transposons. The mechanism of both retroviral integration and IS630/Tc1 element transposition is well characterized and utilizes a functional metal ion binding site termed the DDE (or D35E) motif. We have previously identified a DDE-like region in the RAG-2 protein and a similar region within the RAG-1 protein. In this work, we propose that interference between DDE-like regions in the RAG proteins and the DDE-site of the HIV integrase may be a mechanism of retroviral pathogenesis in cells in which both the RAG proteins and retroviral integrase are co-expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Dreyfus
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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119
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pillai
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA.
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120
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Cariappa A, Kim TJ, Pillai S. Accelerated Emigration of B Lymphocytes in the Xid Mouse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.8.4417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The B cell receptor is required for the emigration of newly generated B lymphocytes and for their maintenance in the periphery. A specific maintenance defect was noted in fraction I (IgDhighIgMlow) B cells in Xid mice (which harbor a mutation in Btk). Although Bcl-2 levels in fractions I and II (IgDhighIgMhigh) are equivalent in normal and Xid B cells, a novel peak of Bcl-2low fraction III (IgDlowIgMhigh) B cells was noted in the Xid mouse. Since this B cell population resembled bone marrow immature B cells, we examined the emigration of newly formed B cells in normal and Xid mice. These studies revealed the accelerated emigration of newly formed Xid B cells. We conclude that distinct Btk-independent and Btk-dependent signals mediate emigration and maintenance events during peripheral B cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaiah Cariappa
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Shiv Pillai
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
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121
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Rickers A, Peters N, Badock V, Beyaert R, Vandenabeele P, Dörken B, Bommert K. Cleavage of transcription factor SP1 by caspases during anti-IgM-induced B-cell apoptosis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 261:269-74. [PMID: 10103059 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is instrumental in the processes generating the diversity of the B-cell repertoire. Autoreactive B-cells are eliminated by anti-IgM crosslinking after encountering self-antigens, but precise mechanisms leading to B-cell apoptosis are still not well understood. We report here the cleavage of the transcription factor SP1 in the human Burkitt lymphoma cell line BL60 during anti-IgM-induced apoptosis. Western blot analysis revealed two cleavage products of approximately 68 kDa and 45 kDa after induction of apoptosis. Cleavage could be completely inhibited by zDEVD-fmk, an inhibitor specific for caspase 3-like proteases. In-vitro cleavage of recombinant SP1 by recombinant caspase 3 (CPP32) or caspase 7 (Mch 3) results in similar cleavage products as those observed in vivo. Recombinant caspase 6 (Mch 2) primarily generates a 68-kDa cleavage product, as observed after calcium ionophore (CaI) induced B-cell apoptosis. In contrast, caspase 1 (ICE) did not cleave SP1 in vitro. The time course of SP1 cleavage during anti-IgM-induced apoptosis is paralleled by an increase of caspase activity measured by DEVD-p-nitroanilide (DEVD-pNA) cleavage. DNA band-shift assays revealed a decrease in the intensity of the full length SP1/DNA complex and an increase in the intensity of a smaller complex due to the binding of one SP1 cleavage product. By Edman sequencing we could identify a caspase 3 cleavage site after Asp584 (D584AQPQAGR), generating a 22-kDa C-terminal SP1 protein fragment which still contains the DNA binding site. Our results show the cleavage of the human transcription factor SP1 in vivo and in vitro, underlining the central role of caspase 3-like proteases during the process of anti-IgM-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rickers
- Medizinische Onkologie und Tumorimmunologie, Max Delbück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
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122
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Sandel PC, Monroe JG. Negative selection of immature B cells by receptor editing or deletion is determined by site of antigen encounter. Immunity 1999; 10:289-99. [PMID: 10204485 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Immature B cells that encounter self-antigen are eliminated from the immune repertoire by negative selection. Negative selection has been proposed to take place by two distinct mechanisms: deletion by apoptosis or alteration of the antigen receptor specificity by receptor editing. While convincing evidence exists for each, the two models are inherently contradictory. In this paper, we propose a resolution to this contradiction by demonstrating that the site of first antigen encounter dictates which mechanism of negative selection is utilized. We demonstrate that the bone marrow microenvironment provides signals that block antigen-induced deletion and promote RAG reinduction. In the periphery, the absence of these signals allows the immature B cell to default to apoptosis as a result of BCR engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Sandel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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123
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Vilen BJ, Nakamura T, Cambier JC. Antigen-stimulated dissociation of BCR mIg from Ig-alpha/Ig-beta: implications for receptor desensitization. Immunity 1999; 10:239-48. [PMID: 10072076 PMCID: PMC3931429 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
B cell antigen receptor (BCR) ligation leads to receptor desensitization wherein BCR remain competent to bind antigen and yet fail to transduce signals. Desensitized BCR exhibit a defect at the most proximal level of signal transduction, consistent with failed transmission of signals through the receptor complex. We report that antigen stimulation leads to dissociation or destabilization of the BCR reflected by inability to coimmunoprecipitate Ig-alpha/Ig-beta with mIg. This destabilization is temporally correlated with desensitization and occurs in BCR containing mIgM and mIgD. Induction of BCR destabilization requires tyrosine kinase activation but is not induced by phosphatase inhibitors. BCR destabilization occurs at the cell surface and "dissociated" Ig-alpha/Ig-beta complexes remain responsive to anti-Ig-beta stimulation, suggesting that mIg-transducer uncoupling may mediate receptor desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J. Vilen
- Division of Basic Science, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, The Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shiroganedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan
| | - John C. Cambier
- Division of Basic Science, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center Denver, Colorado 80206
- To whom correspondence should be addressed ()
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124
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Lange H, Kobarg J, Yazynin S, Solterbeck M, Henningsen M, Hansen H, Lemke H. Genetic analysis of the maternally induced affinity enhancement in the non-Ox1 idiotypic antibody repertoire of the primary immune response to 2-phenyloxazolone. Scand J Immunol 1999; 49:55-66. [PMID: 10023858 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1999.00472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The early phases of ontogeny are decisive for the development of the B-cell repertoire. Here, we demonstrate that maternal tertiary immunization of BALB/c mice with 2-phenyloxazolone (phOx) caused a drastic alteration of the primary antigen-specific repertoire of the offspring. Maternal tertiary immunization or quaternary antibodies, which exhibited an extremely weak cross-reactivity with the major Ox1 idiotype (IdOx1), induced a change in the proportion of IdOx1/non-IdOx1 antiphOx antibodies in the F1 and F2 primary repertoire. The observed variability in the level of IdOx1 expression (10-90%) exceeded even the seemingly genetically based differences between various mouse strains. In comparison with the non-IdOx1 of control mice, half of the non-IdOx1 antibodies showed a 5-100-fold enhanced affinity. Sixty per cent of these antibodies exhibited an affinity identical to that of IdOx1 antibodies, which are normally of the highest affinity, while the remaining 40% exceeded even that of IdOx1 by a factor of 10. The non-IdOx1 were encoded by VH/VL genes and/or combinations thereof which are either new, hitherto unobserved in the antiphOx response, or typical of memory responses in normal mice. The significance of these data is discussed with respect to the possibility that maternal antibodies, which are acquired through multiple immune maturation processes, may have an epigenetic (non-Mendelian) inheritable potential for the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lange
- Biochemisches Institut der Medizinischen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany
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125
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Pewzner-Jung Y, Friedmann D, Sonoda E, Jung S, Rajewsky K, Eilat D. B Cell Deletion, Anergy, and Receptor Editing in “Knock In” Mice Targeted with a Germline-Encoded or Somatically Mutated Anti-DNA Heavy Chain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.9.4634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To study the relative contributions of clonal deletion, clonal anergy, and receptor editing to tolerance induction in autoreactive B cells and their dependence on B cell receptor affinity, we have constructed “knock in” mice in which germline encoded or somatically mutated, rearranged anti-DNA heavy (H) chains were targeted to the H chain locus of the mouse. The targeted H chains were expressed on the vast majority of bone marrow (BM) and splenic B cells and were capable of Ig class switching and the acquisition of somatic mutations. A quantitative analysis of B cell populations in the BM as well as of Jκ utilization and DNA binding of hybridoma Abs suggested that immature B cell deletion and light (L) chain editing were the major mechanisms affecting tolerance. Unexpectedly, these mechanisms were less effective in targeted mice expressing the somatically mutated, anti-DNA H chain than in mice expressing the germline-encoded H chain, possibly due to the greater abundance of high affinity, anti-DNA immature B cells in the BM. Consequently, autoreactive B cells that showed features of clonal anergy could be recovered in the periphery of these mice. Our results suggest that clonal deletion and receptor editing are interrelated mechanisms that act in concert to eliminate autoreactive B cells from the immune system. Clonal anergy may serve as a back-up mechanism for central tolerance, or it may represent an intermediate step in clonal deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Pewzner-Jung
- *Division of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; and
| | - Dinorah Friedmann
- *Division of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; and
| | - Eiichiro Sonoda
- †Institute for Genetics, University of Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Steffen Jung
- *Division of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; and
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- †Institute for Genetics, University of Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Dan Eilat
- *Division of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; and
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126
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Abstract
Allelic exclusion is established in development through a feedback mechanism in which the assembled immunoglobulin (Ig) suppresses further V(D)J rearrangement. But Ig expression sometimes fails to prevent further rearrangement. In autoantibody transgenic mice, reactivity of immature B cells with autoantigen can induce receptor editing, in which allelic exclusion is transiently prevented or reversed through nested light chain gene rearrangement, often resulting in altered B cell receptor specificity. To determine the extent of receptor editing in a normal, non-Ig transgenic immune system, we took advantage of the fact that lambda light chain genes usually rearrange after kappa genes. This allowed us to analyze kappa loci in IgMlambda+ cells to determine how frequently in-frame kappa genes fail to suppress lambda gene rearrangements. To do this, we analyzed recombined VkappaJkappa genes inactivated by subsequent recombining sequence (RS) rearrangement. RS rearrangements delete portions of the kappa locus by a V(D)J recombinase-dependent mechanism, suggesting that they play a role in receptor editing. We show that RS recombination is frequently induced by, and inactivates, functionally rearranged kappa loci, as nearly half (47%) of the RS-inactivated VkappaJkappa joins were in-frame. These findings suggest that receptor editing occurs at a surprisingly high frequency in normal B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Retter
- National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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127
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Abstract
Genes encoding the heavy chain portion of immunoglobulin molecules arise from the combinatorial association of V, D and J gene segments, which occurs during discrete stages of B lineage development in the bone marrow. Recently, V(H) replacement, a form of receptor editing, has been described, in which the variable region of an existing VDJ(H) rearrangement is replaced by another V(H) gene segment in a recombination event believed to involve an embedded heptamer within the coding region of the V(H). Studies of transgenic mice with "knocked-in" VDJ(H) genes encoding anti-DNA specificity have demonstrated that receptor editing of the heavy chain is one mechanism by which autoreactive B cell receptors can be modified. Another mouse, the "quasi-monoclonal", which encodes a "knocked-in" VDJ(H) for the hapten NP also contains B lineage cells that undergo V(H) replacement. This suggests that V(H) replacement may play a role in the normal diversification of the antibody repertoire. Using a ligation-mediated PCR assay, we have identified V(QM) double-stranded DNA breaks indicative of V(H) replacement intermediates from bone marrow and splenic B lineage cells of quasi-monoclonal mice in the absence of immunization. V(QM) to J558 recombination deletion products consistent with V(H) replacement were also detected in both the bone marrow and spleen of non-immunized quasi-monoclonal mice. Moreover, RAG-1 transcripts were detected in the spleen. These data suggest that V(H) replacement can be part of the mechanism(s) used by B lineage cells to generate diversity throughout B lineage development, including later stages occurring in secondary lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Bertrand
- The Ontario Cancer Institute and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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128
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Ghia P, ten Boekel E, Rolink AG, Melchers F. B-cell development: a comparison between mouse and man. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1998; 19:480-5. [PMID: 9785673 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patient, who carries mutations on both alleles of the gene encoding the surrogate light chain component lambda 5/14.1, shows a similar phenotype of B-cell deficiency as the lambda 5-deficient mutant mouse. As discussed here by Paolo Ghia and colleagues, this points to a remarkably similar developmental pathway of B cells in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ghia
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston, MA, USA
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129
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Verkoczy LK, Marsden PA, Berinstein NL. hBRAG, a novel B cell lineage cDNA encoding a type II transmembrane glycoprotein potentially involved in the regulation of recombination activating gene 1 (RAG1). Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:2839-53. [PMID: 9754571 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199809)28:09<2839::aid-immu2839>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The different display reverse transcription-PCR (DD RT-PCR) technique was used to identify novel cDNA detecting mRNA transcripts co-expressed with human recombination activating gene-1 (RAG1). A 5.0-kb transcript detected by the differential display amplicon 3G1 was found to correlate strongly with RAG1 mRNA expression in various human cell lines. Subsequent screenings of a pre-B cDNA library with 3G1 led to the identification of a complete cDNA we have termed hBRAG (human B-cell RAG-Associated Gene). The hBRAG cDNA encodes a 503-amino acid (aa) protein with no known homology to any nucleotide or protein sequence. The predicted molecular mass of 55 kDa was confirmed by in vitro translation. Based on sequence analysis, the predicted open reading frame encodes for a type II transmembrane spanning glycoprotein with the N-terminal 81 -aa in the cytoplasm, a 17-aa transmembrane domain, and a C-terminal 405-aa extracellular domain with four potential N-glycosylation sites. Northern blot analysis indicated a close association of the 5.0-kb hBRAG mRNA transcript with RAG1 in numerous human pro-B, pre-B and mature B cell lines assessed, but not in human T cell lines. In human tissues, hBRAG is expressed at highest levels in B cell-enriched tissues, but is not expressed in fetal or adult thymus. Southern blotting analysis revealed that this gene is conserved across eukaryotes, is expressed as a single copy in the human genome, and is likely not a multigene family member. The hBRAG gene was localized to the long arm of chromosome 10 (10q26). Transfection of the full-length hBRAG cDNA increased levels of human RAG1 transcripts in the B cell line OCI LY8-C3P, but not in the non-lymphoid line K562, suggesting a B cell-specific role for the hBRAG product in regulating RAG expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Verkoczy
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Canada
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130
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Meffre E, Papavasiliou F, Cohen P, de Bouteiller O, Bell D, Karasuyama H, Schiff C, Banchereau J, Liu YJ, Nussenzweig MC. Antigen receptor engagement turns off the V(D)J recombination machinery in human tonsil B cells. J Exp Med 1998; 188:765-72. [PMID: 9705958 PMCID: PMC2213359 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.4.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) is an anatomic compartment found in peripheral lymphoid organs, wherein B cells undergo clonal expansion, somatic mutation, switch recombination, and reactivate immunoglobulin gene V(D)J recombination. As a result of somatic mutation, some GC B cells develop higher affinity antibodies, whereas others suffer mutations that decrease affinity, and still others may become self-reactive. It has been proposed that secondary V(D)J rearrangements in GCs might rescue B cells whose receptors are damaged by somatic mutations. Here we present evidence that mature human tonsil B cells coexpress conventional light chains and recombination associated genes, and that they extinguish recombination activating gene and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase expression when their receptors are cross-linked. Thus, the response of the recombinase to receptor engagement in peripheral B cells is the opposite of the response in developing B cells to the same stimulus. These observations suggest that receptor revision is a mechanism for receptor diversification that is turned off when antigen receptors are cross-linked by the cognate antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Meffre
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York 10021-6399, USA
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131
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Hikida M, Nakayama Y, Yamashita Y, Kumazawa Y, Nishikawa SI, Ohmori H. Expression of recombination activating genes in germinal center B cells: involvement of interleukin 7 (IL-7) and the IL-7 receptor. J Exp Med 1998; 188:365-72. [PMID: 9670048 PMCID: PMC2212440 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.2.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse germinal center (GC) B cells have been shown to undergo secondary V(D)J (V, variable; D, diversity; J, joining) recombination (receptor editing) mediated by the reexpressed products of recombination activating gene (RAG)-1 and RAG-2. We show here that interleukin (IL)-7 as well as IL-4 was effective in inducing functional RAG products in mouse IgD+ B cells activated via CD40 in vitro. Blocking of the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) by injecting an anti- IL-7R monoclonal antibody resulted in a marked suppression of the reexpression of RAG-2 and subsequent V(D)J recombination in the draining lymph node of immunized mice, whereas RAG-2 expression was not impaired in immunized IL-4-deficient mice. Further, these peripheral B cells activated in vitro or in vivo were found to express IL-7R. These findings indicate a novel role for IL-7 and IL-7R in inducing receptor editing in GC B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hikida
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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132
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Hertz M, Kouskoff V, Nakamura T, Nemazee D. V(D)J recombinase induction in splenic B lymphocytes is inhibited by antigen-receptor signalling. Nature 1998; 394:292-5. [PMID: 9685161 PMCID: PMC4523147 DOI: 10.1038/28419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In lymphocytes, DNA recombinations that generate the antigen-receptor genes can sometimes be reinduced in receptor-bearing cells in a process called receptor editing, which modifies the specificity of the receptor for antigen. In immature B lymphocytes, B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signalling stimulates immune tolerance by receptor editing. More mature splenic B cells can also be induced to undergo V(D)J recombination, which generates diversity in the immune system, either by immunization with foreign proteins or by stimulation in vitro with interleukin-4 and lipopolysaccharides. Here we show that immune tolerance is unlikely to induce V(D)J recombination in mature B cells, because BCR ligation actively inhibits V(D)J recombination induced by interleukin-4 and lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, immunization of immunoglobulin transgenic mice with ligands of varying avidities for the BCR showed that low-avidity antigen could induce strong V(D)J recombination, whereas non-binding or high-avidity ligands could not. These data suggest that V(D)J recombination induced during the immune response modifies the antigen receptors of B cells with weak, but not strong, reactivity to antigen, potentially rescuing cells with improved receptor affinity and promoting their contribution to the immune response. Thus BCR signalling regulates V(D)J recombination in both tolerance and immunity, but in strikingly different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hertz
- National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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133
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Fang W, Weintraub BC, Dunlap B, Garside P, Pape KA, Jenkins MK, Goodnow CC, Mueller DL, Behrens TW. Self-reactive B lymphocytes overexpressing Bcl-xL escape negative selection and are tolerized by clonal anergy and receptor editing. Immunity 1998; 9:35-45. [PMID: 9697834 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-reactive B cells Tg for both a bcl-xL death inhibitory gene and an Ig receptor recognizing hen egg lysozyme (HEL-Ig) efficiently escaped developmental arrest and deletion in mice expressing membrane-bound self-antigen (mHEL). In response to the same antigen, Tg HEL-Ig B cells not expressing bcl-xL were deleted, while cells expressing bcl-2 were arrested at the immature B stage. Bcl-xL Tg B cells escaping negative selection were anergic in both in vitro and in vivo assays and showed some evidence for receptor editing. These studies suggest that Bcl-x may have a distinct role in controlling survival at the immature stage of B cell development and demonstrate that tolerance is preserved when self-reactive B cells escape central deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Fang
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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134
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Litzenburger T, Fässler R, Bauer J, Lassmann H, Linington C, Wekerle H, Iglesias A. B lymphocytes producing demyelinating autoantibodies: development and function in gene-targeted transgenic mice. J Exp Med 1998; 188:169-80. [PMID: 9653093 PMCID: PMC2525547 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.1.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the cellular basis of self tolerance of B cells specific for brain autoantigens using transgenic mice engineered to produce high titers of autoantibodies against the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a surface component of central nervous system myelin. We generated "knock-in" mice by replacing the germline JH locus with the rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) H chain variable (V) gene of a pathogenic MOG-specific monoclonal antibody. In the transgenic mice, conventional B cells reach normal numbers in bone marrow and periphery and express exclusively transgenic H chains, resulting in high titers of MOG-specific serum Igs. Additionally, about one third of transgenic B cells bind MOG, thus demonstrating the absence of active tolerization. Furthermore, peritoneal B-1 lymphocytes are strongly depleted. Upon immunization with MOG, the mature transgenic B cell population undergoes normal differentiation to plasma cells secreting MOG-specific IgG antibodies, during which both Ig isotype switching and somatic mutation occur. In naive transgenic mice, the presence of this substantial autoreactive B cell population is benign, and the mice fail to develop either spontaneous neurological disease or pathological evidence of demyelination. However, the presence of the transgene both accelerates and exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalitis, irrespective of the identity of the initial autoimmune insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Litzenburger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Neurobiologie, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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135
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Abstract
Antigen receptors on lymphocytes play a central role in immune regulation by transmitting signals that positively or negatively regulate lymphocyte survival, migration, growth, and differentiation. This review focuses on how opposing positive or negative cellular responses are brought about by antigen receptor signaling. Four types of extracellular inputs shape the response to antigen: (a) the concentration of antigen; (b) the avidity with which antigen is bound; (c) the timing and duration of antigen encounter; and (d) the association of antigen with costimuli from pathogens, the innate immune system, or other lymphocytes. Intracellular signaling by antigen receptors is not an all-or-none event, and these external variables alter both the quantity and quality of signaling. Recent findings in B lymphocytes have clearly illustrated that these external inputs affect the magnitude and duration of the intracellular calcium response, which in turn contributes to differential triggering of the transcriptional regulators NF kappa B, JNK, NFAT, and ERK. The regulation of calcium responses involves a network of tyrosine kinases (e.g. lyn, syk), tyrosine or lipid phosphatases (CD45, SHP-1, SHIP), and accessory molecules (CD21/CD19, CD22, FcR gamma 2b). Understanding the biochemistry and logic behind these integrative processes will allow development of more selective and efficient pharmaceuticals that suppress, modify, or augment immune responses in autoimmunity, transplantation, allergy, vaccines, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Healy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA.
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136
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Yang YG, deGoma E, Ohdan H, Bracy JL, Xu Y, Iacomini J, Thall AD, Sykes M. Tolerization of anti-Galalpha1-3Gal natural antibody-forming B cells by induction of mixed chimerism. J Exp Med 1998; 187:1335-42. [PMID: 9547344 PMCID: PMC2212239 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.8.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/1998] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation could overcome the severe shortage of allogeneic organs, a major factor limiting organ transplantation. Unfortunately, transplantation of organs from pigs, the most suitable potential donor species, results in hyperacute rejection in primate recipients, due to the presence of anti-Galalpha1-3Gal (Gal) natural antibodies (NAbs) in their sera. We evaluated the ability to tolerize anti-Gal NAb-producing B cells in alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (GalT KO) mice using bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from GalT+/+ wild-type (WT) mice. Lasting mixed chimerism was achieved in KO mice by cotransplantation of GalT KO and WT marrow after lethal irradiation. The levels of anti-Gal NAb in sera of mixed chimeras were reduced markedly 2 wk after BMT, and became undetectable at later time points. Immunization with Gal+/+ xenogeneic cells failed to stimulate anti-Gal antibody production in mixed chimeras, whereas the production of non-Gal-specific antixenoantigen antibodies was stimulated. An absence of anti-Gal-producing B cells was demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunospot assays in mixed KO + WT --> KO chimeras. Thus, mixed chimerism efficiently induces anti-Gal-specific B cell tolerance in addition to T cell tolerance, providing a single approach to overcoming both the humoral and the cellular immune barriers to discordant xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y G Yang
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Surgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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137
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Abstract
B cells that fail to pass a developmental checkpoint, either as immature or mature B cells, can be rescued by creating a new B cell antigen receptor through nested secondary immunoglobulin gene rearrangements, a process termed receptor editing. Tolerance-mediated receptor editing occurs in self-reactive immature bone marrow B cells, while peripheral receptor editing probably occurs in low-affinity B cells competing for antigen and for survival signals within the germinal center response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hertz
- Division of Basic Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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138
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Hikida M, Ohmori H. Rearrangement of lambda light chain genes in mature B cells in vitro and in vivo. Function of reexpressed recombination-activating gene (RAG) products. J Exp Med 1998; 187:795-9. [PMID: 9480989 PMCID: PMC2212171 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.5.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
V(D)J (V, variable; D, diversity; J, joining) combination of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes established in premature B cells has been thought to be conserved throughout differentiation at mature stages. However, germinal center (GC) B cells have been shown to reexpress recombination-activating gene (RAG)-1 and RAG-2 proteins in immunized mice. Here, we present several lines of evidence indicating that RAG proteins thus induced are functional as the V(D)J recombinase. DNA excision product reflecting Vlambda1 to Jlambda1 rearrangement was generated in parallel with the expression of RAG genes in mature mouse B cells that were activated in vitro with LPS and IL-4. Similar lambda chain gene rearrangement was observed in the draining lymph node of immunized mice. Further, B cells that underwent lambda gene rearrangement were shown by in situ PCR to be localized within GCs. Thus, secondary rearrangement of Ig genes (receptor editing) can occur in mature B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hikida
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700 Japan
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139
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Chen L, Kim TJ, Pillai S. Inhibition of caspase activity prevents anti-IgM induced apoptosis but not ceramide generation in WEHI 231 B cells. Mol Immunol 1998; 35:195-205. [PMID: 9736335 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(98)00044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In apoptosis induced by Reaper in Drosophila, as well as in a number of other systems, it has been suggested that the increased synthesis of ceramide might be a consequence of the activation of the caspase/ICE (Interleukin-1beta converting enzyme) protease pathway involved in cell death, implying that ceramide generation might often be the result rather than the cause of apoptosis. WEHI 231 B cells have previously been shown to undergo apoptosis following exposure to exogenous ceramide and to produce increased amounts of ceramide in response to anti-IgM crosslinking. We show here that in WEHI 231 cells a peptide inhibitor of caspase activity blocks cell death in response to both anti-IgM and exogenous ceramide. However, the induction of ceramide synthesis by WEHI 231 cells in response to anti-IgM crosslinking is not blocked by this peptide. These results indicate that antigen receptor induced ceramide generation in WEHI 231 cells does not require caspase activation, and support the view that ceramide generation in immature B cells may be the cause rather than the consequence of activation of the caspase dependent death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown 02129, USA
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140
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Melamed D, Benschop RJ, Cambier JC, Nemazee D. Developmental regulation of B lymphocyte immune tolerance compartmentalizes clonal selection from receptor selection. Cell 1998; 92:173-82. [PMID: 9458042 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocyte development is a highly ordered process that involves immunoglobulin gene rearrangements, antigen receptor expression, and a learning process that minimizes the development of cells with reactivity to self tissue. Two distinct mechanisms for immune tolerance have been defined that operate during early bone marrow stages of B cell development: apoptosis, which eliminates clones of cells, and receptor editing, which spares the cells but genetically reprograms their autoreactive antigen receptors through nested immunoglobulin L chain gene rearrangements. We show here that sensitivity to antigen-induced apoptosis arises relatively late in B cell development and is preceded by a functionally distinct developmental stage capable of receptor editing. This regulation compartmentalizes clonal selection from receptor selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Melamed
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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141
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Pelanda R, Schwers S, Sonoda E, Torres RM, Nemazee D, Rajewsky K. Receptor editing in a transgenic mouse model: site, efficiency, and role in B cell tolerance and antibody diversification. Immunity 1997; 7:765-75. [PMID: 9430222 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mice carrying transgenic rearranged V region genes in their IgH and Igkappa loci to encode an autoreactive specificity direct the emerging autoreactive progenitors into a pre-B cell compartment, in which their receptors are edited by secondary Vkappa-Jkappa rearrangements and RS recombination. Editing is an efficient process, because the mutant mice generate normal numbers of B cells. In a similar nonautoreactive transgenic strain, neither a pre-B cell compartment nor receptor editing was seen. Thus, the pre-B cell compartment may have evolved to edit the receptors of autoreactive cells and later been generally exploited for efficient antibody diversification through the invention of the pre-B cell receptor, mimicking an autoreactive antibody to direct the bulk of the progenitors into that compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pelanda
- Institute for Genetics, University of Köln, Germany.
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142
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Lang J, Arnold B, Hammerling G, Harris AW, Korsmeyer S, Russell D, Strasser A, Nemazee D. Enforced Bcl-2 expression inhibits antigen-mediated clonal elimination of peripheral B cells in an antigen dose-dependent manner and promotes receptor editing in autoreactive, immature B cells. J Exp Med 1997; 186:1513-22. [PMID: 9348309 PMCID: PMC2199120 DOI: 10.1084/jem.186.9.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that establish immune tolerance in immature and mature B cells appear to be distinct. Membrane-bound autoantigen is thought to induce developmental arrest and receptor editing in immature B cells, whereas mature B cells have shortened lifespans when exposed to the same stimulus. In this study, we used Emu-bcl-2-22 transgenic (Tg) mice to test the prediction that enforced expression of the Bcl-2 apoptotic inhibitor in B cells would rescue mature, but not immature, B cells from tolerance induction. To monitor tolerance to the natural membrane autoantigen H-2Kb, we bred 3-83mudelta (anti-Kk,b) Ig Tg mice to H-2(b) mice or to mice expressing transgene-driven Kb in the periphery. In 3-83mudelta/bcl-2 Tg mice, deletion of autoreactive B cells induced by peripheral Kb antigen expression in the liver (MT-Kb Tg) or epithelia (KerIV-Kb Tg), was partly or completely inhibited, respectively. Furthermore, Bcl-2 protected peritoneal B-2 B cells from deletion mediated by acute antigen exposure, but this protection could be overcome by higher antigen dose. In contrast to its ability to block peripheral self-tolerance, Bcl-2 overexpression failed to inhibit central tolerance induced by bone marrow antigen expression, but instead, enhanced the receptor editing process. These studies indicate that apoptosis plays distinct roles in central and peripheral B cell tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/analysis
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Clonal Deletion
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain
- H-2 Antigens/administration & dosage
- Hybridomas/transplantation
- Immunoglobulin M/analysis
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/genetics
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/analysis
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphoid Tissue/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lang
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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143
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Mandik-Nayak L, Bui A, Noorchashm H, Eaton A, Erikson J. Regulation of anti-double-stranded DNA B cells in nonautoimmune mice: localization to the T-B interface of the splenic follicle. J Exp Med 1997; 186:1257-67. [PMID: 9334365 PMCID: PMC2199093 DOI: 10.1084/jem.186.8.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/1997] [Revised: 08/14/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the MRL-lpr/lpr murine model for SLE are characterized by the presence of serum anti-double-stranded (ds)DNA antibodies (Abs), whereas nonautoimmune individuals have negligible levels of these Abs. To increase the frequency of anti-DNA B cells and identify the mechanisms involved in their regulation in nonautoimmune mice, we have used Ig transgenes (tgs). In the present study, we used the VH3H9 heavy (H) chain tg which expresses an H chain that was repeatedly isolated from anti-dsDNA Abs from MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Because the VH3H9 H chain can pair with endogenous L chains to generate anti-single-stranded DNA, anti-dsDNA, and non-DNA B cells, this allowed us to study the regulation of anti-dsDNA B cells in the context of a diverse B cell repertoire. We have identified anti-dsDNA B cells that are located at the T-B interface in the splenic follicle where they have an increased in vivo turnover rate. These anti-dsDNA B cells exhibit a unique surface phenotype suggesting developmental arrest due to antigen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mandik-Nayak
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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144
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Melamed D, Nemazee D. Self-antigen does not accelerate immature B cell apoptosis, but stimulates receptor editing as a consequence of developmental arrest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:9267-72. [PMID: 9256471 PMCID: PMC23150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.17.9267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In pre-B lymphocytes, productive rearrangement of Ig light chain genes allows assembly of the B cell receptor (BCR), which selectively promotes further developmental maturation through poorly defined transmembrane signaling events. Using a novel in vitro system to study immune tolerance during development, we find that BCR reactivity to auto-antigen blocks this positive selection, preventing down-regulation of light chain gene recombination and promoting secondary light chain gene rearrangements that often alter BCR specificity, a process called receptor editing. Under these experimental conditions, self-antigen induces secondary light chain gene rearrangements in at least two-thirds of autoreactive immature B cells, but fails to accelerate cell death at this stage. These data suggest that in these cells the mechanism of immune tolerance is receptor selection rather than clonal selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Melamed
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Basic Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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