101
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Nakamura T, Fukaya T, Uto T, Takagi H, Arimura K, Tono T, Sato K. Selective depletion of basophils ameliorates immunoglobulin E-mediated anaphylaxis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 9:29-35. [PMID: 28955985 PMCID: PMC5614540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Basophils, which are the rarest granulocytes, play crucial roles in protective immunity against parasites and development of allergic disorders. Although immunoglobulin (Ig)E-dependent responses via receptor for IgE (FcεRI) in basophils have been extensively studied, little is known about cell surface molecules that are selectively expressed on this cell subset to utilize the elimination in vivo through treatment with monoclonal antibody (mAb). Since CD200 receptor 3 (CD200R3) was exclusively expressed on basophils and mast cells (MCs) using a microarray screening, we have generated anti-CD200R3 mAb recognizing CD200R3A. In this study we examined the expression pattern of CD200R3A on leukocytes, and the influence of the elimination of basophils by anti-CD200R3A mAb on allergic responses. Flow cytometric analysis showed that CD200R3A was primarily expressed on basophils and MCs, but not on other leukocytes. Administration with anti-CD200R3A mAb led to the prominent specific depletion of tissue-resident and circulating basophils, but not MCs. Furthermore, in vivo depletion of basophils ameliorated IgE-mediated systemic and local anaphylaxis. Taken together, these findings suggest that CD200R3A is reliable cell surface marker for basophils in vivo, and targeting this unique molecule with mAb for the elimination of basophils may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy in ameliorating the allergic diseases. CD200R3A was primarily expressed on basophils and mast cells. Administration with anti-CD200R3A mAb depleted basophils, but not MCs. Depletion of basophils by anti-CD200R3A mAb ameliorated IgE-mediated systemic and local anaphylaxis.
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Key Words
- BMMCs, bone marrow-derived mast cells
- Basophils
- CD200R, CD200 receptor
- DNP, 2,4-dinitrophenol
- DNP-BSA, DNP-conjugated bovine serum albumin
- FcγR, Fcγ receptor
- FcεR, Fcε receptor
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- IL, Interleukin
- IRES, internal ribosome entry site
- ITAM, immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif
- Ig, Immunoglobulin
- IgE
- Intervention
- PE, Phycoerythrin
- PSA, passive systemic anaphylaxis
- Passive anaphylaxis
- RBC, red blood cells
- Type I hyperreactivity
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nakamura
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fukaya
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Uto
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takagi
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Keiichi Arimura
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tono
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Sato
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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102
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Novel CD200 homologues iSEC1 and iSEC2 are gastrointestinal secretory cell-specific ligands of inhibitory receptor CD200R. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36457. [PMID: 27819346 PMCID: PMC5098219 DOI: 10.1038/srep36457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CD200R is an inhibitory receptor expressed on myeloid cells and some lymphoid cells, and plays important roles in negatively regulating immune responses. CD200 is the only known ligand of CD200R and broadly distributed in a variety of cell types. Here we identified novel CD200 homologues, designated iSEC1 and iSEC2, that are expressed exclusively by secretory cell lineages in the gastrointestinal epithelium while authentic CD200 is expressed by none of epithelial cells including secretory cells. Both iSEC1 and iSEC2 could bind to CD200R but not other members of the CD200R family. Notably, CD200R expression was confined to intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) among cells in the gastrointestinal epithelium. Binding of iSEC1 to CD200R on IELs resulted in the suppression of cytokine production and cytolytic activity by activated IELs. Thus, iSEC1 is a previously unappreciated CD200R ligand with restricted expression in gastrointestinal secretory cells and may negatively regulate mucosal immune responses.
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103
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Potter GB, Petryniak MA. Neuroimmune mechanisms in Krabbe's disease. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1341-8. [PMID: 27638616 PMCID: PMC5129482 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, activation of innate immune components of the nervous system followed by an adaptive immune response, is observed in most leukodystrophies and coincides with white matter pathology, disease progression, and morbidity. Despite this, there is a major gap in our knowledge of the contribution of the immune system to disease phenotype. Inflammation in Krabbe's disease has been considered a secondary effect, resulting from cell-autonomous oligodendroglial cell death or myelin loss resulting from psychosine accumulation. However, recent studies have shown immune activation preceding clinical symptoms and white matter pathology. Moreover, the therapeutic effect underlying hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the only treatment for Krabbe's disease, has been demonstrated to occur via immunomodulation. This Review highlights recent advances in elaboration of the immune cascade involved in Krabbe's disease. Mechanistic insight into the inflammatory pathways participating in myelin and axon loss or preservation may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for this disorder. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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104
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CD200R/Foxp3-mediated signalling regulates microglial activation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34901. [PMID: 27731341 PMCID: PMC5059636 DOI: 10.1038/srep34901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of microglial functions have either beneficial or detrimental roles in specific physiological or pathological environments. However, the details of what transcriptional mechanisms induce microglia to take beneficial phenotypes remain unknown. Here, we report that Foxp3 is essential for beneficial outcome of the microglial response and depends upon signalling by the immunoglobulin CD200 through its receptor (CD200R). Foxp3 expression was up-regulated in microglia activated by excitotoxicity-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation. Suppression of CD200R prevented anti-inflammatory phenotype of microglia, but over-expression of Foxp3 enhanced it. Phosphorylation of STAT6, a downstream effector of CD200R, modulated transcription of Foxp3. Finally, CD200R/Foxp3-mediated signalling enhanced hippocampal neuronal viability and conferred a degree of neuroprotection, presumably by counteracting inducible nitric oxide synthase. We conclude that enhancement of Foxp3 through CD200R could be neuroprotective by targeting the microglia.
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105
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Wang Y, Cao X, Ma H, Tan W, Zhang L, Li Z, Gao Y. Prior stressor exposure delays the recovery of surgery-induced cognitive impairment and prolongs neuroinflammation in aged rats. Brain Res 2016; 1648:380-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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106
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Al-Hujaily EM, Oldham RAA, Hari P, Medin JA. Development of Novel Immunotherapies for Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1506. [PMID: 27618026 PMCID: PMC5037783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a disorder of terminally differentiated plasma cells characterized by clonal expansion in the bone marrow (BM). It is the second-most common hematologic malignancy. Despite significant advances in therapeutic strategies, MM remains a predominantly incurable disease emphasizing the need for the development of new treatment regimens. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment modality to circumvent challenges in the management of MM. Many novel immunotherapy strategies, such as adoptive cell therapy and monoclonal antibodies, are currently under investigation in clinical trials, with some already demonstrating a positive impact on patient survival. In this review, we will summarize the current standards of care and discuss major new approaches in immunotherapy for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensaf M Al-Hujaily
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Robyn A A Oldham
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Parameswaran Hari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Medin
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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107
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Wood O, Woo J, Seumois G, Savelyeva N, McCann KJ, Singh D, Jones T, Peel L, Breen MS, Ward M, Martin EG, Sanchez-Elsner T, Thomas G, Vijayanand P, Woelk CH, King E, Ottensmeier C. Gene expression analysis of TIL rich HPV-driven head and neck tumors reveals a distinct B-cell signature when compared to HPV independent tumors. Oncotarget 2016; 7:56781-56797. [PMID: 27462861 PMCID: PMC5302866 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has a better prognosis than it's HPV negative (HPV(-)) counterpart. This may be due to the higher numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in HPV positive (HPV(+)) tumors. RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to evaluate whether the differences in clinical behaviour simply reflect a numerical difference in TILs or whether there is a fundamental behavioural difference between TILs in these two settings. Thirty-nine HNSCC tumors were scored for TIL density by immunohistochemistry. After the removal of 16 TILlow tumors, RNA-Seq analysis was performed on 23 TILhigh/med tumors (HPV(+) n=10 and HPV(-) n=13). Using EdgeR, differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified. Immune subset analysis was performed using Functional Analysis of Individual RNA-Seq/ Microarray Expression (FAIME) and immune gene RNA transcript count analysis. In total, 1,634 DEGs were identified, with a dominant immune signature observed in HPV(+) tumors. After normalizing the expression profiles to account for differences in B- and T-cell number, 437 significantly DEGs remained. A B-cell associated signature distinguished HPV(+) from HPV(-) tumors, and included the DEGs CD200, GGA2, ADAM28, STAG3, SPIB, VCAM1, BCL2 and ICOSLG; the immune signal relative to T-cells was qualitatively similar between TILs of both tumor cohorts. Our findings were validated and confirmed in two independent cohorts using TCGA data and tumor-infiltrating B-cells from additional HPV(+) HNSCC patients. A B-cell associated signal segregated tumors relative to HPV status. Our data suggests that the role of B-cells in the adaptive immune response to HPV(+) HNSCC requires re-assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Wood
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jeongmin Woo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Gregory Seumois
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Savelyeva
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Katy J. McCann
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Divya Singh
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Terry Jones
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lailah Peel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Michael S. Breen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew Ward
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Eva Garrido Martin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Tilman Sanchez-Elsner
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Gareth Thomas
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher H. Woelk
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Emma King
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Christian Ottensmeier
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
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108
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Montiel M, Bonilla E, Valero N, Mosquera J, Espina LM, Quiroz Y, Álvarez-Mon M. Melatonin decreases brain apoptosis, oxidative stress, and CD200 expression and increased survival rate in mice infected by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Antivir Chem Chemother 2016; 24:99-108. [PMID: 27503577 DOI: 10.1177/2040206616660851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pro-inflammatory and oxidative events during brain Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection could lead to apoptosis and induce anti-inflammatory responses (increased expression of CD200). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of melatonin on brain apoptosis, oxidative stress, and CD200 molecule in mice and neuroblastoma cultures infected by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. METHODS Mice were infected with 10 median lethal doses (LD50) of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, treated with melatonin (500 µg/kg bw; three days before infection and during all experimental time) and sacrificed on days 1, 3, and 5 postinfection. Brain samples were obtained at those periods of time. In addition, infected neuroblastoma cell cultures (multiplicity of infection [MOI]: 1) were treated with 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM of melatonin and analyzed at 2, 4, and 6 h. CD200 and apoptosis expressions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assay, respectively. Nitrites and malondialdehyde were determined by appropriate biochemical methods. RESULTS Increased brain expression of apoptosis, nitrite, and malondialdehyde productions and CD200 of infected mice were found. Melatonin diminished those expressions. Similarly, high apoptosis expression and nitrite and malondialdehyde productions on infected neuroblastoma cultures were diminished by melatonin. Melatonin increased the survival rate (25%) in Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-infected animals compared with untreated infected mice (0%). CONCLUSIONS Neurological damage during brain Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection could be mediated by apoptosis and oxidative stress and CD200 molecule could be an important anti-inflammatory response. Melatonin could be beneficial reducing apoptosis and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Montiel
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Escuela de Bioanalisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Ernesto Bonilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Nereida Valero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Jesús Mosquera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Luz M Espina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Yasmir Quiroz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Departamento de Enfermedades Inmunitarias y Oncología, Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias," Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España
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109
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Damiani D, Tiribelli M, Raspadori D, Sirianni S, Meneghel A, Cavalllin M, Michelutti A, Toffoletti E, Geromin A, Simeone E, Bocchia M, Fanin R. Clinical impact of CD200 expression in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and correlation with other molecular prognostic factors. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30212-21. [PMID: 26338961 PMCID: PMC4745791 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CD200, a protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, has been associated with a poor prognosis in lymphoproliferative disorders and in acute leukemia. We studied the expression of CD200 in a series of 244 patients with diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), to evaluate its impact on outcome and its possible association with other known prognostic factors. CD200 was found in 136/244 (56%) patients, in 41 of whom (30%) with high intensity of expression (MFI ≥ 11). CD200 was more frequent in secondary compared to de novo leukemia (p = 0.0006), in CD34 positive cases (p = 0.00001), in Bcl2 overexpressing cases (p = 0.01), in those wild-type Flt3 (p = 0.004) and with favorable or unfavorable compared to intermediate karyotype (p = 0.0003). CD200+ patients have a two-fold lower probability to attain complete remission, both in univariate (p = 0.006) and multivariate (p = 0.04) analysis. The negative impact of CD200 was found also in overall survival (p = 0.02) and was correlated with the intensity of expression of the molecule (p = 0.024). CD200 has an additive negative impact on survival in patients with unfavorable cytogenetic (p = 0.046) and in secondary leukemia (p = 0.05), and is associate with a worsening of outcome in patients with favorable biological markers, such as mutated NPM (p = 0.02), wild-type Flt3 (p = 0.034), negativity of CD34 (p = 0.03) and of CD56 (p = 0.03). In conclusion, CD200 is emerging as both a prognostic factor and a potential target of novel therapeutic approaches for AML, aiming to reverse the “do not eat me” signal of CD200 or to manipulate the suppressive immune microenvironment induced by CD200 binding to its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Damiani
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mario Tiribelli
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessia Meneghel
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Margherita Cavalllin
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Angela Michelutti
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Eleonora Toffoletti
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Antonella Geromin
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Erica Simeone
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Monica Bocchia
- Division of Hematology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Renato Fanin
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Udine, Udine, Italy
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110
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Liu JQ, Talebian F, Wu L, Liu Z, Li MS, Wu L, Zhu J, Markowitz J, Carson WE, Basu S, Bai XF. A Critical Role for CD200R Signaling in Limiting the Growth and Metastasis of CD200+ Melanoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1489-97. [PMID: 27385779 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CD200 is a cell surface glycoprotein that functions through engaging CD200R on cells of the myeloid lineage and inhibits their functions. Expression of CD200 was implicated in a variety of human cancer cells, including melanoma cells; however, its roles in tumor growth and immunity are not clearly understood. In this study, we used CD200R-deficient mice and the B16 tumor model to evaluate this issue. We found that CD200R-deficient mice exhibited accelerated growth of CD200(+), but not CD200(-), B16 tumors. Strikingly, CD200R-deficient mice receiving CD200(+) B16 cells i.v. exhibited massive tumor growth in multiple organs, including liver, lung, kidney, and peritoneal cavity, whereas the growth of the same tumors in wild-type mice was limited. CD200(+) tumors grown in CD200R-deficient mice contained higher numbers of CD11b(+)Ly6C(+) myeloid cells, exhibited increased expression of VEGF and HIF1α genes with increased angiogenesis, and showed significantly reduced infiltration of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, presumably as the result of reduced expression of T cell chemokines, such as CXCL9 and CXCL16. The liver from CD200R-deficient mice, under metastatic growth of CD200(+) tumors, contained significantly increased numbers of CD11b(+)Gr1(-) myeloid cells and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells and reduced numbers of NK cells. Liver T cells also had a reduced capacity to produce IFN-γ or TNF-α. Taken together, we revealed a critical role for CD200R signaling in limiting the growth and metastasis of CD200(+) tumors. Thus, targeting CD200R signaling may potentially interfere with the metastatic growth of CD200(+) tumors, like melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Qing Liu
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Fatemeh Talebian
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Lisha Wu
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ming-Song Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Laichu Wu
- Davis Medical Research Center, Columbus, OH 43210; and
| | - Jianmin Zhu
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Joseph Markowitz
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - William E Carson
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Sujit Basu
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Xue-Feng Bai
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
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111
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Sun FJ, Zhang CQ, Chen X, Wei YJ, Li S, Liu SY, Zang ZL, He JJ, Guo W, Yang H. Downregulation of CD47 and CD200 in patients with focal cortical dysplasia type IIb and tuberous sclerosis complex. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:85. [PMID: 27095555 PMCID: PMC4837553 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Focal cortical dysplasia type IIb (FCD IIb) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are well-recognized causes of chronic intractable epilepsy in children. Accumulating evidence suggests that activation of the microglia/macrophage and concomitant inflammatory response in FCD IIb and TSC may contribute to the initiation and recurrence of seizures. The membrane glycoproteins CD47 and CD200, which are highly expressed in neurons and other cells, mediate inhibitory signals through their receptors, signal regulatory protein α (SIRP-α) and CD200R, respectively, in microglia/macrophages. We investigate the levels and expression pattern of CD47/SIRP-α and CD200/CD200R in surgically resected brain tissues from patients with FCD IIb and TSC, and the potential effect of soluble human CD47 Fc and CD200 Fc on the inhibition of several proinflammatory cytokines associated with FCD IIb and TSC in living epileptogenic brain slices in vitro. The level of interleukin-4 (IL-4), a modulator of CD200, was also investigated. Methods Twelve FCD IIb (range 1.8–9.5 years), 13 TSC (range 1.5–10 years) patients, and 6 control cases (range 1.5–11 years) were enrolled. The levels of CD47/SIRP-α and CD200/CD200R were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. The expression pattern of CD47/SIRP-α and CD200/CD200R was investigated by immunohistochemical analysis, and the cytokine concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assays. Results Both the messenger RNA and protein levels of CD47, SIRP-α, and CD200, as well as the mRNA level of IL-4, were downregulated in epileptogenic lesions of FCD IIb and TSC compared with the control specimens, whereas CD200R levels were not significantly changed. CD47, SIRP-α, and CD200 were decreasingly expressed in dysmorphic neuron, balloon cells, and giant cells. CD47 Fc and CD200 Fc could inhibit IL-6 release but did not suppress IL-1β or IL-17 production. Conclusions Our results suggest that microglial activation may be partially caused by CD47/SIRP-α- and CD200/CD200R-mediated reductions in the immune inhibitory pathways within FCD IIb and TSC cortical lesions where chronic neuroinflammation has been established. Upregulation or activation of CD47/SIRP-α and CD200/CD200R may have therapeutic potential for controlling neuroinflammation in human FCD IIb and TSC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0546-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Ji Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Yu-Jia Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Shi-Yong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Zhen-le Zang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jiao-Jiang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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van Rees DJ, Szilagyi K, Kuijpers TW, Matlung HL, van den Berg TK. Immunoreceptors on neutrophils. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:94-108. [PMID: 26976825 PMCID: PMC7129252 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil activities must be tightly controlled to maintain immune homeostasis. Activating and inhibitory receptors balance the outcome of immune cell activation. Immunoreceptors contain Ig-like extracellular domains and signal via ITAMs or ITIMs. Syk or SHP/SHIP mediate downstream signaling after immunoreceptor activation. Targeting immunoreceptors provides opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
Neutrophils play a critical role in the host defense against infection, and they are able to perform a variety of effector mechanisms for this purpose. However, there are also a number of pathological conditions, including autoimmunity and cancer, in which the activities of neutrophils can be harmful to the host. Thus the activities of neutrophils need to be tightly controlled. As in the case of other immune cells, many of the neutrophil effector functions are regulated by a series of immunoreceptors on the plasma membrane. Here, we review what is currently known about the functions of the various individual immunoreceptors and their signaling in neutrophils. While these immunoreceptors allow for the recognition of a diverse range of extracellular ligands, such as cell surface structures (like proteins, glycans and lipids) and extracellular matrix components, they commonly signal via conserved ITAM or ITIM motifs and their associated downstream pathways that depend on the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins and/or inositol lipids. This allows for a balanced homeostatic regulation of neutrophil effector functions. Given the number of available immunoreceptors and their fundamental importance for neutrophil behavior, it is perhaps not surprising that pathogens have evolved means to evade immune responses through some of these pathways. Inversely, some of these receptors evolved to specifically recognize these pathogens. Finally, some interactions mediated by immunoreceptors in neutrophils have been identified as promising targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieke J van Rees
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katka Szilagyi
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanke L Matlung
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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113
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Lepone LM, Donahue RN, Grenga I, Metenou S, Richards J, Heery CR, Madan RA, Gulley JL, Schlom J. Analyses of 123 Peripheral Human Immune Cell Subsets: Defining Differences with Age and between Healthy Donors and Cancer Patients Not Detected in Analysis of Standard Immune Cell Types. J Circ Biomark 2016; 5:5. [PMID: 28936253 PMCID: PMC5548330 DOI: 10.5772/62322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in human immunology have led to the identification of novel immune cell subsets and the biological function of many of these subsets has now been identified. The recent US Food and Drug Administration approval of several immunotherapeutics for the treatment of a variety of cancer types and the results of ongoing immunotherapy clinical studies requires a more thorough interrogation of the immune system. We report here the use of flow cytometry-based analyses to identify 123 immune cell subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The use of these panels defines multiple differences in younger (< 40 years) vs. older (≥ 40 years) individuals and between aged-matched apparently healthy individuals and metastatic cancer patients, aspects not seen in the analysis of the following standard immune cell types: CD8, CD4, natural killer, natural killer-T, regulatory T, myeloid derived suppressor cells, conventional dendritic cells (DCs), plasmacytoid DCs and B cells. The use of these panels identifying 123 immune cell subsets may aid in the identification of patients who may benefit from immunotherapy, either prior to therapy or early in the immunotherapeutic regimen, for the treatment of cancer or other chronic or infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Lepone
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Italia Grenga
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Simon Metenou
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacob Richards
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher R Heery
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ravi A Madan
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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114
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Orihuela R, McPherson CA, Harry GJ. Microglial M1/M2 polarization and metabolic states. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:649-65. [PMID: 25800044 PMCID: PMC4742299 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1211] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are critical nervous system-specific immune cells serving as tissue-resident macrophages influencing brain development, maintenance of the neural environment, response to injury and repair. As influenced by their environment, microglia assume a diversity of phenotypes and retain the capability to shift functions to maintain tissue homeostasis. In comparison with peripheral macrophages, microglia demonstrate similar and unique features with regards to phenotype polarization, allowing for innate immunological functions. Microglia can be stimulated by LPS or IFN-γ to an M1 phenotype for expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines or by IL-4/IL-13 to an M2 phenotype for resolution of inflammation and tissue repair. Increasing evidence suggests a role of metabolic reprogramming in the regulation of the innate inflammatory response. Studies using peripheral immune cells demonstrate that polarization to an M1 phenotype is often accompanied by a shift in cells from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis for energy production. More recently, the link between polarization and mitochondrial energy metabolism has been considered in microglia. Under these conditions, energy demands would be associated with functional activities and cell survival and thus, may serve to influence the contribution of microglia activation to various neurodegenerative conditions. This review examines the polarization states of microglia and their relationship to mitochondrial metabolism. Additional supporting experimental data are provided to demonstrate mitochondrial metabolic shifts in primary microglia and the BV-2 microglia cell line induced under LPS (M1) and IL-4/IL-13 (M2) polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Orihuela
- Neurotoxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher A McPherson
- Neurotoxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Gaylia Jean Harry
- Neurotoxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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115
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Atanackovic D, Radhakrishnan SV, Bhardwaj N, Luetkens T. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) therapy for multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2016; 172:685-98. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Djordje Atanackovic
- Multiple Myeloma Program, Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies; University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Sabarinath V. Radhakrishnan
- Multiple Myeloma Program, Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies; University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Neelam Bhardwaj
- Multiple Myeloma Program, Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies; University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Tim Luetkens
- Multiple Myeloma Program, Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies; University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute; Salt Lake City UT USA
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116
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Pontikoglou C, Langonné A, Ba MA, Varin A, Rosset P, Charbord P, Sensébé L, Deschaseaux F. CD200 expression in human cultured bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is induced by pro-osteogenic and pro-inflammatory cues. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:655-65. [PMID: 26773707 PMCID: PMC5125749 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to other adult tissue stem/progenitor cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BM MSCs) exhibit heterogeneity at the phenotypic level and in terms of proliferation and differentiation potential. In this study such a heterogeneity was reflected by the CD200 protein. We thus characterized CD200(pos) cells sorted from whole BM MSC cultures and we investigated the molecular mechanisms regulating CD200 expression. After sorting, measurement of lineage markers showed that the osteoblastic genes RUNX2 and DLX5 were up-regulated in CD200(pos) cells compared to CD200(neg) fraction. At the functional level, CD200(pos) cells were prone to mineralize the extra-cellular matrix in vitro after sole addition of phosphates. In addition, osteogenic cues generated by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) or BMP7 strongly induced CD200 expression. These data suggest that CD200 expression is related to commitment/differentiation towards the osteoblastic lineage. Immunohistochemistry of trephine bone marrow biopsies further corroborates the osteoblastic fate of CD200(pos) cells. However, when dexamethasone was used to direct osteogenic differentiation in vitro, CD200 was consistently down-regulated. As dexamethasone has anti-inflammatory properties, we assessed the effects of different immunological stimuli on CD200 expression. The pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α increased CD200 membrane expression but down-regulated osteoblastic gene expression suggesting an additional regulatory pathway of CD200 expression. Surprisingly, whatever the context, i.e. pro-inflammatory or pro-osteogenic, CD200 expression was down-regulated when nuclear-factor (NF)-κB was inhibited by chemical or adenoviral agents. In conclusion, CD200 expression by cultured BM MSCs can be induced by both osteogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines through the same pathway: NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pontikoglou
- EA3855, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alain Langonné
- Etablissement Français du sang Centre-Atlantique, Tours, France
| | - Mamadou Aliou Ba
- Stromalab Université de Toulouse, UMR/CNRS 5273, U1031 Inserm, EFS-Pyrénées-Méditerranée, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Varin
- Stromalab Université de Toulouse, UMR/CNRS 5273, U1031 Inserm, EFS-Pyrénées-Méditerranée, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Rosset
- Service d'orthopédie et traumatologie, CHU Trousseau, Chambray-lès-Tours, France
| | - Pierre Charbord
- Inserm U972 and Université Paris XI, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Luc Sensébé
- Stromalab Université de Toulouse, UMR/CNRS 5273, U1031 Inserm, EFS-Pyrénées-Méditerranée, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Deschaseaux
- Stromalab Université de Toulouse, UMR/CNRS 5273, U1031 Inserm, EFS-Pyrénées-Méditerranée, UPS, Toulouse, France
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von Bernhardi R, Heredia F, Salgado N, Muñoz P. Microglia Function in the Normal Brain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 949:67-92. [PMID: 27714685 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The activation of microglia has been recognized for over a century by their morphological changes. Long slender microglia acquire a short sturdy ramified shape when activated. During the past 20 years, microglia have been accepted as an essential cellular component for understanding the pathogenic mechanism of many brain diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. More recently, functional studies and imaging in mouse models indicate that microglia are active in the healthy central nervous system. It has become evident that microglia release several signal molecules that play key roles in the crosstalk among brain cells, i.e., astrocytes and oligodendrocytes with neurons, as well as with regulatory immune cells. Recent studies also reveal the heterogeneous nature of microglia diverse functions depending on development, previous exposure to stimulation events, brain region of residence, or pathological state. Subjects to approach by future research are still the unresolved questions regarding the conditions and mechanisms that render microglia protective, capable of preventing or reducing damage, or deleterious, capable of inducing or facilitating the progression of neuropathological diseases. This novel knowledge will certainly change our view on microglia as therapeutic target, shifting our goal from their general silencing to the generation of treatments able to change their activation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommy von Bernhardi
- Escuela de Medicina. Departamento de Neurología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Florencia Heredia
- Escuela de Medicina. Departamento de Neurología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Salgado
- Escuela de Medicina. Departamento de Neurología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Muñoz
- Escuela de Medicina. Departamento de Neurología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
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118
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Bohling SD, Davis E, Thompson K, Kussick SJ, Love J. Flow cytometric analysis of CD200 expression by pulmonary small cell carcinoma. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 90:493-498. [PMID: 26584149 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD200 is a membrane bound glycoprotein that is expressed by a variety of normal tissues and hematopoietic malignancies. Flow cytometric analysis of CD200 expression has utility in the evaluation of mature B-cell neoplasms, myeloma, and acute leukemia; however, CD200 expression in nonhematopoietic malignancies has not been extensively studied. METHODS We studied 14 cases of biopsy proven pulmonary small cell carcinoma in which a discrete CD45 negative, CD56 positive abnormal cell population was identified by flow cytometry. We retrospectively evaluated these cases for flow cytometric and immunohistochemical evidence of CD200 expression. RESULTS Twelve of the 14 cases of pulmonary small cell carcinoma showed convincing expression of CD200 by both immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary small cell carcinoma frequently expresses CD200 at a level that can be detected by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. CD200 expression therefore may be used to help identify pulmonary small cell carcinoma in flow cytometry specimens and tissue sections. CD200 may also play a role in the biology of pulmonary small cell carcinoma and is a potential target of future therapies. © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan Davis
- Multicare Health System, Tacoma, Washington
| | | | | | - Jason Love
- Western Washington Pathology, Tacoma, Washington
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119
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Kwong LS, Akkaya M, Barclay AN, Hatherley D. Herpesvirus orthologues of CD200 bind host CD200R but not related activating receptors. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:179-184. [PMID: 26538068 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several herpesviruses have acquired the gene for the CD200 membrane protein from their hosts and can downregulate myeloid activity through interaction of this viral CD200 orthologue with the host receptor for CD200, namely CD200R, which can give inhibitory signals. This receptor is a 'paired receptor', meaning proteins related to the inhibitory CD200R are present but differ in that they can give activating signals and also give a negligible interaction with CD200. We showed that the viral orthologues e127 from rat cytomegalovirus and K14 from human herpesvirus 8 do not bind the activating CD200R-like proteins from their respective species, although they do bind the inhibitory receptors. It is thought that the activating receptors have evolved in response to pathogens targeting the inhibitory receptor. In this case, the CD200 orthologue is not trapped by the activating receptor but has maintained the specificity of the host from which it was acquired, suggesting that the activating members of the CD200R family have evolved to protect against a different pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Shan Kwong
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Munir Akkaya
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Neil Barclay
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Deborah Hatherley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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120
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Śledzińska A, Menger L, Bergerhoff K, Peggs KS, Quezada SA. Negative immune checkpoints on T lymphocytes and their relevance to cancer immunotherapy. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1936-65. [PMID: 26578451 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The term 'inhibitory checkpoint' refers to the broad spectrum of co-receptors expressed by T cells that negatively regulate T cell activation thus playing a crucial role in maintaining peripheral self-tolerance. Co-inhibitory receptor ligands are highly expressed by a variety of malignancies allowing evasion of anti-tumour immunity. Recent studies demonstrate that manipulation of these co-inhibitory pathways can remove the immunological brakes that impede endogenous immune responses against tumours. Antibodies that block the interactions between co-inhibitory receptors and their ligands have delivered very promising clinical responses, as has been shown by recent successful trials targeting the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of action and expression pattern of co-inhibitory receptors on different T cells subsets, emphasising differences between CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. We also summarise recent clinical findings utilising immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Śledzińska
- Cancer Immunology Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK
| | - Laurie Menger
- Cancer Immunology Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Karl S Peggs
- Cancer Immunology Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK.
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121
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Holmannová D, Koláčková M, Kondělková K, Kuneš P, Krejsek J, Andrýs C. CD200/CD200R Paired Potent Inhibitory Molecules Regulating Immune and Inflammatory Responses; part I: CD200/CD200R Structure, Activation, and Function. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2015; 55:12-7. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2015.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CD200/CD200R are highly conserved type I paired membrane glycoproteins that belong to the Ig superfamily containing a two immunoglobulin‑like domain (V, C). CD200 is broadly distributed in a variety of cell types, whereas CD200R is primarily expressed in myeloid and lymphoid cells. They fulfill multiple functions in regulating inflammation. The interaction between CD200/CD200R results in activation of the intracellular inhibitory pathway with RasGAP recruitment and thus contributes to effector cell inhibition. It was confirmed that the CD200R activation stimulates the differentiation of T cells to the Treg subset, upregulates indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase activity, modulates cytokine environment from a Th1 to a Th2 pattern, and facilitates an antiinflammatory IL‑10 and TGF‑β synthesis. CD200/CD200R are required for maintaining self‑tolerance. Many studies have demonstrated the importance of CD200 in controlling autoimmunity, inflammation, the development and spread of cancer, hypersensitivity, and spontaneous fetal loss.
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122
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Kim YK, Chen EY, Liu WF. Biomolecular strategies to modulate the macrophage response to implanted materials. J Mater Chem B 2015; 4:1600-1609. [PMID: 32263014 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01605c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The material-induced foreign body response is a major challenge for implanted medical devices. This review highlights recent developments in biomimetic approaches to create biomaterials that mitigate the host response to biomaterials. Specifically, we will describe strategies in which biomaterials are decorated with endogenously expressed biomolecules that naturally modulate the function of immune cells. These include molecules that directly bind to and interact with immune cells, as well as molecules that control complement activation or thrombosis and indirectly modulate immune cell function. We provide perspective on how these approaches may impact the design of materials for medical devices and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Muccio VE, Saraci E, Gilestro M, Gattei V, Zucchetto A, Astolfi M, Ruggeri M, Marzanati E, Passera R, Palumbo A, Boccadoro M, Omedè P. Multiple myeloma: New surface antigens for the characterization of plasma cells in the era of novel agents. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 90:81-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Emanuele Muccio
- Divisione Universitaria Di Ematologia; AOU Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elona Saraci
- Divisione Universitaria Di Ematologia; AOU Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Milena Gilestro
- Divisione Universitaria Di Ematologia; AOU Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valter Gattei
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit; Centro Di Riferimento Oncologico I.R.C.C.S, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonella Zucchetto
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit; Centro Di Riferimento Oncologico I.R.C.C.S, Torino, Italy
| | - Monica Astolfi
- Divisione Universitaria Di Ematologia; AOU Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marina Ruggeri
- Divisione Universitaria Di Ematologia; AOU Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marzanati
- Divisione Universitaria Di Ematologia; AOU Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Passera
- AOU Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Divisione Di Medicina Nucleare; Università Di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Palumbo
- Divisione Universitaria Di Ematologia; AOU Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Boccadoro
- Divisione Universitaria Di Ematologia; AOU Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Omedè
- Divisione Universitaria Di Ematologia; AOU Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Varnum MM, Kiyota T, Ingraham KL, Ikezu S, Ikezu T. The anti-inflammatory glycoprotein, CD200, restores neurogenesis and enhances amyloid phagocytosis in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2995-3007. [PMID: 26315370 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cluster of Differentiation-200 (CD200) is an anti-inflammatory glycoprotein expressed in neurons, T cells, and B cells, and its receptor is expressed on glia. Both Alzheimer's disease patients and mouse models display age-related or amyloid-β peptide (Aβ)-induced reductions in CD200. The goal of this study was to determine if neuronal CD200 expression restores hippocampal neurogenesis and reduces Aβ in the amyloid precursor protein mouse model. Amyloid precursor protein and wild-type mice were injected at 6 months of age with an adeno-associated virus expressing CD200 into the hippocampus and sacrificed at 12 months. CD200 expression restored neural progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the subgranular and granular cell layers of the dentate gyrus and reduced diffuse but not thioflavin-S(+) plaques in the hippocampus. In vitro studies demonstrated that CD200-stimulated microglia increased neural differentiation of neural stem cells and enhanced axon elongation and dendrite number. CD200 also enhanced Aβ uptake by microglia. These data indicate that CD200 is capable of enhancing microglia-mediated Aβ clearance and neural differentiation and has potential as a therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Varnum
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomomi Kiyota
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kaitlin L Ingraham
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seiko Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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125
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Wang J, Hou J, Lei H, Fu J, Pan Y, Liu J. Synergistic neuroprotective effect of microglial‑conditioned media treated with geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1 on hypoxia injured neurons. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5328-34. [PMID: 26238400 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergistic mechanism underlying the effects of multi‑component combined drug use for complex diseases remains to be fully elucidated. Microglial activation following ischemia can either affect neural survival or cause neuronal injury. The aim of the present study was to determine the synergistic effect of geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1, based on microglial‑neuronal communication. N2a neuronal cells were divided into the following seven groups: Control group; normal cultured microglial cells in conditioned medium (N‑MG‑CM) group; oxygen‑glucose deprivation (OGD) model group; OGD‑injured MG‑CM (I‑MG‑CM) group; geniposide‑treated MG‑CM (G‑MG‑CM) group; ginsenoside Rg1‑treated MG‑CM (R‑MG‑CM) group; and combination‑treated MG‑CM (C‑MG‑CM) group. A series of assays were used to detect the effects of the different MG‑CM on neurons in terms of: (i) cell viability, determined using a Cell Counting Kit‑8; (ii) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage rate; (iii) expression of NMDAR1 and activated caspase‑3, detected using western blotting; (iv) mitochondrial transmembrane potential, determined by JC‑1; and (v) mitochondrial ultrastructural features, determined using electron microscopy. The experimental results demonstrated that MG‑CM including the integrated use of geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1 significantly protected neuronal cell viability and inhibited LDH leakage, suppressed the expression of N‑methyl‑D‑aspartate receptor subunit 1 and activated caspase‑3, increased the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and improved the mitochondrial ultrastructure. MG‑CM from separately used geniposide or ginsenoside Rg1 demonstrated differential neuroprotection at different levels. These findings revealed that the synergistic drug combination of geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1 in the treatment of stroke is a feasible approach for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Experiment Center, Institute of Basic Theory, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Jincai Hou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Lei
- Morphology Laboratory, The Experimental Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Yanshu Pan
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
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126
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Maphis N, Xu G, Kokiko-Cochran ON, Cardona AE, Ransohoff RM, Lamb BT, Bhaskar K. Loss of tau rescues inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:196. [PMID: 26089772 PMCID: PMC4452825 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tauopathies. Activated microglia spatially coexist with microtubule-associated protein tau (Mapt or tau)-burdened neurons in the brains of human AD and non-AD tauopathies. Numerous studies have suggested that neuroinflammation precedes tau pathology and that induction or blockage of neuroinflammation via lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or anti-inflammatory compounds (such as FK506) accelerate or block tau pathology, respectively in several animal models of tauopathy. We have previously demonstrated that microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via deficiency of the microglia-specific chemokine (fractalkine) receptor, CX3CR1, promotes tau pathology and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Here, we demonstrate that tau mediates the neurotoxic effects of LPS in Cx3cr1 (-/-) mice. First, Mapt (+/+) neurons displayed elevated levels of Annexin V (A5) and TUNEL (markers of neurodegeneration) when co-cultured with LPS-treated Cx3cr1 (-/-)microglia, which is rescued in Mapt (-/-) neurons. Second, a neuronal population positive for phospho-S199 (AT8) tau in the dentate gyrus is also positive for activated or cleaved caspase (CC3) in the LPS-treated Cx3cr1 (-/-) mice. Third, genetic deficiency for tau in Cx3cr1 (-/-) mice resulted in reduced microglial activation, altered expression of inflammatory genes and a significant reduction in the number of neurons positive for CC3 compared to Cx3cr1 (-/-)mice. Finally, Cx3cr1 (-/-)mice exposed to LPS displayed a lack of inhibition in an open field exploratory behavioral test, which is rescued by tau deficiency. Taken together, our results suggest that pathological alterations in tau mediate inflammation-induced neurotoxicity and that deficiency of Mapt is neuroprotective. Thus, therapeutic approaches toward either reducing tau levels or blocking neuroinflammatory pathways may serve as a potential strategy in treating tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Maphis
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Guixiang Xu
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Astrid E Cardona
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Bruce T Lamb
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kiran Bhaskar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
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127
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Banas R, Miller C, Guzik L, Zeevi A. Amnion-derived multipotent progenitor cells inhibit blood monocyte differentiation into mature dendritic cells. Cell Transplant 2015; 23:1111-25. [PMID: 23849060 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x670165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells derived from the placenta have become the focus of extensive research concerning their ability to be used for regenerative medicine or cellular therapies. In a previous study, we characterized amnion-derived multipotent progenitor cells, or AMP cells, by in vitro methods and showed they were able to inhibit antigen-specific T-cell proliferation in a cell-to-cell contact-dependent fashion. Here we examine specific mechanisms involved in immunomodulation by AMP cells. We found that AMP cells significantly inhibited monocyte-derived myeloid dendritic cell (DC) maturation when placed in coculture. Cocultured monocytes retained the nondifferentiated macrophage marker CD14 while exhibiting significant reduction in DC maturation markers CD83 and CD1a, indicating an immature DC maturation state that is pivotal in determining its immune stimulatory or regulatory status. This effect was again dependent on cell-to-cell contact interaction. We also found a significant shift in cytokines present in the microenvironment of cocultures, which indicated a regulatory DC function rather than a stimulatory cell type. Here supernatants taken from AMP cell/monocyte cocultures yielded significant levels of regulatory cytokines, such as PGE2, IL-6, IL-10, and MIC-1. The soluble form of HLA-G was also found at higher levels in cocultures. In contrast, supernatants contained significantly less amounts of the T-cell-stimulating factor IL-12, which is normally produced by activated DCs. Interestingly, cocultured monocytes acquired significant expression of HLA-G on their cell surface over time. HLA-G has multifaceted immunological implications and may be a key molecule in influencing these cells to behave as regulatory DCs. Together, the influence of AMP cells on maturing DCs may favor a regulatory pathway that can be useful for therapeutic applications for immune-mediated disorders or transplantation therapies.
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128
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Ojo JO, Rezaie P, Gabbott PL, Stewart MG. Impact of age-related neuroglial cell responses on hippocampal deterioration. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:57. [PMID: 25972808 PMCID: PMC4413780 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is one of the greatest risk factors for the development of sporadic age-related neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammation is a common feature of this disease phenotype. In the immunoprivileged brain, neuroglial cells, which mediate neuroinflammatory responses, are influenced by the physiological factors in the microenvironment of the central nervous system (CNS). These physiological factors include but are not limited to cell-to-cell communication involving cell adhesion molecules, neuronal electrical activity and neurotransmitter and neuromodulator action. However, despite this dynamic control of neuroglial activity, in the healthy aged brain there is an alteration in the underlying neuroinflammatory response notably seen in the hippocampus, typified by astrocyte/microglia activation and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production and signaling. These changes may occur without any overt concurrent pathology, however, they typically correlate with deteriorations in hippocamapal or cognitive function. In this review we examine two important phenomenons, firstly the relationship between age-related brain deterioration (focusing on hippocampal function) and underlying neuroglial response(s), and secondly how the latter affects molecular and cellular processes within the hippocampus that makes it vulnerable to age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O. Ojo
- Department of Life Sciences, The Open UniversityWalton Hall, UK
- Department of Neuropathology, Roskamp InstituteSarasota, FL, USA
| | - Payam Rezaie
- Department of Life Sciences, The Open UniversityWalton Hall, UK
| | - Paul L. Gabbott
- Department of Life Sciences, The Open UniversityWalton Hall, UK
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129
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Hernangómez M, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Mecha M, Correa F, Mestre L, Loría F, Feliú A, Docagne F, Guaza C. Brain innate immunity in the regulation of neuroinflammation: therapeutic strategies by modulating CD200-CD200R interaction involve the cannabinoid system. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:4707-22. [PMID: 24588829 PMCID: PMC4157566 DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140130202911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) innate immune response includes an arsenal of molecules and receptors expressed by professional phagocytes, glial cells and neurons that is involved in host defence and clearance of toxic and dangerous cell debris. However, any uncontrolled innate immune responses within the CNS are widely recognized as playing a major role in the development of autoimmune disorders and neurodegeneration, with multiple sclerosis (MS) Alzheimer's disease (AD) being primary examples. Hence, it is important to identify the key regulatory mechanisms involved in the control of CNS innate immunity and which could be harnessed to explore novel therapeutic avenues. Neuroimmune regulatory proteins (NIReg) such as CD95L, CD200, CD47, sialic acid, complement regulatory proteins (CD55, CD46, fH, C3a), HMGB1, may control the adverse immune responses in health and diseases. In the absence of these regulators, when neurons die by apoptosis, become infected or damaged, microglia and infiltrating immune cells are free to cause injury as well as an adverse inflammatory response in acute and chronic settings. We will herein provide new emphasis on the role of the pair CD200-CD200R in MS and its experimental models: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and Theiler’s virus induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD). The interest of the cannabinoid system as inhibitor of inflammation prompt us to introduce our findings about the role of endocannabinoids (eCBs) in promoting CD200-CD200 receptor (CD200R) interaction and the benefits caused in TMEV-IDD. Finally, we also review the current data on CD200-CD200R interaction in AD, as well as, in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Guaza
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
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Ziebell JM, Adelson PD, Lifshitz J. Microglia: dismantling and rebuilding circuits after acute neurological injury. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:393-400. [PMID: 24733573 PMCID: PMC4198517 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The brain is comprised of neurons and its support system including astrocytes, glial cells and microglia, thereby forming neurovascular units. Neurons require support from glial cells to establish and maintain functional circuits, but microglia are often overlooked. Microglia function as the immune cell of the central nervous system, acting to monitor the microenvironment for changes in signaling, pathogens and injury. More recently, other functional roles for microglia within the healthy brain have been identified, including regulating synapse formation, elimination and function. This review aims to highlight and discuss these alternate microglial roles in the healthy and in contrast, diseased brain with a focus on two acute neurological diseases, traumatic brain injury and epilepsy. In these conditions, microglial roles in synaptic stripping and stabilization as part of neuronal:glial interactions may position them as mediators of the transition between injury-induced circuit dismantling and subsequent reorganization. Increased understanding of microglia roles could identify therapeutic targets to mitigate the consequences of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Ziebell
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA,
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131
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CD200 receptor restriction of myeloid cell responses antagonizes antiviral immunity and facilitates cytomegalovirus persistence within mucosal tissue. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004641. [PMID: 25654642 PMCID: PMC4412112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD200 receptor (CD200R) negatively regulates peripheral and mucosal innate immune responses. Viruses, including herpesviruses, have acquired functional CD200 orthologs, implying that viral exploitation of this pathway is evolutionary advantageous. However, the role that CD200R signaling plays during herpesvirus infection in vivo requires clarification. Utilizing the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) model, we demonstrate that CD200R facilitates virus persistence within mucosal tissue. Specifically, MCMV infection of CD200R-deficient mice (CD200R(-/-)) elicited heightened mucosal virus-specific CD4 T cell responses that restricted virus persistence in the salivary glands. CD200R did not directly inhibit lymphocyte effector function. Instead, CD200R(-/-) mice exhibited enhanced APC accumulation that in the mucosa was a consequence of elevated cellular proliferation. Although MCMV does not encode an obvious CD200 homolog, productive replication in macrophages induced expression of cellular CD200. CD200 from hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells contributed independently to suppression of antiviral control in vivo. These results highlight the CD200-CD200R pathway as an important regulator of antiviral immunity during cytomegalovirus infection that is exploited by MCMV to establish chronicity within mucosal tissue.
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133
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Sellheyer K. Spiradenoma and cylindroma originate from the hair follicle bulge and not from the eccrine sweat gland: an immunohistochemical study with CD200 and other stem cell markers. J Cutan Pathol 2014; 42:90-101. [PMID: 25354097 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spiradenoma and cylindroma have historically been described as sweat gland tumors and have often been considered to be of eccrine lineage. However, (a) associations with trichoepitheliomas in Brooke-Spiegler syndrome or with trichoepitheliomas and milia in Rasmussen syndrome, (b) neoplastic combinations with hair follicle tumors in solitary cases, and (c) anatomical considerations support a folliculosebaceous-apocrine lineage. Follicular stem cell markers may allow for further characterization of these neoplasms. METHODS A total of 97 tumors were examined for the expression pattern of follicular stem cell markers cytokeratin 15 (CK15), cytokeratin 19 (CK19), pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, member 1 (PHLDA1), and CD200. The tumors were comprised of 27 spiradenomas, 30 cylindromas, 16 hidradenomas, 19 poromas, 4 dermal duct tumors and 1 hidroacanthoma simplex. RESULTS All spiradenomas and cylindromas were CD200-positive whereas the other tumors classified as eccrine in lineage were all CD200-negative. CK15 also discriminated between spiradenomas and cylindromas and the remaining neoplasms but not to the degree of CD200. PHLDA1 and CK19 were noncontributory. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that both spiradenoma and cylindroma are not eccrine but follicular tumors. More specifically, it is proposed that both adnexal neoplasms are derived from the hair follicle bulge and as such represent one of the least differentiated follicular tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Sellheyer
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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134
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Talebian F, Bai XF. The role of tumor expression of CD200 in tumor formation, metastasis and susceptibility to T lymphocyte adoptive transfer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 1:971-973. [PMID: 23162775 PMCID: PMC3489763 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD200 is a cell surface glycoprotein that has been implicated in a variety of human cancer cells and has been thought to play a pro-tumor role. However, in our recent study we have revealed that CD200 on cancer cells inhibits tumor formation and metastasis through inhibition of myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Talebian
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH USA
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135
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Ren Y, Yang B, Yin Y, Leng X, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Li Y, Li X, Zhang F, He W, Zhang X, Cao X. Aberrant CD200/CD200R1 expression and its potential role in Th17 cell differentiation, chemotaxis and osteoclastogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 54:712-21. [PMID: 25261692 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD200/CD200R1 signalling has an immunoregulatory effect on the activation threshold of the inflammatory immune response and maintains immune homeostasis. In this study we evaluated the status of CD200/CD200R1 interaction in patients with RA. METHODS The expression of CD200 and CD200R1 was examined by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry and was compared between RA patients and healthy controls (HCs). Sorted CD4(+) T cells were stained with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and annexin V-propidium iodide to evaluate the effect of CD200 on cell proliferation and apoptosis. The effect of CD200 on Th17 differentiation, function and osteoclastogenesis was determined by flow cytometry, transwell migration assay and immunocytochemistry, respectively. RESULTS The proportion of CD200(+) cells and CD200R1(+) cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, peripheral CD14(+) cells and CD4(+) T cells was significantly lower in the RA patients than in HCs, whereas the number of CD200(+) cells was higher in synovium from RA patients than in that from HCs. After treatment with infliximab and MTX we found increased expression of peripheral CD200/CD200R1 that correlated with a decrease in the 28-joint DAS. CD200Fc in vitro partially inhibited CD4(+) T cell proliferation, promoted CD4(+) T cell apoptosis, reduced CD4(+) T cell differentiation into Th17 cells and down-regulated CCR6-mediated Th17 chemotaxis in cells from RA patients. In addition, the engagement of the CD200 receptors on CD14(+) cells with CD200Fc in vitro reduced osteoclastogenesis and inhibited CD14(+) cell-driven Th17 differentiation. CONCLUSION Abnormal CD200/CD200R1 expression in RA may contribute to abnormal Th17 cell differentiation, chemotaxis and osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ren
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, Department of Health Care, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China. Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, Department of Health Care, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, Department of Health Care, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Yin
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, Department of Health Care, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Leng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, Department of Health Care, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, Department of Health Care, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, Department of Health Care, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhe Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, Department of Health Care, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, Department of Health Care, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, Department of Health Care, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, Department of Health Care, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, Department of Health Care, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, Department of Health Care, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
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Xiao Y, Williams JS, Brownell I. Merkel cells and touch domes: more than mechanosensory functions? Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:692-5. [PMID: 24862916 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The touch dome (TD) is an innervated structure in the epidermis of mammalian skin. Composed of specialized keratinocytes and neuroendocrine Merkel cells, the TD has distinct molecular characteristics compared to the surrounding epidermal keratinocytes. Much of the research on Merkel cell function has focused on their role in mechanosensation, specifically light touch. Recently, more has been discovered about Merkel cell molecular characteristics and their cells of origin. Here we review Merkel cell and TD biology, and discuss potential functions beyond mechanosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Compans RW, Oldstone MBA. Secondary bacterial infections in influenza virus infection pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 385:327-56. [PMID: 25027822 PMCID: PMC7122299 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is often complicated by bacterial pathogens that colonize the nasopharynx and invade the middle ear and/or lung epithelium. Incidence and pathogenicity of influenza-bacterial coinfections are multifactorial processes that involve various pathogenic virulence factors and host responses with distinct site- and strain-specific differences. Animal models and kinetic models have improved our understanding of how influenza viruses interact with their bacterial co-pathogens and the accompanying immune responses. Data from these models indicate that considerable alterations in epithelial surfaces and aberrant immune responses lead to severe inflammation, a key driver of bacterial acquisition and infection severity following influenza. However, further experimental and analytical studies are essential to determining the full mechanistic spectrum of different viral and bacterial strains and species and to finding new ways to prevent and treat influenza-associated bacterial coinfections. Here, we review recent advances regarding transmission and disease potential of influenza-associated bacterial infections and discuss the current gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia USA
| | - Michael B. A. Oldstone
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California USA
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The rhesus rhadinovirus CD200 homologue affects immune responses and viral loads during in vivo infection. J Virol 2014; 88:10635-54. [PMID: 24991004 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01276-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (RRV) is a gammaherpesvirus of rhesus macaque (RM) monkeys that is closely related to human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)/Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and it is capable of inducing diseases in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected RM that are similar to those seen in humans coinfected with HIV and HHV-8. Both HHV-8 and RRV encode viral CD200 (vCD200) molecules that are homologues of cellular CD200, a membrane glycoprotein that regulates immune responses and helps maintain immune homeostasis via interactions with the CD200 receptor (CD200R). Though the functions of RRV and HHV-8 vCD200 molecules have been examined in vitro, the precise roles that these viral proteins play during in vivo infection remain unknown. Thus, to address the contributions of RRV vCD200 to immune regulation and disease in vivo, we generated a form of RRV that lacked expression of vCD200 for use in infection studies in RM. Our data indicated that RRV vCD200 expression limits immune responses against RRV at early times postinfection and also impacts viral loads, but it does not appear to have significant effects on disease development. Further, examination of the distribution pattern of CD200R in RM indicated that this receptor is expressed on a majority of cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, including B and T cells, suggesting potentially wider regulatory capabilities for both vCD200 and CD200 that are not strictly limited to myeloid lineage cells. In addition, we also demonstrate that RRV infection affects CD200R expression levels in vivo, although vCD200 expression does not play a role in this phenomenon. IMPORTANCE Cellular CD200 and its receptor, CD200R, compose a pathway that is important in regulating immune responses and is known to play a role in a variety of human diseases. A number of pathogens have been found to modulate the CD200-CD200R pathway during infection, including human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma and B cell neoplasms in AIDS patients, and a closely related primate virus, rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (RRV), which infects and induces disease in rhesus macaque monkeys. HHV-8 and RRV encode homologues of CD200, termed vCD200, which are thought to play a role in preventing immune responses against these viruses. However, neither molecule has been studied in an in vivo model of infection to address their actual contributions to immunoregulation and disease. Here we report findings from our studies in which we analyzed the properties of a mutant form of RRV that lacks vCD200 expression in infected rhesus macaques.
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Kim YK, Que R, Wang SW, Liu WF. Modification of biomaterials with a self-protein inhibits the macrophage response. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:989-94. [PMID: 24573988 PMCID: PMC4272238 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A biomaterial inhibits the host immune response by displaying an endo-genously expressed immunomodulatory molecule, CD200. Immobilization of CD200 onto biomaterial surfaces effectively suppresses macrophage activation and reduces inflammatory response to subcutaneously implanted materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, USA
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine
| | - Richard Que
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, USA
| | - Szu-Wen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Wendy F. Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, USA
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of California, Irvine
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Arik HO, Yalcin AD, Celik B, Seyman D, Tetik G, Gursoy B, Kose S, Gumuslu S. Evaluation of soluble CD200 levels in type 2 diabetic foot and nephropathic patients: association with disease activity. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:1078-81. [PMID: 24964809 PMCID: PMC4085116 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD200 (OX-2) is a novel immune-effective molecule, existing in a cell membrane-bound form, as well as in a soluble form in serum (s OX-2), which acts to regulate inflammatory and acquired immune responses. MATERIAL AND METHODS We planned this study to evaluate the sOX-2 levels of type 2 diabetic foot (group B), and compare it with that of healthy controls (group A). The patient group had the following values: DM period: 27.9±10.3 year [mean ±SD], HbA1c: 9.52±2.44% [mean ±SD]. RESULTS Blood samples for sCD200 measurement were always taken in the morning between 8 and 10 A.M.. The results were reported as means of duplicate measurements. Concentrations of sOX-2 in the serum samples were quantified using an ELISA kit. Serum hs-CRP levels were measured using an hs-CRP assay kit. The sOX-2 level in group B was 173.8±3.1 and in group A was 70.52±1.2 [p<0.0001). In subgroup analysis of T2DM-DFI patients, we noticed that sOX-2 levels were higher in WGS (Wagner grading system) I and II patients than in WGS III and IV patients. The HbA1c, BUN, creatinine, hs-CRP levels, and sedimentation rates were higher in the patient group (p<0.0001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.005, and p<0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS We suggest that there are vascular, immunologic, and neurologic components in DFI, whereas autoimmune diseases and inflammatory skin disorders have only an immunologic component. This is possibly evidence of a pro-inflammatory effect seen in DFI as a vascular complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Onur Arik
- Orthopaedics and Traumatology Clinic, Yozgat State Hospital, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Arzu Didem Yalcin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Corresponding Author: Arzu Didem Yalcin, e-mail: and
| | - Betul Celik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, U.S.A
| | - Derya Seyman
- Department of Infectious Disease, Antalya Training and Reseach Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gulsum Tetik
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Bensu Gursoy
- Infection Disease Clinic, Tekirdag State Hospital, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Sukran Kose
- Department of Infection, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Saadet Gumuslu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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141
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Douds JJ, Long DJ, Kim AS, Li S. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of CD200 expression and its stability in plasma cell myeloma. J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:792-6. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AimPrevious studies showed that CD200 expression is a prognostic factor for plasma cell myeloma (PCM), but the prognostic effect is conflicting between studies. We studied CD200 protein expression and the stability of expression in PCM to clarify its potential utility in diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of disease.MethodCD200 expression was studied in 77 cases of PCM by immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections from decalcified bone marrow biopsies.ResultThere were 16 newly diagnosed cases and 61 post-treatment cases from 54 patients: 37 men and 17 women, with a median age of 62 years (range, 41–88 years). CD200 demonstrated moderate to strong membrane expression in positive cases. Fifty-six of 77 cases (73%) showed CD200 expression. Twenty of the 22 (91%) patients with serial specimens demonstrated stable CD200 expression (n=15) or lack of CD200 expression (n=5). One patient lost CD200 expression, while another one gained CD200 expression during treatment. The clinical, pathologic and cytogenetic features between the CD200+ group and the CD200− group were similar in most instances. However, CD200 expression was associated with lower serum β2-microglobulin (p=0.03). There was no significant difference in overall survival and progression-free survival between the CD200+ and CD200− patients (p>0.05).ConclusionsCD200 is expressed in a majority of PCM cases, and the expression is stable during the treatment process. Therefore, immunohistochemical expression of CD200 is a useful marker for the diagnosis and follow-up of PCM.
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Abstract
Microglia, a unique type of myeloid cell, play a key role in the inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration occurring during both acute and chronic stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). These highly specialized cells trigger neurotoxic pathways, producing pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and proteolytic enzymes, causing progressive neurodegeneration. Microglia have also been associated with development of cortical lesions in progressive MS, as well as with alterations of synaptic transmission in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, they also play an important role in the promotion of neuroprotection, downregulation of inflammation, and stimulation of tissue repair. Notably, microglia undergo changes in morphology and function with normal aging, resulting in a decline of their ability to repair central nervous system damage, making axons and neurons more vulnerable with age. Modulation of microglial activation for therapeutic purposes must consider suppressing deleterious effects of these cells, while simultaneously preserving their protective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Montañeses 2325, (1428) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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143
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Pandey M, Mahadevan D. Monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics in human malignancies. Future Oncol 2014; 10:609-36. [PMID: 24754592 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a proven effective therapeutic modality in human malignancy. Several mAbs are approved to targets critical in aberrant oncogenic signaling within tumors and their microenvironment. These targets include secreted ligands (e.g., VEGF and HGH), their receptors (e.g., HER2 and VEGFR2), cell surface counter receptors and their receptor-bound ligands (e.g., PD1 and PD1L, respectively). The ability to genetically engineer the structure and/or functions of mAbs has significantly improved their effectiveness. Furthermore, advances in gene expression profiling, proteomics, deep sequencing and deciphering of complex signaling networks have revealed novel therapeutic targets. We review target selection, approved indications and the rationale for mAb utilization in solid and hematologic malignancies. We also discuss novel mAbs in early- and late-phase clinical trials that are likely to change the natural history of disease and improve survival. The future challenge is to design mAb-based novel trial designs for diagnostics and therapeutics for human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Pandey
- The West Clinic & University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, 100 North Humphreys Boulevard, Memphis, TN 38120, USA
| | - Daruka Mahadevan
- The West Clinic & University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, 100 North Humphreys Boulevard, Memphis, TN 38120, USA
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de Pablos RM, Herrera AJ, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Sarmiento M, Muñoz MF, Machado A, Venero JL. Chronic stress enhances microglia activation and exacerbates death of nigral dopaminergic neurons under conditions of inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:34. [PMID: 24565378 PMCID: PMC3941799 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease linked to progressive movement disorders and is accompanied by an inflammatory reaction that is believed to contribute to its pathogenesis. Since sensitivity to inflammation is not the same in all brain structures, the aim of this work was to test whether physiological conditions as stress could enhance susceptibility to inflammation in the substantia nigra, where death of dopaminergic neurons takes place in Parkinson’s disease. Methods To achieve our aim, we induced an inflammatory process in nonstressed and stressed rats (subject to a chronic variate stress) by a single intranigral injection of lipopolysaccharide, a potent proinflammogen. The effect of this treatment was evaluated on inflammatory markers as well as on neuronal and glial populations. Results Data showed a synergistic effect between inflammation and stress, thus resulting in higher microglial activation and expression of proinflammatory markers. More important, the higher inflammatory response seen in stressed animals was associated with a higher rate of death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, the most characteristic feature seen in Parkinson’s disease. This effect was dependent on glucocorticoids. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that stress sensitises midbrain microglia to further inflammatory stimulus. This suggests that stress may be an important risk factor in the degenerative processes and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío M de Pablos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, E-41012 Seville, Spain.
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Classical activation of microglia in CD200-deficient mice is a consequence of blood brain barrier permeability and infiltration of peripheral cells. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 34:86-97. [PMID: 23916893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.07.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between CD200, expressed on several cell types, and its receptor CD200R, expressed on cells of the myeloid lineage, has been shown to be an important factor in modulating inflammation in macrophage function in several conditions including colitis and arthritis. More recently its modulatory effect on microglial activation has been identified and CD200-deficiency has been associated with increased microglial activation accompanied by increased production of inflammatory cytokines. The response of glia prepared from CD200-deficient mice to stimuli like lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is markedly greater than the response of cells prepared from wildtype mice and, consistent with this, is the recent observation that expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and signalling through NFκB are increased in microglia prepared from CD200-deficient mice. Here we show that glia from CD200-deficient mice are also more responsive to interferon-γ (IFNγ) which triggers classical activation of microglia. We investigated the effects of CD200-deficiency in vivo and report that there is an increase in expression of several markers of microglial activation including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which is a hallmark of classically-activated microglia. These changes are accompanied by increased IFNγ, and the evidence suggests that this is produced by infiltrating cells including T cells and macrophages. We propose that these cells enter the brain as a consequence of increased blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability in CD200-deficient mice and that infiltration is assisted by increased expression of the chemokines, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), IFNγ-induced protein-10 (IP-10) and RANTES. This may have implications in neurodegenerative diseases where BBB permeability is compromised.
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146
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Akman-Karakaş A, Yalcin AD, Koç S, Gumuslu S, Şenol YY, Özkesici B, Genc GE, Ergun E, Ongut G, Yilmaz E, Uzun S, Alpsoy E. There might be a role for CD200 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory skin disorders. Med Sci Monit 2013; 19:888-91. [PMID: 24157657 PMCID: PMC3809986 DOI: 10.12659/msm.889624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble CD200 (sCD200) is a novel immuno-effective molecule, which acts to regulate inflammatory and acquired immune responses. Recently, our study group showed that sCD200 was present in serum and blister fluid in a patient with bullous pemphigoid and a patient with toxic epidermal necrolysis. We therefore planned this study to evaluate the sCD200 levels of autoimmune and inflammatory skin disorder patients and to compare them with that of healthy controls. MATERIAL/METHODS Our study included 30 consecutive patients with psoriasis vulgaris, 15 with pemphigus vulgaris, and 15 healthy controls. Clinical examination and laboratory tests were performed on the same day. Psoriasis patients were also assessed with the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and pemphigus patients were assessed using the Pemphigus Disease Area Index (PDAI). Levels of sCD200 in the serum samples were quantified using ELISA kits. RESULTS The serum sCD200 level was observed to be statistically significantly higher in patients with psoriasis vulgaris (96.7±15.8) compared to patients with pemphigus vulgaris (76.2±14.6), (p<0.001) and healthy controls (26.8±7.0) (p<0.001). The serum sCD200 levels were observed to be statistically significantly higher in patients with pemphigus vulgaris compared with that in healthy controls (p<0.001). In addition, there was a statistically significant correlation between serum sCD200 levels and PDAI (r=0.987, p=0.001). Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant correlation between serum sCD200 levels and PASI (r=0.154, p=0.407). CONCLUSIONS sCD200 might play a role in immune response in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory skin disorders. However, it remains to be fully elucidated how sCD200 can orchestrate inflammatory response in psoriasis and pemphigus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Akman-Karakaş
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Arzu Didem Yalcin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
- Corresponding Author: Arzu Didem Yalcin, e-mail: and Ayşe Akman-Karakaş, e-mail:
| | - Saliha Koç
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Saadet Gumuslu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Birgül Özkesici
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gizem Esra Genc
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Erkan Ergun
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gozde Ongut
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya
| | - Ertan Yilmaz
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Soner Uzun
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Erkan Alpsoy
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Woodbury ME, Ikezu T. Fibroblast growth factor-2 signaling in neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 9:92-101. [PMID: 24057103 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), also known as basic FGF, is a multi-functional growth factor. One of the 22-member FGF family, it signals through receptor tyrosine kinases encoding FGFR1-4. FGF2 activates FGFRs in cooperation with heparin or heparin sulfate proteoglycan to induce its pleiotropic effects in different tissues and organs, which include potent angiogenic effects and important roles in the differentiation and function of the central nervous system (CNS). FGF2 is crucial to development of the CNS, which explains its importance in adult neurogenesis. During development, high levels of FGF2 are detected from neurulation onwards. Moreover, developmental expression of FGF2 and its receptors is temporally and spatially regulated, concurring with development of specific brain regions including the hippocampus and substantia nigra pars compacta. In adult neurogenesis, FGF2 has been implicated based on its expression and regulation of neural stem and progenitor cells in the neurogenic niches, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. FGFR1 signaling also modulates inflammatory signaling through the surface glycoprotein CD200, which regulates microglial activation. Because of its importance in adult neurogenesis and neuroinflammation, manipulation of FGF2/FGFR1 signaling has been a focus of therapeutic development for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and traumatic brain injury. Novel strategies include intranasal administration of FGF2, administration of an NCAM-derived FGFR1 agonist, and chitosan-based nanoparticles for the delivery of FGF2 in pre-clinical animal models. In this review, we highlight current research towards therapeutic interventions targeting FGF2/FGFR1 in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya E Woodbury
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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148
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Abstract
Microglia are critical nervous system-specific cells influencing brain development, maintenance of the neural environment, response to injury, and repair. They contribute to neuronal proliferation and differentiation, pruning of dying neurons, synaptic remodeling and clearance of debris and aberrant proteins. Colonization of the brain occurs during gestation with an expansion following birth with localization stimulated by programmed neuronal death, synaptic pruning, and axonal degeneration. Changes in microglia phenotype relate to cellular processes including specific neurotransmitter, pattern recognition, or immune-related receptor activation. Upon activation, microglia cells have the capacity to release a number of substances, e.g., cytokines, chemokines, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species, which could be detrimental or beneficial to the surrounding cells. With aging, microglia shift their morphology and may display diminished capacity for normal functions related to migration, clearance, and the ability to shift from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state to regulate injury and repair. This shift in microglia potentially contributes to increased susceptibility and neurodegeneration as a function of age. In the current review, information is provided on the colonization of the brain by microglia, the expression of various pattern recognition receptors to regulate migration and phagocytosis, and the shift in related functions that occur in normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jean Harry
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, MD C1-04, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Hoebe EK, Le Large TYS, Greijer AE, Middeldorp JM. BamHI-A rightward frame 1, an Epstein-Barr virus-encoded oncogene and immune modulator. Rev Med Virol 2013; 23:367-83. [PMID: 23996634 PMCID: PMC4272418 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) causes several benign and malignant disorders of lymphoid and epithelial origin. EBV-related tumors display distinct patterns of viral latent gene expression, of which the BamHI-A rightward frame 1 (BARF1) is selectively expressed in carcinomas, regulated by cellular differentiation factors including ΔNp63α. BARF1 functions as a viral oncogene, immortalizing and transforming epithelial cells of different origin by acting as a mitogenic growth factor, inducing cyclin-D expression, and up-regulating antiapoptotic Bcl-2, stimulating host cell growth and survival. In addition, secreted hexameric BARF1 has immune evasive properties, functionally corrupting macrophage colony stimulating factor, as supported by recent functional and structural data. Therefore, BARF1, an intracellular and secreted protein, not only has multiple pathogenic functions but also can function as a target for immune responses. Deciphering the role of BARF1 in EBV biology will contribute to novel diagnostic and treatment options for EBV-driven carcinomas. Herein, we discuss recent insights on the regulation of BARF1 expression and aspects of structure-function relating to its oncogenic and immune suppressive properties. © 2013 The Authors. Reviews in Medical Virology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline K Hoebe
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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150
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del Rio ML, Seebach JD, Fernández-Renedo C, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI. ITIM-dependent negative signaling pathways for the control of cell-mediated xenogeneic immune responses. Xenotransplantation 2013; 20:397-406. [PMID: 23968542 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation is an innovative field of research with the potential to provide us with an alternative source of organs to face the severe shortage of human organ donors. For several reasons, pigs have been chosen as the most suitable source of organs and tissues for transplantation in humans. However, porcine xenografts undergo cellular immune responses representing a major barrier to their acceptance and normal functioning. Innate and adaptive xenogeneic immunity is mediated by both the recognition of xenogeneic tissue antigens and the lack of inhibition due to molecular cross-species incompatibilities of regulatory pathways. Therefore, the delivery of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM)-dependent and related negative signals to control innate (NK cells, macrophages) and adaptive T and B cells might overcome cell-mediated xenogeneic immunity. The proof of this concept has already been achieved in vitro by the transgenic overexpression of human ligands of several inhibitory receptors in porcine cells resulting in their resistance against xenoreactivity. Consequently, several transgenic pigs expressing tissue-specific human ligands of inhibitory coreceptors (HLA-E, CD47) or soluble competitors of costimulation (belatacept) have already been generated. The development of these robust and innovative approaches to modulate human anti-pig cellular immune responses, complementary to conventional immunosuppression, will help to achieve long-term xenograft survival. In this review, we will focus on the current strategies to enhance negative signaling pathways for the regulation of undesirable cell-mediated xenoreactive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa del Rio
- Transplantation Immunobiology Section, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Leon, Leon, Spain; Leon University Hospital, Castilla and Leon Transplantation Regional Agency, Leon, Spain
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