101
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Zagrean AM, Hermann DM, Opris I, Zagrean L, Popa-Wagner A. Multicellular Crosstalk Between Exosomes and the Neurovascular Unit After Cerebral Ischemia. Therapeutic Implications. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:811. [PMID: 30459547 PMCID: PMC6232510 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Restorative strategies after stroke are focused on the remodeling of cerebral endothelial cells and brain parenchymal cells. The latter, i.e., neurons, neural precursor cells and glial cells, synergistically interact with endothelial cells in the ischemic brain, providing a neurovascular unit (NVU) remodeling that can be used as target for stroke therapies. Intercellular communication and signaling within the NVU, the multicellular brain-vessel-blood interface, including its highly selective blood-brain barrier, are fundamental to the central nervous system homeostasis and function. Emerging research designates cell-derived extracellular vesicles and especially the nano-sized exosomes, as a complex mean of cell-to-cell communication, with potential use for clinical applications. Through their richness in active molecules and biological information (e.g., proteins, lipids, genetic material), exosomes contribute to intercellular signaling, a condition particularly required in the central nervous system. Cerebral endothelial cells, perivascular astrocytes, pericytes, microglia and neurons, all part of the NVU, have been shown to release and uptake exosomes. Also, exosomes cross the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers, allowing communication between periphery and brain, in normal and disease conditions. As such exosomes might be a powerful diagnostic tool and a promising therapeutic shuttle of natural nanoparticles, but also a means of disease spreading (e.g., immune system modulation, pro-inflammatory action, propagation of neurodegenerative factors). This review highlights the importance of exosomes in mediating the intercellular crosstalk within the NVU and reveals the restorative therapeutic potential of exosomes harvested from multipotent mesenchymal stem cells in ischemic stroke, a frequent neurologic condition lacking an efficient therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Zagrean
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ioan Opris
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Leon Zagrean
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Neurology, Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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102
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Li N, Song X, Wu L, Zhang T, Zhao C, Yang X, Shan L, Yu P, Sun Y, Wang Y, Zhang G, Zhang Z. Miconazole stimulates post-ischemic neurogenesis and promotes functional restoration in rats. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:94-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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103
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Doeppner TR, Zechmeister B, Kaltwasser B, Jin F, Zheng X, Majid A, Venkataramani V, Bähr M, Hermann DM. Very Delayed Remote Ischemic Post-conditioning Induces Sustained Neurological Recovery by Mechanisms Involving Enhanced Angioneurogenesis and Peripheral Immunosuppression Reversal. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:383. [PMID: 30420796 PMCID: PMC6216109 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic conditioning is defined as a transient and subcritical period of ischemia integrated in an experimental paradigm that involves a stimulus of injurious ischemia, activating endogenous tissue repair mechanisms that lead to cellular protection under pathological conditions like stroke. Whereas ischemic pre-conditioning is irrelevant for stroke treatment, ischemic post-conditioning, and especially non-invasive remote ischemic post-conditioning (rPostC) is an innovative and potential strategy for stroke treatment. Although rPostC has been shown to induce neuroprotection in stroke models before, resulting in some clinical trials on the way, fundamental questions with regard to its therapeutic time frame and its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Hence, we herein used a model of non-invasive rPostC of hind limbs after cerebral ischemia in male C57BL6 mice, studying the optimal timing for the application of rPostC and its underlying mechanisms for up to 3 months. Mice undergoing rPostC underwent three different paradigms, starting with the first cycle of rPostC 12 h, 24 h, or 5 days after stroke induction, which is a very delayed time point of rPostC that has not been studied elsewhere. rPostC as applied within 24 h post-stroke induces reduction of infarct volume on day three. On the contrary, very delayed rPostC does not yield reduction of infarct volume on day seven when first applied on day five, albeit long-term brain injury is significantly reduced. Likewise, very delayed rPostC yields sustained neurological recovery, whereas early rPostC (i.e., <24 h) results in transient neuroprotection only. The latter is mediated via heat shock protein 70 that is a well-known signaling protein involved in the pathophysiological cellular cascade of cerebral ischemia, leading to decreased proteasomal activity and decreased post-stroke inflammation. Very delayed rPostC on day five, however, induces a pleiotropic effect, among which a stimulation of angioneurogenesis, a modulation of the ischemic extracellular milieu, and a reversal of the stroke-induced immunosuppression occur. As such, very delayed rPostC appears to be an attractive tool for future adjuvant stroke treatment that deserves further preclinical attention before large clinical trials are in order, which so far have predominantly focused on early rPostC only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bozena Zechmeister
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Britta Kaltwasser
- Department of Neurology, University Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Fengyan Jin
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Venkataramani
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
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104
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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Potential Therapeutic Role in Cardiovascular System Disorders-A Review. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101561. [PMID: 30347877 PMCID: PMC6213446 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are described as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in modern societies. Therefore, the importance of cardiovascular diseases prevention is widely reflected in the increasing number of reports on the topic among the key scientific research efforts of the recent period. The importance of essential fatty acids (EFAs) has been recognized in the fields of cardiac science and cardiac medicine, with the significant effects of various fatty acids having been confirmed by experimental studies. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered to be important versatile mediators for improving and maintaining human health over the entire lifespan, however, only the cardiac effect has been extensively documented. Recently, it has been shown that omega-3 fatty acids may play a beneficial role in several human pathologies, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2, and are also associated with a reduced incidence of stroke and atherosclerosis, and decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. A reasonable diet and wise supplementation of omega-3 EFAs are essential in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases prevention and treatment.
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105
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Wang H, Gaur U, Xiao J, Xu B, Xu J, Zheng W. Targeting phosphodiesterase 4 as a potential therapeutic strategy for enhancing neuroplasticity following ischemic stroke. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1745-1754. [PMID: 30416389 PMCID: PMC6216030 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.26230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor recovery following ischemic stroke is highly related with structural modification and functional reorganization of residual brain tissues. Manipulations, such as treatment with small molecules, have been shown to enhance the synaptic plasticity and contribute to the recovery. Activation of the cAMP/CREB pathway is one of the pivotal approaches stimulating neuroplasticity. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is a major enzyme controlling the hydrolysis of cAMP in the brain. Accumulating evidences have shown that inhibition of PDE4 is beneficial for the functional recovery after cerebral ischemia; i. subtype D of PDE4 (PDE4D) is viewed as a risk factor for ischemic stroke; ii. inhibition of PDE4 enhances neurological behaviors, such as learning and memory, after stroke in rodents; iii.PDE4 inhibition increases dendritic density, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis; iv. activation of cAMP/CREB signaling by PDE4 inhibition causes an endogenous increase of BDNF, which is a potent modulator of neuroplasticity; v. PDE4 inhibition is believed to restrict neuroinflammation during ischemic stroke. Cumulatively, these findings provide a link between PDE4 inhibition and neuroplasticity after cerebral ischemia. Here, we summarized the possible roles of PDE4 inhibition in the recovery of cerebral stroke with an emphasis on neuroplasticity. We also made some recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Uma Gaur
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jiao Xiao
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bingtian Xu
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiangping Xu
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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106
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Balkaya MG, Trueman RC, Boltze J, Corbett D, Jolkkonen J. Behavioral outcome measures to improve experimental stroke research. Behav Brain Res 2018; 352:161-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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107
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Zeng GR, Zhou SD, Shao YJ, Zhang MH, Dong LM, Lv JW, Zhang HX, Tang YH, Jiang DJ, Liu XM. Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract-761 on motor functions in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 48:94-103. [PMID: 30195885 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb-761) has been in use to treat variety of ailments including memory loss and emotional disorders usually experienced after ischemic stroke. However, data regarding its protective role in stroke associated motor dysfunction is scarce. PURPOSE The present work was designed to investigate the long-term effects of EGb-761 on the motor dysfunctions associated with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) in rats. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Focal ischemic stroke was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by pMCAO. These rats were orally administered with EGb-761 (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) and positive control butylphthalide (50 mg/kg) for up to 28 consecutive days. The motor function was evaluated by assessing neurological scores, rotarod performance and gait analysis after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. After 28 days, the histological examination of in frontal cortex and hippocampus was also carried out. RESULTS EGb-761 treatment significantly improved motor function with better outcome in coordination and gait impairment rats. EGb-761 (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) treatment for 28 days significantly decreased the neurological scores. After 28 days of treatment EGb-761 (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly increased the latency in rotarod test, walk speed, and the body rotation, whereas, decreased the stride time and the left posterior swing length in gait were observed. EGb-761 (50, 100 mg/kg). EGb-761 (50, 100 mg/kg) significantly improved the pathological changes related to pMCAO. CONCLUSIONS EGb 761 could improve motor function especially gait impairments among pMCAO rat model related to the decreased neuronal damage. Therefore, it might be the potential to be explored further as an effective therapeutic drug to treat post stroke motor dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Rong Zeng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha 410331, China
| | - Shi-da Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha 410331, China
| | - Ya-Jie Shao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha 410331, China
| | - Miao-Hong Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha 410331, China
| | - Li-Ming Dong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing-Wei Lv
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong-Xia Zhang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Ya-Hui Tang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - De-Jian Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha 410331, China.
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha 410331, China.
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108
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Hermann DM, Kleinschnitz C, Gunzer M. Role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the reperfused ischemic brain: insights from cell-type-specific immunodepletion and fluorescence microscopy studies. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418798607. [PMID: 30245743 PMCID: PMC6144496 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418798607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs) are part of the early post-ischemic immune response that orchestrates the removal of infarcted brain tissue. PMNs contribute to secondary brain injury in experimental stroke models. In human patients, high PMN-to-lymphocyte ratios in peripheral blood are predictive of poor stroke outcome. Following earlier studies indicating that the cerebral microvasculature forms an efficient barrier that impedes PMN brain entry even under conditions of ischemia, more recent studies combining intravital two-photon microscopy and ex vivo immunohistochemistry unequivocally demonstrated the accumulation of PMNs in the ischemic brain parenchyma. In the meantime, transgenic mouse lines, such as mice expressing Cre-recombinase and the red fluorescent reporter protein tdTomato under the highly granulocyte-specific locus for the gene Ly6G (so-called Catchup mice), have become available that allow study of dynamic interactions of PMNs with brain parenchymal cells. These mice will further help us understand how PMNs promote brain injury and disturb brain remodeling and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, Essen D-45122, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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109
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Suwanwela NC, Chen CLH, Lee CF, Young SH, Tay SS, Umapathi T, Lao AY, Gan HH, Baroque Ii AC, Navarro JC, Chang HM, Advincula JM, Muengtaweepongsa S, Chan BPL, Chua CL, Wijekoon N, de Silva HA, Hiyadan JHB, Wong KSL, Poungvarin N, Eow GB, Venketasubramanian N. Effect of Combined Treatment with MLC601 (NeuroAiDTM) and Rehabilitation on Post-Stroke Recovery: The CHIMES and CHIMES-E Studies. Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 46:82-88. [PMID: 30184553 DOI: 10.1159/000492625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE MLC601 has been shown in preclinical studies to enhance neurorestorative mechanisms after stroke. The aim of this post hoc analysis was to assess whether combining MLC601 and rehabilitation has an effect on improving functional outcomes after stroke. METHODS Data from the CHInese Medicine NeuroAiD Efficacy on Stroke (CHIMES) and CHIMES-Extension (CHIMES-E) studies were analyzed. CHIMES-E was a 24-month follow-up study of subjects included in CHIMES, a multi-centre, double-blind placebo-controlled trial which randomized subjects with acute ischemic stroke, to either MLC601 or placebo for 3 months in addition to standard stroke treatment and rehabilitation. Subjects were stratified according to whether they received or did not receive persistent rehabilitation up to month (M)3 (non- randomized allocation) and by treatment group. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Barthel Index were assessed at month (M) 3, M6, M12, M18, and M24. RESULTS Of 880 subjects in CHIMES-E, data on rehabilitation at M3 were available in 807 (91.7%, mean age 61.8 ± 11.3 years, 36% female). After adjusting for prognostic factors of poor outcome (age, sex, pre-stroke mRS, baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, and stroke onset-to-study-treatment time), subjects who received persistent rehabilitation showed consistently higher treatment effect in favor of MLC601 for all time points on mRS 0-1 dichotomy analysis (ORs 1.85 at M3, 2.18 at M6, 2.42 at M12, 1.94 at M18, 1.87 at M24), mRS ordinal analysis (ORs 1.37 at M3, 1.40 at M6, 1.53 at M12, 1.50 at M18, 1.38 at M24), and BI ≥95 dichotomy analysis (ORs 1.39 at M3, 1.95 at M6, 1.56 at M12, 1.56 at M18, 1.46 at M24) compared to those who did not receive persistent rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS More subjects on MLC601 improved to functional independence compared to placebo among subjects receiving persistent rehabilitation up to M3. The larger treatment effect of MLC601 was sustained over 2 years which supports the hypothesis that MLC601 combined with rehabilitation might have beneficial and sustained effects on neuro-repair processes after stroke. There is a need for more data on the effect of combining rehabilitation programs with stroke recovery treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijasri C Suwanwela
- Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn Stroke Centre, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Christopher L H Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chun Fan Lee
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | - San San Tay
- Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thirugnanam Umapathi
- National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital Campus, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Herminigildo H Gan
- Jose Reyes Memorial Medical Center, San Lazaro Compound, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Jose C Navarro
- Jose R Reyes Medical Center, Neuroscience Institute St Luke's Medical Center, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Hui Meng Chang
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital Campus, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joel M Advincula
- West Visayas State University Medical Center, Iloilo, Philippines
| | | | - Bernard P L Chan
- National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carlos L Chua
- Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - H Asita de Silva
- Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Annasihena Road, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | - Gaik Bee Eow
- Penang Hospital, Jalan Residensi, George Town, Malaysia
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110
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Donahue MJ, Achten E, Cogswell PM, De Leeuw FE, Derdeyn CP, Dijkhuizen RM, Fan AP, Ghaznawi R, Heit JJ, Ikram MA, Jezzard P, Jordan LC, Jouvent E, Knutsson L, Leigh R, Liebeskind DS, Lin W, Okell TW, Qureshi AI, Stagg CJ, van Osch MJP, van Zijl PCM, Watchmaker JM, Wintermark M, Wu O, Zaharchuk G, Zhou J, Hendrikse J. Consensus statement on current and emerging methods for the diagnosis and evaluation of cerebrovascular disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1391-1417. [PMID: 28816594 PMCID: PMC6125970 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17721830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of death and the leading cause of adult disability in most developed countries. This work summarizes state-of-the-art, and possible future, diagnostic and evaluation approaches in multiple stages of CVD, including (i) visualization of sub-clinical disease processes, (ii) acute stroke theranostics, and (iii) characterization of post-stroke recovery mechanisms. Underlying pathophysiology as it relates to large vessel steno-occlusive disease and the impact of this macrovascular disease on tissue-level viability, hemodynamics (cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, and mean transit time), and metabolism (cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption and pH) are also discussed in the context of emerging neuroimaging protocols with sensitivity to these factors. The overall purpose is to highlight advancements in stroke care and diagnostics and to provide a general overview of emerging research topics that have potential for reducing morbidity in multiple areas of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manus J Donahue
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric Achten
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Petrice M Cogswell
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Frank-Erik De Leeuw
- Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Center, Donders Institute Brain Cognition & Behaviour, Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Colin P Derdeyn
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Audrey P Fan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rashid Ghaznawi
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy J Heit
- Department of Radiology, Neuroimaging and Neurointervention Division, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Jezzard
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Lori C Jordan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric Jouvent
- Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Linda Knutsson
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Richard Leigh
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Weili Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas W Okell
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Adnan I Qureshi
- Department of Neurology, Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute, St. Cloud, MN, USA
| | - Charlotte J Stagg
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Peter CM van Zijl
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer M Watchmaker
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Max Wintermark
- Department of Radiology, Neuroimaging and Neurointervention Division, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Ona Wu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Greg Zaharchuk
- Department of Radiology, Neuroimaging and Neurointervention Division, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Jinyuan Zhou
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeroen Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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111
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Esquiva G, Grayston A, Rosell A. Revascularization and endothelial progenitor cells in stroke. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C664-C674. [PMID: 30133323 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00200.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Tremendous improvements have been achieved in the acute care of stroke patients with the implementation of stroke units, thrombolytic drugs, and endovascular trombectomies. However, stroke survivors with neurological deficits require long periods of neurorehabilitation, which is the only approved therapy for poststroke recovery. With this scenario, more treatments are urgently needed, and only the understanding of the mechanisms of brain recovery might contribute to identify new therapeutic agents. Fortunately, brain injury after stroke is counteracted by the birth and migration of several populations of progenitor cells towards the injured areas, where angiogenesis and vascular remodeling play a key role providing trophic support and guidance during neurorepair. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) constitute a pool of circulating bone-marrow derived cells that mobilize after an ischemic injury with the potential to incorporate into the damaged endothelium, to form new vessels, or to secrete trophic factors stimulating vessel remodeling. The circulating levels of EPCs are altered after stroke, and several subpopulations have proved to boost brain neurorepair in preclinical models of cerebral ischemia. The goal of this review is to discuss the current state of the neuroreparative actions of EPCs, focusing on their paracrine signaling mechanisms thorough their secretome and released extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Esquiva
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Alba Grayston
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Anna Rosell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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112
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Wathen CA, Frizon LA, Maiti TK, Baker KB, Machado AG. Deep brain stimulation of the cerebellum for poststroke motor rehabilitation: from laboratory to clinical trial. Neurosurg Focus 2018; 45:E13. [PMID: 30064319 DOI: 10.3171/2018.5.focus18164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide, with profound economic costs. Poststroke motor impairment is the most commonly encountered deficit resulting in significant disability and is the primary driver of stroke-associated healthcare expenditures. Although many patients derive some degree of benefit from physical rehabilitation, a significant proportion continue to suffer from persistent motor impairment. Noninvasive brain stimulation, vagal nerve stimulation, epidural cortical stimulation, and deep brain stimulation (DBS) have all been studied as potential modalities to improve upon the benefits derived from physical therapy alone. These neuromodulatory therapies aim primarily to augment neuroplasticity and drive functional reorganization of the surviving perilesional cortex. The authors have proposed a novel and emerging therapeutic approach based on cerebellar DBS targeted at the dentate nucleus. Their rationale is based on the extensive reciprocal connectivity between the dentate nucleus and wide swaths of cerebral cortex via the dentatothalamocortical and corticopontocerebellar tracts, as well as the known limitations to motor rehabilitation imposed by crossed cerebellar diaschisis. Preclinical studies in rodent models of ischemic stroke have shown that cerebellar DBS promotes functional recovery in a frequency-dependent manner, with the most substantial benefits of the therapy noted at 30-Hz stimulation. The improvements in motor function are paralleled by increased expression of markers of synaptic plasticity, synaptogenesis, and neurogenesis in the perilesional cortex. Given the findings of preclinical studies, a first-in-human trial, Electrical Stimulation of the Dentate Nucleus Area (EDEN) for Improvement of Upper Extremity Hemiparesis Due to Ischemic Stroke: A Safety and Feasibility Study, commenced in 2016. Although the existing preclinical evidence is promising, the results of this Phase I trial and subsequent clinical trials will be necessary to determine the future applicability of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo A Frizon
- 2Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | - Tanmoy K Maiti
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic; and
| | - Kenneth B Baker
- 4Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Andre G Machado
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic; and
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113
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Doeppner TR, Bähr M, Giebel B, Hermann DM. Immunological and non-immunological effects of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles on the ischaemic brain. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418789326. [PMID: 30083231 PMCID: PMC6071165 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418789326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the implementation of thrombolysis and endovascular recanalization
strategies, stroke therapy has profoundly changed in recent years. In spite of
these advancements, a considerable proportion of stroke patients still exhibit
functional impairment in the long run, increasing the need for adjuvant
therapies that promote neurological recovery. Stem cell therapies have initially
attracted great interest in the stroke field, since there were hopes that
transplanted cells may allow for the replacement of lost cells. After the
recognition that transplanted cells integrate poorly into existing neural
networks and that they induce brain remodelling in a paracrine way by secreting
a heterogeneous group of nanovesicles, these extracellular vesicles (EVs) have
been identified as key players that mediate restorative effects of stem and
progenitor cells in ischaemic brain tissue. We herein review restorative effects
of EVs in stroke models and discuss immunological and non-immunological
mechanisms that may underlie recovery of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Department of Neurology, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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114
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Sandvig I, Augestad IL, Håberg AK, Sandvig A. Neuroplasticity in stroke recovery. The role of microglia in engaging and modifying synapses and networks. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:1414-1428. [PMID: 29786167 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity after ischaemic injury involves both spontaneous rewiring of neural networks and circuits as well as functional responses in neurogenic niches. These events involve complex interactions with activated microglia, which evolve in a dynamic manner over time. Although the exact mechanisms underlying these interactions remain poorly understood, increasing experimental evidence suggests a determining role of pro- and anti-inflammatory microglial activation profiles in shaping both synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. While the inflammatory response of microglia was thought to be detrimental, a more complex profile of the role of microglia in tissue remodelling is emerging. Experimental evidence suggests that microglia in response to injury can rapidly modify neuronal activity and modulate synaptic function, as well as be beneficial for the proliferation and integration of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from endogenous neurogenic niches into functional networks thereby supporting stroke recovery. The manner in which microglia contribute towards sculpting neural synapses and networks, both in terms of activity-dependent and homeostatic plasticity, suggests that microglia-mediated pro- and/or anti-inflammatory activity may significantly contribute towards spontaneous neuronal plasticity after ischaemic lesions. In this review, we first introduce some of the key cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity in stroke and then proceed to discuss the crosstalk between microglia and endogenous neuroplasticity in response to brain ischaemia with special focus on the engagement of synapses and neural networks and their implications for grey matter integrity and function in stroke repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Sandvig
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingrid Lovise Augestad
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Asta Kristine Håberg
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Axel Sandvig
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology, St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neuro, Head and Neck, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
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115
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Dynamic Evaluation of Notch Signaling-Mediated Angiogenesis in Ischemic Rats Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Behav Neurol 2018; 2018:8351053. [PMID: 29854019 PMCID: PMC5960569 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8351053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The Notch signaling pathway is involved in angiogenesis induced by brain ischemia and can be efficiently inhibited by the γ-secretase inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-1-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT). The aim of the present study was to noninvasively investigate the effect of DAPT treatment on angiogenesis in brain repair after stroke using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 40) were subjected to 90 minutes of transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and treated with PBS (n = 20) or DAPT (n = 20) at 72 hours after the onset of ischemia. MRI measurements including T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were performed at 24 hours after reperfusion and weekly up to 4 weeks using a 3-Tesla system. Histological measurements were obtained at each time point after MRI scans. Results SWI showed that DAPT treatment significantly enhanced angiogenesis in the ischemic boundary zone (IBZ) with respect to the control group, with local CBF in the angiogenic area elevated, along with increases in vascular density confirmed by histology. Conclusion Treatment of ischemic stroke with DAPT significantly augments angiogenesis, which promotes poststroke brain remodeling by elevating CBF level, and these processes can be dynamically monitored and evaluated by MRI.
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116
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Docosanoids Promote Neurogenesis and Angiogenesis, Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity, Penumbra Protection, and Neurobehavioral Recovery After Experimental Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7090-7106. [PMID: 29858774 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) are neuroprotective after experimental ischemic stroke. To explore underlying mechanisms, SD rats underwent 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and treated with DHA (5 mg/kg, IV) or NPD1 (5 μg/per rat, ICV) and vehicles 1 h after. Neuro-behavioral assessments was conducted on days 1, 2, and 3, and on week 1, 2, 3, or 4. BrdU was injected on days 4, 5, and 6, immunohistochemistry was performed on week 2 or 4, MRI on day 7, and lipidomic analysis at 4 and 5 h after onset of stroke. DHA improved short- and long-term behavioral functions and reduced cortical, subcortical, and total infarct volumes (by 42, 47, and 31%, respectively) after 2 weeks and reduced tissue loss by 50% after 4 weeks. DHA increased the number of BrdU+/Ki-67+, BrdU+/DCX+, and BrdU+/NeuN+ cells in the cortex, subventricular zone, and dentate gyrus and potentiated NPD1 synthesis in the penumbra at 5 h after MCAo. NPD1 improved behavior, reduced lesion volumes, protected ischemic penumbra, increased NeuN, GFAP, SMI-71-positive cells and vessels, axonal regeneration in the penumbra, and attenuated blood-brain barrier (BBB) after MCAo. We conclude that docosanoid administration increases neurogenesis and angiogenesis, activates NPD1 synthesis in the penumbra, and diminishes BBB permeability, which correlates to long-term neurobehavioral recovery after experimental ischemic stroke.
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Chen Y, Zhang X, He J, Xie Y, Yang Y. Delayed Administration of the Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Analog Liraglutide Promoting Angiogenesis after Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:1318-1325. [PMID: 29395648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs administered before or after cerebral ischemia have been shown to provide neuroprotection. Here, we explored whether delayed administration of a GLP-1 analog, liraglutide, could improve long-term functional recovery and promote angiogenesis after stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, mice were established as a focal cerebral cortical ischemia model and were intraperitoneally administered liraglutide or normal saline (NS) daily for 14 consecutive days, starting 1 day after cerebral ischemia. The neurological deficits were evaluated using rotarod test. The microvessel density (MVD) and endothelial cell (EC) proliferation were assessed by immunohistochemical staining. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was assessed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Liraglutide significantly reduced infarct volume and improved the rotarod test scores, compared with mice treated with NS. Liraglutide also greatly increased the MVD and EC proliferation and simultaneously upregulated the expression of VEGF in the cerebral ischemic area. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that liraglutide promoted angiogenesis and long-term recovery of cerebral ischemia through increasing the expression of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| | - Junna He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanzhao Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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118
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Wang D, Li LK, Dai T, Wang A, Li S. Adult Stem Cells in Vascular Remodeling. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:815-829. [PMID: 29344309 PMCID: PMC5771096 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the contribution of vascular cells to blood vessel remodeling is critical for the development of new therapeutic approaches to cure cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and regenerate blood vessels. Recent findings suggest that neointimal formation and atherosclerotic lesions involve not only inflammatory cells, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, but also several types of stem cells or progenitors in arterial walls and the circulation. Some of these stem cells also participate in the remodeling of vascular grafts, microvessel regeneration, and formation of fibrotic tissue around biomaterial implants. Here we review the recent findings on how adult stem cells participate in CVD development and regeneration as well as the current state of clinical trials in the field, which may lead to new approaches for cardiovascular therapies and tissue engineering.
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119
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Cramer SC. Treatments to Promote Neural Repair after Stroke. J Stroke 2018; 20:57-70. [PMID: 29402069 PMCID: PMC5836581 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2017.02796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a major cause of human disability worldwide. In parallel with advances in acute stroke interventions, new therapies are under development that target restorative processes. Such therapies have a treatment time window measured in days, weeks, or longer and so have the advantage that they may be accessible by a majority of patients. Several categories of restorative therapy have been studied and are reviewed herein, including drugs, growth factors, monoclonal antibodies, activity-related therapies including telerehabilitation, and a host of devices such as those related to brain stimulation or robotics. Many patients with stroke do not receive acute stroke therapies or receive them and do not derive benefit, often surviving for years thereafter. Therapies based on neural repair hold the promise of providing additional treatment options to a majority of patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Cramer
- Departments of Neurology, Anatomy & Neurobiology and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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121
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Abstract
The success of naturalistic or therapeutic neuroregeneration likely depends on an internal milieu that facilitates the survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of stem cells and their assimilation into neural networks. Migraine attacks are an integrated sequence of physiological processes that may protect the brain from oxidative stress by releasing growth factors, suppressing apoptosis, stimulating neurogenesis, encouraging mitochondrial biogenesis, reducing the production of oxidants, and upregulating antioxidant defenses. Thus, the migraine attack may constitute a physiologic environment conducive to stem cells. In this paper, key components of migraine are reviewed – neurogenic inflammation with release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P, plasma protein extravasation, platelet activation, release of serotonin by platelets and likely by the dorsal raphe nucleus, activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and, in migraine aura, cortical spreading depression – along with their potential neurorestorative aspects. The possibility is considered of using these components to facilitate successful stem cell transplantation. Potential methods for doing so are discussed, including chemical stimulation of the TRPA1 ion channel, conjoint activation of a subset of migraine components, invasive and noninvasive deep brain stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus, transcranial focused ultrasound, and stimulation of the Zusanli (ST36) acupuncture point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Borkum
- Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono; Health Psych Maine, Waterville, ME, USA
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122
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Sandu RE, Dumbrava D, Surugiu R, Glavan DG, Gresita A, Petcu EB. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Non-Pharmaceutical Ischemic Stroke Therapy in Aged Subjects. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010099. [PMID: 29286319 PMCID: PMC5796049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of ischemic stroke in humans increases exponentially above 70 years both in men and women. Comorbidities like diabetes, arterial hypertension or co-morbidity factors such as hypercholesterolemia, obesity and body fat distribution as well as fat-rich diet and physical inactivity are common in elderly persons and are associated with higher risk of stroke, increased mortality and disability. Obesity could represent a state of chronic inflammation that can be prevented to some extent by non-pharmaceutical interventions such as calorie restriction and hypothermia. Indeed, recent results suggest that H₂S-induced hypothermia in aged, overweight rats could have a higher probability of success in treating stroke as compared to other monotherapies, by reducing post-stroke brain inflammation. Likewise, it was recently reported that weight reduction prior to stroke, in aged, overweight rats induced by caloric restriction, led to an early re-gain of weight and a significant improvement in recovery of complex sensorimotor skills, cutaneous sensitivity, or spatial memory. CONCLUSION animal models of stroke done in young animals ignore age-associated comorbidities and may explain, at least in part, the unsuccessful bench-to-bedside translation of neuroprotective strategies for ischemic stroke in aged subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Elena Sandu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - Danut Dumbrava
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - Roxana Surugiu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - Daniela-Gabriela Glavan
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - Andrei Gresita
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - Eugen Bogdan Petcu
- Gold Coast Campus, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport 4222, Australia.
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Le Friec A, Salabert AS, Davoust C, Demain B, Vieu C, Vaysse L, Payoux P, Loubinoux I. Enhancing Plasticity of the Central Nervous System: Drugs, Stem Cell Therapy, and Neuro-Implants. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:2545736. [PMID: 29391951 PMCID: PMC5748136 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2545736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke represents the first cause of adult acquired disability. Spontaneous recovery, dependent on endogenous neurogenesis, allows for limited recovery in 50% of patients who remain functionally dependent despite physiotherapy. Here, we propose a review of novel drug therapies with strong potential in the clinic. We will also discuss new avenues of stem cell therapy in patients with a cerebral lesion. A promising future for the development of efficient drugs to enhance functional recovery after stroke seems evident. These drugs will have to prove their efficacy also in severely affected patients. The efficacy of stem cell engraftment has been demonstrated but will have to prove its potential in restoring tissue function for the massive brain lesions that are most debilitating. New answers may lay in biomaterials, a steadily growing field. Biomaterials should ideally resemble lesioned brain structures in architecture and must be proven to increase functional reconnections within host tissue before clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Le Friec
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Salabert
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Radiopharmacy Department, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Carole Davoust
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Boris Demain
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Vieu
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Vaysse
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Payoux
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Loubinoux
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Sarmah D, Agrawal V, Rane P, Bhute S, Watanabe M, Kalia K, Ghosh Z, Dave KR, Yavagal DR, Bhattacharya P. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-analysis of Preclinical Studies. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 103:990-998. [PMID: 29090465 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous preclinical studies have been carried out using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy for ischemic stroke. The purpose of the present meta-analysis is to review the quality of preclinical studies. In all, 4,361 articles were identified, out of which 64 studies were included (excluding in vitro studies). The results were obtained across species, route, and time of administration, immunogenicity, and doses. The median quality score 4.90/10, confidence interval 95%, and large effect size were observed, which strongly supports the translation potential of MSC therapy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vishal Agrawal
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Pallavi Rane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Shashikala Bhute
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Mitsuyoshi Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Zhumur Ghosh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Dileep R Yavagal
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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125
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Lee HI, Lee SW, Kim NG, Park KJ, Choi BT, Shin YI, Shin HK. Low-level light emitting diode therapy promotes long-term functional recovery after experimental stroke in mice. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:1761-1771. [PMID: 28464523 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of low-level light emitting diode therapy (LED-T) on the long-term functional outcomes after cerebral ischemia, and the optimal timing of LED-T initiation for achieving suitable functional recovery. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in mice via photothrombosis. These mice were assigned to a sham-operated (control), ischemic (vehicle), or LED-T group [initiation immediately (acute), 4 days (subacute) or 10 days (delayed) after ischemia, followed by once-daily treatment for 7 days]. Behavioral outcomes were assessed 21 and 28 days post-ischemia, and histopathological analysis was performed 28 days post-ischemia. The acute and subacute LED-T groups showed a significant improvement in motor function up to 28 days post-ischemia, although no brain atrophy recovery was noted. We observed proliferating cells (BrdU+ ) in the ischemic brain, and significant increases in BrdU+ /GFAP+ , BrdU+ /DCX+ , BrdU+ /NeuN+ , and CD31+ cells in the subacute LED-T group. However, the BrdU+ /Iba-1+ cell count was reduced in the subacute LED-T group. Furthermore, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was significantly upregulated in the subacute LED-T group. We concluded that LED-T administered during the subacute stage had a positive impact on the long-term functional outcome, probably via neuron and astrocyte proliferation, blood vessel reconstruction, and increased BDNF expression. Picture: The rotarod test for motor coordination showed that acute and subacute LED-T improves long-term functional recovery after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae In Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Won Lee
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Training Program of Korean Medicine for Healthy-Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medical Science Research Center for Healthy-Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Gyun Kim
- Medical Research Center of Color Seven, Seoul, 06719, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jun Park
- Medical Research Center of Color Seven, Seoul, 06719, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Training Program of Korean Medicine for Healthy-Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medical Science Research Center for Healthy-Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Il Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Training Program of Korean Medicine for Healthy-Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medical Science Research Center for Healthy-Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50612, Republic of Korea
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126
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Loubinoux I, Brihmat N, Castel-Lacanal E, Marque P. Cerebral imaging of post-stroke plasticity and tissue repair. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2017; 173:577-583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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127
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Stan A, Birle C, Blesneag A, Iancu M. Cerebrolysin and early neurorehabilitation in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study. J Med Life 2017; 10:216-222. [PMID: 29362596 PMCID: PMC5771251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background - Stroke represents one of the most important causes of permanent physical or mental disability. A number of recent advances in recovery have reinforced the idea that pharmacological intervention combined with a specific rehabilitation therapy can reduce disability after stroke. Objective - The aim of this trial was to demonstrate the hypothesis that the association of pharmacological treatment with Cerebrolysin to early physical therapy can significantly stimulate the endogenous processes underlying the recovery after an ischemic stroke. Methods and Results - It was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. 60 patients were randomized either to 30 ml/ day Cerebrolysin or to Placebo for 10 consecutive days, starting in the first 24-48 hours after stroke. The pharmacological treatment was paired with early physical rehabilitation. The robust nonparametric evaluation of the National Institute for Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) demonstrated a large superiority of Cerebrolysin relative to placebo on day 10 with a MW=0.79 (95% CI, 0.65-0.94), respectively on day 30 with MW=0.75 (95% CI, 0.60-0.89). Similar results were found with modified Ranking Scale (mRS) and Barthel Index (BI). Cerebrolysin was safe and well tolerated. Conclusions - Cerebrolysin had a beneficial effect on global neurological status and disability. The beneficial results of this study can be easily applied in the current clinical practice. Abbreviations: BI = Barthel Index; CB = Changes from Baseline; CI = Confidence interval; ICH = International Conference on Harmonization; ITT = intention-to-treat; LB = Lower Bound of Confidence Interval; mRS = modified Rankin Scale; MW = Mann-Whitney; NIHSS = National Institute for Health Stroke Scale; P = P-value; R = Valid Number Reference Group (Placebo); SD = standard deviation; T = Valid Number Test Group (Cerebrolysin); UB = Upper Bound of Confidence Interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - C Birle
- RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - A Blesneag
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - M Iancu
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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128
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Lugo-Hernandez E, Squire A, Hagemann N, Brenzel A, Sardari M, Schlechter J, Sanchez-Mendoza EH, Gunzer M, Faissner A, Hermann DM. 3D visualization and quantification of microvessels in the whole ischemic mouse brain using solvent-based clearing and light sheet microscopy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3355-3367. [PMID: 28350253 PMCID: PMC5624395 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17698970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The visualization of cerebral microvessels is essential for understanding brain remodeling after stroke. Injection of dyes allows for the evaluation of perfused vessels, but has limitations related either to incomplete microvascular filling or leakage. In conventional histochemistry, the analysis of microvessels is limited to 2D structures, with apparent limitations regarding the interpretation of vascular circuits. Herein, we developed a straight-forward technique to visualize microvessels in the whole ischemic mouse brain, combining the injection of a fluorescent-labeled low viscosity hydrogel conjugate with 3D solvent clearing followed by automated light sheet microscopy. We performed transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in C57Bl/6j mice and acquired detailed 3D vasculature images from whole brains. Subsequent image processing, rendering and fitting of blood vessels to a filament model was employed to calculate vessel length density, resulting in 0.922 ± 0.176 m/mm3 in healthy tissue and 0.329 ± 0.131 m/mm3 in ischemic tissue. This analysis showed a marked loss of capillaries with a diameter ≤ 10 µm and a more moderate loss of microvessels in the range > 10 and ≤ 20 µm, whereas vessels > 20 µm were unaffected by focal cerebral ischemia. We propose that this protocol is highly suitable for studying microvascular injury and remodeling post-stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlen Lugo-Hernandez
- 1 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,2 Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,3 Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Carabobo, La Morita, Venezuela
| | - Anthony Squire
- 4 Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging and Imaging Center Essen (IMCES), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nina Hagemann
- 1 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Brenzel
- 4 Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging and Imaging Center Essen (IMCES), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maryam Sardari
- 1 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jana Schlechter
- 1 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Gunzer
- 4 Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging and Imaging Center Essen (IMCES), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- 2 Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- 1 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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129
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Doeppner TR, Bähr M, Hermann DM, Giebel B. Concise Review: Extracellular Vesicles Overcoming Limitations of Cell Therapies in Ischemic Stroke. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:2044-2052. [PMID: 28941317 PMCID: PMC6430061 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in stroke therapy, current therapeutic concepts are still limited. Thus, additional therapeutic strategies are in order. In this sense, the transplantation of stem cells has appeared to be an attractive adjuvant tool to help boost the endogenous regenerative capacities of the brain. Although transplantation of stem cells is known to induce beneficial outcome in (preclinical) stroke research, grafted cells do not replace lost tissue directly. Rather, these transplanted cells like neural progenitor cells or mesenchymal stem cells act in an indirect manner, among which the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) appears to be one key factor. Indeed, the application of EVs in preclinical stroke studies suggests a therapeutic role, which appears to be noninferior in comparison to the transplantation of stem cells themselves. In this short review, we highlight some of the recent advances in the field of EVs as a therapeutic means to counter stroke. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:2044–2052
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
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130
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Neural Stem Cell Transplantation Induces Stroke Recovery by Upregulating Glutamate Transporter GLT-1 in Astrocytes. J Neurosci 2017; 36:10529-10544. [PMID: 27733606 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1643-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of disability, but effective therapies are currently widely lacking. Recovery from stroke is very much dependent on the possibility to develop treatments able to both halt the neurodegenerative process as well as to foster adaptive tissue plasticity. Here we show that ischemic mice treated with neural precursor cell (NPC) transplantation had on neurophysiological analysis, early after treatment, reduced presynaptic release of glutamate within the ipsilesional corticospinal tract (CST), and an enhanced NMDA-mediated excitatory transmission in the contralesional CST. Concurrently, NPC-treated mice displayed a reduced CST degeneration, increased axonal rewiring, and augmented dendritic arborization, resulting in long-term functional amelioration persisting up to 60 d after ischemia. The enhanced functional and structural plasticity relied on the capacity of transplanted NPCs to localize in the peri-ischemic and ischemic area, to promote the upregulation of the glial glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) on astrocytes and to reduce peri-ischemic extracellular glutamate. The upregulation of GLT-1 induced by transplanted NPCs was found to rely on the secretion of VEGF by NPCs. Blocking VEGF during the first week after stroke reduced GLT-1 upregulation as well as long-term behavioral recovery in NPC-treated mice. Our results show that NPC transplantation, by modulating the excitatory-inhibitory balance and stroke microenvironment, is a promising therapy to ameliorate disability, to promote tissue recovery and plasticity processes after stroke. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Tissue damage and loss of function occurring after stroke can be constrained by fostering plasticity processes of the brain. Over the past years, stem cell transplantation for repair of the CNS has received increasing interest, although underlying mechanism remain elusive. We here show that neural stem/precursor cell transplantation after ischemic stroke is able to foster axonal rewiring and dendritic plasticity and to induce long-term functional recovery. The observed therapeutic effect of neural precursor cells seems to underlie their capacity to upregulate the glial glutamate transporter on astrocytes through the vascular endothelial growth factor inducing favorable changes in the electrical and molecular stroke microenvironment. Cell-based approaches able to influence plasticity seem particularly suited to favor poststroke recovery.
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131
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Huynh W, Kwai N, Arnold R, Krishnan AV, Lin CSY, Vucic S, Kiernan MC. The Effect of Diabetes on Cortical Function in Stroke: Implications for Poststroke Plasticity. Diabetes 2017; 66:1661-1670. [PMID: 28325854 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes may impair the capacity for neuroplasticity such that patients experience a slower and poorer recovery after stroke. The current study investigated changes in cortical function in stroke patients with diabetes to determine how this comorbidity may affect poststroke cortical plasticity and thereby functional recovery. From a cohort of 57 participants, threshold-tracking transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess cortical function over the ipsilateral and contralesional hemispheres in 7 patients with diabetes after an acute stroke compared with 12 stroke patients without diabetes. Cortical function was also assessed in 8 patients with diabetes without stroke and 30 normal control subjects. After acute stroke, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) was reduced over both motor cortices in stroke patients without diabetes compared with normal control patients, while in stroke patients with diabetes, SICI was only reduced over the contralesional but not the ipsilesional cortex compared with control patients with diabetes. In addition, SICI was significantly reduced in the control patients with diabetes compared with normal control patients. These results have demonstrated the absence of ipsilesional cortical excitability change after diabetic strokes, suggesting impaired capacity for neuroplasticity over this hemisphere as a consequence of a "double-hit" phenomenon because of preexisting alterations in cortical function in nonstroke patients with diabetes. The reliance on reorganization over the contralesional cortex after stroke will likely exert influence on poststroke recovery in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Huynh
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natalie Kwai
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ria Arnold
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arun V Krishnan
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cindy S-Y Lin
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steve Vucic
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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132
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Sinden JD, Hicks C, Stroemer P, Vishnubhatla I, Corteling R. Human Neural Stem Cell Therapy for Chronic Ischemic Stroke: Charting Progress from Laboratory to Patients. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:933-947. [PMID: 28446071 PMCID: PMC5510676 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic disability after stroke represents a major unmet neurologic need. ReNeuron's development of a human neural stem cell (hNSC) therapy for chronic disability after stroke is progressing through early clinical studies. A Phase I trial has recently been published, showing no safety concerns and some promising signs of efficacy. A single-arm Phase II multicenter trial in patients with stable upper-limb paresis has recently completed recruitment. The hNSCs administrated are from a manufactured, conditionally immortalized hNSC line (ReNeuron's CTX0E03 or CTX), generated with c-mycERTAM technology. This technology has enabled CTX to be manufactured at large scale under cGMP conditions, ensuring sufficient supply to meets the demands of research, clinical development, and, eventually, the market. CTX has key pro-angiogenic, pro-neurogenic, and immunomodulatory characteristics that are mechanistically important in functional recovery poststroke. This review covers the progress of CTX cell therapy from its laboratory origins to the clinic, concluding with a look into the late stage clinical future.
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133
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Sánchez-Mendoza EH, Bellver-Landete V, Arce C, Doeppner TR, Hermann DM, Oset-Gasque MJ. Vesicular glutamate transporters play a role in neuronal differentiation of cultured SVZ-derived neural precursor cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177069. [PMID: 28493916 PMCID: PMC5426660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of glutamate in the regulation of neurogenesis is well-established, but the role of vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) and excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) in controlling adult neurogenesis is unknown. Here we investigated the implication of VGLUTs in the differentiation of subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs). Our results show that NPCs express VGLUT1-3 and EAAT1-3 both at the mRNA and protein level. Their expression increases during differentiation closely associated with the expression of marker genes. In expression analyses we show that VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 are preferentially expressed by cultured SVZ-derived doublecortin+ neuroblasts, while VGLUT3 is found on GFAP+ glial cells. In cultured NPCs, inhibition of VGLUT by Evans Blue increased the mRNA level of neuronal markers doublecortin, B3T and MAP2, elevated the number of NPCs expressing doublecortin protein and promoted the number of cells with morphological appearance of branched neurons, suggesting that VGLUT function prevents neuronal differentiation of NPCs. This survival- and differentiation-promoting effect of Evans blue was corroborated by increased AKT phosphorylation and reduced MAPK phosphorylation. Thus, under physiological conditions, VGLUT1-3 inhibition, and thus decreased glutamate exocytosis, may promote neuronal differentiation of NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo H. Sánchez-Mendoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Victor Bellver-Landete
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Arce
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thorsten R. Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk M. Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - María Jesús Oset-Gasque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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134
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Deng G, Qiu Z, Li D, Fang Y, Zhang S. Delayed administration of guanosine improves long‑term functional recovery and enhances neurogenesis and angiogenesis in a mouse model of photothrombotic stroke. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3999-4004. [PMID: 28487988 PMCID: PMC5436205 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine (GUO) is neuroprotective when administered acutely for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether delayed administration of GUO improved long‑term functional recovery following stroke, as well as to explore the potential underlying mechanisms. GUO (8 mg/kg) or a vehicle was administered intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days beginning 24 h prior to photothrombosis‑induced stroke in male C57/B6J mice. Behaviour tests were performed at days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 post‑stroke. Infarct volume was measured using Nissl staining at day 7 post‑stroke. Neurogenesis and angiogenesis were evaluated by co‑labelling bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) with doublecortin (DCX), neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and von Willebrand factor, in immunohistochemical studies. Brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in the ipsilesional brain at day 28 post‑stroke were detected by western blot analysis. Delayed administration of GUO did not reduce infarct volume or affect neurological function at day 7 post‑stroke; however, it did improve functional recovery from day 14 post‑stroke, when compared with the vehicle group. GUO significantly increased the number of BrdU+ and BrdU+/DCX+ cells in the subventricular zone and subgranular zone at all examined time points, the number of Brdu+/NeuN+ cells in the peri‑infarction region at days 14 and 28 post‑stroke and microvessel density in the peri‑infarction region at day 28 post‑stroke compared with the vehicle group. In addition, the BDNF and VEGF levels in the ipsilesional brain were significantly elevated. Delayed administration of GUO at 24 h post‑stroke enhanced neurogenesis and angiogenesis, and increased BDNF and VEGF levels, which likely contributes to long‑term functional recovery following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Deng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Zhandong Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Dayong Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Suming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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135
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Doeppner TR, Kaltwasser B, Sanchez-Mendoza EH, Caglayan AB, Bähr M, Hermann DM. Lithium-induced neuroprotection in stroke involves increased miR-124 expression, reduced RE1-silencing transcription factor abundance and decreased protein deubiquitination by GSK3β inhibition-independent pathways. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:914-926. [PMID: 27126323 PMCID: PMC5363471 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16647738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lithium promotes acute poststroke neuronal survival, which includes mechanisms that are not limited to GSK3β inhibition. However, whether lithium induces long-term neuroprotection and enhanced brain remodeling is unclear. Therefore, mice were exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and lithium (1 mg/kg bolus followed by 2 mg/kg/day over up to 7 days) was intraperitoneally administered starting 0-9 h after reperfusion onset. Delivery of lithium no later than 6 h reduced infarct volume on day 2 and decreased brain edema, leukocyte infiltration, and microglial activation, as shown by histochemistry and flow cytometry. Lithium-induced neuroprotection persisted throughout the observation period of 56 days and was associated with enhanced neurological recovery. Poststroke angioneurogenesis and axonal plasticity were also enhanced by lithium. On the molecular level, lithium increased miR-124 expression, reduced RE1-silencing transcription factor abundance, and decreased protein deubiquitination in cultivated cortical neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation and in brains of mice exposed to cerebral ischemia. Notably, this effect was not mimicked by pharmacological GSK3β inhibition. This study for the first time provides efficacy data for lithium in the postacute ischemic phase, reporting a novel mechanism of action, i.e. increased miR-124 expression facilitating REST degradation by which lithium promotes postischemic neuroplasticity and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,2 Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,3 Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Britta Kaltwasser
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Ahmet B Caglayan
- 2 Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mathias Bähr
- 3 Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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136
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Buga AM, Ciobanu O, Bădescu GM, Bogdan C, Weston R, Slevin M, Di Napoli M, Popa-Wagner A. Up-regulation of serotonin receptor 2B mRNA and protein in the peri-infarcted area of aged rats and stroke patients. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17415-30. [PMID: 27013593 PMCID: PMC4951222 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that a high proportion of elderly stroke patients develop mood disorders, the mechanisms underlying late-onset neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive symptoms have so far received little attention in the field of neurobiology. In rodents, aged animals display depressive symptoms following stroke, whereas young animals recover fairly well. This finding has prompted us to investigate the expression of serotonin receptors 2A and 2B, which are directly linked to depression, in the brains of aged and young rats following stroke. Although the development of the infarct was more rapid in aged rats in the first 3 days after stroke, by day 14 the cortical infarcts were similar in size in both age groups i.e. 45% of total cortical volume in young rats and 55.7% in aged rats. We also found that the expression of serotonin receptor type B mRNA was markedly increased in the perilesional area of aged rats as compared to the younger counterparts. Furthermore, histologically, HTR2B protein expression in degenerating neurons was closely associated with activated microglia both in aged rats and human subjects. Treatment with fluoxetine attenuated the expression of Htr2B mRNA, stimulated post-stroke neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and was associated with an improved anhedonic behavior and an increased activity in the forced swim test in aged animals. We hypothesize that HTR2B expression in the infarcted territory may render degenerating neurons susceptible to attack by activated microglia and thus aggravate the consequences of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Buga
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotheraphy, University of Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Ciobanu
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania.,Vivantes Humboldt-Klinikum, Center for Affective Disorders, Berlin, Germany
| | - George Mihai Bădescu
- Psychiatry Clinical Hospital, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Catalin Bogdan
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ria Weston
- Department of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark Slevin
- Department of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Mario Di Napoli
- Neurological Service, San Camillo de' Lellis General Hospital, Rieti, Italy.,Neurological Section, SMDN-Center for Cardiovascular Medicine and Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention, Sulmona, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotheraphy, University of Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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137
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Cramer SC, Wolf SL, Adams HP, Chen D, Dromerick AW, Dunning K, Ellerbe C, Grande A, Janis S, Lansberg MG, Lazar RM, Palesch YY, Richards L, Roth E, Savitz SI, Wechsler LR, Wintermark M, Broderick JP. Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Research: Issues, Opportunities, and the National Institutes of Health StrokeNet. Stroke 2017; 48:813-819. [PMID: 28174324 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.015501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Cramer
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH.
| | - Steven L Wolf
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Harold P Adams
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Daofen Chen
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Alexander W Dromerick
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kari Dunning
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Caitlyn Ellerbe
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Andrew Grande
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Scott Janis
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Maarten G Lansberg
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Ronald M Lazar
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Yuko Y Palesch
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Lorie Richards
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Elliot Roth
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sean I Savitz
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Lawrence R Wechsler
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Max Wintermark
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Joseph P Broderick
- From the Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (S.C.C.), and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L.W.); Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, GA (S.L.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (H.P.A.); Extramural Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (D.C.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (A.W.D.); Washington DC VA Medical Center (A.W.D.); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.D.); Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (C.E., Y.Y.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.G.); Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.J.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.G.L.); Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.M.L.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.R.); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.R.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston (S.I.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, PA (L.R.W.); Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Stanford Healthcare and School of Medicine, CA (M.W.); University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute (J.P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (J.P.B.), University of Cincinnati, OH
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Sandvig I, Gadjanski I, Vlaski-Lafarge M, Buzanska L, Loncaric D, Sarnowska A, Rodriguez L, Sandvig A, Ivanovic Z. Strategies to Enhance Implantation and Survival of Stem Cells After Their Injection in Ischemic Neural Tissue. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:554-565. [PMID: 28103744 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
High post-transplantation cell mortality is the main limitation of various approaches that are aimed at improving regeneration of injured neural tissue by an injection of neural stem cells (NSCs) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MStroCs) in and/or around the lesion. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to identify efficient ways to increase cell transplant viability. We have previously proposed the "evolutionary stem cell paradigm," which explains the association between stem cell anaerobic/microaerophilic metabolic set-up and stem cell self-renewal and inhibition of differentiation. Applying these principles, we have identified the main critical point in the collection and preparation of these cells for experimental therapy: exposure of the cells to atmospheric O2, that is, to oxygen concentrations that are several times higher than the physiologically relevant ones. In this way, the primitive anaerobic cells become either inactivated or adapted, through commitment and differentiation, to highly aerobic conditions (20%-21% O2 in atmospheric air). This inadvertently compromises the cells' survival once they are transplanted into normal tissue, especially in the hypoxic/anoxic/ischemic environment, which is typical of central nervous system (CNS) lesions. In addition to the findings suggesting that stem cells can shift to glycolysis and can proliferate in anoxia, recent studies also propose that stem cells may be able to proliferate in completely anaerobic or ischemic conditions by relying on anaerobic mitochondrial respiration. In this systematic review, we propose strategies to enhance the survival of NSCs and MStroCs that are implanted in hypoxic/ischemic neural tissue by harnessing their anaerobic nature and maintaining as well as enhancing their anaerobic properties via appropriate ex vivo conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Sandvig
- 1 Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ivana Gadjanski
- 2 Innovation Center, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia .,3 Belgrade Metropolitan University , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Vlaski-Lafarge
- 4 French Blood Institute (EFS) , Aquitaine-Limousin Branch, Bordeaux, France .,5 U1035 INSERM/Bordeaux University , Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Leonora Buzanska
- 6 Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Darija Loncaric
- 4 French Blood Institute (EFS) , Aquitaine-Limousin Branch, Bordeaux, France .,5 U1035 INSERM/Bordeaux University , Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Ana Sarnowska
- 6 Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Laura Rodriguez
- 4 French Blood Institute (EFS) , Aquitaine-Limousin Branch, Bordeaux, France .,5 U1035 INSERM/Bordeaux University , Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Axel Sandvig
- 1 Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway .,7 Division of Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery and Clinical Neurophysiology, Umeå University Hospital , Umeå, Sweden
| | - Zoran Ivanovic
- 4 French Blood Institute (EFS) , Aquitaine-Limousin Branch, Bordeaux, France .,5 U1035 INSERM/Bordeaux University , Bordeaux Cedex, France
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Sandu RE, Balseanu AT, Bogdan C, Slevin M, Petcu E, Popa-Wagner A. Stem cell therapies in preclinical models of stroke. Is the aged brain microenvironment refractory to cell therapy? Exp Gerontol 2017; 94:73-77. [PMID: 28093317 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating disease demanding vigorous search for new therapies. Initial enthusiasm to stimulate restorative processes in the ischemic brain by means of cell-based therapies has meanwhile converted into a more balanced view recognizing impediments that may be related to unfavorable age-associated environments. Recent results using a variety of drug, cell therapy or combination thereof suggest that, (i) treatment with Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) in aged rats has primarily a beneficial effect on functional outcome most likely via supportive cellular processes such as neurogenesis; (ii) the combination therapy, G-CSF with mesenchymal cells (G-CSF+BM-MSC or G-CSF+BM-MNC) did not further improve behavioral indices, neurogenesis or infarct volume as compared to G-CSF alone in aged animals; (iii) better results with regard to integration of transplanted cells in the aged rat environment have been obtained using iPS of human origin; (iv) mesenchymal cells may be used as drug carriers for the aged post-stroke brains. CONCLUSION While the middle aged brain does not seem to impair drug and cell therapies, in a real clinical practice involving older post-stroke patients, successful regenerative therapies would have to be carried out for a much longer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Elena Sandu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Chair of Biochemistry, Neurobiology of Aging Group, Romania
| | - Adrian Tudor Balseanu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Chair of Biochemistry, Neurobiology of Aging Group, Romania
| | - Catalin Bogdan
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Chair of Biochemistry, Neurobiology of Aging Group, Romania
| | - Mark Slevin
- Department of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Eugen Petcu
- Griffith University School of Medicine, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Rostock, Germany; University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Chair of Biochemistry, Neurobiology of Aging Group, Romania.
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Effect of Physical and Social Components of Enriched Environment on Astrocytes Proliferation in Rats After Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1308-1316. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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141
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Soluble cpg15 from Astrocytes Ameliorates Neurite Outgrowth Recovery of Hippocampal Neurons after Mouse Cerebral Ischemia. J Neurosci 2017; 37:1628-1647. [PMID: 28069924 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1611-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study focuses on the function of cpg15, a neurotrophic factor, in ischemic neuronal recovery using transient global cerebral ischemic (TGI) mouse model and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated primary cultured cells. The results showed that expression of cpg15 proteins in astrocytes, predominantly the soluble form, was significantly increased in mouse hippocampus after TGI and in the cultured astrocytes after OGD. Addition of the medium from the cpg15-overexpressed astrocytic culture into the OGD-treated hippocampal neuronal cultures reduces the neuronal injury, whereas the recovery of neurite outgrowths of OGD-injured neurons was prevented when cpg15 in the OGD-treated astrocytes was knocked down, or the OGD-treated-astrocytic medium was immunoadsorbed by cpg15 antibody. Furthermore, lentivirus-delivered knockdown of cpg15 expression in mouse hippocampal astrocytes diminishes the dendritic branches and exacerbates injury of neurons in CA1 region after TGI. In addition, treatment with inhibitors of MEK1/2, PI3K, and TrkA decreases, whereas overexpression of p-CREB, but not dp-CREB, increases the expression of cpg15 in U118 or primary cultured astrocytes. Also, it is observed that the Flag-tagged soluble cpg15 from the astrocytes transfected with Flag-tagged cpg15-expressing plasmids adheres to the surface of neuronal bodies and the neurites. In conclusion, our results suggest that the soluble cpg15 from astrocytes induced by ischemia could ameliorate the recovery of the ischemic-injured hippocampal neurons via adhering to the surface of neurons. The upregulated expression of cpg15 in astrocytes may be activated via MAPK and PI3K signal pathways, and regulation of CREB phosphorylation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuronal plasticity plays a crucial role in the amelioration of neurological recovery of ischemic injured brain, which remains a challenge for clinic treatment of cerebral ischemia. cpg15 as a synaptic plasticity-related factor may participate in promoting the recovery process; however, the underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. The objective of this study is to reveal the function and mechanism of neuronal-specific cpg15 expressed in astrocytes after ischemia induction, in promoting the recovery of injured neurons. Our findings provided new mechanistic insight into the neurological recovery, which might help develop novel therapeutic options for cerebral ischemia via astrocytic-targeting interference of gene expression.
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142
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Munshi A, Das S. Genetic Understanding of Stroke Treatment: Potential Role for Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:445-461. [PMID: 28956342 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58811-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) gene family is a large family having at least 21 genes and multiple versions (isoforms) of the phosphodiesterase enzymes. These enzymes catalyze the inactivation of intracellular mediators of signal transduction such as cAMP and cGMP and therefore, play a pivotal role in various cellular functions. PDE inhibitors (PDEI) are drugs that block one or more of the five subtypes of the PDE family and thereby prevent inactivation of the intracellular cAMP and cGMP by the respective PDE-subtypes. The first clinical use of PDEI was reported almost three decades ago. Studies later found the ability of these compounds to increase the levels of ubiquitous secondary messenger molecules that can cause changes in vascular tone, cardiac function and other cellular events and thus these findings paved the way for their use in various medical emergencies. PDEs are found to be distributed in many tissues including brain. Therefore, new therapeutic agents in the form of PDEI are being explored in neurodegenerative diseases including stroke. Although studies have revealed their use in cerebral infarction prevention, their full-fledged application in times of neurological emergency or stroke in specific has been very limited so far. Nevertheless, recent investigations suggest PDE4 and PDE5 inhibitors to play a vital role in mitigating stroke symptoms by modulating signaling mechanisms in PDE pathway. Further, extensive research in terms of their pharmacological properties like dosing, drug specific activities, use of simultaneous medications, ancillary properties of these compounds and studies on adverse drug reactions needs to be carried out to set them as standard drugs of use in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Munshi
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
| | - Satrupa Das
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, 500016, India
- Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Ghali AA, Yousef MK, Ragab OA, ElZamarany EA. Intra-arterial Infusion of Autologous Bone Marrow Mononuclear Stem Cells in Subacute Ischemic Stroke Patients. Front Neurol 2016; 7:228. [PMID: 28018286 PMCID: PMC5159483 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Based on many preclinical and small clinical trials, stem cells can help stroke patient with the possibility of replacing the cells and supporting the remaining cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of bone marrow mononuclear (BMMN) stem cell transplantation in subacute ischemic stroke patients. Materials and methods Thirty-nine (n = 39) patients with subacute ischemic cerebral infarct due to large artery occlusion in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory were recruited. They were distributed into two groups: first group (n = 21) served as an experimental group, which received intra-arterial (IA) mononuclear stem cells (bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell), while the other group (n = 18) served as a control group. All the patients were evaluated clinically by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, modified Rankin Scale, Barthel Index, modified and standardized Arabic version of the Comprehensive Aphasia Test, and radiological for 12 months. Results The stem cell-treated group showed better improvement, but it was not significant when compared with the non-treated group. The volume of infarction changes at the end of the study was non-significant between both the groups. There was no, or minimal, adverse reactions in stem cell-treated group. Conclusion The study results suggest that autologous BMMN stem cell IA transplantation in subacute MCA ischemic stroke patients is safe with very minimal hazards, but no significant improvement of motor, language disturbance, or infarction volume was detected in stem cell-treated group compared with the non-treated group.
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144
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Qian JY, Chopp M, Liu Z. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Promote Axonal Outgrowth Alone and Synergistically with Astrocytes via tPA. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168345. [PMID: 27959956 PMCID: PMC5154605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) enhance neurological recovery from experimental stroke and increase tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) expression in astrocytes. Here, we investigate mechanisms by which tPA mediates MSC enhanced axonal outgrowth. Primary murine neurons and astrocytes were isolated from wild-type (WT) and tPA-knockout (KO) cortices of embryos. Mouse MSCs (WT) were purchased from Cognate Inc. Neurons (WT or KO) were seeded in soma side of Xona microfluidic chambers, and astrocytes (WT or KO) and/or MSCs in axon side. The chambers were cultured as usual (normoxia) or subjected to oxygen deprivation. Primary neurons (seeded in plates) were co-cultured with astrocytes and/or MSCs (in inserts) for Western blot. In chambers, WT axons grew significantly longer than KO axons and exogenous tPA enhanced axonal outgrowth. MSCs increased WT axonal outgrowth alone and synergistically with WT astrocytes at both normoxia and oxygen deprivation conditions. The synergistic effect was inhibited by U0126, an ERK inhibitor, and receptor associated protein (RAP), a low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1) ligand antagonist. However, MSCs exerted neither individual nor synergistic effects on KO axonal outgrowth. Western blot showed that MSCs promoted astrocytic tPA expression and increased neuronal tPA alone and synergistically with astrocytes. Also, MSCs activated neuronal ERK alone and synergistically with astrocytes, which was inhibited by RAP. We conclude: (1) MSCs promote axonal outgrowth via neuronal tPA and synergistically with astrocytic tPA; (2) neuronal tPA is critical to observe the synergistic effect of MSC and astrocytes on axonal outgrowth; and (3) tPA mediates MSC treatment-induced axonal outgrowth through the LRP1 receptor and ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yong Qian
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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145
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Shiromoto T, Okabe N, Lu F, Maruyama-Nakamura E, Himi N, Narita K, Yagita Y, Kimura K, Miyamoto O. The Role of Endogenous Neurogenesis in Functional Recovery and Motor Map Reorganization Induced by Rehabilitative Therapy after Stroke in Rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 26:260-272. [PMID: 27743923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Endogenous neurogenesis is associated with functional recovery after stroke, but the roles it plays in such recovery processes are unknown. This study aims to clarify the roles of endogenous neurogenesis in functional recovery and motor map reorganization induced by rehabilitative therapy after stroke by using a rat model of cerebral ischemia (CI). METHODS Ischemia was induced via photothrombosis in the caudal forelimb area of the rat cortex. First, we examined the effect of rehabilitative therapy on functional recovery and motor map reorganization, using the skilled forelimb reaching test and intracortical microstimulation. Next, using the same approaches, we examined how motor map reorganization changed when endogenous neurogenesis after stroke was inhibited by cytosine-β-d-arabinofuranoside (Ara-C). RESULTS Rehabilitative therapy for 4 weeks after the induction of stroke significantly improved functional recovery and expanded the rostral forelimb area (RFA). Intraventricular Ara-C administration for 4-10 days after stroke significantly suppressed endogenous neurogenesis compared to vehicle, but did not appear to influence non-neural cells (e.g., microglia, astrocytes, and vascular endothelial cells). Suppressing endogenous neurogenesis via Ara-C administration significantly inhibited (~50% less than vehicle) functional recovery and RFA expansion (~33% of vehicle) induced by rehabilitative therapy after CI. CONCLUSIONS After CI, inhibition of endogenous neurogenesis suppressed both the functional and anatomical markers of rehabilitative therapy. These results suggest that endogenous neurogenesis contributes to functional recovery after CI related to rehabilitative therapy, possibly through its promotion of motor map reorganization, although other additional roles cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shiromoto
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan; Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naohiko Okabe
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Feng Lu
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Emi Maruyama-Nakamura
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Himi
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Narita
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yagita
- Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kimura
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Miyamoto
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
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146
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Mechanisms, Imaging, and Therapy in Stroke Recovery. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 8:1-2. [PMID: 27714670 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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147
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Doeppner TR, Doehring M, Kaltwasser B, Majid A, Lin F, Bähr M, Kilic E, Hermann DM. Ischemic Post-Conditioning Induces Post-Stroke Neuroprotection via Hsp70-Mediated Proteasome Inhibition and Facilitates Neural Progenitor Cell Transplantation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6061-6073. [PMID: 27699598 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In view of the failure of pharmacological therapies, alternative strategies promoting post-stroke brain repair are needed. Post-conditioning is a potentially promising therapeutic strategy, which induces acute neuroprotection against ischemic injury. To elucidate longer lasting actions of ischemic post-conditioning, mice were exposed to a 60-min stroke and post-conditioning by an additional 10-min stroke that was induced 10 min after reperfusion onset. Animals were sacrificed 24 h or 28 days post-stroke. Post-conditioning reduced infarct volume and neurological deficits 24 h post-stroke, enhancing blood-brain barrier integrity, reducing brain leukocyte infiltration, and reducing oxidative stress. On the molecular level, post-conditioning yielded increased Hsp70 expression, whereas nuclear factor (NF)-κB and proteasome activities were decreased. Reduced infarct volume and proteasome inhibition were reversed by Hsp70 knockdown, suggesting a critical role of the Hsp70 proteasome pathway in ischemic post-conditioning. The survival-promoting effects of ischemic post-conditioning, however, were not sustainable as neuroprotection and neurological recovery were lost 28 days post-stroke. Although angioneurogenesis was not increased by post-conditioning, the favorable extracellular milieu facilitated intracerebral transplantation of neural progenitor cells 6 h post-stroke, resulting in persisted neuroprotection and neurological recovery. Thus, post-conditioning might support brain repair processes, but in view of its transient, neuroprotection is unlikely useful as stroke therapy in its current form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany. .,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Maria Doehring
- Oberhavel Kliniken, Department of Internal Medicine, Oranienburg, Germany
| | - Britta Kaltwasser
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Fengyan Lin
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
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Lu H, Song X, Wang F, Wang G, Wu Y, Wang Q, Wang Y, Yang GY, Zhang Z. Hyperexpressed Netrin-1 Promoted Neural Stem Cells Migration in Mice after Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:223. [PMID: 27746720 PMCID: PMC5042963 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous Netrin-1 (NT-1) protein was significantly increased after cerebral ischemia, which may participate in the repair after transient cerebral ischemic injury. In this work, we explored whether NT-1 can be steadily overexpressed by adeno-associated virus (AAV) and the exogenous NT-1 can promote neural stem cells migration from the subventricular zone (SVZ) region after cerebral ischemia. Adult CD-1 mice were injected stereotacticly with AAV carrying NT-1 gene (AAV-NT-1). Mice underwent 60 min of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion 1 week after injection. We found that NT-1 mainly expressed in neuron and astrocyte, and the expression level of NT-1 significantly increased 1 week after AAV-NT-1 gene transfer and lasted for 28 days, even after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) as well (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry results showed that the number of neural stem cells was greatly increased in the SVZ region of AAV-NT-1-transduced mice compared with control mice. Our study showed that overexpressed NT-1 promoted neural stem cells migration from SVZ. This result suggested that NT-1 is a promising factor for repairing and remodeling after focal cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Lu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Song
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University Shanghai, China
| | - Yuncheng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoshu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University Shanghai, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
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Harris NM, Ritzel R, Mancini NS, Jiang Y, Yi X, Manickam DS, Banks WA, Kabanov AV, McCullough LD, Verma R. Nano-particle delivery of brain derived neurotrophic factor after focal cerebral ischemia reduces tissue injury and enhances behavioral recovery. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 150-151:48-56. [PMID: 27619636 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are linked to delayed neurological recovery, depression, and cognitive impairment following stroke. Supplementation with BDNF reverses these effects. Unfortunately, systemically administered BDNF in its native form has minimal therapeutic value due to its poor blood brain barrier permeability and short serum half-life. In this study, a novel nano-particle polyion complex formulation of BDNF (nano-BDNF) was administered to mice after experimental ischemic stroke. METHODS Male C57BL/6J (8-10weeks) mice were randomly assigned to receive nano-BDNF, native-BDNF, or saline treatment after being subjected to 60min of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Mice received the first dose at 3 (early treatment), 6 (intermediate treatment), or 12h (delayed treatment) following stroke onset; a second dose was given in all cohorts at 24h after stroke onset. Post-stroke outcome was evaluated by behavioral, histological, and molecular analysis for 15days after stroke. RESULTS Early and intermediate nano-BDNF treatment led to a significant reduction in cerebral tissue loss. Delayed treatment led to improved memory/cognition, reduced post-stroke depressive phenotypes, and maintained myelin basic protein and brain BDNF levels, but had no effect on tissue atrophy. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that administration of a novel nano-particle formulation of BDNF leads to both neuroprotective and neuro-restorative effects after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia M Harris
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Rodney Ritzel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Nickolas S Mancini
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Yuhang Jiang
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
| | - Xiang Yi
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
| | - Devika S Manickam
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
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150
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Pu H, Jiang X, Hu X, Xia J, Hong D, Zhang W, Gao Y, Chen J, Shi Y. Delayed Docosahexaenoic Acid Treatment Combined with Dietary Supplementation of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Promotes Long-Term Neurovascular Restoration After Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 7:521-534. [PMID: 27566736 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0498-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) has been shown to remarkably ameliorate ischemic brain injury. However, the therapeutic efficacy of n-3 PUFA administration post-stroke, especially its impact on neurovascular remodeling and long-term neurological recovery, has not been fully characterized thus far. In this study, we investigated the effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation, as well as in combination with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) injections, on long-term stroke outcomes. Mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) before randomly assigned to four groups to receive the following: (1) low dose of n-3 PUFAs as the vehicle control, (2) intraperitoneal DHA injections, (3) n-3 PUFA dietary supplement, or (4) combined treatment of (2) and (3). Neurological deficits and brain atrophy, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and glial scar formation were assessed up to 28 days after MCAO. Results revealed that groups 2 and 3 showed only marginal reduction in post-stroke tissue loss and attenuation of cognitive deficits. Interestingly, group 4 exhibited significantly reduced tissue atrophy and improved cognitive functions compared to groups 2 and 3 with just a single treatment. Mechanistically, the combined treatment promoted post-stroke neurogenesis and angiogenesis, as well as reduced glial scar formation, all of which significantly correlated with the improved spatial memory in the Morris water maze. These results demonstrate an effective therapeutic regimen to enhance neurovascular restoration and long-term cognitive recovery in the mouse model of MCAO. Combined post-stroke DHA treatment and n-3 PUFA dietary supplementation thus may be a potential clinically translatable therapy for stroke or related brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Pu
- Geriatric Research, Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Geriatric Research, Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jinchao Xia
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Dandan Hong
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Wenting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Geriatric Research, Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. .,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Yejie Shi
- Geriatric Research, Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. .,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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