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Choi SB, Lombard-Banek C, Muñoz-LLancao P, Manzini MC, Nemes P. Enhanced Peptide Detection Toward Single-Neuron Proteomics by Reversed-Phase Fractionation Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:913-922. [PMID: 29147852 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to detect peptides and proteins in single cells is vital for understanding cell heterogeneity in the nervous system. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) provides high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with trace-level sensitivity, but compressed separation during CE challenges protein identification by tandem HRMS with limited MS/MS duty cycle. Here, we supplemented ultrasensitive CE-nanoESI-HRMS with reversed-phase (RP) fractionation to enhance identifications from protein digest amounts that approximate to a few mammalian neurons. An ~1 to 20 μg neuronal protein digest was fractionated on a RP column (ZipTip), and 1 ng to 500 pg of peptides were analyzed by a custom-built CE-HRMS system. Compared with the control (no fractionation), RP fractionation improved CE separation (theoretical plates ~274,000 versus 412,000 maximum, resp.), which enhanced detection sensitivity (2.5-fold higher signal-to-noise ratio), minimized co-isolation spectral interferences during MS/MS, and increased the temporal rate of peptide identification by up to ~57%. From 1 ng of protein digest (<5 neurons), CE with RP fractionation identified 737 protein groups (1,753 peptides), or ~480 protein groups (~1,650 peptides) on average per analysis. The approach was scalable to 500 pg of protein digest (~a single neuron), identifying 225 protein groups (623 peptides) in technical triplicates, or 141 protein groups on average per analysis. Among identified proteins, 101 proteins were products of genes that are known to be transcriptionally active in single neurons during early development of the brain, including those involved in synaptic transmission and plasticity and cytoskeletal organization. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam B Choi
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Camille Lombard-Banek
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Pablo Muñoz-LLancao
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - M Chiara Manzini
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Peter Nemes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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102
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Schirinzi T, Graziola F, Cusmai R, Fusco L, Nicita F, Elia M, Travaglini L, Bertini E, Curatolo P, Vigevano F, Capuano A. ATP1A3-related epileptic encephalopathy responding to ketogenic diet. Brain Dev 2018; 40:433-438. [PMID: 29395663 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood (AHC) is a rare neurological disease caused by mutations in ATP1A3 gene codifying for alpha3 subunit of Na+-K+ ATPase pump. Repeated and transient attacks of hemiplegia, usually affecting one side of the body or the other, or both sides of the body at once, are the core features of AHC. Monocular nystagmus, other abnormalities in ocular movements, dystonic posturing and epilepsy are commonly associated to AHC. However, the spectrum of ATP1A3 related diseases is still expanding and new phenotypes have been reported. CASE REPORT Here, we described a patient who developed a severe early onset drug-resistant epileptic encephalopathy and months later, he presented episodes of hemiplegic attacks and monocular nystagmus. Thus, AHC was hypothesized and a novel mutation in ATP1A3 gene was found. Interestingly, ketogenic diet (KD) was started and both epileptic seizures and classical AHC paroxysmal episodes stopped. Long-term follow-up shows a global improvement of neurological development. CONCLUSIONS Our case reinforces the role of KD as a novel therapeutic option for ATP1A3-related conditions. However, proper dedicated confirmatory trials on KD are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Schirinzi
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Dept. of Systems Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Graziola
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Systems Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Cusmai
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Fusco
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Nicita
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirella Elia
- Nutrition Clinic, Hepathology and Gastroenterology Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorena Travaglini
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Curatolo
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Systems Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Vigevano
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Capuano
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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103
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Meijer IA, Pearson TS. The Twists of Pediatric Dystonia: Phenomenology, Classification, and Genetics. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2018; 25:65-74. [PMID: 29735118 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to provide a practical review of pediatric dystonia from a clinician's perspective. The focus is on the underlying genetic causes, recent findings, and treatable conditions. Dystonia can occur in an isolated fashion or accompanied by other neurological or systemic features. The clinical presentation is often a complex overlap of neurological findings with a large differential diagnosis. We recommend an approach guided by thorough clinical evaluation, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), biochemical analysis, and genetic testing to hone in on the diagnosis. This article highlights the clinical and genetic complexity of pediatric dystonia and underlines the importance of a genetic diagnosis for therapeutic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge A Meijer
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics, Neurology division, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Toni S Pearson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO.
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104
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Simmons CQ, Thompson CH, Cawthon BE, Westlake G, Swoboda KJ, Kiskinis E, Ess KC, George AL. Direct evidence of impaired neuronal Na/K-ATPase pump function in alternating hemiplegia of childhood. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 115:29-38. [PMID: 29567111 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ATP1A3 encoding the catalytic subunit of the Na/K-ATPase expressed in mammalian neurons cause alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) as well as an expanding spectrum of other neurodevelopmental syndromes and neurological phenotypes. Most AHC cases are explained by de novo heterozygous ATP1A3 mutations, but the fundamental molecular and cellular consequences of these mutations in human neurons are not known. In this study, we investigated the electrophysiological properties of neurons generated from AHC patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to ascertain functional disturbances underlying this neurological disease. Fibroblasts derived from two subjects with AHC, a male and a female, both heterozygous for the common ATP1A3 mutation G947R, were reprogrammed to iPSCs. Neuronal differentiation of iPSCs was initiated by neurogenin-2 (NGN2) induction followed by co-culture with mouse glial cells to promote maturation of cortical excitatory neurons. Whole-cell current clamp recording demonstrated that, compared with control iPSC-derived neurons, neurons differentiated from AHC iPSCs exhibited a significantly lower level of ouabain-sensitive outward current ('pump current'). This finding correlated with significantly depolarized potassium equilibrium potential and depolarized resting membrane potential in AHC neurons compared with control neurons. In this cellular model, we also observed a lower evoked action potential firing frequency when neurons were held at their resting potential. However, evoked action potential firing frequencies were not different between AHC and control neurons when the membrane potential was clamped to -80 mV. Impaired neuronal excitability could be explained by lower voltage-gated sodium channel availability at the depolarized membrane potential observed in AHC neurons. Our findings provide direct evidence of impaired neuronal Na/K-ATPase ion transport activity in human AHC neurons and demonstrate the potential impact of this genetic defect on cellular excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Q Simmons
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher H Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bryan E Cawthon
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Grant Westlake
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kathryn J Swoboda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evangelos Kiskinis
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kevin C Ess
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alfred L George
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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105
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Reschke CR, Poersch AB, Masson CJ, Jesse AC, Marafiga JR, Lenz QF, Oliveira MS, Henshall DC, Mello CF. Systemic delivery of selective EP1 and EP3 receptor antagonists attenuates pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 10:47-59. [PMID: 29593850 PMCID: PMC5871629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a major role in brain excitability and may contribute to the development of epilepsy. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a direct mediator of inflammatory responses and, through EP receptors, plays an important role in neuronal excitability. Pharmacological evidence supports that centrally-administered EP1 and EP3 receptor antagonists reduced acutely evoked seizures in rats. Translation of these findings would benefit from evidence of efficacy with a more clinically relevant route of delivery and validation in another species. In the current study we investigated whether the systemic administration of EP1 and EP3 agonists and antagonists modulate pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in mice. In addition, it was examined whether these compounds alter Na+, K+-ATPase activity, an enzyme responsible for the homeostatic ionic equilibrium and, consequently, for the resting membrane potential in neurons. While the systemic administration of EP1 and EP3 antagonists (ONO-8713 and ONO-AE3-240, respectively) attenuated, the respective agonists (ONO-DI-004 and ONO-AE-248) potentiated PTZ-induced seizures (all compounds injected at the dose of 10 µg/kg, s.c., 30 min before PTZ challenge). Co-administration of either EP1 or EP3 agonist with the respective antagonists nullified the anticonvulsant effects of EP1/3 receptor blockade. In addition, EP1 and EP3 agonists exacerbated PTZ-induced decrease of Na+, K+-ATPase activity in both cerebral cortex and hippocampus, whereas, EP1 and EP3 antagonists prevented PTZ-induced decrease of Na+, K+-ATPase activity in both structures. Our findings support and extend evidence that EP1 and EP3 receptors may be novel targets for the development of anticonvulsant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina R Reschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland123 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Irelsand
- Current address: Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI)123 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Alice B Poersch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Cíntia J Masson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana C Jesse
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Joseane R Marafiga
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Quéli F Lenz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauro S Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland123 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Irelsand
| | - Carlos F Mello
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
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106
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Thulborn KR. Quantitative sodium MR imaging: A review of its evolving role in medicine. Neuroimage 2018; 168:250-268. [PMID: 27890804 PMCID: PMC5443706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in humans has promised metabolic information that can improve medical management in important diseases. This technology has yet to find a role in clinical practice, lagging proton MR imaging by decades. This review covers the literature that demonstrates that this delay is explained by initial challenges of low sensitivity at low magnetic fields and the limited performance of gradients and electronics available in the 1980s. These constraints were removed by the introduction of 3T and now ultrahigh (≥7T) magnetic field scanners with superior gradients and electronics for proton MR imaging. New projection pulse sequence designs have greatly improved sodium acquisition efficiency. The increased field strength has provided the expected increased sensitivity to achieve resolutions acceptable for metabolic interpretation even in small target tissues. Consistency of quantification of the sodium MR image to provide metabolic parametric maps has been demonstrated by several different pulse sequences and calibration procedures. The vital roles of sodium ion in membrane transport and the extracellular matrix will be reviewed to indicate the broad opportunities that now exist for clinical sodium MR imaging. The final challenge is for the technology to be supplied on clinical ≥3T scanners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Thulborn
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1801 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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107
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Carecchio M, Zorzi G, Ragona F, Zibordi F, Nardocci N. ATP1A3-related disorders: An update. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2018; 22:257-263. [PMID: 29291920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood (AHC), Rapid-onset Dystonia Parkinsonism (RDP) and CAPOS syndrome (cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes cavus, optic atrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss) are three distinct, yet partially overlapping clinical syndromes that have long been thought to be allelic disorders. From 2004 to 2012, both autosomal dominant and de novo mutations in ATP1A3 have been detected in patients affected by these three conditions. Growing evidence suggests that AHC, RDP and CAPOS syndrome are part of a large and continuously expanding clinical spectrum and share some recurrent clinical features, such as abrupt-onset, asymmetric anatomical distribution and the presence of triggering factors, which are highly suggestive of ATP1A3 mutations. In this review, we will highlight the main clinical and genetic features of ATP1A3-related disorders focussing on shared and distinct features that can be helpful in clinical practice to individuate mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Carecchio
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20131 Milan, Italy; Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via L. Temolo 4, 20126 Milan, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, PhD Programme in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Milan Bicocca University, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zorzi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragona
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Zibordi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Nardo Nardocci
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20131 Milan, Italy.
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108
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Schirinzi T, Graziola F, Nicita F, Travaglini L, Stregapede F, Valeriani M, Curatolo P, Bertini E, Vigevano F, Capuano A. Childhood Rapid-Onset Ataxia: Expanding the Phenotypic Spectrum of ATP1A3 Mutations. THE CEREBELLUM 2018; 17:489-493. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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109
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The CAPOS mutation in ATP1A3 alters Na/K-ATPase function and results in auditory neuropathy which has implications for management. Hum Genet 2018; 137:111-127. [PMID: 29305691 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes cavus, optic atrophy and sensorineural hearing impairment (CAPOS) is a rare clinically distinct syndrome caused by a single dominant missense mutation, c.2452G>A, p.Glu818Lys, in ATP1A3, encoding the neuron-specific alpha subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase α3. Allelic mutations cause the neurological diseases rapid dystonia Parkinsonism and alternating hemiplegia of childhood, disorders which do not encompass hearing or visual impairment. We present detailed clinical phenotypic information in 18 genetically confirmed patients from 11 families (10 previously unreported) from Denmark, Sweden, UK and Germany indicating a specific type of hearing impairment-auditory neuropathy (AN). All patients were clinically suspected of CAPOS and had hearing problems. In this retrospective analysis of audiological data, we show for the first time that cochlear outer hair cell activity was preserved as shown by the presence of otoacoustic emissions and cochlear microphonic potentials, but the auditory brainstem responses were grossly abnormal, likely reflecting neural dyssynchrony. Poor speech perception was observed, especially in noise, which was beyond the hearing level obtained in the pure tone audiograms in several of the patients presented here. Molecular modelling and in vitro electrophysiological studies of the specific CAPOS mutation were performed. Heterologous expression studies of α3 with the p.Glu818Lys mutation affects sodium binding to, and release from, the sodium-specific site in the pump, the third ion-binding site. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm that the structure of the C-terminal region is affected. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time evidence for auditory neuropathy in CAPOS syndrome, which may reflect impaired propagation of electrical impulses along the spiral ganglion neurons. This has implications for diagnosis and patient management. Auditory neuropathy is difficult to treat with conventional hearing aids, but preliminary improvement in speech perception in some patients suggests that cochlear implantation may be effective in CAPOS patients.
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110
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Kuster A, Arnoux JB, Barth M, Lamireau D, Houcinat N, Goizet C, Doray B, Gobin S, Schiff M, Cano A, Amsallem D, Barnerias C, Chaumette B, Plaze M, Slama A, Ioos C, Desguerre I, Lebre AS, de Lonlay P, Christa L. Diagnostic approach to neurotransmitter monoamine disorders: experience from clinical, biochemical, and genetic profiles. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:129-139. [PMID: 28924877 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To improve the diagnostic work-up of patients with diverse neurological diseases, we have elaborated specific clinical and CSF neurotransmitter patterns. METHODS Neurotransmitter determinations in CSF from 1200 patients revealed abnormal values in 228 (19%) cases. In 54/228 (24%) patients, a final diagnosis was identified. RESULTS We have reported primary (30/54, 56%) and secondary (24/54, 44%) monoamine neurotransmitter disorders. For primary deficiencies, the most frequently mutated gene was DDC (n = 9), and the others included PAH with neuropsychiatric features (n = 4), PTS (n = 5), QDPR (n = 3), SR (n = 1), and TH (n = 1). We have also identified mutations in SLC6A3, FOXG1 (n = 1 of each), MTHFR (n = 3), FOLR1, and MTHFD (n = 1 of each), for dopamine transporter, neuronal development, and folate metabolism disorders, respectively. For secondary deficiencies, we have identified POLG (n = 3), ACSF3 (n = 1), NFU1, and SDHD (n = 1 of each), playing a role in mitochondrial function. Other mutated genes included: ADAR, RNASEH2B, RNASET2, SLC7A2-IT1 A/B lncRNA, and EXOSC3 involved in nuclear and cytoplasmic metabolism; RanBP2 and CASK implicated in post-traductional and scaffolding modifications; SLC6A19 regulating amino acid transport; MTM1, KCNQ2 (n = 2), and ATP1A3 playing a role in nerve cell electrophysiological state. Chromosome abnormalities, del(8)(p23)/dup(12) (p23) (n = 1), del(6)(q21) (n = 1), dup(17)(p13.3) (n = 1), and non-genetic etiologies (n = 3) were also identified. CONCLUSION We have classified the final 54 diagnoses in 11 distinctive biochemical profiles and described them through 20 clinical features. To identify the specific molecular cause of abnormal NT profiles, (targeted) genomics might be used, to improve diagnosis and allow early treatment of complex and rare neurological genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Kuster
- Neurometabolism department, Nantes Hospital and University, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Arnoux
- Reference center for inherited metabolic diseases, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Magalie Barth
- Neurometabolism department, Angers Hospital and University, Angers, France
| | - Delphine Lamireau
- Neuropediatric and Neurogenetic department, MRGM laboratory, National institute for health and medical research U1211, Pellegrin Hospital and University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nada Houcinat
- Neuropediatric and Neurogenetic department, MRGM laboratory, National institute for health and medical research U1211, Pellegrin Hospital and University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cyril Goizet
- Neuropediatric and Neurogenetic department, MRGM laboratory, National institute for health and medical research U1211, Pellegrin Hospital and University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bérénice Doray
- Genetic department, Félix Guyon Hospital and University, Saint-Denis de la Réunion, France
| | - Stéphanie Gobin
- Genetic department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Schiff
- Neurometabolism and Biochemical department, Robert Debré Hospital and University, Paris, France
| | - Aline Cano
- Reference center for inherited metabolic diseases, la Timone-Marseille Hospital and University, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Amsallem
- Neuropediatric department, Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Christine Barnerias
- Neurology department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital and Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Boris Chaumette
- Sainte Anne Hospital, University Hospital Department (SHU), Paris Descartes University and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U894, CNRS GDR, 3557, Paris, France
| | - Marion Plaze
- Sainte Anne Hospital, University Hospital Department (SHU), Paris Descartes University and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U894, CNRS GDR, 3557, Paris, France
| | - Abdelhamid Slama
- Biochemical department, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Christine Ioos
- Neuropediatric department, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France
| | - Isabelle Desguerre
- Neurology department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital and Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Lebre
- Genetic and Biological department, Reims University, Maison Blanche Hospital, F-51092, Reims, France
| | - Pascale de Lonlay
- Reference center for inherited metabolic diseases, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Christa
- Metabolomic and proteomic Biochemical department, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.
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111
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Kirshenbaum GS, Idris NF, Dachtler J, Roder JC, Clapcote SJ. Deficits in social behavioral tests in a mouse model of alternating hemiplegia of childhood. J Neurogenet 2017; 30:42-9. [PMID: 27276195 PMCID: PMC4917910 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2016.1182525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Social behavioral deficits have been observed in patients diagnosed with alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC), rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism and CAPOS syndrome, in which specific missense mutations in ATP1A3, encoding the Na+, K+-ATPase α3 subunit, have been identified. To test the hypothesis that social behavioral deficits represent part of the phenotype of Na+, K+-ATPase α3 mutations, we assessed the social behavior of the Myshkin mouse model of AHC, which has an I810N mutation identical to that found in an AHC patient with co-morbid autism. Myshkin mice displayed deficits in three tests of social behavior: nest building, pup retrieval and the three-chamber social approach test. Chronic treatment with the mood stabilizer lithium enhanced nest building in wild-type but not Myshkin mice. In light of previous studies revealing a broad profile of neurobehavioral deficits in the Myshkin model – consistent with the complex clinical profile of AHC – our results suggest that Na+, K+-ATPase α3 dysfunction has a deleterious, but nonspecific, effect on social behavior. By better defining the behavioral profile of Myshkin mice, we identify additional ATP1A3-related symptoms for which the Myshkin model could be used as a tool to advance understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms and develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greer S Kirshenbaum
- a Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute , Mount Sinai Hospital , University Avenue , Toronto , Canada ;,b Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Nagi F Idris
- c School of Biomedical Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - James Dachtler
- c School of Biomedical Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - John C Roder
- a Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute , Mount Sinai Hospital , University Avenue , Toronto , Canada ;,b Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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112
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Han KH, Oh DY, Lee S, Lee C, Han JH, Kim MY, Park HR, Park MK, Kim NKD, Lee J, Yi E, Kim JM, Kim JW, Chae JH, Oh SH, Park WY, Choi BY. ATP1A3 mutations can cause progressive auditory neuropathy: a new gene of auditory synaptopathy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16504. [PMID: 29184165 PMCID: PMC5705773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiologies and prevalence of sporadic, postlingual-onset, progressive auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) have rarely been documented. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence and molecular etiologies of these cases. Three out of 106 sporadic progressive hearing losses turned out to manifest ANSD. Through whole exome sequencing and subsequent bioinformatics analysis, two out of the three were found to share a de novo variant, p.E818K of ATP1A3, which had been reported to cause exclusively CAPOS (cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes cavus, optic atrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss) syndrome. However, hearing loss induced by CAPOS has never been characterized to date. Interestingly, the first proband did not manifest any features of CAPOS, except subclinical areflexia; however, the phenotypes of second proband was compatible with that of CAPOS, making this the first reported CAPOS allele in Koreans. This ANSD phenotype was compatible with known expression of ATP1A3 mainly in the synapse between afferent nerve and inner hair cells. Based on this, cochlear implantation (CI) was performed in the first proband, leading to remarkable benefits. Collectively, the de novo ATP1A3 variant can cause postlingual-onset auditory synaptopathy, making this gene a significant contributor to sporadic progressive ANSD and a biomarker ensuring favorable short-term CI outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Hee Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo-Yi Oh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seungmin Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Chung Lee
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hye-Rim Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Moo Kyun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nayoung K D Kim
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaekwang Lee
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eunyoung Yi
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jeong-Whun Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Ha Oh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Yoon Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
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113
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Sugimoto H, Ikeda K, Kawakami K. Atp1a3-
deficient heterozygous mice show lower rank in the hierarchy and altered social behavior. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 17:e12435. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Sugimoto
- Division of Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi Japan
| | - K. Ikeda
- Division of Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi Japan
- Department of Physiology; International University of Health and Welfare, School of Medicine; Chiba Japan
| | - K. Kawakami
- Division of Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi Japan
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114
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Chang IJ, Adam MP, Jayadev S, Bird TD, Natarajan N, Glass IA. Novel pregnancy-triggered episodes of CAPOS syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 176:235-240. [PMID: 29090527 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes cavus, optic atrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss (CAPOS) syndrome (OMIM# 601338) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by episodic, fever-induced ataxic encephalopathy in childhood with residual symptoms. All identified patients have the same heterozygous missense variant c.2452G>A (p.Glu818Lys) in the ATP1A3 gene, encoding Na+ /K+ ATPase α3. We describe a large CAPOS pedigree with three generations of affected members, the first ascertained in the United States. Deafness, optic atrophy, and pes cavus were present in all three members of the family evaluated. In addition, one of the affected individuals experienced markedly worsening features during her three pregnancies and in the immediate postpartum period, a potential element of the natural history of CAPOS previously unreported. We conclude that the triggering factors and clinical spectrum of pathogenic ATP1A3 variants may be broader than previously described. Targeted sequencing of ATP1A3 should be considered in any patient presenting with cerebellar ataxia triggered by febrile illness, or pregnancy and delivery, especially in the presence of sensorineural hearing loss, optic atrophy, pes cavus, or early childhood history of acute encephalopathic ataxia. Prophylactic administration of acetazolamide or flunarizine may prevent acute episodes of ataxia or mitigate neurologic symptoms, although their efficacies have not been well studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene J Chang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Margaret P Adam
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas D Bird
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Niranjana Natarajan
- Department of Neurology, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ian A Glass
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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115
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Hainque E, Caillet S, Leroy S, Flamand-Roze C, Adanyeguh I, Charbonnier-Beaupel F, Retail M, Le Toullec B, Atencio M, Rivaud-Péchoux S, Brochard V, Habarou F, Ottolenghi C, Cormier F, Méneret A, Ruiz M, Doulazmi M, Roubergue A, Corvol JC, Vidailhet M, Mochel F, Roze E. A randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial of triheptanoin in alternating hemiplegia of childhood. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:160. [PMID: 28969699 PMCID: PMC5625655 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the hypothesis of a brain energy deficit, we investigated the safety and efficacy of triheptanoin on paroxysmal episodes in patients with alternating hemiplegia of childhood due to ATP1A3 mutations. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of triheptanoin, at a target dose corresponding to 30% of daily calorie intake, in ten patients with alternating hemiplegia of childhood due to ATP1A3 mutations. Each treatment period consisted of a 12-week fixed-dose phase, separated by a 4-week washout period. The primary outcome was the total number of paroxysmal events. Secondary outcomes included the number of paroxysmal motor-epileptic events; a composite score taking into account the number, severity and duration of paroxysmal events; interictal neurological manifestations; the clinical global impression-improvement scale (CGI-I); and safety parameters. The paired non-parametric Wilcoxon test was used to analyze treatment effects. RESULTS In an intention-to-treat analysis, triheptanoin failed to reduce the total number of paroxysmal events (p = 0.646), including motor-epileptic events (p = 0.585), or the composite score (p = 0.059). CGI-I score did not differ between triheptanoin and placebo periods. Triheptanoin was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Triheptanoin does not prevent paroxysmal events in Alternating hemiplegia of childhood. We show the feasibility of a randomized placebo-controlled trial in this setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study has been registered with clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT002408354 ) the 03/24/2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Hainque
- Université de la Sorbonne, UPMC Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle, F-75013, Paris, France. .,Département de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France. .,INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Samantha Caillet
- Service de Diététique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Constance Flamand-Roze
- Centre Hospitalier Sud-Francilien, Université Paris Sud, Corbeil-Essonnes, Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire, Corbeil-Essonnes, France.,IFPPC, centre CAMKeys, Paris, France
| | - Isaac Adanyeguh
- Université de la Sorbonne, UPMC Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle, F-75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Maryvonne Retail
- INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Le Toullec
- INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Mariana Atencio
- Université de la Sorbonne, UPMC Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Rivaud-Péchoux
- Université de la Sorbonne, UPMC Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Brochard
- INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Florence Habarou
- Service de Biochimie Métabolomique et protéomique, Hôpital Necker et Université Paris Descartes, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Chris Ottolenghi
- Service de Biochimie Métabolomique et protéomique, Hôpital Necker et Université Paris Descartes, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Florence Cormier
- Université de la Sorbonne, UPMC Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle, F-75013, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France.,INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Méneret
- Université de la Sorbonne, UPMC Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle, F-75013, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Université de la Sorbonne, UPMC Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle, F-75013, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Doulazmi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, CNRS UMR8256, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Adaptation Biologique et vieillissement, Paris, France
| | - Anne Roubergue
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Université de la Sorbonne, UPMC Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle, F-75013, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France.,INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Université de la Sorbonne, UPMC Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle, F-75013, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France.,INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Mochel
- Université de la Sorbonne, UPMC Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle, F-75013, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche Clinique Neurométabolique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Université de la Sorbonne, UPMC Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle, F-75013, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France.,INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
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116
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Jinnah HA, Albanese A, Bhatia KP, Cardoso F, Da Prat G, de Koning TJ, Espay AJ, Fung V, Garcia-Ruiz PJ, Gershanik O, Jankovic J, Kaji R, Kotschet K, Marras C, Miyasaki JM, Morgante F, Munchau A, Pal PK, Rodriguez Oroz MC, Rodríguez-Violante M, Schöls L, Stamelou M, Tijssen M, Uribe Roca C, de la Cerda A, Gatto EM. Treatable inherited rare movement disorders. Mov Disord 2017; 33:21-35. [PMID: 28861905 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many rare movement disorders, and new ones are described every year. Because they are not well recognized, they often go undiagnosed for long periods of time. However, early diagnosis is becoming increasingly important. Rapid advances in our understanding of the biological mechanisms responsible for many rare disorders have enabled the development of specific treatments for some of them. Well-known historical examples include Wilson disease and dopa-responsive dystonia, for which specific and highly effective treatments have life-altering effects. In recent years, similarly specific and effective treatments have been developed for more than 30 rare inherited movement disorders. These treatments include specific medications, dietary changes, avoidance or management of certain triggers, enzyme replacement therapy, and others. This list of treatable rare movement disorders is likely to grow during the next few years because a number of additional promising treatments are actively being developed or evaluated in clinical trials. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alberto Albanese
- Department of Neurology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.,Catholic University, Milan, Italy
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Cardoso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Movement Disorders Clinic, Neurology Service, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Da Prat
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,University DelSalvadore, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tom J de Koning
- Department of Genetics, Pediatrics and Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto J Espay
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Victor Fung
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital & Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Oscar Gershanik
- Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro Foundation University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ryuji Kaji
- Department of Neurology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Katya Kotschet
- Clinical Neurosciences, St. Vincent's Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Connie Marras
- The Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Francesca Morgante
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alexander Munchau
- Department of Pediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neuroscience, Bangalore, India
| | - Maria C Rodriguez Oroz
- University Hospital Donostia, Madrid, Spain.,BioDonostia Research Institute, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Madrid, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ludger Schöls
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Maria Stamelou
- Neurology Clinic, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders Department, HYGEIA Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Tijssen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Uribe Roca
- Department of Neurology, British Hospital of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Emilia M Gatto
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated University of Buenos Aires and University DelSalvadore, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dystonia is a clinically heterogeneous group of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Recent advances have provided a better understanding of these conditions with significant clinical impact. SOURCES OF DATA Peer reviewed journals and reviews. PubMed.gov. AREAS OF AGREEMENT A recent consensus classification, including the assessment of phenomenology and identification of the dystonia syndromes, has provided a helpful tool for the clinical assessment. New forms of monogenic dystonia have been recently identified. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Despite recent advances in the understanding of dystonia, treatment remains symptomatic in most patients. GROWING POINTS Recent advances in genetics have provided a better understanding of the potential pathogenic mechanisms involved in dystonia. Deep brain stimulation has shown to improve focal and combined forms of dystonia and its indications are constantly expanding. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Growing understanding of the disease mechanisms involved will allow the development of targeted and disease-modifying therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo De Pablo-Fernandez
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, WC1N 1PJ London, UK.,Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, WC1N 1PJ London, UK
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, WC1N 1PJ London, UK.,Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, WC1N 1PJ London, UK
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118
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More Than a Decade of Misdiagnosis of Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood with Catastrophic Outcome. Case Rep Med 2017; 2017:5769837. [PMID: 28900444 PMCID: PMC5576389 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5769837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) is a distinct clinical disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of hemiplegia, abnormal ocular movement, and progressive developmental delay. It is an extremely rare genetic disorder related to ATP1A3 gene mutations. In this paper, we present a case of AHC in which the diagnosis was missed for many years until severe hypoxic brain insult occurred from prolonged status epilepticus. Not only we are presenting an interesting clinical entity and radiological images, but also we are shedding the light on a rare genetic disease with catastrophic sequelae. The challenges in diagnosis and treatment lead to a poor outcome as seen in our case. Although early recognition and accurate diagnosis and treatment of the disease may not change the outcome, counseling of the family may change their expectation and reduce their frustration. Referral to a center with expertise in genetic disorders and access to genetic laboratories is of paramount importance in the diagnosis of this disease. Due to the rarity of this disease in Saudi Arabia, a genotype-phenotype correlation is not feasible.
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119
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A SINE Insertion in ATP1B2 in Belgian Shepherd Dogs Affected by Spongy Degeneration with Cerebellar Ataxia (SDCA2). G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:2729-2737. [PMID: 28620085 PMCID: PMC5555477 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.043018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spongy degeneration with cerebellar ataxia (SDCA) is a genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance in Malinois dogs, one of the four varieties of the Belgian Shepherd breed. Using a combined linkage and homozygosity mapping approach we identified an ∼10.6 Mb critical interval on chromosome 5 in a Malinois family with four puppies affected by cerebellar dysfunction. Visual inspection of the 10.6 Mb interval in whole-genome sequencing data from one affected puppy revealed a 227 bp SINE insertion into the ATP1B2 gene encoding the β2 subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase holoenzyme (ATP1B2:c.130_131insLT796559.1:g.50_276). The SINE insertion caused aberrant RNA splicing. Immunohistochemistry suggested a reduction of ATP1B2 protein expression in the central nervous system of affected puppies. Atp1b2 knockout mice had previously been reported to show clinical and neurohistopathological findings similar to the affected Malinois puppies. Therefore, we consider ATP1B2:c.130_131ins227 the most likely candidate causative variant for a second subtype of SDCA in Malinois dogs, which we propose to term spongy degeneration with cerebellar ataxia subtype 2 (SDCA2). Our study further elucidates the genetic and phenotypic complexity underlying cerebellar dysfunction in Malinois dogs and provides the basis for a genetic test to eradicate one specific neurodegenerative disease from the breeding population in Malinois and the other varieties of the Belgian Shepherd breed. ATP1B2 thus represents another candidate gene for human inherited cerebellar ataxias, and SDCA2-affected Malinois puppies may serve as a naturally occurring animal model for this disorder.
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120
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Shrivastava AN, Aperia A, Melki R, Triller A. Physico-Pathologic Mechanisms Involved in Neurodegeneration: Misfolded Protein-Plasma Membrane Interactions. Neuron 2017; 95:33-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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121
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Abstract
The sodium and potassium gradients across the plasma membrane are used by animal cells for numerous processes, and the range of demands requires that the responsible ion pump, the Na,K-ATPase, can be fine-tuned to the different cellular needs. Therefore, several isoforms are expressed of each of the three subunits that make a Na,K-ATPase, the alpha, beta and FXYD subunits. This review summarizes the various roles and expression patterns of the Na,K-ATPase subunit isoforms and maps the sequence variations to compare the differences structurally. Mutations in the Na,K-ATPase genes encoding alpha subunit isoforms have severe physiological consequences, causing very distinct, often neurological diseases. The differences in the pathophysiological effects of mutations further underline how the kinetic parameters, regulation and proteomic interactions of the Na,K-ATPase isoforms are optimized for the individual cellular needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Clausen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Florian Hilbers
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Hanne Poulsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
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122
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Schreglmann SR, Bhatia KP, Stamelou M. Advances in the Clinical Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 132:79-127. [PMID: 28554422 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease has widened considerably in recent years. This chapter aims to summarize the current knowledge on the clinical differential diagnoses of sporadic Parkinson's disease. As the number of monogenic familial Parkinson's disease variants and risk factors is growing, so is the number of appreciated etiologies of atypical parkinsonian and other pallidopyramidal syndromes. This work aims at summarizing the current knowledge on both motor and nonmotor neurological signs and symptoms that aid the clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and its differential diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Stamelou
- University of Athens Medical School, Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece; HYGEIA Hospital, Athens, Greece; Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
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Isaksen TJ, Kros L, Vedovato N, Holm TH, Vitenzon A, Gadsby DC, Khodakhah K, Lykke-Hartmann K. Hypothermia-induced dystonia and abnormal cerebellar activity in a mouse model with a single disease-mutation in the sodium-potassium pump. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006763. [PMID: 28472154 PMCID: PMC5436892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the neuron-specific α3 isoform of the Na+/K+-ATPase are found in patients suffering from Rapid onset Dystonia Parkinsonism and Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood, two closely related movement disorders. We show that mice harboring a heterozygous hot spot disease mutation, D801Y (α3+/D801Y), suffer abrupt hypothermia-induced dystonia identified by electromyographic recordings. Single-neuron in vivo recordings in awake α3+/D801Y mice revealed irregular firing of Purkinje cells and their synaptic targets, the deep cerebellar nuclei neurons, which was further exacerbated during dystonia and evolved into abnormal high-frequency burst-like firing. Biophysically, we show that the D-to-Y mutation abolished pump-mediated Na+/K+ exchange, but allowed the pumps to bind Na+ and become phosphorylated. These findings implicate aberrant cerebellar activity in α3 isoform-related dystonia and add to the functional understanding of the scarce and severe mutations in the α3 isoform Na+/K+-ATPase. The neurological spectrum associated with mutations in the ATP1A3 gene, encoding the α3 isoform of the Na+/K+-ATPase, is complex and still poorly understood. To elucidate the disease-specific pathophysiology, we examined a mouse model harboring the mutation D801Y, which was originally found in a patient with Rapid onset Dystonia Parkinsonism, but recently, also in a patient with Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood. We found that this model exhibited motor deficits and developed dystonia when exposed to a drop in body temperature. Cerebellar in vivo recordings in awake mice revealed irregular firing of Purkinje cells and their synaptic targets, the deep cerebellar nuclei neurons, which was further exacerbated and evolved into abnormal high-frequency burst firing during dystonia. The development of specific neurological features within the ATP1A3 mutation spectrum, such as dystonia, are thought to reflect the functional consequences of each mutation, thus to investigate the consequence of the D801Y mutations we characterized mutated D-to-Y Na+/K+-ATPases expressed in Xenopus oocytes. These in vitro studies showed that the D-to-Y mutation abolishes pump-mediated Na+/K+ exchange, but still allows the pumps to bind Na+ and become phosphorylated, trapping them in conformations that instead support proton influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toke Jost Isaksen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lieke Kros
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Natascia Vedovato
- The Laboratory of Cardiac/Membrane Physiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas Hellesøe Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ariel Vitenzon
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - David C. Gadsby
- The Laboratory of Cardiac/Membrane Physiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kamran Khodakhah
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Karin Lykke-Hartmann
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Masoud M, Prange L, Wuchich J, Hunanyan A, Mikati MA. Diagnosis and Treatment of Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2017; 19:8. [PMID: 28337648 DOI: 10.1007/s11940-017-0444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The diagnosis and treatment of patients with Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood (AHC) and related disorders should be provided by a multidisciplinary team experienced with the spectrum of presentations of this disease, with its related disorders, with its complex and fluctuating manifestations, and with cutting edge advances occurring in the field. Involvement in research to advance the understanding of this disease and partnership with international collaborators and family organizations are also important. An example of such an approach is that of The Duke AHC and Related Disorders Multi-Disciplinary Clinic and Program, which, in partnership with the Cure AHC Foundation, has developed and applied this approach to patients seen since early 2013. The program provides comprehensive care and education directly to AHC patients and their families and collaborates with referring physicians on the care of patients with AHC whether evaluated at Duke clinics or not. It also is involved in clinical and basic research and in collaborations with other International AHC Research Consortium (IAHCRC) partners. The clinic is staffed with physicians and experts from Neurology, Cardiology, Child Behavioral Health, Medical Genetics, Neurodevelopment, Neuropsychology, Nursing, Physical and Occupational Therapies, Psychiatry, Sleep Medicine, and Speech/Language Pathology. Patients are seen either for full comprehensive evaluations that last several days or for targeted evaluations with one or few appointments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Masoud
- Duke University Children Health Center, 2301 Erwin Rd., Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lyndsey Prange
- Duke University Children Health Center, 2301 Erwin Rd., Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Arsen Hunanyan
- Duke University Children Health Center, 2301 Erwin Rd., Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Mohamad A Mikati
- Duke University Children Health Center, 2301 Erwin Rd., Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Rosewich H, Sweney MT, DeBrosse S, Ess K, Ozelius L, Andermann E, Andermann F, Andrasco G, Belgrade A, Brashear A, Ciccodicola S, Egan L, George AL, Lewelt A, Magelby J, Merida M, Newcomb T, Platt V, Poncelin D, Reyna S, Sasaki M, Sotero de Menezes M, Sweadner K, Viollet L, Zupanc M, Silver K, Swoboda K. Research conference summary from the 2014 International Task Force on ATP1A3-Related Disorders. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2017; 3:e139. [PMID: 28293679 PMCID: PMC5335249 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: ATP1A3-related neurologic disorders encompass a broad range of phenotypes that extend well beyond initial phenotypic criteria associated with alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) and rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism. Methods: In 2014, the Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation hosted a multidisciplinary workshop intended to address fundamental challenges surrounding the diagnosis and management of individuals with ATP1A3-related disorders. Results: Workshop attendees were charged with the following: (1) to achieve consensus on expanded diagnostic criteria to facilitate the identification of additional patients, intended to supplement existing syndrome-specific diagnostic paradigms; (2) to standardize definitions for the broad range of paroxysmal manifestations associated with AHC to disseminate to families; (3) to create clinical recommendations for common recurrent issues facing families and medical care providers; (4) to review data related to the death of individuals in the Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation database to guide future efforts in identifying at-risk subjects and potential preventative measures; and (5) to identify critical gaps where we most need to focus national and international research efforts. Conclusions: This report summarizes recommendations of the workshop committee, highlighting the key phenotypic features to facilitate the diagnosis of possible ATP1A3 mutations, providing recommendations for genetic testing, and outlining initial acute management for common recurrent clinical conditions, including epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Rosewich
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Matthew T Sweney
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Suzanne DeBrosse
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Kevin Ess
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Laurie Ozelius
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Eva Andermann
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Frederick Andermann
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Gene Andrasco
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Alice Belgrade
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Allison Brashear
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Sharon Ciccodicola
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Lynn Egan
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Alfred L George
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Aga Lewelt
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Joshua Magelby
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Mario Merida
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Tara Newcomb
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Vicky Platt
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Dominic Poncelin
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Sandra Reyna
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Masayuki Sasaki
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Marcio Sotero de Menezes
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Kathleen Sweadner
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Louis Viollet
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Mary Zupanc
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Kenneth Silver
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Kathryn Swoboda
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Division of Clinical Genetics (L.V.), Department of Pediatrics (T.N., M.T.S.) and Department of Neurology (M.T.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Center for Human Genetics (S.D.), University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.E.), Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Human Genetics Research (L.O., M.M., K. Swoboda), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurogenetics Unit (E.A.) and Epilepsy Research Group (E.A., F.A.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (E.A., F.A.), Department of Human Genetics (E.A.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.A.), McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Foundation (G.A., S.C., L.E., V.P.), Southfield, MI; BCBA (A. Belgrade), Belgrade Behavior Consulting, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (A. Brashear), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Pharmacology (A.L.G.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics (A.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville; Integrative Neuropsychology (J.M.), Fairlawn, OH; Association Française de l'Hémiplégie Alternante (D.P.), Paris, France; Rare Disease Innovation Unit (S.R.), Clinical Development Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Child Neurology (M.S.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Swedish Neuroscience Institute (M.S.d.M.), Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosurgery (K. Sweadner), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neuroscience Institute (M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K. Silver), University of Chicago and Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
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Delorme C, Hainque E, Roze E. Alternating Upper Limb Monoplegia due to ATP1A3 Mutation. Pediatr Neurol 2017; 68:79-80. [PMID: 28214164 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Delorme
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France; Département de Neurologie, APHP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Hainque
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France; Département de Neurologie, APHP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France; Département de Neurologie, APHP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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Madan N, Xu Y, Duan Q, Banerjee M, Larre I, Pierre SV, Xie Z. Src-independent ERK signaling through the rat α3 isoform of Na/K-ATPase. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 312:C222-C232. [PMID: 27903584 PMCID: PMC5401946 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00199.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Na/K-ATPase α1 polypeptide supports both ion-pumping and signaling functions. The Na/K-ATPase α3 polypeptide differs from α1 in both its primary structure and its tissue distribution. The expression of α3 seems particularly important in neurons, and recent clinical evidence supports a unique role of this isoform in normal brain function. The nature of this specific role of α3 has remained elusive, because the ubiquitous presence of α1 has hindered efforts to characterize α3-specific functions in mammalian cell systems. Using Na/K-ATPase α1 knockdown pig kidney cells (PY-17), we generated the first stable mammalian cell line expressing a ouabain-resistant form of rat Na/K-ATPase α3 in the absence of endogenous pig α1 detectable by Western blotting. In these cells, Na/K-ATPase α3 formed a functional ion-pumping enzyme and rescued the expression of Na/K-ATPase β1 and caveolin-1 to levels comparable with those observed in PY-17 cells rescued with a rat Na/K-ATPase α1 (AAC-19). The α3-containing enzymes had lower Na+ affinity and lower ouabain-sensitive transport activity than their α1-containing counterparts under basal conditions, but showed a greater capacity to be activated when intracellular Na+ was increased. In contrast to Na/K-ATPase α1, α3 could not regulate Src. Upon exposure to ouabain, Src activation did not occur, yet ERK was activated through Src-independent pathways involving PI3K and PKC. Hence, α3 expression confers signaling and pumping properties that are clearly distinct from that of cells expressing Na/K-ATPase α1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Madan
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Yunhui Xu
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Qiming Duan
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California
| | - Moumita Banerjee
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Isabel Larre
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Sandrine V Pierre
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Zijian Xie
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia;
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128
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Sasaki M, Ishii A, Saito Y, Hirose S. Progressive Brain Atrophy in Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2017; 4:406-411. [PMID: 30363489 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that includes involuntary movements, paroxysmal symptoms, and various severities of nonparoxysmal symptoms. Objective To investigate the occurrence of structural brain abnormalities in patients with AHC during clinical courses. Methods Conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical courses were retrospectively investigated in 14 patients with AHC confirmed by ATP1A3 mutations. Results Progressive frontal dominant cerebral, diffuse cerebellar cortical, and severe hippocampal atrophy were observed in seven patients with irreversible severe motor and intellectual deterioration. All of these seven patients exhibited status epilepticus and required transient respiratory care. Isolated diffuse cerebellar cortical atrophy was observed in two adult patients with mild motor regression. Five patients without apparent deterioration displayed almost normal brain findings. Conclusions The areas of atrophy were consistent with the areas of increased expression of the Na+/K+-ATPase α3 subunit encoded by ATP1A3. Some of paroxysmal and nonparoxysmal neurological symptoms are considered as related to the areas of brain atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Sasaki
- Department of Child Neurology National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Kodaira Tokyo Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics and Central Research Institute for the Molecular Pathomechanisms of Epilepsy Fukuoka University School of Medicine Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Saito
- Division of Child Neurology Department of Brain and Neurosciences Faculty of Medicine Tottori University Yonago Japan
| | - Shinichi Hirose
- Department of Pediatrics and Central Research Institute for the Molecular Pathomechanisms of Epilepsy Fukuoka University School of Medicine Fukuoka Japan
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Abstract
Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) is an essential cation pump protein responsible for the maintenance of the sodium and potassium gradients across the plasma membrane. Recently published high-resolution structures revealed amino acids forming the cation binding sites (CBS) in the transmembrane domain and variable position of the domains in the cytoplasmic headpiece. Here we report molecular dynamic simulations of the human NKA α1β1 isoform embedded into DOPC bilayer. We have analyzed the NKA conformational changes in the presence of Na+- or K+-cations in the CBS, for various combinations of the cytoplasmic ligands, and the two major enzyme conformations in the 100 ns runs (more than 2.5 μs of simulations in total). We identified two novel cytoplasmic pathways along the pairs of transmembrane helices TM3/TM7 or TM6/TM9 that allow hydration of the CBS or transport of cations from/to the bulk. These findings can provide a structural explanation for previous mutagenesis studies, where mutation of residues that are distal from the CBS resulted in the alteration of the enzyme affinity to the transported cations or change in the enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Čechová
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University , Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Berka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University , 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kubala
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University , Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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130
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Sorkaç A, Alcantara IC, Hart AC. In Vivo Modelling of ATP1A3 G316S-Induced Ataxia in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Homologous Recombination Reveals Dominant Loss of Function Defects. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167963. [PMID: 27936181 PMCID: PMC5148073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program admitted a male patient with unclassifiable late-onset ataxia-like symptoms. Exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous de novo mutation converting glycine 316 to serine in ATP1A3, which might cause disease. ATP1A3 encodes the Na+/K+ ATPase pump α3-subunit. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homologous recombination for genome editing, we modelled this putative disease-causing allele in Caenorhabditis elegans, recreating the patient amino acid change in eat-6, the orthologue of ATP1A3. The impact of the mutation on eat-6 function at the neuromuscular junction was examined using two behavioural assays: rate of pharyngeal pumping and sensitivity to aldicarb, a drug that causes paralysis over time via the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. The patient allele decreased pumping rates and caused hypersensitivity to aldicarb. Animals heterozygous for the allele exhibited similar defects, whereas loss of function mutations in eat-6 were recessive. These results indicate that the mutation is dominant and impairs the neuromuscular function. Thus, we conclude that the de novo G316S mutation in ATP1A3 likely causes or contributes to patient symptoms. More broadly, we conclude that, for conserved genes, it is possible to rapidly and easily model human diseases in C. elegans using CRIPSR/Cas9 genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altar Sorkaç
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Ivan C. Alcantara
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Anne C. Hart
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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131
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Mosaicism in ATP1A3-related disorders: not just a theoretical risk. Neurogenetics 2016; 18:23-28. [PMID: 27726050 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-016-0498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in ATP1A3 are involved in a large spectrum of neurological disorders, including rapid onset dystonia parkinsonism (RDP), alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC), and cerebellar ataxia, pes cavus, optic atrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss (CAPOS), with recent descriptions of overlapping phenotypes. In AHC, a few familial cases of autosomal dominant inheritance have been reported, along with cases of de novo sporadic mutations. In contrast, autosomal dominant inheritance has frequently been associated with RDP and CAPOS. Here, we report on two unrelated sets of full siblings with ATP1A3 mutations, (c.2116G>A) p. Gly706Arg in the first family, and (c.2266C>T) p. Arg756Cys in the second family, presenting with familial recurrence of the disease. Both families displayed parental germline mosaicism. In the first family, the brother and sister presented with severe intellectual deficiency, early onset pharmacoresistant epilepsy, ataxia, and autistic features. In the second family, both sisters demonstrated severe encephalopathy with ataxia and dystonia following a regression episode during a febrile episode during infancy. To our knowledge, mosaicism has not previously been reported in ATP1A3-related disorders. This report, therefore, provides evidence that germline mosaicism for ATP1A3 mutations is a likely explanation for familial recurrence and should be considered during recurrence risk counseling for families of children with ATP1A3-related disorders.
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132
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Abstract
The behavioral phenotypes of mice are the result of a complex interplay between overall health, sensory abilities, learning and memory, motor function as well as developmental milestones, feeding, sexual, parental, and social behaviors. This chapter lists a selected number of key behavioral tests, specifically designed to assay fundamental behavioral features such as memory, activity, and motor skills in mice models.
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133
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Kanemasa H, Fukai R, Sakai Y, Torio M, Miyake N, Lee S, Ono H, Akamine S, Nishiyama K, Sanefuji M, Ishizaki Y, Torisu H, Saitsu H, Matsumoto N, Hara T. De novo p.Arg756Cys mutation of ATP1A3 causes an atypical form of alternating hemiplegia of childhood with prolonged paralysis and choreoathetosis. BMC Neurol 2016; 16:174. [PMID: 27634470 PMCID: PMC5025569 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-016-0680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) is a rare neurological disorder that manifests recurrent attacks of hemiplegia, oculogyric, and choreoathetotic involuntary movements. De novo mutations in ATP1A3 cause three types of neurological diseases: AHC; rapid-onset dystonia-Parkinsonism (RDP); and cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes cavus, optic atrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss (CAPOS) syndromes. It remains to be determined whether or not a rare mutation in ATP1A3 may cause atypical phenotypes. Case presentation A 7-year-old boy presented with recurrent symptoms of generalized paralysis since 1 year and 5 months of age. Hypotonia, dystonia, and choreoathetosis persisted with exacerbation under febrile conditions, but no cerebellar ataxia had ever evolved in 6 years. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to determine his genetic background, and mutations were validated by the Sanger method. Crude protein extracts were prepared from the cultured cells, and expression of the wild-type or mutant ATP1A3 proteins were analyzed by Western blotting. WES identified a de novo pathogenic mutation in ATP1A3 (c.2266C > T:p.R756C) for this patient. A literature overview of two reported cases with p.R756C and p.R756H mutations showed both overlapping and distinct phenotypes when compared with those of the present case. The expression of the mutant form (R756C) of ATP1A3 did not differ markedly from that of the wild-type and D801N proteins. Conclusions This study confirmed that p.R756C mutation of ATP1A3 cause atypical forms of AHC-associated disorders. The wide spectra of neurological phenotypes in AHC are linked to as-yet-unknown deficits in the functions of mutant ATP1A3. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12883-016-0680-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Kanemasa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryoko Fukai
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasunari Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Michiko Torio
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sooyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Present address: Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ono
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Akamine
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kei Nishiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sanefuji
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshito Ishizaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Torisu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Present address: Section of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Present address: Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshiro Hara
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Present address: Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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Holm R, Toustrup-Jensen MS, Einholm AP, Schack VR, Andersen JP, Vilsen B. Neurological disease mutations of α3 Na +,K +-ATPase: Structural and functional perspectives and rescue of compromised function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1807-1828. [PMID: 27577505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Na+,K+-ATPase creates transmembrane ion gradients crucial to the function of the central nervous system. The α-subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase exists as four isoforms (α1-α4). Several neurological phenotypes derive from α3 mutations. The effects of some of these mutations on Na+,K+-ATPase function have been studied in vitro. Here we discuss the α3 disease mutations as well as information derived from studies of corresponding mutations of α1 in the light of the high-resolution crystal structures of the Na+,K+-ATPase. A high proportion of the α3 disease mutations occur in the transmembrane sector and nearby regions essential to Na+ and K+ binding. In several cases the compromised function can be traced to disturbance of the Na+ specific binding site III. Recently, a secondary mutation was found to rescue the defective Na+ binding caused by a disease mutation. A perspective is that it may be possible to develop an efficient pharmaceutical mimicking the rescuing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | | - Anja P Einholm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Vivien R Schack
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jens P Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Bente Vilsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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135
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Méneret A, Roze E. Paroxysmal movement disorders: An update. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2016; 172:433-445. [PMID: 27567459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Paroxysmal movement disorders comprise both paroxysmal dyskinesia, characterized by attacks of dystonic and/or choreic movements, and episodic ataxia, defined by attacks of cerebellar ataxia. They may be primary (familial or sporadic) or secondary to an underlying cause. They can be classified according to their phenomenology (kinesigenic, non-kinesigenic or exercise-induced) or their genetic cause. The main genes involved in primary paroxysmal movement disorders include PRRT2, PNKD, SLC2A1, ATP1A3, GCH1, PARK2, ADCY5, CACNA1A and KCNA1. Many cases remain genetically undiagnosed, thereby suggesting that additional culprit genes remain to be discovered. The present report is a general overview that aims to help clinicians diagnose and treat patients with paroxysmal movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Méneret
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne University Group, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, 75013 Paris, France
| | - E Roze
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne University Group, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, 75013 Paris, France.
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136
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Holm TH, Isaksen TJ, Glerup S, Heuck A, Bøttger P, Füchtbauer EM, Nedergaard S, Nyengaard JR, Andreasen M, Nissen P, Lykke-Hartmann K. Cognitive deficits caused by a disease-mutation in the α3 Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase isoform. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31972. [PMID: 27549929 PMCID: PMC4994072 DOI: 10.1038/srep31972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+/K+-ATPases maintain Na+ and K+ electrochemical gradients across the plasma membrane, a prerequisite for electrical excitability and secondary transport in neurons. Autosomal dominant mutations in the human ATP1A3 gene encoding the neuron-specific Na+/K+-ATPase α3 isoform cause different neurological diseases, including rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism (RDP) and alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) with overlapping symptoms, including hemiplegia, dystonia, ataxia, hyperactivity, epileptic seizures, and cognitive deficits. Position D801 in the α3 isoform is a mutational hotspot, with the D801N, D801E and D801V mutations causing AHC and the D801Y mutation causing RDP or mild AHC. Despite intensive research, mechanisms underlying these disorders remain largely unknown. To study the genotype-to-phenotype relationship, a heterozygous knock-in mouse harboring the D801Y mutation (α3+/D801Y) was generated. The α3+/D801Y mice displayed hyperactivity, increased sensitivity to chemically induced epileptic seizures and cognitive deficits. Interestingly, no change in the excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons in the α3+/D801Y mice was observed. The cognitive deficits were rescued by administration of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam, a GABA positive allosteric modulator. Our findings reveal the functional significance of the Na+/K+-ATPase α3 isoform in the control of spatial learning and memory and suggest a link to GABA transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hellesøe Holm
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Toke Jost Isaksen
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon Glerup
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Heuck
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Pernille Bøttger
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Steen Nedergaard
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Center for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mogens Andreasen
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Poul Nissen
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karin Lykke-Hartmann
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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137
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Wyckelsma VL, McKenna MJ. Effects of Age on Na(+),K(+)-ATPase Expression in Human and Rodent Skeletal Muscle. Front Physiol 2016; 7:316. [PMID: 27531982 PMCID: PMC4969555 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of transmembrane Na(+) and K(+) concentration gradients and membrane potential is vital for the production of force in skeletal muscle. In aging an inability to maintain ion regulation and membrane potential would have adverse consequences on the capacity for performing repeated muscle contractions, which are critical for everyday activities and functional independence. This short review focusses on the effects of aging on one major and vital component affecting muscle Na(+) and K(+) concentrations, membrane potential and excitability in skeletal muscle, the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase (Na(+),K(+)-pump, NKA) protein. The review examines the effects of age on NKA in both human and rodent models and highlights a distant lack of research in NKA with aging. In rodents, the muscle NKA measured by [(3)H]ouabain binding site content, declines with advanced age from peak values in early life. In human skeletal muscle, however, there appears to be no age effect on [(3)H]ouabain binding site content in physically active older adults between 55 and 76 years compared to those aged between 18 and 30 years of age. Analysis of the NKA isoforms reveal differential changes with age in fiber-types in both rat and humans. The data show considerable disparities, suggesting different regulation of NKA isoforms between rodents and humans. Finally we review the importance of physical activity on NKA content in older humans. Findings suggest that physical activity levels of an individual may have a greater effect on regulating the NKA content in skeletal muscle rather than aging per se, at least up until 80 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Wyckelsma
- Clinical Exercise Science Program, Institute of Sport Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael J McKenna
- Clinical Exercise Science Program, Institute of Sport Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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138
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Gokce O, Stanley GM, Treutlein B, Neff NF, Camp JG, Malenka RC, Rothwell PE, Fuccillo MV, Südhof TC, Quake SR. Cellular Taxonomy of the Mouse Striatum as Revealed by Single-Cell RNA-Seq. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1126-1137. [PMID: 27425622 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum contributes to many cognitive processes and disorders, but its cell types are incompletely characterized. We show that microfluidic and FACS-based single-cell RNA sequencing of mouse striatum provides a well-resolved classification of striatal cell type diversity. Transcriptome analysis revealed ten differentiated, distinct cell types, including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal, immune, and vascular cells, and enabled the discovery of numerous marker genes. Furthermore, we identified two discrete subtypes of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) that have specific markers and that overexpress genes linked to cognitive disorders and addiction. We also describe continuous cellular identities, which increase heterogeneity within discrete cell types. Finally, we identified cell type-specific transcription and splicing factors that shape cellular identities by regulating splicing and expression patterns. Our findings suggest that functional diversity within a complex tissue arises from a small number of discrete cell types, which can exist in a continuous spectrum of functional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgun Gokce
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Geoffrey M Stanley
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Barbara Treutlein
- Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Norma F Neff
- Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J Gray Camp
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert C Malenka
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Patrick E Rothwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marc V Fuccillo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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139
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Mencacci NE. The Endless Expansion of the Phenotypic Spectrum of ATP1A3 Mutations: A True Diagnostic Challenge. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2016; 3:395-397. [PMID: 30363572 PMCID: PMC6178772 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò E. Mencacci
- Department of Molecular NeuroscienceUniversity College London Institute of NeurologyLondonUnited Kingdom
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140
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Holm TH, Lykke-Hartmann K. Insights into the Pathology of the α3 Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase Ion Pump in Neurological Disorders; Lessons from Animal Models. Front Physiol 2016; 7:209. [PMID: 27378932 PMCID: PMC4906016 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane Na(+)-/K(+) ATPase is located at the plasma membrane of all mammalian cells. The Na(+)-/K(+) ATPase utilizes energy from ATP hydrolysis to extrude three Na(+) cations and import two K(+) cations into the cell. The minimum constellation for an active Na(+)-/K(+) ATPase is one alpha (α) and one beta (β) subunit. Mammals express four α isoforms (α1-4), encoded by the ATP1A1-4 genes, respectively. The α1 isoform is ubiquitously expressed in the adult central nervous system (CNS) whereas α2 primarily is expressed in astrocytes and α3 in neurons. Na(+) and K(+) are the principal ions involved in action potential propagation during neuronal depolarization. The α1 and α3 Na(+)-/K(+) ATPases are therefore prime candidates for restoring neuronal membrane potential after depolarization and for maintaining neuronal excitability. The α3 isoform has approximately four-fold lower Na(+) affinity compared to α1 and is specifically required for rapid restoration of large transient increases in [Na(+)]i. Conditions associated with α3 deficiency are therefore likely aggravated by suprathreshold neuronal activity. The α3 isoform been suggested to support re-uptake of neurotransmitters. These processes are required for normal brain activity, and in fact autosomal dominant de novo mutations in ATP1A3 encoding the α3 isoform has been found to cause the three neurological diseases Rapid Onset Dystonia Parkinsonism (RDP), Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood (AHC), and Cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes cavus, optic atrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss (CAPOS). All three diseases cause acute onset of neurological symptoms, but the predominant neurological manifestations differ with particularly early onset of hemiplegic/dystonic episodes and mental decline in AHC, ataxic encephalopathy and impairment of vision and hearing in CAPOS syndrome and late onset of dystonia/parkinsonism in RDP. Several mouse models have been generated to study the in vivo consequences of Atp1a3 modulation. The different mice show varying degrees of hyperactivity, gait problems, and learning disability as well as stress-induced seizures. With the advent of several Atp1a3-gene or chemically modified animal models that closely phenocopy many aspects of the human disorders, we will be able to reach a much better understanding of the etiology of RDP, AHC, and CAPOS syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Karin Lykke-Hartmann
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
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141
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The Genetic Homogeneity of CAPOS Syndrome: Four New Patients With the c.2452G>A (p.Glu818Lys) Mutation in the ATP1A3 Gene. Pediatr Neurol 2016; 59:71-75.e1. [PMID: 27091223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical syndrome of cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes cavus, optic atrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss (CAPOS) was first described 20 years ago, but it was only recently that whole exome sequencing unveiled the causative mutation in the ATP1A3 gene. We present four patients from the seventh and eighth family identified worldwide, provide a critical review of all patients published thus far, and speculate about the pathophysiologic processes underlying the acute neurological manifestations. CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS The individuals presented here experienced one to three paroxysmal, short-lasting episodes in childhood with cerebellar symptoms and signs, hypotonia, ophthalmoparesis, motor weakness, areflexia, and/or lethargy that were consistently associated with febrile illness. An underlying c.2452G>A mutation in the ATP1A3 gene was found in all four individuals. Besides the persisting CAPOS features, other possibly related sequelae included dystonia, myoclonus, and emotional and behavioral changes. After initiation of acetazolamide in two patients, no further episodes occurred. CONCLUSION Targeted sequencing of the ATP1A3 gene is recommended in children exhibiting paroxysmal, fever-induced ataxia and in adults with a more or less stationary or slowly progressive cerebellar syndrome since childhood accompanied by mixed combinations of areflexia, pes cavus, profound visual impairment, and/or sensorineural hearing loss. Similar to some other types of episodic ataxia, acetazolamide may be considered in patients with CAPOS syndrome to prevent or attenuate bouts of ataxia, but this requires further study.
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142
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Sampson JB, Michaeli TH, Wright BA, Goldman JE, Vonsattel JP, Fahn S. Basal Ganglia Gliosis in a Case of Rapid-Onset Dystonia-Parkinsonism (DYT12) with a Novel Mutation in ATPase 1A3 ( ATP1A3). Mov Disord Clin Pract 2016; 3:618-620. [PMID: 30838256 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacinda B Sampson
- Department of Neurology Stanford University Medical Center Stanford California USA
| | - Tamar H Michaeli
- Department of Genetics and Development Columbia University Medical Center New York New York USA
| | - Brenton A Wright
- Department of Neurology Washington University Medical Center St. Louis USA
| | - James E Goldman
- Department of Pathology Columbia University Medical Center New York New York USA
| | - Jean-Paul Vonsattel
- Department of Neurology Columbia University Medical Center New York New York USA
| | - Stanley Fahn
- Neurological Institute Columbia University Medical Center New York New York USA
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143
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Parkinson's Disease: The Mitochondria-Iron Link. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:7049108. [PMID: 27293957 PMCID: PMC4886095 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7049108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, and oxidative damage are conditions often found in damaged brain areas of Parkinson's disease. We propose that a causal link exists between these three events. Mitochondrial dysfunction results not only in increased reactive oxygen species production but also in decreased iron-sulfur cluster synthesis and unorthodox activation of Iron Regulatory Protein 1 (IRP1), a key regulator of cell iron homeostasis. In turn, IRP1 activation results in iron accumulation and hydroxyl radical-mediated damage. These three occurrences-mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, and oxidative damage-generate a positive feedback loop of increased iron accumulation and oxidative stress. Here, we review the evidence that points to a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and iron accumulation as early events in the development of sporadic and genetic cases of Parkinson's disease. Finally, an attempt is done to contextualize the possible relationship between mitochondria dysfunction and iron dyshomeostasis. Based on published evidence, we propose that iron chelation-by decreasing iron-associated oxidative damage and by inducing cell survival and cell-rescue pathways-is a viable therapy for retarding this cycle.
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144
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Blom H, Bernhem K, Brismar H. Sodium pump organization in dendritic spines. NEUROPHOTONICS 2016; 3:041803. [PMID: 27175374 PMCID: PMC4855081 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.3.4.041803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Blom
- Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm 10691, SwedenbScience for Life Laboratory, Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, Tomtebodavägen 23A, Solna 17165, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Bernhem
- Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Brismar
- Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm 10691, SwedenbScience for Life Laboratory, Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, Tomtebodavägen 23A, Solna 17165, SwedencKarolinska Institutet, Department of Wome
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145
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Isaksen TJ, Lykke-Hartmann K. Insights into the Pathology of the α2-Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase in Neurological Disorders; Lessons from Animal Models. Front Physiol 2016; 7:161. [PMID: 27199775 PMCID: PMC4854887 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional Na+/K+-ATPase consists of a catalytic α subunit and a regulatory β subunit. Four α isoforms of the Na+/K+-ATPase are found in mammals, each with a unique expression pattern and catalytic activity. The α2 isoform, encoded by the ATP1A2 gene, is primarily found in the central nervous system (CNS) and in heart-, skeletal- and smooth muscle tissues. In the CNS, the α2 isoform is mainly expressed in glial cells. In particular, the α2 isoform is found in astrocytes, important for astrocytic K+ clearance and, consequently, the indirect uptake of neurotransmitters. Both processes are essential for proper brain activity, and autosomal dominantly mutations in the ATP1A2 gene cause the neurological disorder Familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 (FHM2). FHM2 is a severe subtype of migraine with aura including temporary numbness or weakness, and affecting only one side of the body. FHM2 patients often suffer from neurological comorbidities such as seizures, sensory disturbances, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric manifestations. The functional consequences of FHM2 disease mutations leads to a partial or complete loss of function of pump activity; however, a clear phenotype-genotype correlation has yet to be elucidated. Gene-modified mouse models targeting the Atp1a2 gene have proved instrumental in the understanding of the pathology of FHM2. Several Atp1a2 knockout (KO) mice targeting different exons have been reported. Homozygous Atp1a2 KO mice die shortly after birth due to respiratory malfunction resulting from abnormal Cl− homeostasis in brainstem neurons. Heterozygous KO mice are viable, but display altered behavior and neurological deficits such as altered spatial learning, decreased motor activity and enhanced fear/anxiety compared to wild type mice. FHM2 knock-in (KI) mouse models carrying the human in vivo disease mutations W887R and G301R have also been reported. Both models display altered cortical spreading depression (CSD) and point to deficits in the glutamatergic system as the main underlying mechanism of FHM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toke J Isaksen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark; Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Karin Lykke-Hartmann
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark; Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
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146
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Holt RL, Arehart E, Hunanyan A, Fainberg NA, Mikati MA. Pediatric Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy: What Have we Learned from Animal and Human Studies, and Can we Prevent it? Semin Pediatr Neurol 2016; 23:127-33. [PMID: 27544469 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Several factors, such as epilepsy syndrome, poor compliance, and increased seizure frequency increase the risks of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Animal models have revealed that the mechanisms of SUDEP involve initially a primary event, often a seizure of sufficient type and severity, that occurs in a brain, which is vulnerable to SUDEP due to either genetic or antecedent factors. This primary event initiates a cascade of secondary events starting, as some models indicate, with cortical spreading depolarization that propagates to the brainstem where it results in autonomic dysfunction. Intrinsic abnormalities in brainstem serotonin, adenosine, sodium-postassium ATPase, and respiratory-control systems are also important. The tertiary event, which results from the above dysfunction, consists of either lethal central apnea, pulmonary edema, or arrhythmia. Currently, it is necessary to (1) continue researching SUDEP mechanisms, (2) work on reducing SUDEP risk factors, and (3) address the major need to counsel families about SUDEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Holt
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Eric Arehart
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Health Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Arsen Hunanyan
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Health Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Nina A Fainberg
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Health Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Mohamad A Mikati
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Health Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
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147
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Larsen BR, Stoica A, MacAulay N. Managing Brain Extracellular K(+) during Neuronal Activity: The Physiological Role of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase Subunit Isoforms. Front Physiol 2016; 7:141. [PMID: 27148079 PMCID: PMC4841311 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During neuronal activity in the brain, extracellular K+ rises and is subsequently removed to prevent a widespread depolarization. One of the key players in regulating extracellular K+ is the Na+/K+-ATPase, although the relative involvement and physiological impact of the different subunit isoform compositions of the Na+/K+-ATPase remain unresolved. The various cell types in the brain serve a certain temporal contribution in the face of network activity; astrocytes respond directly to the immediate release of K+ from neurons, whereas the neurons themselves become the primary K+ absorbers as activity ends. The kinetic characteristics of the catalytic α subunit isoforms of the Na+/K+-ATPase are, partly, determined by the accessory β subunit with which they combine. The isoform combinations expressed by astrocytes and neurons, respectively, appear to be in line with the kinetic characteristics required to fulfill their distinct physiological roles in clearance of K+ from the extracellular space in the face of neuronal activity. Understanding the nature, impact and effects of the various Na+/K+-ATPase isoform combinations in K+ management in the central nervous system might reveal insights into pathological conditions such as epilepsy, migraine, and spreading depolarization following cerebral ischemia. In addition, particular neurological diseases occur as a result of mutations in the α2- (familial hemiplegic migraine type 2) and α3 isoforms (rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism/alternating hemiplegia of childhood). This review addresses aspects of the Na+/K+-ATPase in the regulation of extracellular K+ in the central nervous system as well as the related pathophysiology. Understanding the physiological setting in non-pathological tissue would provide a better understanding of the pathological events occurring during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Roland Larsen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anca Stoica
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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148
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Sharma AN, Fries GR, Galvez JF, Valvassori SS, Soares JC, Carvalho AF, Quevedo J. Modeling mania in preclinical settings: A comprehensive review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 66:22-34. [PMID: 26545487 PMCID: PMC4728043 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The current pathophysiological understanding of mechanisms leading to onset and progression of bipolar manic episodes remains limited. At the same time, available animal models for mania have limited face, construct, and predictive validities. Additionally, these models fail to encompass recent pathophysiological frameworks of bipolar disorder (BD), e.g. neuroprogression. Therefore, there is a need to search for novel preclinical models for mania that could comprehensively address these limitations. Herein we review the history, validity, and caveats of currently available animal models for mania. We also review new genetic models for mania, namely knockout mice for genes involved in neurotransmission, synapse formation, and intracellular signaling pathways. Furthermore, we review recent trends in preclinical models for mania that may aid in the comprehension of mechanisms underlying the neuroprogressive and recurring nature of BD. In conclusion, the validity of animal models for mania remains limited. Nevertheless, novel (e.g. genetic) animal models as well as adaptation of existing paradigms hold promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaykumar N. Sharma
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA,Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Gabriel R. Fries
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Juan F. Galvez
- Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana School of Medicine, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Samira S. Valvassori
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jair C. Soares
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - André F. Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Joao Quevedo
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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149
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Einholm AP, Nielsen HN, Holm R, Toustrup-Jensen MS, Vilsen B. Importance of a Potential Protein Kinase A Phosphorylation Site of Na+,K+-ATPase and Its Interaction Network for Na+ Binding. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10934-47. [PMID: 27013656 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.701201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism underlying PKA-mediated regulation of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase was explored in mutagenesis studies of the potential PKA site at Ser-938 and surrounding charged residues. The phosphomimetic mutations S938D/E interfered with Na(+) binding from the intracellular side of the membrane, whereas Na(+) binding from the extracellular side was unaffected. The reduction of Na(+) affinity is within the range expected for physiological regulation of the intracellular Na(+) concentration, thus supporting the hypothesis that PKA-mediated phosphorylation of Ser-938 regulates Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in vivo Ser-938 is located in the intracellular loop between transmembrane segments M8 and M9. An extended bonding network connects this loop with M10, the C terminus, and the Na(+) binding region. Charged residues Asp-997, Glu-998, Arg-1000, and Lys-1001 in M10, participating in this bonding network, are crucial to Na(+) interaction. Replacement of Arg-1005, also located in the vicinity of Ser-938, with alanine, lysine, methionine, or serine resulted in wild type-like Na(+) and K(+) affinities and catalytic turnover rate. However, when combined with the phosphomimetic mutation S938E only lysine substitution of Arg-1005 was compatible with Na(+),K(+)-ATPase function, and the Na(+) affinity of this double mutant was reduced even more than in single mutant S938E. This result indicates that the positive side chain of Arg-1005 or the lysine substituent plays a mechanistic role as interaction partner of phosphorylated Ser-938, transducing the phosphorylation signal into a reduced affinity of Na(+) site III. Electrostatic interaction of Glu-998 is of minor importance for the reduction of Na(+) affinity by phosphomimetic S938E as revealed by combining S938E with E998A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja P Einholm
- From the Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hang N Nielsen
- From the Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rikke Holm
- From the Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Bente Vilsen
- From the Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Duda J, Pötschke C, Liss B. Converging roles of ion channels, calcium, metabolic stress, and activity pattern of Substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in health and Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:156-178. [PMID: 26865375 PMCID: PMC5095868 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine‐releasing neurons within the Substantia nigra (SN DA) are particularly vulnerable to degeneration compared to other dopaminergic neurons. The age‐dependent, progressive loss of these neurons is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), as the resulting loss of striatal dopamine causes its major movement‐related symptoms. SN DA neurons release dopamine from their axonal terminals within the dorsal striatum, and also from their cell bodies and dendrites within the midbrain in a calcium‐ and activity‐dependent manner. Their intrinsically generated and metabolically challenging activity is created and modulated by the orchestrated function of different ion channels and dopamine D2‐autoreceptors. Here, we review increasing evidence that the mechanisms that control activity patterns and calcium homeostasis of SN DA neurons are not only crucial for their dopamine release within a physiological range but also modulate their mitochondrial and lysosomal activity, their metabolic stress levels, and their vulnerability to degeneration in PD. Indeed, impaired calcium homeostasis, lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, and metabolic stress in SN DA neurons represent central converging trigger factors for idiopathic and familial PD. We summarize double‐edged roles of ion channels, activity patterns, calcium homeostasis, and related feedback/feed‐forward signaling mechanisms in SN DA neurons for maintaining and modulating their physiological function, but also for contributing to their vulnerability in PD‐paradigms. We focus on the emerging roles of maintained neuronal activity and calcium homeostasis within a physiological bandwidth, and its modulation by PD‐triggers, as well as on bidirectional functions of voltage‐gated L‐type calcium channels and metabolically gated ATP‐sensitive potassium (K‐ATP) channels, and their probable interplay in health and PD.
We propose that SN DA neurons possess several feedback and feed‐forward mechanisms to protect and adapt their activity‐pattern and calcium‐homeostasis within a physiological bandwidth, and that PD‐trigger factors can narrow this bandwidth. We summarize roles of ion channels in this view, and findings documenting that both, reduced as well as elevated activity and associated calcium‐levels can trigger SN DA degeneration.
This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Duda
- Department of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Liss
- Department of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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