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Dilokthornsakul P, Patidar M, Campbell JD. Forecasting the Long-Term Clinical and Economic Outcomes of Lumacaftor/Ivacaftor in Cystic Fibrosis Patients with Homozygous phe508del Mutation. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2017; 20:1329-1335. [PMID: 29241892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To forecast lifetime outcomes and cost of lumacaftor/ivacaftor combination therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) with homozygous phe508del mutation from the US payer perspective. METHODS A lifetime Markov model was developed from a US payer perspective. The model included five health states: 1) mild lung disease (percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1] >70%), 2) moderate lung disease (40% ≤ FEV1 ≤ 70%), 3) severe lung disease (FEV1 < 40%), 4) lung transplantation, and 5) death. All inputs were derived from published literature. We estimated lumacaftor/ivacaftor's improvement in outcomes compared with a non-CF referent population as well as CF-specific mortality estimates. RESULTS Lumacaftor/ivacaftor was associated with additional 2.91 life-years (95% credible interval 2.55-3.56) and additional 2.42 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) (95% credible interval 2.10-2.98). Lumacaftor/ivacaftor was associated with improvements in survival and QALYs equivalent to 27.6% and 20.7%, respectively, for the survival and QALY gaps between CF usual care and their non-CF peers. The incremental lifetime cost was $2,632,249. CONCLUSIONS Lumacaftor/ivacaftor increased life-years and QALYs in CF patients with the homozygous phe508del mutation and moved morbidity and mortality closer to that of their non-CF peers but it came with higher cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyameth Dilokthornsakul
- Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
| | - Mausam Patidar
- Center for Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan D Campbell
- Center for Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Taylor-Cousar JL, Munck A, McKone EF, van der Ent CK, Moeller A, Simard C, Wang LT, Ingenito EP, McKee C, Lu Y, Lekstrom-Himes J, Elborn JS. Tezacaftor-Ivacaftor in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis Homozygous for Phe508del. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:2013-2023. [PMID: 29099344 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1709846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination treatment with the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators tezacaftor (VX-661) and ivacaftor (VX-770) was designed to target the underlying cause of disease in patients with cystic fibrosis. METHODS In this phase 3, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial, we evaluated combination therapy with tezacaftor and ivacaftor in patients 12 years of age or older who had cystic fibrosis and were homozygous for the CFTR Phe508del mutation. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either 100 mg of tezacaftor once daily and 150 mg of ivacaftor twice daily or matched placebo for 24 weeks. The primary end point was the absolute change in the percentage of the predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) through week 24 (calculated in percentage points); relative change in the percentage of the predicted FEV1 through week 24 (calculated as a percentage) was a key secondary end point. RESULTS Of the 510 patients who underwent randomization, 509 received tezacaftor-ivacaftor or placebo, and 475 completed 24 weeks of the trial regimen. The mean FEV1 at baseline was 60.0% of the predicted value. The effects on the absolute and relative changes in the percentage of the predicted FEV1 in favor of tezacaftor-ivacaftor over placebo were 4.0 percentage points and 6.8%, respectively (P<0.001 for both comparisons). The rate of pulmonary exacerbation was 35% lower in the tezacaftor-ivacaftor group than in the placebo group (P=0.005). The incidence of adverse events was similar in the two groups. Most adverse events were of mild severity (in 41.8% of patients overall) or moderate severity (in 40.9% overall), and serious adverse events were less frequent with tezacaftor-ivacaftor (12.4%) than with placebo (18.2%). A total of 2.9% of patients discontinued the assigned regimen owing to adverse events. Fewer patients in the tezacaftor-ivacaftor group than in the placebo group had respiratory adverse events, none of which led to discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS The combination of tezacaftor and ivacaftor was efficacious and safe in patients 12 years of age or older who had cystic fibrosis and were homozygous for the CFTR Phe508del mutation. (Funded by Vertex Pharmaceuticals; EVOLVE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02347657 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Taylor-Cousar
- From National Jewish Health, Denver (J.L.T.-C.); Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris (A. Munck); University College Dublin School of Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (E.F.M.); University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (C.K.E.); University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A. Moeller); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston (C.S., L.T.W., E.P.I., C.M., Y.L., J.L.-H.); and Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, and Queens University, Belfast - all in the United Kingdom (J.S.E.)
| | - Anne Munck
- From National Jewish Health, Denver (J.L.T.-C.); Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris (A. Munck); University College Dublin School of Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (E.F.M.); University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (C.K.E.); University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A. Moeller); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston (C.S., L.T.W., E.P.I., C.M., Y.L., J.L.-H.); and Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, and Queens University, Belfast - all in the United Kingdom (J.S.E.)
| | - Edward F McKone
- From National Jewish Health, Denver (J.L.T.-C.); Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris (A. Munck); University College Dublin School of Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (E.F.M.); University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (C.K.E.); University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A. Moeller); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston (C.S., L.T.W., E.P.I., C.M., Y.L., J.L.-H.); and Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, and Queens University, Belfast - all in the United Kingdom (J.S.E.)
| | - Cornelis K van der Ent
- From National Jewish Health, Denver (J.L.T.-C.); Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris (A. Munck); University College Dublin School of Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (E.F.M.); University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (C.K.E.); University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A. Moeller); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston (C.S., L.T.W., E.P.I., C.M., Y.L., J.L.-H.); and Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, and Queens University, Belfast - all in the United Kingdom (J.S.E.)
| | - Alexander Moeller
- From National Jewish Health, Denver (J.L.T.-C.); Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris (A. Munck); University College Dublin School of Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (E.F.M.); University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (C.K.E.); University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A. Moeller); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston (C.S., L.T.W., E.P.I., C.M., Y.L., J.L.-H.); and Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, and Queens University, Belfast - all in the United Kingdom (J.S.E.)
| | - Christopher Simard
- From National Jewish Health, Denver (J.L.T.-C.); Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris (A. Munck); University College Dublin School of Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (E.F.M.); University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (C.K.E.); University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A. Moeller); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston (C.S., L.T.W., E.P.I., C.M., Y.L., J.L.-H.); and Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, and Queens University, Belfast - all in the United Kingdom (J.S.E.)
| | - Linda T Wang
- From National Jewish Health, Denver (J.L.T.-C.); Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris (A. Munck); University College Dublin School of Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (E.F.M.); University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (C.K.E.); University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A. Moeller); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston (C.S., L.T.W., E.P.I., C.M., Y.L., J.L.-H.); and Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, and Queens University, Belfast - all in the United Kingdom (J.S.E.)
| | - Edward P Ingenito
- From National Jewish Health, Denver (J.L.T.-C.); Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris (A. Munck); University College Dublin School of Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (E.F.M.); University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (C.K.E.); University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A. Moeller); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston (C.S., L.T.W., E.P.I., C.M., Y.L., J.L.-H.); and Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, and Queens University, Belfast - all in the United Kingdom (J.S.E.)
| | - Charlotte McKee
- From National Jewish Health, Denver (J.L.T.-C.); Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris (A. Munck); University College Dublin School of Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (E.F.M.); University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (C.K.E.); University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A. Moeller); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston (C.S., L.T.W., E.P.I., C.M., Y.L., J.L.-H.); and Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, and Queens University, Belfast - all in the United Kingdom (J.S.E.)
| | - Yimeng Lu
- From National Jewish Health, Denver (J.L.T.-C.); Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris (A. Munck); University College Dublin School of Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (E.F.M.); University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (C.K.E.); University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A. Moeller); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston (C.S., L.T.W., E.P.I., C.M., Y.L., J.L.-H.); and Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, and Queens University, Belfast - all in the United Kingdom (J.S.E.)
| | - Julie Lekstrom-Himes
- From National Jewish Health, Denver (J.L.T.-C.); Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris (A. Munck); University College Dublin School of Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (E.F.M.); University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (C.K.E.); University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A. Moeller); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston (C.S., L.T.W., E.P.I., C.M., Y.L., J.L.-H.); and Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, and Queens University, Belfast - all in the United Kingdom (J.S.E.)
| | - J Stuart Elborn
- From National Jewish Health, Denver (J.L.T.-C.); Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris (A. Munck); University College Dublin School of Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (E.F.M.); University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (C.K.E.); University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A. Moeller); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston (C.S., L.T.W., E.P.I., C.M., Y.L., J.L.-H.); and Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, and Queens University, Belfast - all in the United Kingdom (J.S.E.)
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103
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Kieninger E, Yammine S, Korten I, Anagnostopoulou P, Singer F, Frey U, Mornand A, Zanolari M, Rochat I, Trachsel D, Mueller-Suter D, Moeller A, Casaulta C, Latzin P. Elevated lung clearance index in infants with cystic fibrosis shortly after birth. Eur Respir J 2017; 50:50/5/1700580. [PMID: 29122915 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00580-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
It is not known at what age lung function impairment may arise in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). We assessed lung function shortly after birth in infants with CF diagnosed by newborn screening.We performed infant lung function measurements in a prospective cohort of infants with CF and healthy controls. We assessed lung clearance index (LCI), functional residual capacity (FRC) and tidal breathing parameters. The primary outcome was prevalence and severity of abnormal lung function (±1.64 z-scores) in CF.We enrolled 53 infants with CF (mean age 7.8 weeks) and 57 controls (mean age 5.2 weeks). Compared to controls, LCI and FRC were elevated (mean difference 0.30, 95% CI 0.02-0.60; p=0.034 and 14.5 mL, 95% CI 7.7-21.3 mL; p<0.001, respectively), while ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time was decreased in infants with CF. In 22 (41.5%) infants with CF, either LCI or FRC exceeded 1.64 z-scores; three infants had both elevated LCI and FRC.Shortly after birth, abnormal lung function is prevalent in CF infants. Ventilation inhomogeneity or hyperinflation may serve as noninvasive markers to monitor CF lung disease and specific treatment effects, and could thus be used as outcome parameters for future intervention studies in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Kieninger
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, University Children's Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sophie Yammine
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, University Children's Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Insa Korten
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, University Children's Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Dept of Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pinelopi Anagnostopoulou
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, University Children's Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Singer
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, University Children's Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Frey
- Dept of Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Mornand
- Dept of the Child and Adolescent, Children's University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maura Zanolari
- Dept of Paediatrics, Hospital of Bellinzona, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Rochat
- Paediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, CHUV Lausanne, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Trachsel
- Dept of Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexander Moeller
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Casaulta
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, University Children's Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Latzin
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, University Children's Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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104
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Trimble AT, Donaldson SH. Ivacaftor withdrawal syndrome in cystic fibrosis patients with the G551D mutation. J Cyst Fibros 2017; 17:e13-e16. [PMID: 29079142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ivacaftor use can lead to dramatic health improvements in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with gating mutations. Here, we report five instances of dramatic clinical decline following withdrawal of ivacaftor in three individuals with the G551D-CFTR mutation. In each case, the patient's lung function and symptoms rapidly deteriorated after cessation of treatment. Awareness of this phenomenon should inform both clinical practices as well as the design of future clinical trials of highly active CFTR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Trimble
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
| | - Scott H Donaldson
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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105
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Oliver KE, Han ST, Sorscher EJ, Cutting GR. Transformative therapies for rare CFTR missense alleles. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 34:76-82. [PMID: 29032041 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With over 1900 variants reported in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), enhanced understanding of cystic fibrosis (CF) genotype-phenotype correlation represents an important and expanding area of research. The potentiator Ivacaftor has proven an effective treatment for a subset of individuals carrying missense variants, particularly those that impact CFTR gating. Therapeutic efforts have recently focused on correcting the basic defect resulting from the common F508del variant, as well as many less frequent missense alleles. Modest enhancement of F508del-CFTR function has been achieved by combining Ivacaftor with Lumacaftor, a compound that aids maturational processing of misfolded CFTR. Continued development of in silico and in vitro models will facilitate CFTR variant characterization and drug testing, thereby elucidating heterogeneity in the molecular pathogenesis, phenotype, and modulator responsiveness of CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Oliver
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sangwoo T Han
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eric J Sorscher
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Garry R Cutting
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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106
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Strategies for the etiological therapy of cystic fibrosis. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1825-1844. [PMID: 28937684 PMCID: PMC5635223 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Etiological therapies aim at repairing the underlying cause of cystic fibrosis (CF), which is the functional defect of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein owing to mutations in the CFTR gene. Among these, the F508del CFTR mutation accounts for more than two thirds of CF cases worldwide. Two somehow antinomic schools of thought conceive CFTR repair in a different manner. According to one vision, drugs should directly target the mutated CFTR protein to increase its plasma membrane expression (correctors) or improve its ion transport function (potentiators). An alternative strategy consists in modulating the cellular environment and proteostasis networks in which the mutated CFTR protein is synthesized, traffics to its final destination, the plasma membrane, and is turned over. We will analyze distinctive advantages and drawbacks of these strategies in terms of their scientific and clinical dimensions, and we will propose a global strategy for CF research and development based on a reconciliatory approach. Moreover, we will discuss the utility of preclinical biomarkers that may guide the personalized, patient-specific implementation of CF therapies.
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107
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Dagan A, Cohen-Cymberknoh M, Shteinberg M, Levine H, Vilozni D, Bezalel Y, Bar Aluma BE, Sarouk I, Ashkenazi M, Lavie M, Tsabari R, Blau H, Kerem E, Bentur L, Efrati O, Livnat G. Ivacaftor for the p.Ser549Arg (S549R) gating mutation - The Israeli experience. Respir Med 2017; 131:225-228. [PMID: 28947035 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivacaftor is a drug that increases the probability of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel remaining open. Information about the efficacy of ivacaftor in patients carrying the rare p.Ser549Arg (S549R) CFTR mutation is sparse. AIM Efficacy of ivacaftor treatment in patients carrying the p.Ser549Arg (S549R) CFTR mutation. METHODS Data obtained from CF patients receiving ivacaftor for one year. RESULTS Eight CF patients, mean age 21 ± 10 years, received ivacaftor. After one year, significant improvement was found in FEV1, increasing from 74% to 88% (p < 0.001), FVC, 89% to 101% (p = 0.019), and FEF25-75, 59%-76% (p = 0.019). Sweat chloride concentration decreased from 116 ± 8 mmol/L to 51 ± 17 mmol/L (p < 0.001), and BMI increased from 20 ± 3 to 22 ± 4 (p = 0.003). Glucose tolerance improved in five patients. There was no significant change in bacterial colonization. CONCLUSIONS Ivacaftor therapy resulted in significant clinical improvement in patients carrying the p.Ser549Arg (S549R) CFTR mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Dagan
- Pediatric Pulmonary Unit and the National Center for Cystic Fibrosis, Edmond and Lili Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Affiliated with Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | | | - Michal Shteinberg
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Carmel Hospital, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hagit Levine
- Graub Cystic Fibrosis Center, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Daphna Vilozni
- Pediatric Pulmonary Unit and the National Center for Cystic Fibrosis, Edmond and Lili Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Affiliated with Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yael Bezalel
- Pediatric Pulmonary Unit and the National Center for Cystic Fibrosis, Edmond and Lili Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Affiliated with Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Bat-El Bar Aluma
- Pediatric Pulmonary Unit and the National Center for Cystic Fibrosis, Edmond and Lili Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Affiliated with Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ifat Sarouk
- Pediatric Pulmonary Unit and the National Center for Cystic Fibrosis, Edmond and Lili Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Affiliated with Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Moshe Ashkenazi
- Pediatric Pulmonary Unit and the National Center for Cystic Fibrosis, Edmond and Lili Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Affiliated with Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Moran Lavie
- Pediatric Pulmonary Unit and the National Center for Cystic Fibrosis, Edmond and Lili Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Affiliated with Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Reuven Tsabari
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hannah Blau
- Graub Cystic Fibrosis Center, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Eitan Kerem
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lea Bentur
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ori Efrati
- Pediatric Pulmonary Unit and the National Center for Cystic Fibrosis, Edmond and Lili Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Affiliated with Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Galit Livnat
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Carmel Hospital, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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108
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Hubert D, Dehillotte C, Munck A, David V, Baek J, Mely L, Dominique S, Ramel S, Danner Boucher I, Lefeuvre S, Reynaud Q, Colomb-Jung V, Bakouboula P, Lemonnier L. Retrospective observational study of French patients with cystic fibrosis and a Gly551Asp-CFTR mutation after 1 and 2years of treatment with ivacaftor in a real-world setting. J Cyst Fibros 2017; 17:89-95. [PMID: 28711222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivacaftor has been shown to improve lung function and body weight in patients with CF and a gating mutation. Real-world evaluation is warranted to examine its safety and effectiveness over the long term. METHODS A retrospective observational multicentre study collected clinical data in the year before and the 2years after ivacaftor initiation in patients with CF and a Gly551Asp-CFTR mutation. RESULTS Fifty-seven patients were included. Mean absolute change in FEV1% predicted improved from baseline to Year 1 (8.4%; p<0.001) and Year 2 (7.2%; p=0.006). Statistically significant benefits were observed with increased body mass index, fewer Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus positive cultures, and decreased IV antibiotics and maintenance treatment prescriptions (including azithromycin, Dornase alpha and nutritional supplements). No significant adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION The clinical benefits of ivacaftor reported in previous clinical trials were confirmed in a real-world setting two years post-initiation, also reducing treatment burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Hubert
- Pulmonary Department, Adult CF Centre, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | | | - Anne Munck
- Pediatric CF Centre, Robert Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Valérie David
- Pediatric CF Centre, Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes, France
| | - Jinmi Baek
- Clinical Research Unit, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane Dominique
- Pulmonary Department, Adult CF Centre, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Ramel
- CF Centre, Centre héliomarin de Perharidy, Roscoff, France
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Guerra L, D'Oria S, Favia M, Castellani S, Santostasi T, Polizzi AM, Mariggiò MA, Gallo C, Casavola V, Montemurro P, Leonetti G, Manca A, Conese M. CFTR-dependent chloride efflux in cystic fibrosis mononuclear cells is increased by ivacaftor therapy. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017; 52:900-908. [PMID: 28445004 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) potentiator ivacaftor (Kalydeco®) improves clinical outcome in G551D cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Here, we have investigated whether ivacaftor has a clinical impact on non-G551D gating mutations and function of circulating leukocytes as well. METHODS Seven patients were treated with ivacaftor and evaluated at baseline, and at 1-3 and 6 months. Besides clinical and systemic inflammatory parameters, circulating mononuclear cells (MNC) were evaluated for CFTR-dependent chloride efflux by spectrofluorimetry, neutrophils for oxidative burst by cytofluorimetry and HVCN1 mRNA expression by real time PCR. RESULTS Ivacaftor determined a significant decrease in sweat chloride concentrations at all time points during treatment. Body mass index (BMI), FEV1 , and FVC showed an increasing trend. While C-reactive protein decreased significantly at 2 months, the opposite behavior was noticed for circulating monocytes. CFTR activity in MNC was found to increase significantly at 3 and 6 months. Neutrophil oxidative burst peaked at 2 months and then decreased to baseline. HVCN1 mRNA expression was significantly higher than baseline at 1-3 months and decreased after 6 months of treatment. The chloride efflux in MNC correlated positively with both FEV1 and FVC. On the other hand, sweat chloride correlated positively with CRP and WBC, and negatively with both respiratory function tests. A cluster analysis confirmed that sweat chloride, FEV1 , FVC, BMI, and MNC chloride efflux behaved as a single entity over time. DISCUSSION In patients with non-G551D mutations, ivacaftor improved both chloride transport in sweat ducts and chloride efflux in MNC, that is, functions directly imputed to CFTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Guerra
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Susanna D'Oria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of General Pathology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Favia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Castellani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Teresa Santostasi
- Department of Biomedical and Human Oncology, Pediatrics Section, Cystic Fibrosis Regional Center, U.O. "B. Trambusti," Policlinico, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela M Polizzi
- Department of Biomedical and Human Oncology, Pediatrics Section, Cystic Fibrosis Regional Center, U.O. "B. Trambusti," Policlinico, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria A Mariggiò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of General Pathology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Crescenzio Gallo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Valeria Casavola
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Montemurro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of General Pathology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Leonetti
- Department of Biomedical and Human Oncology, Pediatrics Section, Cystic Fibrosis Regional Center, U.O. "B. Trambusti," Policlinico, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Conese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Strang A, Fischer AJ, Chidekel A. Pseudomonas eradication and clinical effectivness of Ivacaftor in four Hispanic patients with S549N. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017; 52:E37-E39. [PMID: 28371569 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ivacaftor was approved for rarer class-III CFTR mutations including S549N in 2014. Since these mutations are uncommon, ongoing reports of patient experiences with Ivacaftor and these mutations are important. This case series describes the clinical effectiveness (including airway infection status, lung function, and growth) of Ivacaftor therapy in four pediatric Hispanic patients with S549N and F508del over 24 months. In these patients, Ivacaftor was highly efficacious with no further Pseudomonas-positive cultures despite prior chronic colonization in three patients as well as notable improvements in lung function and growth. The remarkable improvements in lung function and growth were similar to G551D patients with more striking changes in airway infection status. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017;52:E37-E39. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Strang
- Department of Pulmonology, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Anthony J Fischer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Aaron Chidekel
- Department of Pulmonology, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
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111
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Chin M, Aaron SD, Bell SC. The treatment of the pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations of cystic fibrosis. Presse Med 2017; 46:e139-e164. [PMID: 28576636 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a complex multisystem disease with considerable between patient variability in its manifestations and severity. In the past several decades, the range of treatments and the evidence to support their use for the pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations of CF have increased dramatically, contributing to the improved median survival of patients. As therapy for CF has evolved, new challenges including treatment adherence, medication intolerance and allergy, medical complications and coping with the burden of disease in the context of having a family and managing employment have arisen. While the majority of current therapy focuses primarily on improving symptoms, new therapies (CFTR modulators) target the underlying genetic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Chin
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia
| | - Shawn D Aaron
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 501, Smyth Road, K1H 8L6 Ottawa, Canada
| | - Scott C Bell
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300, Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
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112
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Fajac I, Wainwright CE. New treatments targeting the basic defects in cystic fibrosis. Presse Med 2017; 46:e165-e175. [PMID: 28554723 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a monogenic autosomal recessive disorder affecting around 75,000 individuals worldwide. It is a multi-system disease but the main morbidity and mortality is caused by chronic lung disease. Due to newborn screening, a multidisciplinary approach to care and intensive symptomatic treatment, the prognosis has dramatically improved over the last decades and there are currently more adults than children in many countries. However, CF is still a very severe disease with a current median age of life expectancy in the fourth decade of life. The disease is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene which encodes the CFTR protein, a protein kinase A-activated ATP-gated anion channel that regulates the transport of electrolytes such as chloride and bicarbonate. More than 2000 mutations have been reported, although not all of these have functional consequences. An enormous research effort and progress has been made in understanding the consequences of these mutations on the CFTR protein structure and function, and this has led to the approval of two new drug therapies that are able to bind to defective CFTR proteins and partially restore their function. They are mutation-specific therapies and available at present for specific mutations only. They are the first personalized medicine for CF with a possible disease-modifying effect. A pipeline of other compounds is under development with different mechanisms of action. It is foreseeable that new combinations of compounds will further improve the correction of CFTR function. Other strategies including premature stop codon read-through drugs, antisense oligonucleotides that correct the basic defect at the mRNA level or gene editing to restore the defective gene as well as gene therapy approaches are all in the pipeline. All these strategies are needed to develop disease-modifying therapies for all patients with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Fajac
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, site Cochin, 24, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France; AP-HP, hôpital Cochin, service de physiologie et explorations fonctionnelles,27, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - Claire E Wainwright
- University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland 4072,Brisbane, Australia; Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, 501 Stanley St, 4101 Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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113
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Gibson PG, Peters MJ, Wainwright CE. Targeted therapy for chronic respiratory disease: a new paradigm. Med J Aust 2017; 206:136-140. [PMID: 28208047 DOI: 10.5694/mja16.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapy has emerged as a highly effective treatment approach for chronic respiratory diseases. Many of these conditions have dismal outcomes; however, targeted therapy shows great results for the subgroup who respond. This represents a new way to approach these conditions and offers great promise as a future treatment direction. In severe eosinophilic asthma, therapy that targets the interleukin-5 pathway with monoclonal antibodies leads to a 50% reduction in asthma exacerbations in previously refractory disease. In cystic fibrosis, lung function improves with therapy that targets specific molecular abnormalities in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator to increase the probability that this chloride channel is open. In lung cancer, specifically adenocarcinoma with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation and overexpression of EGFR tyrosine kinase, therapy that inhibits EGFR tyrosine kinase gives better outcomes than conventional chemotherapy.
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Milla CE, Ratjen F, Marigowda G, Liu F, Waltz D, Rosenfeld M. Lumacaftor/Ivacaftor in Patients Aged 6-11 Years with Cystic Fibrosis and Homozygous for F508del-CFTR. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:912-920. [PMID: 27805836 PMCID: PMC5440888 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201608-1754oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Combination lumacaftor/ivacaftor has been shown to improve lung function and other endpoints in patients aged 12 years and older with cystic fibrosis and homozygous for F508del-CFTR, but it has not been assessed in younger patients. OBJECTIVES In this open-label phase III trial, we evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy of lumacaftor/ivacaftor combination therapy in patients aged 6-11 years with cystic fibrosis who were homozygous for F508del-CFTR. METHODS Patients (N = 58) received 200 mg lumacaftor/250 mg ivacaftor orally every 12 hours for 24 weeks in addition to their existing cystic fibrosis medications. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Lumacaftor/ivacaftor was well tolerated; the safety profile was generally similar to that observed in larger lumacaftor/ivacaftor trials with older patients. Four patients discontinued (two because of drug-related adverse events: elevated liver transaminases, n = 1; rash, n = 1). No safety concerns were associated with spirometry. No significant changes in percent predicted FEV1 were observed (change from baseline at Week 24, +2.5 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.2 to 5.2; P = 0.0671). At Week 24, significant improvements from baseline were observed in sweat chloride (-24.8 mmol/L; 95% CI, -29.1 to -20.5; P < 0.0001), body mass index z score (+0.15; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.22; P < 0.0001), Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised respiratory domain score (+5.4; 95% CI, 1.4 to 9.4; P = 0.0085), and lung clearance index based on lung volume turnover required to reach 2.5% of starting N2 concentration (-0.88; 95% CI, -1.40 to -0.37; P = 0.0018). CONCLUSIONS Lumacaftor/ivacaftor was well tolerated in this young population; no new safety concerns were identified. Improvements in lung clearance index, sweat chloride, nutritional status, and health-related quality of life were observed after 24 weeks of treatment. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01897233).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Milla
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Felix Ratjen
- 2 Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Fang Liu
- 3 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Waltz
- 3 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Margaret Rosenfeld
- 4 Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington; and
- 5 Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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Stalvey MS, Pace J, Niknian M, Higgins MN, Tarn V, Davis J, Heltshe SL, Rowe SM. Growth in Prepubertal Children With Cystic Fibrosis Treated With Ivacaftor. Pediatrics 2017; 139:peds.2016-2522. [PMID: 28143919 PMCID: PMC5260152 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cystic fibrosis (CF) is known for its impact on the lung and pancreas of individuals; however, impaired growth is also a common complication. We hypothesized that targeting the biological defect in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein may affect growth outcomes. METHODS In this post hoc analysis, we assessed linear growth and weight in 83 children (aged 6-11 years) enrolled in 2 clinical trials, the longitudinal-observation GOAL study and the placebo-controlled ENVISION study, to evaluate the effects of ivacaftor, a CFTR potentiator. We calculated height and weight z scores and height and weight growth velocities (GVs). RESULTS In ivacaftor-treated children in GOAL, height and weight z scores increased significantly from baseline to 6 months (increases of 0.1 [P < .05] and 0.26 [P < .0001], respectively); height GV increased significantly from 3 to 6 months (2.10-cm/year increase; P < .01). In ivacaftor-treated children in ENVISION, height and weight z scores increased significantly from baseline to 48 weeks (increases of 0.17 [P < .001] and 0.35 [P < .001], respectively). Height and weight GVs from baseline to 48 weeks were also significantly higher with ivacaftor than with placebo (differences of 1.08 cm/year [P < .05] and 3.11 kg/year [P < .001], respectively). CONCLUSIONS Ivacaftor treatment in prepubescent children may help to address short stature and altered GV in children with CF; results from these analyses support the existence of an intrinsic defect in the growth of children with CF that may be ameliorated by CFTR modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minoo Niknian
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Valerie Tarn
- Department of Pediatrics,,Pediatric Pulmonary Center, and
| | - Joy Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sonya L. Heltshe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and,CF Foundation Therapeutics Development Network, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Steven M. Rowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Mondejar-Lopez P, Pastor-Vivero MD, Sanchez-Solis M, Escribano A. Cystic fibrosis treatment: targeting the basic defect. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1280390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuel Sanchez-Solis
- Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain
- IMIB Bio-Research Institute, Murcia, Spain
| | - Amparo Escribano
- Pediatric Pulmonology and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Clinic University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
- University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Gariepy CE, Heyman MB, Lowe ME, Pohl JF, Werlin SL, Wilschanski M, Barth B, Fishman DS, Freedman SD, Giefer MJ, Gonska T, Himes R, Husain SZ, Morinville VD, Ooi CY, Schwarzenberg SJ, Troendle DM, Yen E, Uc A. Causal Evaluation of Acute Recurrent and Chronic Pancreatitis in Children: Consensus From the INSPPIRE Group. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:95-103. [PMID: 27782962 PMCID: PMC5191966 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) have been diagnosed in children at increasing rates during the past decade. As pediatric ARP and CP are still relatively rare conditions, little quality evidence is available on which to base the diagnosis and determination of etiology. The aim of the study was to review the current state of the literature regarding the etiology of these disorders and to developed a consensus among a panel of clinically active specialists caring for children with these disorders to help guide the diagnostic evaluation and identify areas most in need of future research. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed and scored for quality, followed by consensus statements developed and scored by each individual in the group for level of agreement and strength of the supporting data using a modified Delphi method. Scores were analyzed for the level of consensus achieved by the group. RESULTS The panel reached consensus on 27 statements covering the definitions of pediatric ARP and CP, evaluation for potential etiologies of these disorders, and long-term monitoring. Statements for which the group reached consensus to make no recommendation or could not reach consensus are discussed. CONCLUSIONS This consensus helps define the minimal diagnostic evaluation and monitoring of children with ARP and CP. Even in areas in which we reached consensus, the quality of the evidence is weak, highlighting the need for further research. Improved understanding of the underlying cause will facilitate treatment development and targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl E. Gariepy
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Melvin B. Heyman
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark E. Lowe
- Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bradley Barth
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ryan Himes
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Chee Y. Ooi
- University of New South Wales and Sydney Children’s Hospital Randwick Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Yen
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aliye Uc
- University of Iowa Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, IA, USA
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O'Connor MG, Seegmiller A. The effects of ivacaftor on CF fatty acid metabolism: An analysis from the GOAL study. J Cyst Fibros 2017; 16:132-138. [PMID: 27473897 PMCID: PMC5241173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivacaftor has produced significant improvement in certain individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), though the full metabolic effects of treatment remain unknown. Abnormalities in fatty acid metabolism have previously been shown to be a characteristic of CFTR dysfunction. We hypothesized that as a reflection of this clinical improvement, ivacaftor would improve plasma fatty acid levels and decrease urine prostaglandin E metabolite levels. METHODS This study analyzed plasma fatty acid levels and urine prostaglandin E metabolites (PGE-M) in 40 subjects with CF participating in the G551D observational (GOAL) study who demonstrated response to the medication by a significant decrease in sweat Cl levels. Paired samples were analyzed before and after 6months of ivacaftor treatment. RESULTS Linoleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid levels, which are typically low in individuals with CF, did not significantly increase with ivacaftor treatment. However, arachidonic acid levels did decrease with ivacaftor treatment and there was a significant decrease in the arachidonic acid metabolite PGE-M as measured in the urine [median: before treatment 17.03ng/mg Cr; after treatment 9.06ng/mg Cr; p<0.001]. Furthermore, there were fatty acid age differences observed, including pediatric participants having significantly greater linoleic acid levels at baseline. CONCLUSION Ivacaftor reduces inflammatory PGE without fully correcting the plasma fatty acid abnormalities of CF. Age-related differences in fatty acid levels were observed, that may be a result of other clinical factors, such as diet, clinical care, or drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Glenn O'Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Division Pediatric Pulmonary, Allergy, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Adam Seegmiller
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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119
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Konstan MW, McKone EF, Moss RB, Marigowda G, Tian S, Waltz D, Huang X, Lubarsky B, Rubin J, Millar SJ, Pasta DJ, Mayer-Hamblett N, Goss CH, Morgan W, Sawicki GS. Assessment of safety and efficacy of long-term treatment with combination lumacaftor and ivacaftor therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation (PROGRESS): a phase 3, extension study. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2016; 5:107-118. [PMID: 28011037 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(16)30427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 24-week safety and efficacy of lumacaftor/ivacaftor combination therapy was shown in two randomised controlled trials (RCTs)-TRAFFIC and TRANSPORT-in patients with cystic fibrosis who were aged 12 years or older and homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation. We aimed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of extended lumacaftor/ivacaftor therapy in this group of patients in PROGRESS, the long-term extension of TRAFFIC and TRANSPORT. METHODS PROGRESS was a phase 3, parallel-group, multicentre, 96-week study of patients who completed TRAFFIC or TRANSPORT in 191 sites in 15 countries. Patients were eligible if they were at least 12 years old with cystic fibrosis and homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation. Exclusion criteria included any comorbidity or laboratory abnormality that, in the opinion of the investigator, might confound the results of the study or pose an additional risk in administering the study drug to the participant, history of drug intolerance, and history of poor compliance with the study drug. Patients who previously received active treatment in TRANSPORT or TRAFFIC remained on the same dose in PROGRESS. Patients who had received placebo in TRANSPORT or TRAFFIC were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive lumacaftor (400 mg every 12 h)/ivacaftor (250 mg every 12 h) or lumacaftor (600 mg once daily)/ivacaftor (250 mg every 12 h). The primary outcome was to assess the long-term safety of combined therapy. The estimated annual rate of decline in percent predicted FEV1 (ppFEV1) in treated patients was compared with that of a matched registry cohort. Efficacy analyses were based on modified intention-to-treat, such that data were included for all patients who were randomly assigned and received at least one dose of study drug. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01931839. FINDINGS Between Oct 24, 2013, and April 7, 2016, 1030 patients from the TRANSPORT and TRAFFIC studies enrolled in PROGRESS, and 1029 received at least one dose of study drug. 340 patients continued treatment with lumacaftor 400 mg every 12 h/ivacaftor 250 mg every 12 h; 176 patients who had received placebo in the TRANSPORT or TRAFFIC studies initiated treatment with lumacaftor 400 mg every 12 h/ivacaftor 250 mg every 12 h, the commercially available dose, for which data are presented. The most common adverse events were infective pulmonary exacerbations, cough, increased sputum, and haemoptysis. Modest blood pressure increases seen in TRAFFIC and TRANSPORT were also observed in PROGRESS. For patients continuing treatment, the mean change from baseline in ppFEV1 was 0·5 (95% CI -0·4 to 1·5) at extension week 72 and 0·5 (-0·7 to 1·6) at extension week 96; change in BMI was 0·69 (0·56 to 0·81) at extension week 72 and 0·96 (0·81 to 1·11) at extension week 96. The annualised pulmonary exacerbation rate in patients continuing treatment through extension week 96 (0·65, 0·56 to 0·75) remained lower than the placebo rate in TRAFFIC and TRANSPORT. The annualised rate of ppFEV1 decline was reduced in lumacaftor/ivacaftor-treated patients compared with matched controls (-1·33, -1·80 to -0·85 vs -2·29, -2·56 to -2·03). The efficacy and safety profile of the lumacaftor 600 mg once daily/ivacaftor 250 mg every 12 h groups was generally similar to that of the lumacaftor 400 mg every 12 h/ivacaftor 250 mg every 12 h groups. INTERPRETATION The long-term safety profile of lumacaftor/ivacaftor combination therapy was consistent with previous RCTs. Benefits continued to be observed with longer-term treatment, and lumacaftor/ivacaftor was associated with a 42% slower rate of ppFEV1 decline than in matched registry controls. FUNDING Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Konstan
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | | | | | | | - Simon Tian
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Waltz
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Barry Lubarsky
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jaime Rubin
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - David J Pasta
- ICON Clinical Research, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nicole Mayer-Hamblett
- Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Wayne Morgan
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Gregory S Sawicki
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited multi-system disease associated with chronic lung infection, malabsorption, salt loss syndromes, male infertility and leading to numerous comorbidities. The landscape in cystic fibrosis care has changed markedly with currently more adult patients than children in many countries. Over 2000 different mutations in the CFTR gene have been reported and the majority are extremely rare. Understanding how CFTR mutations translate to disturbed synthesis or function of the CFTR protein has opened the way to 'personalized' treatments to correct the basic defect. The first 2 drugs have reached the clinic: a CFTR potentiator to augment CFTR channel function, and the combination of this potentiator with a corrector to increase CFTR expression at the cell membrane. To obtain robust correction of CFTR expression at the cell membrane, combinations of correctors with additive efficacy are under investigation. Other mutation type-specific treatments under clinical investigation are premature stop codon-read through drugs and antisense oligonucleotides that correct the basic defect at the mRNA level. Restoring the defective gene by gene editing can already be achieved ex vivo. Mutation agnostic treatments are explored as well: stabilizing CFTR expression at the cell membrane, circumventing the CFTR channel by blocking or activating other ion channels, and gene therapy. Combinations of these therapies can be anticipated. The pipeline of corrective strategies under clinical investigation is increasing continuously and a rising number of pharmaceutical companies are entering the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Fajac
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Physiologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles, Paris, France.
| | - Kris De Boeck
- University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
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Bui S, Macey J, Fayon M, Bihouée T, Burgel PR, Colomb V, Corvol H, Durieu I, Hubert D, Marguet C, Mas E, Munck A, Murris-Espin M, Reix P, Sermet-Gaudelus I. Nouvelles thérapeutiques ciblant le canal chlorure dans la mucoviscidose. Arch Pediatr 2016; 23:12S47-12S53. [PMID: 28231894 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(17)30062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mukoviszidose. MED GENET-BERLIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-016-0105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Die Mukoviszidose gehört mit einer Inzidenz von etwa 1:3300 bis 1:4800 Neugeborenen zu den häufigsten autosomal-rezessiv erblichen Erkrankungen in Deutschland und ist mit einer hohen Morbidität und Mortalität assoziiert. Um die möglichst frühzeitige Einleitung einer Therapie zu ermöglichen, wurde mit der am 1. September 2016 in Kraft getretenen Novellierung der Richtlinie über die Früherkennung von Krankheiten bei Kindern bis zur Vollendung des 6. Lebensjahres durch den Gemeinsamen Bundesausschuss die Einführung eines Screenings auf Mukoviszidose im Neugeborenenalter beschlossen. Ferner konnte durch interdisziplinäre Behandlungskonzepte u. a. in spezialisierten Mukoviszidosezentren die Lebenserwartung in den letzten Jahrzehnten deutlich gesteigert werden. Mit der Entwicklung und zunehmenden Markteinführung mutationsspezifischer Therapien besteht erstmals die Möglichkeit, direkt in die Pathophysiologie der Mukoviszidose einzugreifen.
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Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is a common life-limiting autosomal recessive genetic disorder, with highest prevalence in Europe, North America, and Australia. The disease is caused by mutation of a gene that encodes a chloride-conducting transmembrane channel called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which regulates anion transport and mucociliary clearance in the airways. Functional failure of CFTR results in mucus retention and chronic infection and subsequently in local airway inflammation that is harmful to the lungs. CFTR dysfunction mainly affects epithelial cells, although there is evidence of a role in immune cells. Cystic fibrosis affects several body systems, and morbidity and mortality is mostly caused by bronchiectasis, small airways obstruction, and progressive respiratory impairment. Important comorbidities caused by epithelial cell dysfunction occur in the pancreas (malabsorption), liver (biliary cirrhosis), sweat glands (heat shock), and vas deferens (infertility). The development and delivery of drugs that improve the clearance of mucus from the lungs and treat the consequent infection, in combination with correction of pancreatic insufficiency and undernutrition by multidisciplinary teams, have resulted in remarkable improvements in quality of life and clinical outcomes in patients with cystic fibrosis, with median life expectancy now older than 40 years. Innovative and transformational therapies that target the basic defect in cystic fibrosis have recently been developed and are effective in improving lung function and reducing pulmonary exacerbations. Further small molecule and gene-based therapies are being developed to restore CFTR function; these therapies promise to be disease modifying and to improve the lives of people with cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stuart Elborn
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, and Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) cause cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease with life threatening pulmonary and gastrointestinal manifestations. Recent breakthrough therapies restore function to select disease-causing CFTR mutations. Ivacaftor is a small molecule that increases the open channel probability of certain CFTR mutations, producing clear evidence of bioactivity and efficacy in pediatric CF patients. CFTR modulators represent a significant advancement in CF treatment. Extending these therapies to young CF patients is proposed to have the greatest long term impact, potentially preventing later disease. AREAS COVERED Here we summarize the research experience of CFTR modulators in pediatrics, focusing on ivacaftor and highlighting challenges in pediatric studies. As a result of these studies, ivacaftor has been approved in CF patients age 2 years and older who have one of ten CFTR mutations. EXPERT OPINION Conducting studies in young CF patients presents unique challenges, including small numbers of patients and difficulty selecting sensitive biomarkers and meaningful outcome measures. Adverse events may be more pronounced in children and deserve special attention. Ongoing efforts must focus on expanding and validating new biomarkers, innovative study design, and thorough monitoring of adverse events in children treated with CFTR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Kramer
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - John P Clancy
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229
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Lopes-Pacheco M. CFTR Modulators: Shedding Light on Precision Medicine for Cystic Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:275. [PMID: 27656143 PMCID: PMC5011145 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-threatening monogenic disease afflicting Caucasian people. It affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, glandular and reproductive systems. The major cause of morbidity and mortality in CF is the respiratory disorder caused by a vicious cycle of obstruction of the airways, inflammation and infection that leads to epithelial damage, tissue remodeling and end-stage lung disease. Over the past decades, life expectancy of CF patients has increased due to early diagnosis and improved treatments; however, these patients still present limited quality of life. Many attempts have been made to rescue CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) expression, function and stability, thereby overcoming the molecular basis of CF. Gene and protein variances caused by CFTR mutants lead to different CF phenotypes, which then require different treatments to quell the patients' debilitating symptoms. In order to seek better approaches to treat CF patients and maximize therapeutic effects, CFTR mutants have been stratified into six groups (although several of these mutations present pleiotropic defects). The research with CFTR modulators (read-through agents, correctors, potentiators, stabilizers and amplifiers) has achieved remarkable progress, and these drugs are translating into pharmaceuticals and personalized treatments for CF patients. This review summarizes the main molecular and clinical features of CF, emphasizes the latest clinical trials using CFTR modulators, sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying these new and emerging treatments, and discusses the major breakthroughs and challenges to treating all CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquéias Lopes-Pacheco
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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127
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Doull I. Cystic Fibrosis Papers of the Year 2015. Paediatr Respir Rev 2016; 20 Suppl:18-20. [PMID: 27475293 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies published in the last year have expanded our knowledge of potential disease modifying agents in the treatment of class II, III and IV CFTR mutations, and included the first report of an efficacious gene therapy for CF. There is also an important message on increasing use of conventional chronic therapies even in milder disease, and the pernicious effect of chronic infection on pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolo Doull
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine and Paediatric, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Children's Hospital for Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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Ong T, Ramsey BW. New Therapeutic Approaches to Modulate and Correct Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator. Pediatr Clin North Am 2016; 63:751-64. [PMID: 27469186 PMCID: PMC5478192 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators are clinically available personalized medicines approved for some individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) to target the underlying defect of disease. This review summarizes strategies used to develop CFTR modulators as therapies that improve function and availability of CFTR protein. Lessons learned from dissemination of ivacaftor across the CF population responsive to this therapy and future approaches to predict and monitor treatment response of CFTR modulators are discussed. The goal remains to expand patient-centered and personalized therapy to all patients with CF, ultimately improving life expectancy and quality of life for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thida Ong
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics,Seattle Children’s Hospital, Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine
| | - Bonnie W. Ramsey
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics,Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Clinical and Translational Research,Corresponding Author: Bonnie Ramsey, MD, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 2001 8th Avenue, Suite 400, M/S CW8-5B, Seattle, WA 98121, Tel: 206-987-5725, Fax: 206-987-7505,
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McKone EF. Personalised medicine in advanced cystic fibrosis. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2016; 4:594-595. [PMID: 27298016 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(16)30156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Stern AM, Schurdak ME, Bahar I, Berg JM, Taylor DL. A Perspective on Implementing a Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Platform for Drug Discovery and the Advancement of Personalized Medicine. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2016; 21:521-34. [PMID: 26962875 PMCID: PMC4917453 DOI: 10.1177/1087057116635818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Drug candidates exhibiting well-defined pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles that are otherwise safe often fail to demonstrate proof-of-concept in phase II and III trials. Innovation in drug discovery and development has been identified as a critical need for improving the efficiency of drug discovery, especially through collaborations between academia, government agencies, and industry. To address the innovation challenge, we describe a comprehensive, unbiased, integrated, and iterative quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP)-driven drug discovery and development strategy and platform that we have implemented at the University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute. Intrinsic to QSP is its integrated use of multiscale experimental and computational methods to identify mechanisms of disease progression and to test predicted therapeutic strategies likely to achieve clinical validation for appropriate subpopulations of patients. The QSP platform can address biological heterogeneity and anticipate the evolution of resistance mechanisms, which are major challenges for drug development. The implementation of this platform is dedicated to gaining an understanding of mechanism(s) of disease progression to enable the identification of novel therapeutic strategies as well as repurposing drugs. The QSP platform will help promote the paradigm shift from reactive population-based medicine to proactive personalized medicine by focusing on the patient as the starting and the end point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Stern
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark E. Schurdak
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Berg
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D. Lansing Taylor
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Development of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators, small molecule therapies that target the basic defect in cystic fibrosis (CF), represents a new era in CF treatment. This review highlights recent progress in CF therapeutics as an example of precision medicine and personalized approaches to test CFTR modulators using preclinical model systems. RECENT FINDINGS CFTR modulators are now clinically available for approximately 50% of the United States CF population. The CFTR potentiator, ivacaftor, is approved for people with CF ages 2 years and older with at least one gating mutation (G551D, G1244E, G1349D, G178R, G551S, S1251N, S1255P, S549N, or S549R) or the R117H conductance mutation. The recent Food and Drug Administration approval of the corrector/potentiator combination, lumacaftor/ivacaftor, expands modulator therapy to people with CF homozygous for the F508del mutation, ages 12 years and older. Ivacaftor and lumacaftor, however, do not fully restore CFTR activity. Thus, next-generation correctors and potentiators are in development. Read-through agents targeting nonsense mutations and genotype agnostic treatments (gene-editing and gene therapy) are also in various phases of clinical development. SUMMARY CFTR modulators promise to transform the therapeutic landscape in CF in a precision based fashion. Areas of ongoing research include developing drugs for all mutation classes so that all persons with CF can benefit from these therapies, and refining preclinical assays that allow the selection of the most effective treatments on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Martiniano
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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132
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Chassagnon G, Hubert D, Fajac I, Burgel PR, Revel MP. Long-term computed tomographic changes in cystic fibrosis patients treated with ivacaftor. Eur Respir J 2016; 48:249-52. [PMID: 27230445 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01918-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chassagnon
- Radiology Dept, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Hubert
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France Pulmonary Dept and Adult CF Centre, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Fajac
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France Physiology Dept, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Régis Burgel
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France Pulmonary Dept and Adult CF Centre, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Revel
- Radiology Dept, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Fila L, Valentova Bartakova L, Grandcourtova A, Marel M, Drnek R, Bilkova A, Macek M, Drevinek P. Ivacaftor in cystic fibrosis adults: Czech experience with six years of follow-up. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2016; 160:276-9. [PMID: 27226150 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2016.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Ivacaftor is a revolutionary treatment option for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with G551D and other gating mutations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical status of patients on ivacaftor who were followed for up to 6 years together with an evaluation of ivacaftor therapy in one patient with an initial FEV1 less than 40% of predicted value. METHODS Data on development of clinical status and sinopulmonary-related therapies were obtained from patient health records during ivacaftor treatment lasting for up to six years and were compared with an equivalent period before ivacaftor administration. RESULTS Five CF adults with a median age 28.6 years (range 21.4-35.6 years) with median FEV1 45% pred. (range 16-85% pred.) were included in the study. Four subjects were also participants in the STRIVE and PERSIST studies. Altogether, twenty-four patient-years of ivacaftor treatment were analyzed. The median FEV1 decline per year decreased from -4.5 to -0.9% pred. (P = 0.043). Reduction in number of days on antibiotic treatment and hospital stays was 21% (P < 0.001) and 75% (P = 0.003), respectively. Improvement and stabilization of lung function was observed for up to six years of treatment. In a patient with severe airway obstruction, an increase in the FEV1 value (30.4% from baseline) was documented during the first twelve months of treatment. CONCLUSION Ivacaftor therapy resulted in improved and stabilized lung function in up to six years of treatment with a reduction in number of days on antibiotic treatment and hospital stays. Its efficiency was also displayed in a patient with severe airway obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Fila
- Department of Pneumology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.,Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Valentova Bartakova
- Department of Pneumology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.,Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Grandcourtova
- Department of Pneumology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.,Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Marel
- Department of Pneumology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Drnek
- Division of Health Insurance, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Bilkova
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Macek
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Drevinek
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Medical Microbiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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Paul-Smith MC, Bell RV, Alton WE, Alton EW, Griesenbach U. Gene therapy for cystic fibrosis: recent progress and current aims. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2016.1180974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Paul-Smith
- Department of Gene Therapy and the UK Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Robyn V. Bell
- Department of Gene Therapy and the UK Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - William E. Alton
- Department of Gene Therapy and the UK Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Eric W.F.W. Alton
- Department of Gene Therapy and the UK Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Uta Griesenbach
- Department of Gene Therapy and the UK Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium, Imperial College, London, UK
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Dilokthornsakul P, Hansen RN, Campbell JD. Forecasting US ivacaftor outcomes and cost in cystic fibrosis patients with the G551D mutation. Eur Respir J 2016; 47:1697-705. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01444-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ivacaftor, a breakthrough treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with the G551D genetic mutation, lacks long-term clinical and cost projections. This study forecasted outcomes and cost by comparing ivacaftor plus usual care versus usual care alone.A lifetime Markov model was conducted from a US payer perspective. The model consisted of five health states: 1) forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) % pred ≥70%, 2) 40%≤ FEV1 % pred <70%, 3) FEV1 % pred <40%, 4) lung transplantation and 5) death. All inputs were extracted from published literature. Budget impact was also estimated. We estimated ivacaftor's improvement in outcomes compared with a non-CF referent population.Ivacaftor was associated with 18.25 (95% credible interval (CrI) 13.71–22.20) additional life-years and 15.03 (95% CrI 11.13–18.73) additional quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Ivacaftor was associated with improvements in survival and QALYs equivalent to 68% and 56%, respectively, for the survival and QALY gaps between CF usual care and their non-CF peers. The incremental lifetime cost was $3 374 584. The budget impact was $0.087 per member per month.Ivacaftor increased life-years and QALYs in CF patients with the G551D mutation, and moved morbidity and mortality closer to that of their non-CF peers. Ivacaftor costs much more than usual care, but comes at a relatively limited budget impact.
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Adam RJ, Hisert KB, Dodd JD, Grogan B, Launspach JL, Barnes JK, Gallagher CG, Sieren JP, Gross TJ, Fischer AJ, Cavanaugh JE, Hoffman EA, Singh PK, Welsh MJ, McKone EF, Stoltz DA. Acute administration of ivacaftor to people with cystic fibrosis and a G551D-CFTR mutation reveals smooth muscle abnormalities. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e86183. [PMID: 27158673 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airflow obstruction is common in cystic fibrosis (CF), yet the underlying pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. People with CF often exhibit airway hyperresponsiveness, CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is present in airway smooth muscle (ASM), and ASM from newborn CF pigs has increased contractile tone, suggesting that loss of CFTR causes a primary defect in ASM function. We hypothesized that restoring CFTR activity would decrease smooth muscle tone in people with CF. METHODS To increase or potentiate CFTR function, we administered ivacaftor to 12 adults with CF with the G551D-CFTR mutation; ivacaftor stimulates G551D-CFTR function. We studied people before and immediately after initiation of ivacaftor (48 hours) to minimize secondary consequences of CFTR restoration. We tested smooth muscle function by investigating spirometry, airway distensibility, and vascular tone. RESULTS Ivacaftor rapidly restored CFTR function, indicated by reduced sweat chloride concentration. Airflow obstruction and air trapping also improved. Airway distensibility increased in airways less than 4.5 mm but not in larger-sized airways. To assess smooth muscle function in a tissue outside the lung, we measured vascular pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index, which both decreased following CFTR potentiation. Finally, change in distensibility of <4.5-mm airways correlated with changes in PWV. CONCLUSIONS Acute CFTR potentiation provided a unique opportunity to investigate CFTR-dependent mechanisms of CF pathogenesis. The rapid effects of ivacaftor on airway distensibility and vascular tone suggest that CFTR dysfunction may directly cause increased smooth muscle tone in people with CF and that ivacaftor may relax smooth muscle. FUNDING This work was funded in part from an unrestricted grant from the Vertex Investigator-Initiated Studies Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Adam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Katherine B Hisert
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Brenda Grogan
- National Referral Centre for Adult Cystic Fibrosis, St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College Dublin School of Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Janice L Launspach
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Charles G Gallagher
- National Referral Centre for Adult Cystic Fibrosis, St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College Dublin School of Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Thomas J Gross
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | | | - Eric A Hoffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering.,Department of Radiology, and
| | - Pradeep K Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael J Welsh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and.,Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Edward F McKone
- National Referral Centre for Adult Cystic Fibrosis, St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College Dublin School of Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David A Stoltz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics.,Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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137
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ivacaftor is indicated for treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) mediated by 10 mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that causes gating or partial function abnormalities. In placebo-controlled and open-label studies, ivacaftor-treated subjects showed improved pulmonary function, nutrition and quality of life measures. This article reviews ivacaftor safety. AREAS COVERED Safety findings in ivacaftor clinical trials, and reported subsequently, were accessed by a PubMed search using key words "VX-770" or "ivacaftor". Additional information was accessed via Google Search. Transaminitis was noted in ivacaftor and combination lumacaftor-ivacaftor trials. Ivacaftor was associated with cataracts in juvenile rat pups in pre-clinical studies; non-congenital cataracts have been found in children taking ivacaftor. Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate; CYP3A inhibitors and inducers should be avoided during its administration. Ivacaftor and its M1 metabolite may inhibit CYP3A and P-gp; therefore, ivacaftor may increase systemic exposure to drugs which are substrates of CYP3A and/or P-gp, increasing the potential for adverse events. EXPERT OPINION Ivacaftor therapy may be associated with ocular and hepatic side effects; specific recommendations for monitoring are available. Potential drug interactions should be evaluated in patients taking ivacaftor. High clinical efficacy suggests that the risk benefit ratio of ivacaftor favors therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna A McColley
- a Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Clinical and Translational Research, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute , Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,c Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
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138
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Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a monogenic autosomal recessive disorder that affects about 70,000 people worldwide. The clinical manifestations of the disease are caused by defects in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The discovery of the CFTR gene in 1989 has led to a sophisticated understanding of how thousands of mutations in the CFTR gene affect the structure and function of the CFTR protein. Much progress has been made over the past decade with the development of orally bioavailable small molecule drugs that target defective CFTR proteins caused by specific mutations. Furthermore, there is considerable optimism about the prospect of gene replacement or editing therapies to correct all mutations in cystic fibrosis. The recent approvals of ivacaftor and lumacaftor represent the genesis of a new era of precision medicine in the treatment of this condition. These drugs are having a positive impact on the lives of people with cystic fibrosis and are potentially disease modifying. This review provides an update on advances in our understanding of the structure and function of the CFTR, with a focus on state of the art targeted drugs that are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Quon
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6Z 1Y6
| | - Steven M Rowe
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Department of Medicine, Pediatrics and Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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139
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Turnbull AR, Davies JC. New drug developments in the management of cystic fibrosis lung disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:1103-12. [PMID: 27017976 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2016.1157582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Therapies for cystic fibrosis (CF) pulmonary disease have, until recently, all targeted downstream manifestations rather than the root cause of the disease. A step-change in our approach has been achieved in the last few years, with novel small-molecule CFTR modulating drugs entering the clinic. AREAS COVERED In this article, we will discuss the field of drug development for CF lung disease. The case will be made for the potential benefits of basic defect-targeted strategies, which will be described in detail. Novel therapies directed at the downstream pulmonary manifestations of CF - infection, inflammation, and mucus impaction - will be reviewed. Finally, we will speculate on future directions and challenges. EXPERT OPINION CF drug development is in an exciting phase, catalysed by the impressive results seen in patients with ivacaftor-responsive CFTR mutations. The research field is active with trials of novel therapies targeting the basic defect, alongside drugs targeting downstream effects. In order to detect potentially small improvements due to novel therapies, especially in the context of treating young patients with early disease, sensitive outcome measures and the coordinated efforts of collaborative research networks are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Turnbull
- a National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College , London , UK.,b Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine , Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
| | - Jane C Davies
- a National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College , London , UK.,b Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine , Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
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Kane M, Gonska T, Jensen R, Avolio J, Klingel M, Stanojevic S, Ratjen F. Lung clearance index response in patients with CF with class III CFTR mutations. Thorax 2016; 71:476-7. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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141
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Murphy MP, Caraher E. Current and Emerging Therapies for the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis or Mitigation of Its Symptoms. Drugs R D 2016; 16:1-17. [PMID: 26747453 PMCID: PMC4767716 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-015-0121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical presentation of the chronic, heritable condition cystic fibrosis (CF) is complex, with a diverse range of symptoms often affecting multiple organs with varying severity. The primary source of morbidity and mortality is due to progressive destruction of the airways attributable to chronic inflammation arising from microbial colonisation. Antimicrobial therapy combined with practises to remove obstructive mucopurulent deposits form the cornerstone of current therapy. However, new treatment options are emerging which offer, for the first time, the opportunity to effect remission from the underlying cause of CF. Here, we discuss these therapies, their mechanisms of action, and their successes and failures in order to illustrate the shift in the nature of how CF will likely be managed into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Murphy
- Centre for Microbial-Host Interactions, Centre of Applied Science for Health, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland.
| | - Emma Caraher
- Centre for Microbial-Host Interactions, Centre of Applied Science for Health, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland.
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143
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Spielberg DR, Clancy JP. Cystic Fibrosis and Its Management Through Established and Emerging Therapies. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2016; 17:155-75. [PMID: 26905785 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-050024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-shortening autosomal recessive disorder in the Caucasian population and occurs in many other ethnicities worldwide. The daily treatment burden is substantial for CF patients even when they are well, with numerous pharmacologic and physical therapies targeting lung disease requiring the greatest time commitment. CF treatments continue to advance with greater understanding of factors influencing long-term morbidity and mortality. In recent years, in-depth understanding of genetic and protein structure-function relationships has led to the introduction of targeted therapies for patients with specific CF genotypes. With these advances, CF has become a model of personalized or precision medicine. The near future will see greater access to targeted therapies for most patients carrying common mutations, which will mandate individualized bench-to-bedside methodologies for those with rare genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Spielberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229; ,
| | - John P Clancy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229; ,
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Colemeadow J, Joyce H, Turcanu V. Precise treatment of cystic fibrosis – current treatments and perspectives for using CRISPR. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2016.1146077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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145
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Hubert D, Bui S, Marguet C, Colomb-Jung V, Murris-Espin M, Corvol H, Munck A. [New therapies for cystic fibrosis targeting the CFTR gene or the CFTR protein]. Rev Mal Respir 2016; 33:658-665. [PMID: 26806675 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of cystic fibrosis has been symptom-based for a number of years. New therapies that aim to improve CFTR protein function are now emerging. CURRENT SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE The results of gene therapy has been modest but a recent clinical trial shows a positive effect on FEV1. Recent research has focused primarily on CFTR protein function. Significant respiratory improvement (an average 10% FEV1 increase and a decrease in the frequency of exacerbations) has been achieved with ivacaftor, a CFTR potentiator, in patients with gating mutations, resulting in its marketing authorization (in 2012 for the G551D mutation and in 2015 for rarer mutations). In phe508del homozygous patients, the combination of ivacaftor with a CFTR corrector (lumacaftor) has also led to respiratory improvement, albeit less impressive. The effectiveness of ataluren in patients with nonsense mutations is being evaluated. OUTLOOK New CFTR correctors and potentiators are being developed. CFTR protein therapy could change the course of the disease but cost/effectiveness issues should not be overlooked. CONCLUSION Ivacaftor can be prescribed in CF patients with a class 3 mutation from the age of 6 years. The Orkambi® will soon be available for homozygous phe508del patients from the age of 12 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hubert
- Service de pneumologie, centre de ressources et de compétences de la mucoviscidose, hôpital Cochin, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - S Bui
- Service de pneumologie pédiatrique, centre de ressources et de compétences de la mucoviscidose pédiatrique, CIC 1401, CHU Pellegrin, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - C Marguet
- Département de pédiatrie médicale, centre de ressources et de compétences de la mucoviscidose pédiatrique, CHU Charles-Nicolle, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - M Murris-Espin
- Service de pneumologie-allergologie, centre de ressources et de compétences de la mucoviscidose adulte, hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - H Corvol
- UMR-S938, CDR Saint-Antoine, service de pneumologie pédiatrique, centre de ressources et de compétences de la mucoviscidose, hôpital Trousseau, UPMC université - Paris 06, Sorbonne universités, 75012 Paris, France
| | - A Munck
- Centre de ressources et de compétences de la mucoviscidose, hôpital Robert-Debré, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, université Paris 7, 75019 Paris, France
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146
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Nutritional Status Improved in Cystic Fibrosis Patients with the G551D Mutation After Treatment with Ivacaftor. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:198-207. [PMID: 26250833 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gating mutation G551D prevents sufficient ion transport due to reduced channel-open probability. Ivacaftor, an oral CFTR potentiator, increases the channel-open probability. AIM To further analyze improvements in weight and body mass index (BMI) in two studies of ivacaftor in patients aged ≥6 years with CF and the G551D mutation. METHODS Patients were randomized 1:1 to ivacaftor 150 mg or placebo every 12 h for 48 weeks. Primary end point (lung function) was reported previously. Other outcomes included weight and height measurements and CF Questionnaire-Revised (CFQ-R). RESULTS Studies included 213 patients (aged ≤ 20 years, n = 105; aged > 20 years, n = 108). In patients ≤20 years, adjusted mean change from baseline to week 48 in body weight was 4.9 versus 2.2 kg (ivacaftor vs. placebo, p = 0.0008). At week 48, change from baseline in mean weight-for-age z-score was 0.29 versus -0.06 (p < 0.0001); change in mean BMI-for-age z-score was 0.26 versus -0.13 (p < 0.0001). In patients >20 years, adjusted mean change from baseline to week 48 in body weight was 2.7 versus -0.2 kg (p = 0.0003). Mean BMI change at week 48 was 0.9 versus -0.1 kg/m(2) (p = 0.0003). There was no linear correlation evident between changes in body weight and improvements in lung function or sweat chloride. Significant CFQ-R improvements were seen in perception of eating, body image, and sense of ability to gain weight. CONCLUSIONS Nutritional status improved following treatment with ivacaftor for 48 weeks.
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Kaminski R, Nazareth D. A successful uncomplicated CF pregnancy while remaining on Ivacaftor. J Cyst Fibros 2015; 15:133-4. [PMID: 26698017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kaminski
- Bristol Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom; University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Dilip Nazareth
- Bristol Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom; University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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148
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Affiliation(s)
- Thida Ong
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Bonnie W Ramsey
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,3 Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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Trimble AT, Donaldson SH. CFTR Modulator Therapies for Cystic Fibrosis. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND PULMONOLOGY 2015; 28:230-236. [PMID: 35923001 DOI: 10.1089/ped.2015.0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The cloning of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) set into motion a cascade of discoveries that have helped to reveal the underlying pathophysiologic basis of cystic fibrosis (CF). This discovery and the knowledge that followed have also provided the opportunity to target this basic defect, with the hope of reversing or preventing the serious clinical consequences that result from absent CFTR function. With the recent approval of 2 therapies that directly modulate CFTR function in more than half of the CF population, we are now at the beginning of a pathway to providing increasingly effective therapies that have the potential to provide a fundamental change in the outcome of most patients with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Trimble
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott H Donaldson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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150
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Elborn JS, Bell SC, Madge SL, Burgel PR, Castellani C, Conway S, De Rijcke K, Dembski B, Drevinek P, Heijerman HGM, Innes JA, Lindblad A, Marshall B, Olesen HV, Reimann AL, Solé A, Viviani L, Wagner TOF, Welte T, Blasi F. Report of the European Respiratory Society/European Cystic Fibrosis Society task force on the care of adults with cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2015; 47:420-8. [PMID: 26453627 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00592-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The improved survival in people with cystic fibrosis has led to an increasing number of patients reaching adulthood. This trend is likely to be maintained over the next decades, suggesting a need to increase the number of centres with expertise in the management of adult patients with cystic fibrosis. These centres should be capable of delivering multidisciplinary care addressing the complexity of the disease, in addition to addressing the psychological burden on patients and their families. Further issues that require attention are organ transplantation and end of life management.Lung disease in adults with cystic fibrosis drives most of the clinical care requirements, and major life-threatening complications, such as respiratory infection, respiratory failure, pneumothorax and haemoptysis, and the management of lung transplantation require expertise from trained respiratory physicians. The taskforce therefore strongly reccommends that medical leadership in multidisciplinary adult teams should be attributed to a respiratory physician adequately trained in cystic fibrosis management.The task force suggests the implementation of a core curriculum for trainees in adult respiratory medicine and the selection and accreditation of training centres that deliver postgraduate training to the standards of the HERMES programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stuart Elborn
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Scott C Bell
- Dept of Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital and QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Susan L Madge
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Pierre-Regis Burgel
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Carlo Castellani
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Steven Conway
- Paediatric and Adult CF Units, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Pavel Drevinek
- Dept of Medical Microbiology, Motol University Hospital and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Harry G M Heijerman
- Haga Teaching Hospital, Dept of Pulmonology and Cystic Fibrosis, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - J Alistair Innes
- Scottish Adult Cystic Fibrosis Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anders Lindblad
- Dept of Paediatrics, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Ampara Solé
- Lung Transplant and Adult Cystic Fibrosis, Dept of Pneumology, University Hospital la FE, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Viviani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas O F Wagner
- Christiane Herzog CF Centre, Dept of Respiratory Diseases, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Francesco Blasi
- Dept of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, IRCCS Fondazione Cà Granda, Milan, Italy
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