101
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Children’s Perceptions of Barriers to Session Attendance in School-Based Treatment for Anxiety. SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-018-9253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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102
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Bayer JK, Beatson R, Bretherton L, Hiscock H, Wake M, Gilbertson T, Mihalopoulos C, Prendergast LA, Rapee RM. Translational delivery of Cool Little Kids to prevent child internalising problems: Randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2018; 52:181-191. [PMID: 28831814 DOI: 10.1177/0004867417726582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a population-delivered parenting programme assists in preventing internalising problems at school entry for preschool children at-risk with temperamental inhibition. METHODS Design: a randomised controlled trial was used. SETTING the setting was 307 preschool services across eight socioeconomically diverse government areas in Melbourne, Australia. PARTICIPANTS a total of 545 parents of inhibited 4-year-old children: 498 retained at 1-year follow up. Early intervention: Cool Little Kids parenting group programme was implemented. Primary outcomes: the primary outcomes were child DSM-IV anxiety disorders (assessor blind) and internalising problems. SECONDARY OUTCOMES the secondary outcomes were parenting practices and parent mental health. RESULTS At 1-year follow up (mean (standard deviation) age = 5.8 (0.4) years), there was little difference in anxiety disorders between the intervention and control arms (44.2% vs 50.2%; adjusted odds ratio = 0.86, 95% confidence interval = [0.60, 1.25], p = 0.427). Internalising problems were reduced in the intervention arm (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: abnormal - 24.2% vs 33.0%; adjusted odds ratio = 0.56, 95% confidence interval = [0.35, 0.89], p = 0.014; symptoms - mean (standard deviation) = 2.5 (2.0) vs 2.9 (2.2); adjusted mean difference = -0.47, 95% confidence interval = [-0.81, -0.13], p = 0.006). Parents' participation in the intervention was modest (29.4% attended most groups, 20.5% used skills most of the time during the year). A priori interaction tests suggested that for children with anxious parents, the intervention reduced anxiety disorders and internalising symptoms after 1 year. CONCLUSION Offering Cool Little Kids across the population for inhibited preschoolers does not impact population outcomes after 1 year. Effects may be emerging for inhibited children at highest risk with parent anxiety. Trial outcomes will continue into mid-childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana K Bayer
- 1 School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,2 Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,3 Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruth Beatson
- 1 School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,2 Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lesley Bretherton
- 2 Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,3 Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,4 Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Harriet Hiscock
- 2 Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,3 Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,5 Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa Wake
- 2 Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,3 Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,6 Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health and The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tamsyn Gilbertson
- 2 Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,4 Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cathrine Mihalopoulos
- 7 Deakin Health Economics, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Luke A Prendergast
- 8 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ronald M Rapee
- 9 Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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103
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Allen JL, Sandberg S, Chhoa CY, Fearn T, Rapee RM. Parent-dependent stressors and the onset of anxiety disorders in children: links with parental psychopathology. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:221-231. [PMID: 28791523 PMCID: PMC5842251 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-1038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to stressors is associated with an increased risk for child anxiety. Investigating the family origins of stressors may provide promising avenues for identifying and intervening with children at risk for the onset of anxiety disorders and their families. The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of parent-dependent negative life events and chronic adversities experienced by children with an anxiety disorder (n = 34) in the 12 months prior to the onset of the child's most recent episode, compared to healthy controls (n = 34). Life events and chronic adversities were assessed using maternal report during an investigator-based interview, which provided independent panel ratings of the extent that reported experiences were related to parent behaviour. There were no group differences in the number of parent-dependent negative life events for anxious children compared to controls. However, significantly more parent-dependent chronic adversities were present for anxious children compared to controls. Findings suggest that parents contribute to an increased frequency of chronic adversities but not negative life events prior to their child's most recent onset of anxiety. Furthermore, increased child exposure to parent-dependent chronic adversities was related to parental history of mental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Allen
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, 20 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AL, UK.
| | - Seija Sandberg
- Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Celine Y Chhoa
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, 20 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AL, UK
| | - Tom Fearn
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ronald M Rapee
- Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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104
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Parental Responses to Children’s Avoidance in Fear-Provoking Situations: Relation to Child Anxiety and Mediators of Intervention Response. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-018-9440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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105
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Aktar E, Nikolić M, Bögels SM. Environmental transmission of generalized anxiety disorder from parents to children: worries, experiential avoidance, and intolerance of uncertainty. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [PMID: 28867938 PMCID: PMC5573558 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2017.19.2/eaktar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) runs in families. Building on recent theoretical approaches, this review focuses on potential environmental pathways for parent-to-child transmission of GAD. First, we address child acquisition of a generalized pattern of fearful/anxious and avoidant responding to potential threat from parents via verbal information and via modeling. Next, we address how parenting behaviors may contribute to maintenance of fearful/anxious and avoidant reactions in children. Finally, we consider intergenerational transmission of worries as a way of coping with experiential avoidance of strong negative emotions and with intolerance of uncertainty. We conclude that parents with GAD may bias their children's processing of potential threats in the environment by conveying the message that the world is not safe, that uncertainty is intolerable, that strong emotions should be avoided, and that worry helps to cope with uncertainty, thereby transmitting cognitive styles that characterize GAD. Our review highlights the need for research on specific pathways for parent-to-child transmission of GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evin Aktar
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Milica Nikolić
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan M Bögels
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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106
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Halldorsson B, Draisey J, Cooper P, Creswell C. Symptoms of social anxiety, depression, and stress in parents of children with social anxiety disorder. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 57:148-162. [DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brynjar Halldorsson
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences; University of Reading; UK
| | - Jenny Draisey
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences; University of Reading; UK
| | - Peter Cooper
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences; University of Reading; UK
| | - Cathy Creswell
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences; University of Reading; UK
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107
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Telman LGE, van Steensel FJA, Maric M, Bögels SM. What are the odds of anxiety disorders running in families? A family study of anxiety disorders in mothers, fathers, and siblings of children with anxiety disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:615-624. [PMID: 29110074 PMCID: PMC5945734 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-1076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This family study investigated (1) the prevalence of anxiety disorders (ADs) in parents and siblings of children (n = 144) aged 8-18 years with ADs compared to control children (n = 49), and (2) the specificity of relationships between child-mother, child-father, and child-sibling ADs. Clinical interviews were used to assess current DSM-IV-TR ADs in children and siblings, and lifetime and current ADs in parents. Results showed that children with ADs were two to three times more likely to have at least one parent with current and lifetime ADs than the control children (odds ratio (OR) = 2.04 and 3.14). Children with ADs were more likely to have mothers with current ADs (OR = 2.51), fathers with lifetime ADs (OR = 2.84), but not siblings with ADs (OR = 0.75). Specific relationships between mother-child ADs were found for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD, OR = 3.69) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (OR = 3.47). Interestingly, all fathers and siblings with SAD came from families of children with SAD. Fathers of children with SAD were more likely to have lifetime ADs themselves (OR = 2.86). Findings indicate that children with ADs more often have parents with ADs, and specifically SAD is more prevalent in families of children with SAD. Influence of parent's (social) ADs should be considered when treating children with ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth G. E. Telman
- 0000000084992262grid.7177.6Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15780, 1001 NG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francisca J. A. van Steensel
- 0000000084992262grid.7177.6Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15780, 1001 NG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marija Maric
- 0000000084992262grid.7177.6Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan M. Bögels
- 0000000084992262grid.7177.6Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15780, 1001 NG Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,UvA minds, Academic Outpatient Child and Adolescent Treatment Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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108
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Aktar E, Bögels SM. Exposure to Parents' Negative Emotions as a Developmental Pathway to the Family Aggregation of Depression and Anxiety in the First Year of Life. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2017; 20:369-390. [PMID: 28528457 PMCID: PMC5656709 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-017-0240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety load in families. In the present study, we focus on exposure to parental negative emotions in first postnatal year as a developmental pathway to early parent-to-child transmission of depression and anxiety. We provide an overview of the little research available on the links between infants' exposure to negative emotion and infants' emotional development in this developmentally sensitive period, and highlight priorities for future research. To address continuity between normative and maladaptive development, we discuss exposure to parental negative emotions in infants of parents with as well as without depression and/or anxiety diagnoses. We focus on infants' emotional expressions in everyday parent-infant interactions, and on infants' attention to negative facial expressions as early indices of emotional development. Available evidence suggests that infants' emotional expressions echo parents' expressions and reactions in everyday interactions. In turn, infants exposed more to negative emotions from the parent seem to attend less to negative emotions in others' facial expressions. The links between exposure to parental negative emotion and development hold similarly in infants of parents with and without depression and/or anxiety diagnoses. Given its potential links to infants' emotional development, and to later psychological outcomes in children of parents with depression and anxiety, we conclude that early exposure to parental negative emotions is an important developmental mechanism that awaits further research. Longitudinal designs that incorporate the study of early exposure to parents' negative emotion, socio-emotional development in infancy, and later psychological functioning while considering other genetic and biological vulnerabilities should be prioritized in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evin Aktar
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1001 NG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Susan M Bögels
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1001 NG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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109
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Fernández RS, Pedreira ME, Boccia MM. Does reconsolidation occur in natural settings? Memory reconsolidation and anxiety disorders. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 57:45-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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110
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Majdandžić M, Lazarus RS, Oort FJ, van der Sluis C, Dodd HF, Morris TM, de Vente W, Byrow Y, Hudson JL, Bögels SM. The Structure of Challenging Parenting Behavior and Associations With Anxiety in Dutch and Australian Children. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 47:282-295. [PMID: 29053375 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1381915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Challenging parenting behavior (CPB), a novel construct involving active physical and verbal behaviors that encourage children to push their limits, has been identified as a potential buffer against child anxiety. This study aimed to (a) evaluate the measurement invariance of the Challenging Parenting Behavior Questionnaire (CPBQ4-6) across Dutch and Australian mothers and fathers of preschoolers, (b) examine differences in levels of CPB across mothers and fathers and across countries, and (c) examine whether parents' CPB predicts less child anxiety symptoms and disorders. Participants were 312 families-146 Dutch and 166 Australian-with their 3- to 4-year-old child (55.8% girls). Fathers' and mothers' CPB was measured using the CPBQ4-6, and child anxiety symptoms and presence of anxiety disorders were assessed using maternal reports. Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses revealed equivalence of factor structure and factor loadings (all significant) of the CPBQ4-6 across mothers and fathers and across countries. Evidence of partial scalar invariance indicated that the groups differed on some subscales of the CPBQ4-6. Australian mothers scored lower on the CPB factor than Australian fathers and Dutch parents. Structural equation models showed that CPB predicted fewer child anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders for all groups. The study confirms that the CPBQ4-6 is appropriate for use with Dutch and Australian parents of preschool-age children and identifies CPB as a multifaceted and coherent construct. The negative relations between CPB and child anxiety suggest that CPB has a protective role in childhood anxiety and is important to examine in future research and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Majdandžić
- a Research Institute of Child Development and Education.,b Research Priority Area Yield , University of Amsterdam
| | - Rebecca S Lazarus
- c Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University
| | - Frans J Oort
- a Research Institute of Child Development and Education.,b Research Priority Area Yield , University of Amsterdam
| | - Cathy van der Sluis
- d UvA Minds, Academic Treatment Center for Parents and Children, University of Amsterdam
| | - Helen F Dodd
- e School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences , University of Reading
| | - Talia M Morris
- c Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University
| | - Wieke de Vente
- a Research Institute of Child Development and Education.,b Research Priority Area Yield , University of Amsterdam
| | - Yulisha Byrow
- c Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University
| | - Jennifer L Hudson
- c Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University
| | - Susan M Bögels
- a Research Institute of Child Development and Education.,b Research Priority Area Yield , University of Amsterdam
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111
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Aktar E, Majdandžić M, De Vente W, Bögels SM. Parental Expressions of Anxiety and Child Temperament in Toddlerhood Jointly Predict Preschoolers’ Avoidance of Novelty. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 47:S421-S434. [DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1371029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evin Aktar
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University
| | - Mirjana Majdandžić
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam
| | - Wieke De Vente
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam
| | - Susan M. Bögels
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam
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112
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Allen JL, Lerman R. Teacher Responses to Anxiety in Children Questionnaire (TRAC): psychometric properties and relationship with teaching staff characteristics. EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2017.1376974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Allen
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Lerman
- Department of Education, Middlesex University London, London, UK
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113
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Halldorsson B, Creswell C. Social anxiety in pre-adolescent children: What do we know about maintenance? Behav Res Ther 2017; 99:19-36. [PMID: 28881221 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive theory of social anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most widely accepted accounts of the maintenance of the disorder in adults, yet it remains unknown if, or to what extent, the same cognitive and behavioral maintenance mechanisms that occur in adult SAD also apply to SAD among pre-adolescent children. In contrast to the adult literature, current models of SAD in children mostly account for etiology and maintenance processes are given limited attention. Consequently, their clinical utility for the treatment of SAD in children may be limited. This narrative review, first, critically examines the different theoretical conceptualizations of the maintenance of social anxiety in the child and adult literature and illustrates how these have resulted in different treatment approaches and clinical understanding. Second, it reviews the available evidence relating to hypotheses about the maintenance of SAD in children as derived from adult cognitive and etiological models. Third, it highlights the need to attend directly to child specific maintenance mechanisms in SAD, to draw on cognitive theory, and to account for the influence of childhood-specific contextual (e.g. family and school-based interactions) and developmental factors on children's social experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynjar Halldorsson
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, UK.
| | - Cathy Creswell
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, UK
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114
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Slone M, Shoshani A. Children Affected by War and Armed Conflict: Parental Protective Factors and Resistance to Mental Health Symptoms. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1397. [PMID: 28878705 PMCID: PMC5572511 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the role of parenting styles and parental warmth in moderating relations between exposure to political life events and mental health symptoms among 277 Israeli adolescents aged 12–14 and their parents, who had been exposed to protracted periods of war, missile bombardments, and terrorism. Adolescents completed the Political Life Events (PLE) scale, Brief Symptom Inventory and questionnaires regarding parenting style and parental warmth. The primary caregiver completed the Child Behavior Checklist for assessment of the child’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Results confirmed that severity of PLE exposure was positively correlated with psychological distress and with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Maternal authoritativeness and warmth functioned as protective factors and had moderating effects on the relation between PLE exposure and mental health symptoms. In contrast, maternal authoritarianism exacerbated the relation between PLE exposure and children’s externalizing symptoms. Fathers’ parenting style and warmth had no significant relationship with children’s mental health outcomes. These findings have important clinical and practical implications for parental guidance and support during periods of war and armed conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Slone
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Shoshani
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center HerzliyaHerzliya, Israel
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115
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Working with parents to treat anxiety-disordered children: A proof of concept RCT evaluating Fear-less Triple P. Behav Res Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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116
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Kerns CE, Pincus DB, McLaughlin KA, Comer JS. Maternal emotion regulation during child distress, child anxiety accommodation, and links between maternal and child anxiety. J Anxiety Disord 2017; 50:52-59. [PMID: 28577415 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Environmental contributions are thought to play a primary role in the familial aggregation of anxiety, but parenting influences remain poorly understood. We examined dynamic relations between maternal anxiety, maternal emotion regulation (ER) during child distress, maternal accommodation of child distress, and child anxiety. Mothers (N=45) of youth ages 3-8 years (M=4.8) participated in an experimental task during which they listened to a standardized audio recording of a child in anxious distress pleading for parental intervention. Measures of maternal and child anxiety, mothers' affective states, mothers' ER strategies during the child distress, and maternal accommodation of child anxiety were collected. Mothers' resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity during the recording was also acquired. Higher maternal negative affect and greater maternal ER switching (i.e., using multiple ER strategies in a short time without positive regulatory results) during child distress were associated with child anxiety. Sequential mediation modeling showed that maternal anxiety predicted ineffective maternal ER during child distress exposure, which in turn predicted greater maternal accommodation, which in turn predicted higher child anxiety. Findings support the mediating roles of maternal ER and accommodation in linking maternal and child anxiety, and suggest that ineffective maternal ER and subsequent attempts to accommodate child distress may act as mechanisms underlying the familial aggregation of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Kerns
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, 648 Beacon St., Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Donna B Pincus
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, 648 Beacon St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Katie A McLaughlin
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Box 251525, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Jonathan S Comer
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 S.W. 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, United States
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117
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Pass L, Mastroyannopoulou K, Coker S, Murray L, Dodd H. Verbal Information Transfer in Real-Life: When Mothers Worry About Their Child Starting School. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2017; 26:2324-2334. [PMID: 28775661 PMCID: PMC5514190 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-017-0735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Verbal information transfer, one of Rachman's three pathways to fear, may be one way in which vulnerability for anxiety may be transmitted from parents to children. A community sample of mothers and their preschool-aged children (N = 65) completed observational tasks relating to the child starting school. Mothers were asked to tell their child about social aspects of school; then children completed a brief play assessment involving ambiguous, school-based social scenarios. Mothers completed self-report questionnaires on social anxiety symptoms, general anxiety and depressive symptoms as well as a questionnaire on child anxiety symptoms and indicated whether they were personally worried about their child starting school. There was a significant difference in the information given to children about school between mothers who stated they were worried and those who stated they were not, with mothers who were worried more likely to mention unresolved threat, use at least one anxiety-related word, and show clear/consistent negativity (all ps < .01). Significant associations were also found between the emotional tone of mothers' descriptions of school and children's own representations of school. These findings support the theory that the information mothers give to their child may be influenced by their own concerns regarding their child, and that this verbal information affects child representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pass
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Sian Coker
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Lynne Murray
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Helen Dodd
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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118
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Abstract
Anxiety disorders constitute the largest group of mental disorders in most western societies and are a leading cause of disability. The essential features of anxiety disorders are excessive and enduring fear, anxiety or avoidance of perceived threats, and can also include panic attacks. Although the neurobiology of individual anxiety disorders is largely unknown, some generalizations have been identified for most disorders, such as alterations in the limbic system, dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and genetic factors. In addition, general risk factors for anxiety disorders include female sex and a family history of anxiety, although disorder-specific risk factors have also been identified. The diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders varies for the individual disorders, but are generally similar across the two most common classification systems: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition (ICD-10). Despite their public health significance, the vast majority of anxiety disorders remain undetected and untreated by health care systems, even in economically advanced countries. If untreated, these disorders are usually chronic with waxing and waning symptoms. Impairments associated with anxiety disorders range from limitations in role functioning to severe disabilities, such as the patient being unable to leave their home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Craske
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Thalia C Eley
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Mohammed R Milad
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charleston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald M Rapee
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Science, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the information needs and preferences of parents who were making decisions concerning treatment for their child's anxiety. METHODS Ninety-three parents were recruited from hospital-based clinics, a parent group, and a public information meeting. They completed a survey about preference for decision-making involvement, information needs, and preferences concerning source and amount of information. RESULTS Most (69%) parents indicated that they prefer a collaborative decision-making role. They rated very highly the need for general information related to treatment and information related to psychosocial interventions and medication treatment. Fewer parents rated information about logistics of treatment (e.g., scheduling, cost) as highly important although this information was considered important by many parents. Direct discussions with a provider, written information, and information accessed through the internet were the most preferred sources of information. Many parents indicated a preference for substantial amounts of information about psychosocial and medication treatments. CONCLUSION Much of the information that parents want concerning treatment is not widely available. It would be helpful to develop evidence-based brochures and web information resources that focus on answering parents' questions concerning treatment of children's anxiety.
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120
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Do Mother’s Metacognitions, Beliefs, and Behaviors Predict Child Anxiety-Related Metacognitions? CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-017-9396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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121
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Fliek L, Dibbets P, Roelofs J, Muris P. Cognitive Bias as a Mediator in the Relation Between Fear-Enhancing Parental Behaviors and Anxiety Symptoms in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2017; 48:82-93. [PMID: 27286719 PMCID: PMC5243885 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-016-0655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present cross-sectional study explored the relations between fear-enhancing parenting behaviors (modeling and threat information transmission) and children's cognitive biases and anxiety symptoms. Participants were 258 children aged 7-12 years (132 boys and 126 girls), and their mothers (n = 199) and/or fathers (n = 117). Children and parents completed the Parental Enhancement of Anxious Cognitions questionnaire, which measures parental modeling and threat information transmission, while children also filled in a scale for assessing anxiety symptoms. In addition, children conducted a number of computerized tasks for measuring confirmation and interpretation bias. The data indicated that both biases mediated the relationship between threat information transmission (of both parents) and children's anxiety symptoms. Only interpretation bias significantly mediated the relationship between modeling (of mothers) and anxiety symptoms. These findings give partial support for the hypothesis that cognitive biases play a mediating role in the relation between fear-enhancing parental behaviors and children's anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Fliek
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Pauline Dibbets
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Roelofs
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Muris
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands ,Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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122
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123
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Stepp SD, Lazarus SA, Byrd AL. A systematic review of risk factors prospectively associated with borderline personality disorder: Taking stock and moving forward. Personal Disord 2016; 7:316-323. [PMID: 27709988 PMCID: PMC5055059 DOI: 10.1037/per0000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify signs that harbinger onset of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Advancement in this area is required to refine developmental theories, discover etiological mechanisms, improve early detection, and achieve our ultimate goal of prevention. Though many studies have supported a wide range of factors that increase subsequent risk for BPD, this literature has yet to be critically evaluated, and there are no comprehensive reviews that examine and integrate these findings. To address this limitation, we conducted a systematic review to summarize and synthesize the current literature. Electronic databases were systematically searched for prospective, longitudinal studies that examined risk factors of subsequent BPD outcomes (features, symptoms, diagnosis), resulting in a total of 39 studies, reflecting 24 unique samples. Though increased risk for BPD was reliably attributed to multiple factors within social, family, maltreatment, and child domains, the most striking limitation of this research is its lack of disorder-specific findings. Additional limitations, including notable heterogeneity in sampling methodology, symptom assessment methodology, and developmental timing of assessments, are discussed in terms of how close we are to pinpointing who is most at risk and why in an attempt to provide a roadmap for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D Stepp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Sophie A Lazarus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Amy L Byrd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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124
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Hiller RM, Apetroaia A, Clarke K, Hughes Z, Orchard F, Parkinson M, Creswell C. The effect of targeting tolerance of children's negative emotions among anxious parents of children with anxiety disorders: A pilot randomised controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord 2016; 42:52-9. [PMID: 27314763 PMCID: PMC5034014 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Following cognitive behavioural therapy for child anxiety a significant minority of children fail to lose their diagnosis status. One potential barrier is high parental anxiety. We designed a pilot RCT to test claims that parental intolerance of the child's negative emotions may impact treatment outcomes. Parents of 60 children with an anxiety disorder, who were themselves highly anxious, received either brief parent-delivered treatment for child anxiety or the same treatment with strategies specifically targeting parental tolerance of their child's negative emotions. Consistent with predictions, parental tolerance of the child's negative emotions significantly improved from pre- to post-treatment. However, there was no evidence to inform the direction of this association as improvements were substantial in both groups. Moreover, while there were significant improvements in child anxiety in both conditions, there was little evidence that this was associated with the improvement in parental tolerance. Nevertheless, findings provide important clinical insight, including that parent-led treatments are appropriate even when the parent is highly anxious and that it may not be necessary to adjust interventions for many families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Hiller
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Adela Apetroaia
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AY, UK
| | - Kiri Clarke
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AY, UK
| | - Zoe Hughes
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AY, UK
| | - Faith Orchard
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AY, UK
| | - Monika Parkinson
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AY, UK
| | - Cathy Creswell
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AY, UK.
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125
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Wu MS, Salloum A, Lewin AB, Selles RR, McBride NM, Crawford EA, Storch EA. Treatment Concerns and Functional Impairment in Pediatric Anxiety. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2016; 47:627-35. [PMID: 26438217 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-015-0596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although there are efficacious, evidence-based treatments for anxiety disorders, youth often experience delays in seeking therapy. Myriad reasons may contribute to this lag in treatment initiation, with some youth possessing concerns about therapy. Treatment concerns are broadly characterized by worries/ambivalence about seeking treatment, including concerns about the negative reactions, consequences, and inconvenience of treatment. As no studies exist for youth with anxiety disorders, this study examined the phenomenology of treatment concerns in 119 treatment-seeking, anxious youth and utilized a structural equation model to examine the relationship between child anxiety, depressive symptoms, treatment concerns, and anxiety-related functional impairment. Over 90 % of the children positively endorsed some type of treatment-related fear, with the most frequently expressed concern being that therapy would take too much time (50.4 %). Based on the model, both child anxiety and depressive symptoms predicted functional impairment, and treatment concerns mediated the relationship between child anxiety and functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica S Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Rothman Center for Neuropsychiatry, University of South Florida, 880 6th Street South, Suite 460, Box 7523, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Alison Salloum
- Department of Pediatrics, Rothman Center for Neuropsychiatry, University of South Florida, 880 6th Street South, Suite 460, Box 7523, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
- School of Social Work, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Adam B Lewin
- Department of Pediatrics, Rothman Center for Neuropsychiatry, University of South Florida, 880 6th Street South, Suite 460, Box 7523, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Robert R Selles
- Department of Pediatrics, Rothman Center for Neuropsychiatry, University of South Florida, 880 6th Street South, Suite 460, Box 7523, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nicole M McBride
- Department of Pediatrics, Rothman Center for Neuropsychiatry, University of South Florida, 880 6th Street South, Suite 460, Box 7523, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Erika A Crawford
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric A Storch
- Department of Pediatrics, Rothman Center for Neuropsychiatry, University of South Florida, 880 6th Street South, Suite 460, Box 7523, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Rogers Behavioral Health - Tampa Bay, Tampa, FL, USA
- All Children's Hospital - Johns Hopkins Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
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126
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Aktar E, Mandell DJ, de Vente W, Majdandžić M, Raijmakers MEJ, Bögels SM. Infants' Temperament and Mothers', and Fathers' Depression Predict Infants' Attention to Objects Paired with Emotional Faces. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 44:975-90. [PMID: 26446725 PMCID: PMC4893382 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Between 10 and 14 months, infants gain the ability to learn about unfamiliar stimuli by observing others' emotional reactions to those stimuli, so called social referencing (SR). Joint processing of emotion and head/gaze direction is essential for SR. This study tested emotion and head/gaze direction effects on infants' attention via pupillometry in the period following the emergence of SR. Pupil responses of 14-to-17-month-old infants (N = 57) were measured during computerized presentations of unfamiliar objects alone, before-and-after being paired with emotional (happy, sad, fearful vs. neutral) faces gazing towards (vs. away) from objects. Additionally, the associations of infants' temperament, and parents' negative affect/depression/anxiety with infants' pupil responses were explored. Both mothers and fathers of participating infants completed questionnaires about their negative affect, depression and anxiety symptoms and their infants' negative temperament. Infants allocated more attention (larger pupils) to negative vs. neutral faces when the faces were presented alone, while they allocated less attention to objects paired with emotional vs. neutral faces independent of head/gaze direction. Sad (but not fearful) temperament predicted more attention to emotional faces. Infants' sad temperament moderated the associations of mothers' depression (but not anxiety) with infants' attention to objects. Maternal depression predicted more attention to objects paired with emotional expressions in infants low in sad temperament, while it predicted less attention in infants high in sad temperament. Fathers' depression (but not anxiety) predicted more attention to objects paired with emotional expressions independent of infants' temperament. We conclude that infants' own temperamental dispositions for sadness, and their exposure to mothers' and fathers' depressed moods may influence infants' attention to emotion-object associations in social learning contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evin Aktar
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018WS, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018WS, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Dorothy J Mandell
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018WS, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wieke de Vente
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018WS, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mirjana Majdandžić
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018WS, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maartje E J Raijmakers
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018WS, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018XA, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susan M Bögels
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018WS, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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127
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How do parents' depression and anxiety, and infants' negative temperament relate to parent-infant face-to-face interactions? Dev Psychopathol 2016; 29:697-710. [PMID: 27580868 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the associations of mothers' and fathers' lifetime depression and anxiety symptoms, and of infants' negative temperament with parents' and infants' gaze, facial expressions of emotion, and synchrony. We observed infants' (age between 3.5 and 5.5 months, N = 101) and parents' gaze and facial expressions during 4-min naturalistic face-to-face interactions. Parents' lifetime symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed with clinical interviews, and infants' negative temperament was measured with standardized observations. Parents with more depressive symptoms and their infants expressed less positive and more neutral affect. Parents' lifetime anxiety symptoms were not significantly related to parents' expressions of affect, while they were linked to longer durations of gaze to parent, and to more positive and negative affect in infants. Parents' lifetime depression or anxiety was not related to synchrony. Infants' temperament did not predict infants' or parents' interactive behavior. The study reveals that more depression symptoms in parents are linked to more neutral affect from parents and from infants during face-to-face interactions, while parents' anxiety symptoms are related to more attention to parent and less neutral affect from infants (but not from parents).
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128
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Melis Yavuz H, Selcuk B, Corapci F, Aksan N. Role of Temperament, Parenting Behaviors, and Stress on Turkish Preschoolers’ Internalizing Symptoms. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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129
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Johnson VC, Olino TM, Klein DN, Dyson MW, Bufferd SJ, Durbin CE, Dougherty LR, Hayden EP. A Longitudinal Investigation of Predictors of the Association Between Age 3 and Age 6 Behavioural Inhibition. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2016; 63:51-61. [PMID: 27765998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Children who exhibit elevated levels of the temperament trait behavioural inhibition (BI) across time may be at greatest risk for anxiety. However, little research has investigated the influence of other temperamental traits, particularly positive emotionality (PE), on the continuity of BI in childhood, nor whether parental overprotection influences associations between early and later child BI. To explore whether PE and overprotection shape associations between early and later BI, this longitudinal study of three-year-olds (N = 446) followed up at age 6 included tasks tapping child temperament, and parental overprotection was assessed via interview ratings and parent-report. Lower levels of child PE and higher levels of caregiver overprotection at baseline predicted stronger associations between laboratory-assessed BI at ages 3 and 6. Findings elucidate influences shaping the developmental continuity of BI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara J Bufferd
- Child and Adolescent Services Research Center at University of California; California State University, San Marcos
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130
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Abstract
This study examined the incidence of adverse prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal experiences amongst children with anxiety disorders, and the relationship to clinical symptomology and functional impairment in treatment-seeking children (N = 107) with a primary anxiety disorder. Anxious children had higher rates of reported maternal prescription medication use during pregnancy, maternal smoking and illness during pregnancy and neonatal complications (including neonatal intensive care and feeding issues) compared with population base rates and non-affected children. Almost one-third had early problems with sleep. Developmental problems were common with more than half having at least one area of delay. More than three quarters of anxious children had a first-degree family member with a psychiatric history. There were several associations between neonatal complications and subsequent clinical symptomology, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and depressive comorbidity, anxiety severity and functional impairment. Findings suggest higher rates of perinatal complications in anxious children.
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131
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Möller EL, Nikolić M, Majdandžić M, Bögels SM. Associations between maternal and paternal parenting behaviors, anxiety and its precursors in early childhood: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 45:17-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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132
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Gaensbauer TJ. MOMENTS OF MEETING: THE RELEVANCE OF LOU SANDER'S AND DAN STERN'S CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF PATHOLOGICAL SOCIAL RELATEDNESS. Infant Ment Health J 2016; 37:172-88. [PMID: 26938671 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lou Sander and Dan Stern made seminal contributions to our understanding of early child development, particularly in regard to the moment-to-moment intersubjective exchanges and mutual sensitivity that are at the core of the caregiver-infant relationship. Although their own studies focused primarily on the ways in which children's intersubjective experiences of mutual attunement lead to adaptive social relatedness and validate a healthy sense of self, this article focuses on the applicability of their theoretical conceptions to the development of pathological social relations. It explores the premise that the emotional validation derived from recurrent intersubjective experiences of mutual attunement involving negative affects can be as emotionally compelling from the child's standpoint as that derived from positive exchanges. Children's needs to recreate unhealthy, but affectively meaningful, moments with their caregivers can lead to ingrained, automatically operating pathological patterns of social behavior and affective expression that can take on a life of their own and strongly shape the child's subsequent socioemotional functioning. Following an overview of Sander's and Stern's conceptual thinking, developmental research and clinical case material will be utilized to illustrate how their work can enrich our understanding of developmental processes that can contribute to a number of emotion-specific, early relational disturbances.
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133
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Sanchez AL, Kendall PC, Comer JS. Evaluating the Intergenerational Link Between Maternal and Child Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Preliminary Cross-Sectional Examination. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-016-9757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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134
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The relationship between challenging parenting behaviour and childhood anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord 2016; 190:784-791. [PMID: 26625090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This research investigates the relationship between challenging parenting behaviour and childhood anxiety disorders proposed by Bögels and Phares (2008). Challenging parenting behaviour involves the playful encouragement of children to go beyond their own limits, and may decrease children's risk for anxiety (Bögels and Phares, 2008). METHOD Parents (n=164 mothers and 144 fathers) of 164 children aged between 3.4 and 4.8 years participated in the current study. A multi-method, multi-informant assessment of anxiety was used, incorporating data from diagnostic interviews as well as questionnaire measures. Parents completed self-report measures of their parenting behaviour (n=147 mothers and 138 fathers) and anxiety (n=154 mothers and 143 fathers). Mothers reported on their child's anxiety via questionnaire as well as diagnostic interview (n=156 and 164 respectively). Of these children, 74 met criteria for an anxiety disorder and 90 did not. RESULTS Fathers engaged in challenging parenting behaviour more often than mothers. Both mothers' and fathers' challenging parenting behaviour was associated with lower report of child anxiety symptoms. However, only mothers' challenging parenting behaviour was found to predict child clinical anxiety diagnosis. LIMITATIONS Shared method variance from mothers confined the interpretation of these results. Moreover, due to study design, it is not possible to delineate cause and effect. CONCLUSIONS The finding with respect to maternal challenging parenting behaviour was not anticipated, prompting replication of these results. Future research should investigate the role of challenging parenting behaviour by both caregivers as this may have implications for parenting interventions for anxious children.
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135
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Waite P, Codd J, Creswell C. Interpretation of ambiguity: Differences between children and adolescents with and without an anxiety disorder. J Affect Disord 2015; 188:194-201. [PMID: 26363617 PMCID: PMC4641870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theory and treatment of anxiety disorders in young people are commonly based on the premise that interpretation biases found in anxious adults are also found in children and adolescents. Although there is some evidence that this may be the case, studies have not typically taken age into account, which is surprising given the normative changes in cognition that occur throughout childhood. The aim of the current study was to identify whether associations between anxiety disorder status and interpretation biases differed in children and adolescents. METHODS The responses of children (7-10 years) and adolescents (13-16 years) with and without anxiety disorders (n=120) were compared on an ambiguous scenarios task. RESULTS Children and adolescents with an anxiety disorder showed significantly higher levels of threat interpretation and avoidant strategies than non-anxious children and adolescents. However, age significantly moderated the effect of anxiety disorder status on interpretation of ambiguity, in that adolescents with anxiety disorders showed significantly higher levels of threat interpretation and associated negative emotion than non-anxious adolescents, but a similar relationship was not observed among children. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that theoretical accounts of interpretation biases in anxiety disorders in children and adolescents should distinguish between different developmental periods. For both ages, treatment that targets behavioral avoidance appears warranted. However, while adolescents are likely to benefit from treatment that addresses interpretation biases, there may be limited benefit for children under the age of ten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Waite
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AL, UK.
| | - Jon Codd
- Talking Therapies, Shinfield Medical Practice, Reading, UK
| | - Cathy Creswell
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AL, UK
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136
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Netsi E, Evans J, Wulff K, O'Mahen H, Ramchandani PG. Infant outcomes following treatment of antenatal depression: Findings from a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2015; 188:252-6. [PMID: 26372945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal antenatal depression is associated with an increased risk of emotional and behavioural problems in children. More recently antenatal depression has been associated with shorter sleep duration, higher number of awakenings and sleep problems in infants. Examining the effect of treatment of depression on child development is the next step in unravelling the complex association between antenatal depression and offspring development. METHODS We used data from a pilot RCT of women with antenatal depression who received either Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) or Treatment as Usual (TAU), to examine infant sleep duration and temperament two months postpartum. Data was available for n=14 in the CBT group and n=11 in the TAU group. RESULTS No differences by treatment arm were evident. Improvement in depression scores during pregnancy was associated with easier temperament (β=-.45, p=.024) and shorter nocturnal sleep duration (β=-.58, p=.003). The findings were more pronounced in the CBT group compared to the TAU group. LIMITATIONS This was a pilot RCT and as such the sample size was small and there was some loss to follow up between the baseline and postnatal assessment. CONCLUSION Improvement in antenatal depressive symptoms may have beneficial effects for the infant; whether these are directly through effects on foetal development or indirectly through changes in the postnatal mother-infant relationship remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Netsi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; The Centre for Mental Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Jonathan Evans
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK; The Centre for Mental Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Katharina Wulff
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; The Centre for Mental Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Heather O'Mahen
- Mood Disorders Centre, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Exeter, UK; The Centre for Mental Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Paul G Ramchandani
- Mood Disorders Centre, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Exeter, UK; The Centre for Mental Health, Imperial College London, UK.
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137
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Parents’ Verbal Communication and Childhood Anxiety: A Systematic Review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2015; 19:55-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10567-015-0198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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138
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Babkirk S, Saunders LV, Solomon B, Kessel EM, Crossman A, Gokhan N, Dennis TA. Executive Function and Temperamental Fear Concurrently Predict Deception in School-Aged Children. JOURNAL OF MORAL EDUCATION 2015; 44:425-439. [PMID: 26880858 PMCID: PMC4752122 DOI: 10.1080/03057240.2015.1087393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The decision to intentionally withhold truthful information, or deception, is a key component of moral development and may be a precursor to more serious anti-social tendencies. Two factors, executive function and temperamental fear are each thought to influence childhood deception. Few studies, however, have explored deception in relation to both of these factors simultaneously. This was the goal of the present study. Executive function, as measured by a working memory task, and temperamental fear, as measured via maternal report were assessed in relation to observed deceptive behavior among 6 - 9-year-old children (N = 43). Results showed that children displaying high working memory capacity and high temperamental fear were more likely to exhibit deceptive behavior. Implications for predictors of childhood deception and applications for moral education are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Babkirk
- Graduate Center, The City University of New York; Hunter College, The City University of New York
| | | | | | | | - Angela Crossman
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York
| | - Nurper Gokhan
- LaGuardia Community College, The City University of New York
| | - Tracy A Dennis
- Hunter College, The City University of New York; Graduate Center, The City University of New York
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139
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Esbjørn BH, Breinholst S, Kriss A, Hald HH, Steele H. Can attachment and peer relation constructs predict anxiety in ethnic minority youths? A longitudinal exploratory study. Attach Hum Dev 2015; 17:599-614. [PMID: 26425783 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2015.1093699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety is the most prevalent psychiatric disturbance in childhood effecting typically 15-20% of all youth. It has been associated with attachment insecurity and reduced competence in peer relations. Prior work has been limited by including mainly White samples, relying on questionnaires, and applying a cross-sectional design. The present study addressed these limitations by considering how at-risk non-White youth (n = 34) responded to the Friends and Family Interview (FFI) in middle childhood and how this linked up with anxiety symptoms and an anxiety diagnosis three years later in early adolescence. Five dimensions of secure attachment, namely, (i) to mother, (ii) to father, (iii) coherence, (iv) developmental understanding, and (v) social competence and quality of contact with best friend in middle childhood, were found to correlate significantly (and negatively) with self-reported anxiety symptoms. Linear regression results showed independent influences of female gender, and (low) quality of best friend contact as the most efficient model predicting anxiety symptoms. Logistic regression results suggested a model that included female gender, low social competence, and immature developmental understanding as efficient predictors of an anxiety diagnosis, evident in only 18% of the sample. These results point to the usefulness of after-school programs for at-risk minority youth in promoting peer competence, developmental awareness, and minimizing anxiety difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonja Breinholst
- a Department of Psychology , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Alexander Kriss
- b Department of Psychology , The New School for Social Research , New York , NY , USA
| | - Helle Hindhede Hald
- a Department of Psychology , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Howard Steele
- b Department of Psychology , The New School for Social Research , New York , NY , USA
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140
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Socially anxious mothers' narratives to their children and their relation to child representations and adjustment. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 26:1531-46. [PMID: 25422977 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Anxious mothers' parenting, particularly transfer of threat information, has been considered important in their children's risk for social anxiety disorder (SAnxD), and maternal narratives concerning potential social threat could elucidate this contribution. Maternal narratives to their preschool 4- to 5-year-old children, via a picture book about starting school, were assessed in socially anxious (N = 73), and nonanxious (N = 63) mothers. Child representations of school were assessed via doll play (DP). After one school term, mothers (Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]) and teachers (Teacher Report Form) reported on child internalizing problems, and child SAnxD was assessed via maternal interview. Relations between these variables, infant behavioral inhibition, and attachment, were examined. Socially anxious mothers showed more negative (higher threat attribution) and less supportive (lower encouragement) narratives than controls, and their children's DP representations SAnxD and CBCL scores were more adverse. High narrative threat predicted child SAnxD; lower encouragement predicted negative child CBCL scores and, particularly for behaviorally inhibited children, Teacher Report Form scores and DP representations. In securely attached children, CBCL scores and risk for SAnxD were affected by maternal anxiety and threat attributions, respectively. Low encouragement mediated the effects of maternal anxiety on child DP representations and CBCL scores. Maternal narratives are affected by social anxiety and contribute to adverse child outcome.
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141
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Parenting clinically anxious versus healthy control children aged 4-12 years. J Anxiety Disord 2015; 32:1-7. [PMID: 25819172 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether parenting behaviors differed between parents of 68 clinically anxious children and 106 healthy control children aged 4-12 years. The effects of parent gender, child gender and child age on parenting were explored. Mothers and fathers completed a questionnaire to assess parenting behaviors in for children hypothetically anxious situations. Results showed that parents of clinically anxious children reported more anxiety-enhancing parenting (reinforcement of dependency and punishment) as well as more positive parenting (positive reinforcement). For the clinical sample, fathers reported using more modeling/reassurance than mothers, and parents reported using more force with their 4-7-year-olds than with their 8-12-year-olds. No interaction effects were found for child gender with child anxiety status on parenting. Results indicate that for intervention, it is important to measure parenting behaviors, and to take into account father and mother differences and the age of the child.
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142
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Inherited and environmental influences on a childhood co-occurring symptom phenotype: Evidence from an adoption study. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 28:111-25. [PMID: 25851306 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579415000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Risk factors for the childhood development of co-occurring internalizing and externalizing symptoms are not well understood, despite a high prevalence and poor clinical outcomes associated with this co-occurring phenotype. We examined inherited and environmental risk factors for co-occurring symptoms in a sample of children adopted at birth and their birth mothers and adoptive mothers (N = 293). Inherited risk factors (i.e., birth mothers' processing speed and internalizing symptoms) and environmental risk factors (i.e., adoptive mothers' processing speed, internalizing symptoms, and uninvolved parenting) were examined as predictors for the development of internalizing-only, externalizing-only, or co-occurring symptoms using structural equation modeling. Results suggested a unique pattern of predictive factors for the co-occurring phenotype, with risk conferred by adoptive mothers' uninvolved parenting, birth mothers' slower processing speed, and the birth mothers' slower processing speed in tandem with adoptive mothers' higher internalizing symptoms. Additional analyses indicated that when co-occurring-symptom children were incorporated into internalizing and externalizing symptom groups, differential risk factors for externalizing and internalizing symptoms emerged. The findings suggest that spurious results may be found when children with co-occurring symptoms are not examined as a unique phenotypic group.
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143
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Rifkin-Graboi A, Meaney MJ, Chen H, Bai J, Hameed WB, Tint MT, Broekman BFP, Chong YS, Gluckman PD, Fortier MV, Qiu A. Antenatal maternal anxiety predicts variations in neural structures implicated in anxiety disorders in newborns. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 54:313-21.e2. [PMID: 25791148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antenatal maternal anxiety predicts offspring neurodevelopment and psychopathology, although the degree to which these associations reflect postnatal influences is unclear. To limit this possibility, we assessed newborn neuronal microstructures using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and assessed neonatal microstructure variation in relation to antenatal anxiety and in prediction of infant socio-emotional behavior at age 1 year. METHOD Dyads were drawn from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort, and included mothers who completed the Speilberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) at 26 weeks gestation (scoring >90, n = 20; scoring <70, n = 34) and their neonates (5-17 days postnatal) who took part in DTI. RESULTS Antenatal anxiety predicted variation in fractional anisotropy (FA) of regions important to cognitive-emotional responses to stress (i.e., the right insula and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), sensory processing (e.g., right middle occipital), and socio-emotional function (e.g., the right angular gyrus, uncinate fasciculus, posterior cingulate, and parahippocampus). In a subset of infants with Infant Toddler Socio-Emotional Assessment (ITSEA) data, some of these right lateralized clusters predicted infant internalizing (e.g., insula: β = 0.511, p = .03) but not externalizing behavior 1 year later, although these analyses failed to withstand the correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION These findings suggest the need for larger-scale investigations of the role that corticolimbic structures play in regulating cognitive-emotional responses to threat, and potentially in mediating the cross-generational transmission of anxiety, as well as in underscoring the importance of early mother-infant intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology, McGill University, Montreal
| | - Helen Chen
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jordan Bai
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, National University of Singapore
| | | | | | - Birit F P Broekman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences; Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Anqi Qiu
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences; National University of Singapore.
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144
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Taboas WR, McKay D, Whiteside SPH, Storch EA. Parental involvement in youth anxiety treatment: conceptual bases, controversies, and recommendations for intervention. J Anxiety Disord 2015; 30:16-8. [PMID: 25589452 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parents are often perceived as a contributing or maintaining source of youth anxiety disorders, making them natural targets for either intervention or involvement in treatment protocols. Efforts to increase the efficacy and durability of standard treatments by incorporating parents have been successful, yet they often do not outperform child-focused treatment. Breinholst et al. (2012) review and discuss several overlooked parental research variables (anxiety, overcontrol, beliefs and assumptions, global family dysfunction) found to promote and maintain child anxiety. However, it remains unclear how these proposed variables interfere with active therapeutic ingredients (e.g., exposure) or how the identified problems might be addressed. We propose that insufficient attention to exposure-based treatment and family behavioral responses explain the comparatively low added value for parental involvement in child anxiety treatment and outline directions for research to address them. With meaningful attention being given to exposure and its accompanying variables in the treatment of childhood anxiety, we believe that treatment outcomes and intervention acceptability can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dean McKay
- Fordham University, Bronx, NY, United States
| | | | - Eric A Storch
- Rogers Behavioral Health - Tampa Bay, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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145
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Nelemans SA, Hale WW, Branje SJT, van Lier PAC, Jansen LMC, Platje E, Frijns T, Koot HM, Meeus WHJ. Persistent heightened cortisol awakening response and adolescent internalizing symptoms: a 3-year longitudinal community study. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 42:767-77. [PMID: 24189903 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-013-9820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An atypical Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) has been related to adult anxiety and depression, but little is known about the association between long-term atypical CAR and adolescent anxiety and depression. This study aimed to longitudinally identify subgroups of adolescents with distinct levels of CAR (i.e., adolescents with and without persistent atypical CAR) and to examine their development of anxiety and depressive symptoms over 3 successive years. A community sample of 184 Dutch adolescents (M age = 14.99 at T1, 57 % boys) completed annual salivary cortisol assessments at home at time of awakening, and 30 and 60 min post-awakening (i.e., CAR) for 3 successive years. Adolescents also reported annually on their anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms. Latent Class Growth Analysis suggested two subgroups of adolescents with respect to CAR: a "low" group with stable low levels of AUCg (Area Under the Curve with respect to the ground) over time and a "high" group with high and increasing levels of AUCg over time. Controlling for sex, the high and low CAR groups significantly differed in depressive symptoms only, but none of the anxiety disorder symptoms. More specifically, adolescents in the high CAR group showed significantly higher mean levels of depressive symptoms over time compared to adolescents in the low CAR group. These results suggest that persistent heightened CAR is a more consistent, yet modest, correlate of adolescent depressive symptoms than anxiety disorder symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A Nelemans
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
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146
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism influences the association of the methylome with maternal anxiety and neonatal brain volumes. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 27:137-50. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414001357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEarly life environments interact with genotype to determine stable phenotypic outcomes. Here we examined the influence of a variant in the brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) gene (Val66Met), which underlies synaptic plasticity throughout the central nervous system, on the degree to which antenatal maternal anxiety associated with neonatal DNA methylation. We also examined the association between neonatal DNA methylation and brain substructure volume, as a function of BDNF genotype. Infant, but not maternal, BDNF genotype dramatically influences the association of antenatal anxiety on the epigenome at birth as well as that between the epigenome and neonatal brain structure. There was a greater impact of antenatal maternal anxiety on the DNA methylation of infants with the methionine (Met)/Met compared to both Met/valine (Val) and Val/Val genotypes. There were significantly more cytosine–phosphate–guanine sites where methylation levels covaried with right amygdala volume among Met/Met compared with both Met/Val and Val/Val carriers. In contrast, more cytosine–phosphate–guanine sites covaried with left hippocampus volume in Val/Val infants compared with infants of the Met/Val or Met/Met genotype. Thus, antenatal Maternal Anxiety × BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism interactions at the level of the epigenome are reflected differently in the structure of the amygdala and the hippocampus. These findings suggest that BDNF genotype regulates the sensitivity of the methylome to early environment and that differential susceptibility to specific environmental conditions may be both tissue and function specific.
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147
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Oldehinkel AJ, Hartman CA, Van Oort FVA, Nederhof E. Emotion recognition specialization and context-dependent risk of anxiety and depression in adolescents. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00299. [PMID: 25642389 PMCID: PMC4309882 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some adolescents function poorly in apparently benign environments, while others thrive despite hassles and difficulties. The aim of this study was to examine if adolescents with specialized skills in the recognition of either positive or negative emotions have a context-dependent risk of developing an anxiety or depressive disorder during adolescence, depending on exposure to positive or harsh parenting. METHODS Data came from a large prospective Dutch population study (N = 1539). At age 11, perceived parental rejection and emotional warmth were measured by questionnaire, and emotion recognition skills by means of a reaction-time task. Lifetime diagnoses of anxiety and depressive disorders were assessed at about age 19, using a standardized diagnostic interview. RESULTS Adolescents who were specialized in the recognition of positive emotions had a relatively high probability to develop an anxiety disorder when exposed to parental rejection (Bspecialization*rejection = 0.23, P < 0.01) and a relatively low probability in response to parental emotional warmth (Bspecialization*warmth = -0.24, P = 0.01), while the opposite pattern was found for specialists in negative emotions. The effect of parental emotional warmth on depression onset was likewise modified by emotion recognition specialization (B = -0.13, P = 0.03), but the effect of parental rejection was not (B = 0.02, P = 0.72). In general, the relative advantage of specialists in negative emotions was restricted to fairly uncommon negative conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that there is no unequivocal relation between parenting behaviors and the probability to develop an anxiety or depressive disorder in adolescence, and that emotion recognition specialization may be a promising way to distinguish between various types of context-dependent reaction patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Floor V A Van Oort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Nederhof
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
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Impact of the Perinatal Environment on the Child’s Development: Implications for Prevention Policies. PERINATAL PROGRAMMING OF NEURODEVELOPMENT 2015; 10:409-24. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1372-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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149
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Kuckertz JM, Carmona AR, Chang S, Piacentini J, Amir N. Factors Predicting Youth Anxiety Severity: Preliminary Support for a Standardized Behavioral Assessment of Parental and Youth Avoidance Behaviors. J Cogn Psychother 2015; 29:212-229. [DOI: 10.1891/0889-8391.29.3.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety severity in youth is associated with a host of negative outcomes including poor response to treatment. Thus, a better understanding of factors that contribute to anxiety severity is needed. Such factors may include parental anxiety as well as anxiety-related approach and avoidance behaviors in both children and parents. In this study, we examined automatic behavioral tendencies as a method of quantifying anxiety-related approach and avoidance behaviors in children and their parents. Clinically anxious youth (N = 19) with mixed anxiety diagnoses and their parents completed an approach-avoidance task (AAT) comprising different emotional expressions. Our results suggest that in addition to parent report of youth anxiety, both youth and parent automatic avoidance biases predict clinician-rated youth anxiety severity accounting for 62% of the variance in clinician-rated youth anxiety. These results suggest that the AAT may be a useful measure of automatic behavioral tendencies in clinically anxious youth and their parents and that these factors may be relevant to youth anxiety severity.
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150
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Parental changes after involvement in their anxious child's cognitive behavior therapy. J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:664-70. [PMID: 25124503 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Specific parental behaviors and cognitions are associated with child anxiety. Studies informing us of the directionality of the associations are lacking. We investigated the effect of parental involvement in children's anxiety treatment on parental behaviors and cognitions. METHOD Children (N=54, 7-12 years) and parents were randomly allocated to different treatment groups (involved, not involved). Observed behavior, self-reported behavior and cognitions were assessed separately for mothers and fathers at pre-, posttreatment and follow-up. RESULTS There were no differences over time for self-reported parental efficacy and observed negativity, but self-reported autonomy granting increased for both groups over time. Differential effects were found between groups for observed paternal over-involvement (fathers involved in treatment showed a more rapid decrease) and self-reported maternal autonomy-granting (non-involved mothers showed a greater increase). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that child anxiety significantly influences parental behaviors and cognitions. Child therapy may successfully change the family system.
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