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Ban HS, Uto Y, Nakamura H. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) inhibitors: a patent survey (2016-2020). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:387-397. [PMID: 33455469 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1874345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. The increased expression of genes targeted by HIF is associated with many human diseases, including ischemic cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic lung disease, and cancer.Areas covered: This patent survey summarizes the information about patented HIF inhibitors over the last 5 years.Expert opinion: HIF inhibitors have shown promise for the treatment of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, a circadian rhythm disorder, calcific aortic valve disease, cerebrovascular accident, and heterotopic ossification. In addition, HIF-2α inhibitors can be used for the treatment or prevention of iron overload disorders, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and thyroid eye disease, or to improve muscle generation and repair. PT2385 completed phase I clinical trials for the treatment of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. It exerted a higher synergistic inhibitory effect on tumor growth in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody, in comparison with each treatment alone, indicating that effective immunotherapy for solid tumors counteracts of the immunosuppression induced by hypoxia. Therefore, considering the effects of hypoxia on cancer cells, stromal cells, and effector immune cells, it is important to develop inhibitors of molecular pathways activated by hypoxia for successful treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Seung Ban
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoshikazu Uto
- ASCA Company, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- cLaboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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102
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Ho JJD, Schatz JH, Uniacke J, Lee S. Jekyll and Hyde: Activating the Hypoxic Translational Machinery. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 46:171-174. [PMID: 33309326 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Global translational remodeling has emerged as a principal mechanism of biological adaptation. Oxygen deficiency (hypoxia) disables the basal protein synthesis machinery ('Jekyll') and activates a hypoxic translational architecture ('Hyde') to drive translatome remodeling. Independent from mRNA-level fluctuations, this newer paradigm modernizes a field traditionally dominated by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcriptional program.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J David Ho
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jonathan H Schatz
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jim Uniacke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Stephen Lee
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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103
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Yu Y, Yu Q, Liu S, Wu C, Zhang X. Insight into the binding mode of HIF-2 agonists through molecular dynamic simulations and biological validation. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:112999. [PMID: 33189439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-2 (HIF-2), a heterodimeric transcriptional protein consisting of HIF-2α and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) subunits, has a broad transcriptional profile that plays a vital role in human oxygen metabolism. M1001, a HIF-2 agonist identified by high-throughput screening (HTS), is capable of altering the conformation of Tyr281 of the HIF-2α PAS-B domain and enhancing the affinity of HIF-2α and ARNT for transcriptional activation. M1002, an analog of M1001, shows improved efficacy than M1001. However, the cocrystal structure of M1001 and HIF-2 has some defects in revealing the agonist binding mode due to the relatively low resolution, while the binding mode of M1002 remained unexplored. To in-depth understand agonist binding profiles, herein, the molecular dynamic (MD) simulations was applied to construct a stable agonist-protein model, and a possible binding mode was proposed through the analysis of the binding free energy and hydrogen bonding of the simulation results. Nine compounds were then synthesized and evaluated to verify the proposed binding mode. Among them, compound 10 manifested improved agonistic activity and reduced toxicity compared to M1002. This study provides deep insight into the binding mode of such HIF-2 agonists, which would be useful for designing novel agonists for HIF-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, and Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Quanwei Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, and Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Simeng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, and Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Chenyang Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, and Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, and Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a clinically heterogeneous disease and has poor patient outcome when tumours progress to castration-resistant and metastatic states. Understanding the mechanistic basis for transition to late stage aggressive disease is vital for both assigning patient risk status in the localised setting and also identifying novel treatment strategies to prevent progression. Subregions of intratumoral hypoxia are found in all solid tumours and are associated with many biologic drivers of tumour progression. Crucially, more recent findings show the co-presence of hypoxia and genomic instability can confer a uniquely adverse prognosis in localised PCa patients. In-depth informatic and functional studies suggests a role for hypoxia in co-operating with oncogenic drivers (e.g. loss of PTEN) and suppressing DNA repair capacity to alter clonal evolution due to an aggressive mutator phenotype. More specifically, hypoxic suppression of homologous recombination represents a “contextual lethal“ vulnerability in hypoxic prostate tumours which could extend the application of existing DNA repair targeting agents such as poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors. Further investigation is now required to assess this relationship on the background of existing genomic alterations relevant to PCa, and also characterise the role of hypoxia in driving early metastatic spread. On this basis, PCa patients with hypoxic tumours can be better stratified into risk categories and treated with appropriate therapies to prevent progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Ashton
- Translational Oncogenomics, CRUK Manchester Institute and CRUK Manchester Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Bristow
- Translational Oncogenomics, CRUK Manchester Institute and CRUK Manchester Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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105
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Liu PJ, Balfe P, McKeating JA, Schilling M. Oxygen Sensing and Viral Replication: Implications for Tropism and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2020; 12:E1213. [PMID: 33113858 PMCID: PMC7693908 DOI: 10.3390/v12111213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect and respond to varying oxygen tension is an essential prerequisite to life. Several mechanisms regulate the cellular response to oxygen including the prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)/factor inhibiting HIF (FIH)-hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway, cysteamine (2-aminoethanethiol) dioxygenase (ADO) system, and the lysine-specific demethylases (KDM) 5A and KDM6A. Using a systems-based approach we discuss the literature on oxygen sensing pathways in the context of virus replication in different tissues that experience variable oxygen tension. Current information supports a model where the PHD-HIF pathway enhances the replication of viruses infecting tissues under low oxygen, however, the reverse is true for viruses with a selective tropism for higher oxygen environments. Differences in oxygen tension and associated HIF signaling may play an important role in viral tropism and pathogenesis. Thus, pharmaceutical agents that modulate HIF activity could provide novel treatment options for viral infections and associated pathological conditions.
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106
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Choueiri TK, Kaelin WG. Targeting the HIF2-VEGF axis in renal cell carcinoma. Nat Med 2020; 26:1519-1530. [PMID: 33020645 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insights into the role of the tumor suppressor pVHL in oxygen sensing motivated the testing of drugs that target the transcription factor HIF or HIF-responsive growth factors, such as VEGF, for the treatment of cancers caused by VHL inactivation, such as clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Multiple VEGF inhibitors are now approved for the treatment of ccRCC, and a HIF2α inhibitor has advanced to phase 3 development for this disease. These inhibitors are now also increasingly combined with immune-checkpoint blockers. In this Perspective, we describe the understanding of the mechanisms of oxygen sensing and hypoxia signaling that resulted in the development of HIF2α-targeted therapies for patients with VHL-associated tumors. We also present future directions for extending the use of these therapies to other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni K Choueiri
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - William G Kaelin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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107
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Feng L, Sun C, Sun X, Zhao Y, Yu R, Kang C. Identification of inhibitors targeting HIF-2α/c-Myc by molecular docking and MM-GBSA technology. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 41:511-519. [PMID: 32981413 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1825493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of ccRCC by targeting hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-2α is currently a direct and effective method. Studies have shown that HIF-2α and c-Myc cooperate to promote ccRCC tumor progression, and the overexpression of c-Myc is related to the progress and drug resistance of most human cancers. Although HIF-2α and c-Myc are important drug targets, their dual inhibitors are still lacking. We used virtual screening tools (mainly including molecular docking and MM-GBSA technology) to obtain some well-listed compounds that can potentially target HIF-2α and c-Myc and used molecular dynamics simulations to study their binding with these protein systems. Using a structure-based screening scheme, a batch of top-ranking compounds were selected, and their binding affinities were predicted of these compounds were performed. Representative compound C93106, C43257, and C41580 all showed good comprehensive binding score. Our results indicate that the target compounds can all form key interactions with the active site of the protein, and 30 ns molecular dynamic simulation of the complex system indicates a stable binding conformation. This research laid the foundation for the development of more effective and specific HIF-2α and c-Myc dual-target inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Feng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuance Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohua Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao, China
| | - Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Congmin Kang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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108
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Targeting Metabolic Pathways in Kidney Cancer: Rationale and Therapeutic Opportunities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 26:407-418. [PMID: 32947309 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in cellular sugar, amino acid and nucleic acid, and lipid metabolism, as well as in mitochondrial function, are a hallmark of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The activation of oncogenes such as hypoxia-inducible factor and loss of the von Hippel-Lindau function and other tumor suppressors frequently occur early on during tumorigenesis and are the drivers for these changes, collectively known as "metabolic reprogramming," which promotes cellular growth, proliferation, and stress resilience. However, tumor cells can become addicted to reprogrammed metabolism. Here, we review the current knowledge of metabolic addictions in clear cell RCC, the most common form of RCC, and to what extent this has created therapeutic opportunities to interfere with such altered metabolic pathways to selectively target tumor cells. We highlight preclinical and emerging clinical data on novel therapeutics targeting metabolic traits in clear cell RCC to provide a comprehensive overview on current strategies to exploit metabolic reprogramming clinically.
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109
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Sun X, Lv X, Yan Y, Zhao Y, Ma R, He M, Wei M. Hypoxia-mediated cancer stem cell resistance and targeted therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110623. [PMID: 32791395 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major obstacle in the treatment of tumors, which easily lead to relapse or poor prognosis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are regarded as one of the important targets that mediate tumor resistance. Increasing evidence shows that the tumor hypoxia microenvironment is closely related to the resistance of CSCs to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this review, we intend to review the articles that have described how the hypoxic microenvironment affects CSC stemness and mediates tumor resistance and provide new directions and methods in the clinical treatment of tumors. Here, we also discuss the feasibility and development prospects of using hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) that regulate the hypoxic microenvironment of tumors as targeted agents to treat tumors, as well as to reduce or even reverse the resistance of tumors to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center for the Research, Development and Industrialization of Innovative Peptide Drugs, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Xuemei Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center for the Research, Development and Industrialization of Innovative Peptide Drugs, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center for the Research, Development and Industrialization of Innovative Peptide Drugs, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Yanyun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center for the Research, Development and Industrialization of Innovative Peptide Drugs, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center for the Research, Development and Industrialization of Innovative Peptide Drugs, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center for the Research, Development and Industrialization of Innovative Peptide Drugs, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center for the Research, Development and Industrialization of Innovative Peptide Drugs, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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110
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Zhao C, Zeng C, Ye S, Dai X, He Q, Yang B, Zhu H. Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ): a nexus between hypoxia and cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:947-960. [PMID: 32642404 PMCID: PMC7332664 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors. As transcription factors, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are the master regulators of the hypoxic microenvironment; their target genes function in tumorigenesis and tumor development. Intriguingly, both yes-associated protein (YAP) and its paralog transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) play fundamental roles in the malignant progression of hypoxic tumors. As downstream effectors of the mammalian Hippo pathway, YAP and/or TAZ (YAP/TAZ) are phosphorylated and sequestered in the cytoplasm by the large tumor suppressor kinase 1/2 (LATS1/2)-MOB kinase activator 1 (MOB1) complex, which restricts the transcriptional activity of YAP/TAZ. However, dephosphorylated YAP/TAZ have the ability to translocate to the nucleus where they induce transcription of target genes, most of which are closely related to cancer. Herein we review the tumor-related signaling crosstalk between YAP/TAZ and hypoxia, describe current agents and therapeutic strategies targeting the hypoxia–YAP/TAZ axis, and highlight questions that might have a potential impact in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zhao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenming Zeng
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Song Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xiaoyang Dai
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 571 882028401; fax: +86 571 88208400.
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111
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Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an emergence of interest in understanding metabolic changes associated with immune responses, termed immunometabolism. As oxygen is central to all aerobic metabolism, hypoxia is now recognized to contribute fundamentally to inflammatory and immune responses. Studies from a number of groups have implicated a prominent role for oxygen metabolism and hypoxia in innate immunity of healthy tissue (physiologic hypoxia) and during active inflammation (inflammatory hypoxia). This inflammatory hypoxia emanates from a combination of recruited inflammatory cells (e.g., neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes), high rates of oxidative metabolism, and the activation of multiple oxygen-consuming enzymes during inflammation. These localized shifts toward hypoxia have identified a prominent role for the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) in the regulation of innate immunity. Such studies have provided new and enlightening insight into our basic understanding of immune mechanisms, and extensions of these findings have identified potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize recent literature around the topic of innate immunity and mucosal hypoxia with a focus on transcriptional responses mediated by HIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Colgan
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA;
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Glenn T Furuta
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- UCD Conway Institute, Systems Biology Ireland and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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112
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Johnson BM, Shu YZ, Zhuo X, Meanwell NA. Metabolic and Pharmaceutical Aspects of Fluorinated Compounds. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6315-6386. [PMID: 32182061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The applications of fluorine in drug design continue to expand, facilitated by an improved understanding of its effects on physicochemical properties and the development of synthetic methodologies that are providing access to new fluorinated motifs. In turn, studies of fluorinated molecules are providing deeper insights into the effects of fluorine on metabolic pathways, distribution, and disposition. Despite the high strength of the C-F bond, the departure of fluoride from metabolic intermediates can be facile. This reactivity has been leveraged in the design of mechanism-based enzyme inhibitors and has influenced the metabolic fate of fluorinated compounds. In this Perspective, we summarize the literature associated with the metabolism of fluorinated molecules, focusing on examples where the presence of fluorine influences the metabolic profile. These studies have revealed potentially problematic outcomes with some fluorinated motifs and are enhancing our understanding of how fluorine should be deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Johnson
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yue-Zhong Shu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Xiaoliang Zhuo
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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113
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Yang Y, Luo G, Li Y, Tong X, He M, Zeng H, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Zheng Y. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling for Transforming Unactivated Aryl Electrophiles into β-Fluoroethylarenes. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:156-162. [PMID: 31755237 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We report herein a facile synthetic method for converting unactivated (hetero)aryl electrophiles into β-fluoroethylated (hetero)arenes via nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-couplings. This coupling reaction features the involvement of FCH2 CH2 radical intermediate rather than β-fluoroethyl manganese species which provides effective solutions to the problematic β-fluoride side eliminations. The practical value of this protocol is further demonstrated by the late-stage modification of several complex ArCl or ArOH-derived bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science&Engineering, 180 Xueyuan Street, Huixing Lu, Zigong, Sichuan, 643000, China
| | - Gen Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science&Engineering, 180 Xueyuan Street, Huixing Lu, Zigong, Sichuan, 643000, China
| | - Youlin Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science&Engineering, 180 Xueyuan Street, Huixing Lu, Zigong, Sichuan, 643000, China
| | - Xia Tong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science&Engineering, 180 Xueyuan Street, Huixing Lu, Zigong, Sichuan, 643000, China
| | - Mengmeng He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science&Engineering, 180 Xueyuan Street, Huixing Lu, Zigong, Sichuan, 643000, China
| | - Hongyao Zeng
- College of Chemistry, Leshan Normal University, 778 Binghe Road, Leshan, Sichuan, 614000, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science&Engineering, 180 Xueyuan Street, Huixing Lu, Zigong, Sichuan, 643000, China
| | - Yingle Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science&Engineering, 180 Xueyuan Street, Huixing Lu, Zigong, Sichuan, 643000, China
| | - Yubin Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science&Engineering, 180 Xueyuan Street, Huixing Lu, Zigong, Sichuan, 643000, China
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114
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Peng S, Zhang J, Tan X, Huang Y, Xu J, Silk N, Zhang D, Liu Q, Jiang J. The VHL/HIF Axis in the Development and Treatment of Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:586857. [PMID: 33329393 PMCID: PMC7732471 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.586857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors originating from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla (PCCs) or extra-adrenal sympathetic or parasympathetic paraganglia (PGLs). About 40% of PPGLs result from germline mutations and therefore they are highly inheritable. Although dysfunction of any one of a panel of more than 20 genes can lead to PPGLs, mutations in genes involved in the VHL/HIF axis including PHD, VHL, HIF-2A (EPAS1), and SDHx are more frequently found in PPGLs. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that pseudohypoxia plays a crucial role in the tumorigenesis of PPGLs, and therefore PPGLs are also known as metabolic diseases. However, the interplay between VHL/HIF-mediated pseudohypoxia and metabolic disorder in PPGLs cells is not well-defined. In this review, we will first discuss the VHL/HIF axis and genetic alterations in this axis. Then, we will dissect the underlying mechanisms in VHL/HIF axis-driven PPGL pathogenesis, with special attention paid to the interplay between the VHL/HIF axis and cancer cell metabolism. Finally, we will summarize the currently available compounds/drugs targeting this axis which could be potentially used as PPGLs treatment, as well as their underlying pharmacological mechanisms. The overall goal of this review is to better understand the role of VHL/HIF axis in PPGLs development, to establish more accurate tools in PPGLs diagnosis, and to pave the road toward efficacious therapeutics against metastatic PPGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Peng
- Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xintao Tan
- Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiqiang Huang
- Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Natalie Silk
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dianzheng Zhang
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Qiuli Liu
- Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Jiang, ; Qiuli Liu,
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Jiang, ; Qiuli Liu,
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115
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Abstract
The discovery of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene marked a milestone in our understanding of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) pathogenesis. VHL inactivation is not only a defining feature of ccRCC, but also the initiating event. Herein, we discuss canonical and noncanonical pVHL functions, as well as breakthroughs shaping our understanding of ccRCC evolution and evolutionary subtypes. We conclude by presenting evolving strategies to therapeutically exploit effector mechanisms downstream of pVHL.
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The Roles of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and Non-Coding RNAs in Gastrointestinal Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10121008. [PMID: 31817259 PMCID: PMC6947354 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that play central roles in cellular responses against hypoxia. In most cancers, HIFs are closely associated with tumorigenesis by regulating cell survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, and adaptation to the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Recently, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been reported to play critical roles in the hypoxic response in various cancers. Here, we review the roles of hypoxia-response ncRNAs in gastrointestinal cancer, with a particular focus on microRNAs and long ncRNAs, and discuss the functional relationships and regulatory mechanisms between HIFs and ncRNAs.
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117
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Yu Y, Yu Q, Zhang X. Allosteric inhibition of HIF-2α as a novel therapy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2332-2340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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118
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Mączka W, Wińska K, Grabarczyk M, Galek R. Plant-Mediated Enantioselective Transformation of Indan-1-one and Indan-1-ol. Part 2. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234342. [PMID: 31783666 PMCID: PMC6930634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this publication was to obtain the S-enantiomer of indan-1-ol with high enantiomeric excess and satisfactory yield. In our research, we used carrot callus cultures (Daucus carota L.), whereby the enzymatic system reduced indan-1-one and oxidized indan-1-ol. During the reaction of reduction, after five days, we received over 50% conversion, with the enantiomeric excess of the formed S-alcohol above 99%. In turn, during the oxidation of racemic indan-1-ol after 15 days, 36.7% of alcohol with an enantiomeric excess 57.4% S(+) remained in the reaction mixture. In addition, our research confirmed that the reactions of reduction and oxidation are competing reactions during the transformation of indan-1-ol and indan-1-one in carrot callus cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Mączka
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (K.W.); (M.G.); Tel.: +48-71-320-5213 (W.M. & K.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Wińska
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (K.W.); (M.G.); Tel.: +48-71-320-5213 (W.M. & K.W.)
| | - Małgorzata Grabarczyk
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (K.W.); (M.G.); Tel.: +48-71-320-5213 (W.M. & K.W.)
| | - Renata Galek
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences Pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 53-363 Wroclaw, Poland;
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119
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Abstract
The main purpose of this work was to discover the way to obtain pure enantiomers of indan-1-ol. The subject of the study was the ability of the plant enzyme system to reduce the carbonyl group of indan-1-one, as well as to oxidize the hydroxyl group of racemic indan-1-ol. Locally available fruit and vegetables were selected for stereoselective biotransformation. During the reduction, mainly alcohol of the S-(+)-configuration with a high enantiomeric excess (ee = 99%) was obtained. The opposite enantiomer was obtained in bioreduction with the apple and parsley. Racemic indan-1-ol was oxidized by all catalysts. The best result was obtained for the Jerusalem artichoke: Over 50% conversion was observed after 1 h, and the enantiomeric excess of unreacted R-(–)-indan1-ol was 100%.
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