101
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Ryzhov V, Dunbar RC, Cerda B, Wesdemiotis C. Cation-pi effects in the complexation of Na+ and K+ with Phe, Tyr, and Trp in the gas phase. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2000; 11:1037-1046. [PMID: 11118110 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(00)00181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Na+ and K+ gas-phase affinities of the three aromatic amino acids Phe, Tyr, and Trp were measured by the kinetic method. Na+ binds these amino acids much more strongly than K+, and for both metal ions the binding strength was found to follow the order Phe < or = Tyr < Trp. Quantum chemical calculations by density functional theory (DFT) gave the same qualitative ordering, but suggested a somewhat larger Phe/Trp increment. These results are in acceptable agreement with predictions based on the binding of Na+ and K+ to the side chain model molecules benzene, phenol, and indole, and are also in reasonable agreement with the predictions from purely electrostatic calculations of the side-chain binding effects. The binding energies were compared with those to the aliphatic amino acids glycine and alanine. Binding to the aromatic amino acids was found to be stronger both experimentally and computationally, but the DFT calculations indicate substantially larger increments relative to alanine than shown by the experiments. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed. The metal ion binding energies show the same trends as the proton affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ryzhov
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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102
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Rulíšek L, Havlas Z. Theoretical Studies of Metal Ion Selectivity. 1. DFT Calculations of Interaction Energies of Amino Acid Side Chains with Selected Transition Metal Ions (Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+). J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja001265g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lubomír Rulíšek
- Contribution from the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, and Center for Complex Molecular Systems and Biomolecules, Flemigovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Havlas
- Contribution from the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, and Center for Complex Molecular Systems and Biomolecules, Flemigovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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103
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Kassab E, Langlet J, Evleth E, Akacem Y. Theoretical study of solvent effect on intramolecular proton transfer of glycine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(00)00451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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104
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Shields SJ, Bluhm BK, Russell DH. Fragmentation chemistry of [M + Cu]+ peptide ions containing an N-terminal arginine. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2000; 11:626-638. [PMID: 10883818 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(00)00128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
[M + Cu]+ peptide ions formed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization from direct desorption off a copper sample stage have sufficient internal energy to undergo metastable ion dissociation in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. On the basis of fragmentation chemistry of peptides containing an N-terminal arginine, we propose the primary Cu+ ion binding site is the N-terminal arginine with Cu+ binding to the guanidine group of arginine and the N-terminal amine. The principal decay products of [M + Cu]+ peptide ions containing an N-terminal arginine are [a(n) + Cu - H]+ and [b(n) + Cu - H]+ fragments. We show evidence to suggest that [a(n) + Cu - H]+ fragment ions are formed by elimination of CO from [b(n) + Cu - H]+ ions and by direct backbone cleavage. We conclude that Cu+ ionizes the peptide by attaching to the N-terminal arginine residue; however, fragmentation occurs remote from the Cu+ ion attachment site involving metal ion promoted deprotonation to generate a new site of protonation. That is, the fragmentation reactions of [M + Cu]+ ions can be described in terms of a "mobile proton" model. Furthermore, proline residues that are adjacent to the N-terminal arginine do not inhibit formation of [b(n) + Cu - H]+ ion, whereas proline residues that are distant to the charge carrying arginine inhibit formation of [b(n) + Cu - H]+ ions. An unusual fragment ion, [c(n) + Cu + H]+, is also observed for peptides containing lysine, glutamine, or asparagine in close proximity to the Cu+ carrying N-terminal arginine. Mechanisms for formation of this fragment ion are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Shields
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station 77842, USA
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105
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Marino T, Russo N, Toscano M. Gas-phase metal ion (Li+, Na+, Cu+) affinities of glycine and alanine. J Inorg Biochem 2000; 79:179-85. [PMID: 10830864 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(99)00242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase metal affinities of glycine and alanine for Li+, Na+ and Cu+ ions have been determined theoretically employing the hybrid B3LYP exchange-correlation functional and using extended basis sets. All computations indicate that the metal ion affinity (MIA) decreases on going from Cu+ to Li+ and Na+ for both the considered amino acids. The absolute MIA values are close to the experimental counterparts with the exception of lithium for which a deviation of about 7 kcal/mol at the B3LYP level is obtained. The optimized structures indicate that Li+, Na+ and Cu+ prefer a bidentate coordination, bonding with both nitrogen and oxygen atoms of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' della Calabria, Italy
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106
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Minyaev RM, Starikov AG, Minkin VI. Stabilization of the glycine zwitterionic form by complexation with Na+ and Cl−: an ab initio study. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2000. [DOI: 10.1070/mc2000v010n02abeh001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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107
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Rogalewicz F, Ohanessian G, Gresh N. Interaction of neutral and zwitterionic glycine with Zn2+ in gas phase:ab initio and SIBFA molecular mechanics calculations. J Comput Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-987x(200008)21:11<963::aid-jcc6>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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108
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El-Nahas AM, Hirao K. Complexation of Li+ and Cu+ with HX (X = F, Cl, OH, SH, NH2, and PH2) Molecules by B3LYP and CCSD(T) Methods. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9929115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. El-Nahas
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Hirao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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109
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Luna A, Gevrey S, Tortajada J. Modeling the Interaction of the Phosphate Group in Nucleotides with Copper(I) in the Gas Phase: Reactivity of Cu+ with Orthophosphoric Acid and Its Monomethyl Ester. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991050x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Luna
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 8587, 4 Place Jussieu, Boîte 45, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - S. Gevrey
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 8587, 4 Place Jussieu, Boîte 45, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - J. Tortajada
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 8587, 4 Place Jussieu, Boîte 45, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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110
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Wang Z, Chu IK, Rodriquez CF, Hopkinson AC, Siu KWM. α,ω-Diaminoalkanes as Models for Bases that Dicoordinate the Proton: An Evaluation of the Kinetic Method for Estimating Their Proton Affinities. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9914976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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111
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Hoyau S, Norrman K, McMahon TB, Ohanessian G. A Quantitative Basis for a Scale of Na+ Affinities of Organic and Small Biological Molecules in the Gas Phase. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9841198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Hoyau
- Contribution from the Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels, UMR 7651 du CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau CEDEX, France, and Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
| | - K. Norrman
- Contribution from the Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels, UMR 7651 du CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau CEDEX, France, and Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
| | - T. B. McMahon
- Contribution from the Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels, UMR 7651 du CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau CEDEX, France, and Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
| | - G. Ohanessian
- Contribution from the Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels, UMR 7651 du CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau CEDEX, France, and Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
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112
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Sabolovic J, Liedl KR. Why Are Copper(II) Amino Acid Complexes Not Planar in Their Crystal Structures? An ab Initio and Molecular Mechanics Study. Inorg Chem 1999; 38:2764-2774. [PMID: 11671020 DOI: 10.1021/ic980471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents geometries of copper(II) chelates with L-alanine, L-leucine, and L-N,N-dimethylvaline optimized by the hybrid density functional method B3LYP. According to the molecular quantum mechanics results, a square-planar copper(II) coordination geometry is electronically favored in vacuo. Deviations from the planar configuration observed in the crystal state should be attributed to sterical intramolecular and/or intermolecular effects. This paper proposes a new molecular mechanics model for tetracoordinated copper(II) amino acidates to investigate these effects in detail. The empirical parameter set for the selected potential energy functions was optimized both with respect to the X-ray crystal structures (internal coordinates and unit cell constants) and with respect to the quantum mechanically derived valence angles around copper. To test this newly developed force field (FF), the equilibrium geometries of 10 molecules are predicted in vacuo and in approximate crystalline surrounding. The results were compared with their ab initio and experimental crystal structures, respectively. The unit cell volumes were reproduced in a range from -7.0% to 2.1%. The total root-mean-square deviations between the experimental and FF in crystal internal coordinates were 0.017 Å in the bond lengths, 2.2 degrees in the valence angles, and 3.6 degrees in the torsion angles. The force field is capable of reproducing the changes in the chelate rings' torsion angles caused by the crystal packing forces and successfully explains the nonplanarity of Cu(II) amino acid complexes in their crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Sabolovic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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113
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Wu J, Wesdemiotis C. Cu(NH3)1–2 complexes: formation and characterization in the gas phase by neutralization–reionization mass spectrometry. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(99)00204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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114
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Bertrán J, Rodríguez-Santiago L, Sodupe M. The Different Nature of Bonding in Cu+-Glycine and Cu2+-Glycine. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp984534m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Bertrán
- Departament de Química, Unitat de Química Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Rodríguez-Santiago
- Departament de Química, Unitat de Química Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Sodupe
- Departament de Química, Unitat de Química Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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115
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Rulíšek L, Havlas Z. Ab Initio Calculations of Monosubstituted (CH3OH, CH3SH, NH3) Hydrated Ions of Zn2+ and Ni2+. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp983540f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Havlas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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116
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117
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Alcamí M, Mó O, Yáñez M, Luna A, Morizur JP, Tortajada J. Exploring the Potential Energy Surface of the Association of Cu+ to Oxaziridine, Nitrosomethane, and Formaldoxime. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp982796i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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118
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Dunbar RC. Binding of Na+, Mg+, and Al+ to the π Faces of Naphthalene and Indole: Ab Initio Mapping Study. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp981371t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Dunbar
- Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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119
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Alexandrov V, Stepanian S, Adamowicz L. Theoretical ab initio study of O–H vibrational band in gas-phase glycine conformers. Chem Phys Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(98)00555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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120
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Luna A, Amekraz B, Tortajada J, Morizur JP, Alcamí M, Mó O, Yáñez M. Modeling the Interactions between Peptide Functions and Cu(I): Formamide−Cu+ Reactions in the Gas Phase. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja971623o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Luna
- Contribution from the Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 172, Boite 45, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, and Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - B. Amekraz
- Contribution from the Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 172, Boite 45, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, and Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Tortajada
- Contribution from the Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 172, Boite 45, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, and Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - J. P. Morizur
- Contribution from the Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 172, Boite 45, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, and Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Alcamí
- Contribution from the Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 172, Boite 45, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, and Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - O. Mó
- Contribution from the Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 172, Boite 45, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, and Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Yáñez
- Contribution from the Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 172, Boite 45, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, and Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
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121
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Luna A, Morizur JP, Tortajada J, Alcamí M, Mó O, Yáñez M. Role of Cu+ Association on the Formamide → Formamidic Acid → (Aminohydroxy)carbene Isomerizations in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980629c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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122
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Stepanian SG, Reva ID, Radchenko ED, Rosado MTS, Duarte MLTS, Fausto R, Adamowicz L. Matrix-Isolation Infrared and Theoretical Studies of the Glycine Conformers. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp973397a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. G. Stepanian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineermg, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 47 Lenin Avenue, Kharkov 310164 Ukraine, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, lJniversity of Lisbon, R. Ernesto de Vasconcelos, ed. C1 1700 Lisboa, Portugal, and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P-3049 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I. D. Reva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineermg, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 47 Lenin Avenue, Kharkov 310164 Ukraine, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, lJniversity of Lisbon, R. Ernesto de Vasconcelos, ed. C1 1700 Lisboa, Portugal, and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P-3049 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - E. D. Radchenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineermg, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 47 Lenin Avenue, Kharkov 310164 Ukraine, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, lJniversity of Lisbon, R. Ernesto de Vasconcelos, ed. C1 1700 Lisboa, Portugal, and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P-3049 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. T. S. Rosado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineermg, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 47 Lenin Avenue, Kharkov 310164 Ukraine, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, lJniversity of Lisbon, R. Ernesto de Vasconcelos, ed. C1 1700 Lisboa, Portugal, and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P-3049 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. L. T. S. Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineermg, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 47 Lenin Avenue, Kharkov 310164 Ukraine, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, lJniversity of Lisbon, R. Ernesto de Vasconcelos, ed. C1 1700 Lisboa, Portugal, and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P-3049 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R. Fausto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineermg, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 47 Lenin Avenue, Kharkov 310164 Ukraine, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, lJniversity of Lisbon, R. Ernesto de Vasconcelos, ed. C1 1700 Lisboa, Portugal, and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P-3049 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - L. Adamowicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineermg, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 47 Lenin Avenue, Kharkov 310164 Ukraine, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, lJniversity of Lisbon, R. Ernesto de Vasconcelos, ed. C1 1700 Lisboa, Portugal, and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P-3049 Coimbra, Portugal
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