101
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Yadav P, Singh P, Tewari AK. Design, synthesis, docking and anti-inflammatory evaluation of novel series of benzofuran based prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2251-5. [PMID: 24745964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several new benzofuran derivatives were synthesized, via appropriate synthetic route as anti-inflammatory agents. The anti-inflammatory activity of the prepared compounds was evaluated using carrageenan rat model. Among the synthesized compounds, some compounds showed comparable anti-inflammatory activity to nimesulide, the standard drug taken for anti-inflammatory studies. Docking study of the prepared compounds was performed for the study of interaction of molecules with the active site of COX-2. Preliminary biological studies and docking gave an interesting insight, into the validity of employing benzofuran analogues as good anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advance Studies, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Praveen Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advance Studies, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Tewari
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advance Studies, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India.
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102
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Strasinger CL, Scheff NN, Stinchcomb AL. Prodrugs and codrugs as strategies for improving percutaneous absorption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469872.3.2.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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103
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Luci DK, Jameson JB, Yasgar A, Diaz G, Joshi N, Kantz A, Markham K, Perry S, Kuhn N, Yeung J, Kerns EH, Schultz L, Holinstat M, Nadler JL, Taylor-Fishwick DA, Jadhav A, Simeonov A, Holman TR, Maloney DJ. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of 4-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amino)benzenesulfonamide derivatives as potent and selective inhibitors of 12-lipoxygenase. J Med Chem 2014; 57:495-506. [PMID: 24393039 DOI: 10.1021/jm4016476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a family of iron-containing enzymes which catalyze the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to provide the corresponding bioactive hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) metabolites. These eicosanoid signaling molecules are involved in a number of physiologic responses such as platelet aggregation, inflammation, and cell proliferation. Our group has taken a particular interest in platelet-type 12-(S)-LOX (12-LOX) because of its demonstrated role in skin diseases, diabetes, platelet hemostasis, thrombosis, and cancer. Herein, we report the identification and medicinal chemistry optimization of a 4-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amino)benzenesulfonamide-based scaffold. Top compounds, exemplified by 35 and 36, display nM potency against 12-LOX, excellent selectivity over related lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases, and possess favorable ADME properties. In addition, both compounds inhibit PAR-4 induced aggregation and calcium mobilization in human platelets and reduce 12-HETE in β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane K Luci
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Rockville, Maryland, United States
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104
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Clas SD, Sanchez RI, Nofsinger R. Chemistry-enabled drug delivery (prodrugs): recent progress and challenges. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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105
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Martinez-Perez JA, Iyengar S, Shannon HE, Bleakman D, Alt A, Arnold BM, Bell MG, Bleisch TJ, Castaño AM, Del Prado M, Dominguez E, Escribano AM, Filla SA, Ho KH, Hudziak KJ, Jones CK, Mateo A, Mathes BM, Mattiuz EL, Ogden AML, Simmons RMA, Stack DR, Stratford RE, Winter MA, Wu Z, Ornstein PL. GluK1 antagonists from 6-(carboxy)phenyl decahydroisoquinoline derivatives. SAR and evaluation of a prodrug strategy for oral efficacy in pain models. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6459-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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106
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Perez C, Daniel KB, Cohen SM. Evaluating prodrug strategies for esterase-triggered release of alcohols. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1662-7. [PMID: 23929690 PMCID: PMC3918245 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs are effective tools in overcoming drawbacks typically associated with drug formulation and delivery. Those employing esterase-triggered functional groups are frequently utilized to mask polar carboxylic acids and phenols, increasing drug-like properties such as lipophilicity. Herein we detail a comprehensive assessment for strategies that effectively release hydroxy and phenolic moieties in the presence of an esterase. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) serve as our proof-of-concept target. Three distinct ester-responsive protecting groups are incorporated into MMP proinhibitors containing hydroxy moieties. Analytical evaluation of the proinhibitors demonstrates that the use of a benzyl ether group appended to the esterase trigger leads to considerably faster kinetics of conversion and enhanced aqueous stability when compared with more conventional approaches where the trigger is directly attached to the inhibitor. Biological assays confirm that all protecting groups effectively cleave in the presence of esterase to generate the active inhibitor. The superior reaction-based prodrug strategies presented here should serve as a platform for esterase-responsive prodrug design in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Perez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Kevin B. Daniel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Seth M. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
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107
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da Silva Santos S, Giarolla J, Pasqualoto KF, Ferreira EI. Molecular modelling as a tool for studying the disassembly of potentially leishmanicide-targeted dendrimer. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2013.774086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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108
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Identification of the first synthetic inhibitors of the type II transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2 suitable for inhibition of influenza virus activation. Biochem J 2013; 452:331-43. [PMID: 23527573 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
TMPRSS2 (transmembrane serine proteinase 2) is a multidomain type II transmembrane serine protease that cleaves the surface glycoprotein HA (haemagglutinin) of influenza viruses with a monobasic cleavage site, which is a prerequisite for virus fusion and propagation. Furthermore, it activates the fusion protein F of the human metapneumovirus and the spike protein S of the SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus). Increased TMPRSS2 expression was also described in several tumour entities. Therefore TMPRSS2 emerged as a potential target for drug design. The catalytic domain of TMPRSS2 was expressed in Escherichia coli and used for an inhibitor screen with previously synthesized inhibitors of various trypsin-like serine proteases. Two inhibitor types were identified which inhibit TMPRSS2 in the nanomolar range. The first series comprises substrate analogue inhibitors containing a 4-amidinobenzylamide moiety at the P1 position, whereby some of these analogues possess inhibition constants of approximately 20 nM. An improved potency was found for a second type derived from sulfonylated 3-amindinophenylalanylamide derivatives. The most potent derivative of this series inhibits TMPRSS2 with a K(i) value of 0.9 nM and showed an efficient blockage of influenza virus propagation in human airway epithelial cells. On the basis of the inhibitor studies, a series of new fluorogenic substrates containing a D-arginine residue at the P3 position was synthesized, some of them were efficiently cleaved by TMPRSS2.
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109
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110
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Wickremsinhe ER, Lee LB, Schmalz CA, Torchia J, Ruterbories KJ. High sensitive assay employing column switching chromatography to enable simultaneous quantification of an amide prodrug of gemcitabine (LY2334737), gemcitabine, and its metabolite dFdU in human plasma by LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 932:117-22. [PMID: 23831704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study we report a high sensitive method for the simultaneous analysis of LY2334737 (2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluoro-N-(1-oxo-2-propylpentyl)-cytidine), an amide prodrug of gemcitabine (2', 2'-difluoro-deoxycytidine), along with its active drug gemcitabine and its major metabolite dFdU (2',2'-difluoro-deoxyuridine) by LC-MS/MS. Quantification of all three analytes within a single analysis was challenging because the physio-chemical properties of LY2334737 were significantly different from gemcitabine and dFdU and was accomplished by incorporating column-switching. The assay was fully validated to quantify LY2334737 from 0.1 to 100ng/mL, gemcitabine from 0.25 to 100ng/mL and dFdU from 1 to 1000ng/mL in order to cover the diverse concentration ranges expected in clinical samples. A 25-fold dilution was also validated to accommodate any samples outside this range. Overall, the assay had good accuracy (ranging from -7.0 to 1.2% relative error) and precision (ranging from 2.1 to 8.4% relative standard deviation). Extraction efficiency was greater than 80% for all three analytes and there were no matrix effects. Plasma samples were stable for 24h at room temperature, 660 days in frozen storage, and at least 4 freeze-thaw cycles, at both -20 and -70°C. Data from clinical trials showed that plasma concentrations for LY2334737, gemcitabine, and dFdU were successfully quantified from a single LC-MS/MS analysis and that the assay ranges selected for the three analytes were appropriate and minimized the need for reanalysis.
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111
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Preclinical absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of an oral amide prodrug of gemcitabine designed to deliver prolonged systemic exposure. Pharmaceutics 2013; 5:261-76. [PMID: 24300450 PMCID: PMC3834946 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics5020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is an intravenously administered nucleoside analog chemotherapeutic agent. The ability to deliver this agent as an oral drug would allow greater flexibility of administration and patient convenience; however, attempts have been fraught with high first-pass metabolism and potential intestinal toxicity. Alternatively, an amide prodrug of gemcitabine (LY2334737) was discovered, which is able to avoid the extensive first-pass metabolism that occurs following administration of gemcitabine. Preclinical in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate the hydrolysis and pharmacokinetics of LY2334737 and its downstream metabolites. In mice, rats, and dogs, the prodrug is absorbed largely intact across the intestinal epithelium and delivers LY2334737 to systemic circulation. The hydrolysis of LY2334737 is relatively slow, resulting in sustained release of gemcitabine in vivo. In vitro experiments identified carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) as a major enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of LY2334737, but with relatively low intrinsic clearance. Following hydrolysis of the prodrug, gemcitabine is cleared predominantly via the formation of its inactive metabolite dFdU. Both biliary and renal excretion was responsible for the elimination of LY2334737 and its metabolites in both mice and dogs.
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112
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Liu Z, Li W, Wen HM, Bian HM, Zhang J, Chen L, Chen L, Yang KD. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and pharmacokinetic study of novel liguzinediol prodrugs. Molecules 2013; 18:4561-72. [PMID: 23599014 PMCID: PMC6270099 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liguzinediol (LZDO) ester prodrugs 3-5 were synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their potential use in prolonging the half-life of the parent drug LZDO (1a) in vivo. Prodrugs 3-5 were found to display a potent positive inotropic effect on the myocardium, without the risk of arrhythmia. Prodrugs 3-5 rapidly underwent enzymatic hydrolysis to release the parent compound LZDO in 1-3 h in rat liver microsomes and rat plasma. The half-life of the parent compound was prolonged after intragastric administration of prodrug 3, which was found to be a superior prodrug candidate for increasing myocardial contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
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113
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Kumar V, Kishor S, Ramaniah LM. First-principles DFT study of some acyclic nucleoside analogues (anti-herpes drugs). Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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114
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Brudeli B, Moltzau LR, Nguyen CHT, Andressen KW, Nilsen NO, Levy FO, Klaveness J. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of a new hydrophilic and orally bioavailable 5-HT4 antagonist. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 64:629-37. [PMID: 23711770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
5-HT4 receptor antagonists have been suggested to have clinical potential in treatment of atrial fibrillation, diarrhea-prone irritable bowel syndrome and urinary incontinence. Recently, the use of 5-HT4 antagonists has been suggested to have a therapeutic benefit in heart failure. Affinity for the hERG potassium ion channel and increased risk for prolonged QT intervals and arrhythmias has been observed for several 5-HT4 ligands. Serotonin may also have beneficial effects in the central nervous system (CNS) through stimulation of the 5-HT4 receptor, and reduced distribution of 5-HT4 antagonists to the CNS may therefore be an advantage. Replacing the amide and N-butyl side chain of the 5-HT4 receptor antagonist SB207266 with an ester and a benzyl dimethyl acetic acid group led to compound 9; a hydrophilic 5-HT4 antagonist with excellent receptor binding and low affinity for the hERG potassium ion channel. To increase oral bioavailability of carboxylic acid 9, two different prodrug approaches were applied. The tert-butyl prodrug 11 did not improve bioavailability, and LC-MS analysis revealed unmetabolized prodrug in the systemic circulation. The medoxomil ester prodrug 10 showed complete conversion and sufficient bioavailability of 9 to advance into further preclinical testing for treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Brudeli
- Drug Discovery Laboratory AS, Oslo Innovation Center, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
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115
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Sabit H, Dahan A, Sun J, Provoda CJ, Lee KD, Hilfinger JH, Amidon GL. Cytomegalovirus protease targeted prodrug development. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1417-24. [PMID: 23485093 PMCID: PMC3616455 DOI: 10.1021/mp3007067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a
prevalent virus that infects
up to 90% of the population. The goal of this research is to determine
if small molecular prodrug substrates can be developed for a specific
HCMV encoded protease and thus achieve site-specific activation. HCMV
encodes a 256 amino acid serine protease that is responsible for capsid
assembly, an essential process for herpes virus production. The esterase
activity of the more stable HCMV A143T/A144T protease mutant was evaluated
with model p-nitrophenol (ONp) esters, Boc-Xaa-ONp
(Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Gln, Phe at the Xaa position). We demonstrate
that the A143T/A144T mutant has esterase activity toward specific
small ester compounds, e.g., Boc-l-Ala-ONp. Mono amino acid
and dipeptide prodrugs of ganciclovir (GCV) were also synthesized
and evaluated for hydrolysis by the A143T/A144T protease mutant in
solution. Hydrolysis of these prodrugs was also evaluated in Caco-2
cell homogenates, human liver microsomes (HLMs), and rat and human
plasma. For the selectivity potential of the prodrugs, the hydrolysis
ratio was evaluated as a percentage of prodrug hydrolyzed by the HCMV
protease over the percentages of prodrug hydrolyses by Caco-2 cell
homogenates, HLMs, and human/rat plasma. A dipeptide prodrug of ganciclovir,
Ac-l-Gln-l-Ala-GCV, emerged as a potential selective
prodrug candidate. The results of this research demonstrate that targeting
prodrugs for activation by a specific protease encoded by the infectious
HCMV pathogen may be achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairat Sabit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 40850, USA
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116
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Ishizuka T, Rozehnal V, Fischer T, Kato A, Endo S, Yoshigae Y, Kurihara A, Izumi T. Interindividual variability of carboxymethylenebutenolidase homolog, a novel olmesartan medoxomil hydrolase, in the human liver and intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1156-62. [PMID: 23471504 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.051482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Olmesartan medoxomil (OM) is a prodrug-type angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. OM is rapidly converted into its active metabolite olmesartan by multiple hydrolases in humans, and we recently identified carboxymethylenebutenolidase homolog (CMBL) as one of the OM bioactivating hydrolases. In the present study, we further investigated the interindividual variability of mRNA and protein expression of CMBL and OM-hydrolase activity using 40 individual human liver and 30 intestinal specimens. In the intestinal samples, OM-hydrolase activity strongly correlated with the CMBL protein expression, clearly indicating that CMBL is a major contributor to the prodrug bioactivation in human intestine. The protein and activity were highly distributed in the proximal region (duodenum and jejunum) and decreased to the distal region of the intestine. Although there was high interindividual variability (16-fold) in both the protein and activity in the intestinal segments from the duodenum to colon, the interindividual variability in the duodenum and jejunum was relatively small (3.0- and 2.4-fold, respectively). In the liver samples, the interindividual variability in the protein and activity was 4.1- and 6.8-fold, respectively. No sex differences in the protein and activity were shown in the human liver or intestine. A genetically engineered Y155C mutant of CMBL, which was caused by a single nucleotide polymorphism rs35489000, showed significantly lower OM-hydrolase activity than the wild-type protein although no minor allele was genotyped in the 40 individual liver specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ishizuka
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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117
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Prodrugs as self-assembled hydrogels: a new paradigm for biomaterials. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:1174-82. [PMID: 23465753 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prodrug-based self-assembled hydrogels represent a new class of active biomaterials that can be harnessed for medical applications, in particular the design of stimuli responsive drug delivery devices. In this approach, a promoiety is chemically conjugated to a known-drug to generate an amphiphilic prodrug that is capable of forming self-assembled hydrogels. Prodrug-based self-assembled hydrogels are advantageous as they alter the solubility of the drug, enhance drug loading, and eliminate the use of harmful excipients. In addition, self-assembled prodrug hydrogels can be designed to undergo controlled drug release or tailored degradation in response to biological cues. Herein we review the development of prodrug-based self-assembled hydrogels as an emerging class of biomaterials that overcome several common limitations encountered in conventional drug delivery.
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118
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Campos FDS, Cassimiro DL, Crespi MS, Almeida AE, Gremião MPD. Preparation and characterisation of Dextran-70 hydrogel for controlled release of praziquantel. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502013000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A hydrogel was developed from 70 kDa dextran (DEX-70) and praziquantel (PZQ) incorporated as a model drug. Biopharmaceutical properties, such as solubility and dissolution rate, were analysed in the design of the hydrogel. Furthermore, the hydrogel was also characterized by IR spectroscopy and DSC. Tests of the swelling rate showed that the hydrogel swelled slowly, albeit faster than the rate for the free polymer. In dissolution tests, the hydrogel released the drug slowly and continuously. This slow release was similar to that observed in the swelling tests and resulted in controlled release of the drug. Thus, this dextran is a suitable polymer for the development of hydrogels as vehicles for the controlled release of drugs.
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119
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Drug "supersaturation" states induced by polymeric micelles and liposomes: a mechanistic investigation into permeability enhancements. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 48:775-80. [PMID: 23354151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate if the increase in apparent solubility induced by liposomalization or micellization of the poorly soluble drug hydrocortisone (HC) would lead to an enhancement of its permeability through biological membranes. For this purpose phosphatidylcholine liposome formulations as well as d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) micelle dispersions and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) supersaturated solutions were prepared in order to increase the apparent solubility of HC. Both the apparent solubility of hydrocortisone (i.e. amount of drug entrapped plus non-entrapped in the carriers) as well as the concentration of molecularly dissolved drug (i.e. fraction non-entrapped into carriers, truly molecularly dissolved fraction) were characterized. Subsequently, the permeability of hydrocortisone was assessed for each type of formulation using the in vitro sheep nasal mucosa permeability assay. In all formulations where solubilizing agents are present, an enhanced flux of HC (compared to the pure drug powder suspension) is observed. The expected linear correlation between apparent solubilities and fluxes was not found, whereas, the concentrations of molecularly dissolved HC were found to be directly proportional to the respective fluxes. This is an experimental proof for the hypothesis that, of all the strategies to increase the apparent solubility of poorly soluble drugs, enhancement of the molecularly dissolved drug concentration (induction of true supersaturation) would lead to better permeation though membranes.
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120
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O'Boyle NM, Greene LM, Keely NO, Wang S, Cotter TS, Zisterer DM, Meegan MJ. Synthesis and biochemical activities of antiproliferative amino acid and phosphate derivatives of microtubule-disrupting β-lactam combretastatins. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 62:705-21. [PMID: 23454513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and biochemical activities of novel water-soluble β-lactam analogues of combretastatin A-4 are described. The first series of compounds investigated, β-lactam phosphate esters 7a, 8a and 9a, exhibited potent antiproliferative activity and caused microtubule disruption in human breast carcinoma-derived MCF-7 cells. They did not inhibit tubulin polymerisation in vitro, indicating that biotransformation was necessary for their antiproliferative and tubulin binding effects in MCF-7 cells. The second series of compounds, β-lactam amino acid amides (including 10k and 11l) displayed potent antiproliferative activity in MCF-7 cells, disrupted microtubules in MCF-7 cells and also inhibited the polymerisation of tubulin in vitro. This indicates that the β-lactam amides did not require metabolic activation to have antiproliferative effects, in contrast to the phosphate series. Both series of compounds caused mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Molecular modelling studies indicated potential binding conformations for the β-lactam amino acid amides 10k and 11l in the colchicine-binding site of tubulin. Due to their aqueous solubility and potent biochemical effects, these compounds are promising candidates for further development as microtubule-disrupting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M O'Boyle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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121
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122
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McCrary PD, Beasley PA, Gurau G, Narita A, Barber PS, Cojocaru OA, Rogers RD. Drug specific, tuning of an ionic liquid's hydrophilic–lipophilic balance to improve water solubility of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00454f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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123
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Cojocaru OA, Bica K, Gurau G, Narita A, McCrary PD, Shamshina JL, Barber PS, Rogers RD. Prodrug ionic liquids: functionalizing neutral active pharmaceutical ingredients to take advantage of the ionic liquid form. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md20359j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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124
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Sofia MJ. Nucleotide prodrugs for the treatment of HCV infection. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 67:39-73. [PMID: 23885998 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405880-4.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is an essential enzyme in HCV viral replication and has been a prominent target in the search for therapies to treat individuals infected with HCV. The development of both nucleoside and nucleotide HCV inhibitors has been pursued because of their potential for showing pangenotypic activity and because of their high barrier to resistance. Even though nucleoside inhibitors were shown to be effective in a clinical setting, their potency limited their effectiveness. The exploitation of prodrug strategies to deliver nucleoside 5'-monophosphates has resulted in the development of a number of very potent inhibitors of HCV replication. In addition, several of these nucleotide prodrugs have demonstrated liver-targeting characteristics when administered orally. Human clinical studies have shown that a number of nucleotide prodrugs are potent inhibitors of viral replication leading to significant reductions in viral load when given orally. Combinations of these nucleotide prodrugs with either pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin or another direct acting antiviral alone has lead to cure rates as high as 100% after only 12 weeks of therapy. The combination of a nucleotide prodrug and another direct-acting antiviral agent holds the promise of delivering an interferon-free therapy for HCV patients thus eliminating the undesirable side effects associated with taking interferon.
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125
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Qandil AM. Prodrugs of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), more than meets the eye: a critical review. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:17244-74. [PMID: 23247285 PMCID: PMC3546748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131217244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and the synthesis of prodrugs for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been given much attention by medicinal chemists, especially in the last decade. As a therapeutic group, NSAIDs are among the most widely used prescribed and over the counter (OTC) medications. The rich literature about potential NSAID prodrugs clearly shows a shift from alkyl, aryalkyl or aryl esters with the sole role of masking the carboxylic acid group, to more elaborate conjugates that contain carefully chosen groups to serve specific purposes, such as enhancement of water solubility and dissolution, nitric oxide release, hydrogen sulfide release, antioxidant activity, anticholinergic and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AChEI) activity and site-specific targeting and delivery. This review will focus on NSAID prodrugs that have been designed or were, later, found to possess intrinsic pharmacological activity as an intact chemical entity. Such intrinsic activity might augment the anti-inflammatory activity of the NSAID, reduce its side effects or transform the potential therapeutic use from classical anti-inflammatory action to something else. Reports discussed in this review will be those of NO-NSAIDs, anticholinergic and AChEI-NSAIDs, Phospho-NSAIDs and some miscellaneous agents. In most cases, this review will cover literature dealing with these NSAID prodrugs from the year 2006 and later. Older literature will be used when necessary, e.g., to explain the chemical and biological mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad M Qandil
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
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Population pharmacokinetics of modafinil acid and estimation of the metabolic conversion of modafinil into modafinil acid in 5 major ethnic groups of China. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1401-8. [PMID: 23103618 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To describe the population pharmacokinetic profile of modafinil acid and to compare the extent of metabolism of modafinil into modafinil acid in 5 major ethnic groups (Han, Mongolian, Korean, Uygur, and Hui) of China. METHODS In a multi-center, open-label, single dose clinical trial, 49 healthy volunteers from the 5 ethnic groups received 200 mg of modafinil orally. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic evaluation of modafinil and modafinil acid were drawn before and at different time after the administration. Systematic population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) modeling for modafinil acid was conducted, integrating with our previous PopPK model for modafinil. The influence of ethnicity, gender, height, body weight and body mass index (BMI) was estimated. The extent of metabolism of modafinil into modafinil acid, expressed as the relative conversion fraction, was estimated and compared among the 5 ethnic groups. RESULTS When combined with the PopPK model of modafinil, the concentration of modafinil acid versus time profile was best described with a one-compartment model. The typical clearance and volume of distribution for modafinil acid were 4.94 (l/h) and 2.73 (l), respectively. The Korean group had 25% higher clearance, and the Uygur and Hui groups had 12% higher clearance than the Han group. The median for the relative conversion fraction was 0.53 for Koreans, and 0.24 for the other 4 ethnicities. CONCLUSION Ethnicity has significant influence on the clearance of modafinil acid. When patients in the 5 ethnic groups are administered drugs or prodrugs catalyzed by esterases and/or amidases, the variability in the extent of drug metabolism should be considered.
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Active site mapping of trypsin, thrombin and matriptase-2 by sulfamoyl benzamidines. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6489-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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128
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McDonnell ME, Vera MD, Blass BE, Pelletier JC, King RC, Fernandez-Metzler C, Smith GR, Wrobel J, Chen S, Reitz AB. Riluzole prodrugs for melanoma and ALS: design, synthesis, and in vitro metabolic profiling. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5642-8. [PMID: 22892214 PMCID: PMC3495316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Riluzole (1) is an approved therapeutic for the treatment of ALS and has also demonstrated anti-melanoma activity in metabotropic glutamate GRM1 positive cell lines, a mouse xenograft assay and human clinical trials. Highly variable drug exposure following oral administration among patients, likely due to variable first pass effects from heterogeneous CYP1A2 expression, hinders its clinical use. In an effort to mitigate effects of this clearance pathway and uniformly administer riluzole at efficacious exposure levels, several classes of prodrugs of riluzole were designed, synthesized, and evaluated in multiple in vitro stability assays to predict in vivo drug levels. The optimal prodrug would possess the following profile: stability while transiting the digestive system, stability towards first pass metabolism, and metabolic lability in the plasma releasing riluzole. (S)-O-Benzyl serine derivative 9 was identified as the most promising therapeutically acceptable prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. McDonnell
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc., 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902
| | - Matthew D. Vera
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc., 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902
| | - Benjamin E. Blass
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc., 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902
| | - Jeffrey C. Pelletier
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc., 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902
| | - Richard C. King
- PharmaCadence Analytical Services, LLC, 2880 Bergey Road, Suite AA, Hatfield, PA 19440
| | | | - Garry R. Smith
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc., 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902
| | - Jay Wrobel
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc., 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902
| | - Suzie Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Allen B. Reitz
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc., 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902
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Design and synthesis of novel DFG-out RAF/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) inhibitors: 2. Synthesis and characterization of a novel imide-type prodrug for improving oral absorption. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4680-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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130
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Analogue-based drug discovery: Contributions to medicinal chemistry principles and drug design strategies. Microtubule stabilizers as a case in point (Special Topic Article). PURE APPL CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-12-02-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of utilizing marketed drugs as starting points to discover new therapeutic agents have been well documented within the IUPAC series of books that bear the title Analogue-based Drug Discovery (ABDD). Not as clearly demonstrated, however, is that ABDD also contributes to the elaboration of new basic principles and alternative drug design strategies that are useful to the field of medicinal chemistry in general. After reviewing the ABDD programs that have evolved around the area of microtubule-stabilizing chemo-therapeutic agents, the present article delineates the associated research activities that additionally contributed to general strategies that can be useful for prodrug design, identifying pharmacophores, circumventing multidrug resistance (MDR), and achieving targeted drug distribution.
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Dahan A, Khamis M, Agbaria R, Karaman R. Targeted prodrugs in oral drug delivery: the modern molecular biopharmaceutical approach. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:1001-13. [PMID: 22703376 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.697055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The molecular revolution greatly impacted the field of drug design and delivery in general, and the utilization of the prodrug approach in particular. The increasing understanding of membrane transporters has promoted a novel 'targeted-prodrug' approach utilizing carrier-mediated transport to increase intestinal permeability, as well as specific enzymes to promote activation to the parent drug. AREAS COVERED This article provides the reader with a concise overview of this modern approach to prodrug design. Targeting the oligopeptide transporter PEPT1 for absorption and the serine hydrolase valacyclovirase for activation will be presented as examples for the successful utilization of this approach. Additionally, the use of computational approaches, such as DFT and ab initio molecular orbital methods, in modern prodrugs design will be discussed. EXPERT OPINION Overall, in the coming years, more and more information will undoubtedly become available regarding intestinal transporters and potential enzymes that may be exploited for the targeted modern prodrug approach. Hence, the concept of prodrug design can no longer be viewed as merely a chemical modification to solve problems associated with parent compounds. Rather, it opens promising opportunities for precise and efficient drug delivery, as well as enhancement of treatment options and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Dahan
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Sueda K, Sadgrove MP, Fitzsimmons JM, Jay M. Physicochemical characterization of a prodrug of a radionuclide decorporation agent for oral delivery. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2844-53. [PMID: 22644947 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intravenously administered calcium and zinc complexes of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) are the agents of choice to treat individuals who have been contaminated with radioactive actinides. However, their use in a mass casualty scenario is hampered by the need for trained personnel to receive treatment. Because DTPA is a highly ionized molecule with permeability-limited bioavailability, the penta-ethyl ester prodrug of DTPA is under evaluation as an orally bioavailable radionuclide decorporation agent. In this work, the physicochemical properties of DTPA penta-ethyl ester were characterized to assess its potential for oral delivery. DTPA penta-ethyl ester was determined to be a low-viscosity liquid with Newtonian flow characteristics. Consistent with the measured pK(a) values, which range from 2.93 to 10.87, this prodrug exhibits pH-dependent solubility and lipophilicity properties that are representative of a weak base and favorable for oral absorption. It is miscible in solvents that are nonpolar to moderately polar and is sufficiently stable to avoid premature hydrolysis during gastrointestinal transit. Therapeutic effects were demonstrated in an initial efficacy study wherein oral treatments of the prodrug were given to rats contaminated with ²⁴¹Am, providing preliminary indications of successful oral delivery. The properties of the prodrug indicate that it is conducive to oral delivery and may offer therapeutic benefits over the standard DTPA therapy following radionuclide contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Sueda
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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133
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Bridging solubility between drug discovery and development. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:486-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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134
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Degardin M, Wein S, Gouni S, Tran Van Ba C, Duckert JF, Durand T, Escale R, Vial H, Vo-Hoang Y. Evaluation of bis-alkylamidoxime O-alkylsulfonates as orally available antimalarials. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:991-1001. [PMID: 22544438 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The main threat to controlling malaria is the emerging multidrug resistance of Plasmodium sp. parasites. Bis-alkylamidines were developed as a potential new chemotherapy that targets plasmodial phospholipid metabolism. Unfortunately, these compounds are not orally available. To solve this absorption issue, we investigated a prodrug strategy based on sulfonate derivatives of alkylamidoximes. A total of 25 sulfonates were synthesized as prodrug candidates of one bis-N-alkylamidine and of six N-substituted bis-C-alkylamidines. Their antimalarial activities were evaluated in vitro against P. falciparum and in vivo against P. vinckei in mice to define structure-activity relationships. Small alkyl substituents on the sulfonate group of both C-alkyl- and N-alkylamidines led to the best oral antimalarial activities; alkylsulfonate derivatives are chemically transformed into the corresponding alkylamidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Degardin
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-UMI-UMII, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Montpellier I, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
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135
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Fang JY, Al-Suwayeh SA. Nanoparticles as delivery carriers for anticancer prodrugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:657-69. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.679927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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136
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Vlieghe P, Khrestchatisky M. Medicinal chemistry based approaches and nanotechnology-based systems to improve CNS drug targeting and delivery. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:457-516. [PMID: 22434495 DOI: 10.1002/med.21252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is protected by various barriers, which regulate nervous tissue homeostasis and control the selective and specific uptake, efflux, and metabolism of endogenous and exogenous molecules. Among these barriers is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a physical and physiological barrier that filters very efficiently and selectively the entry of compounds from the blood to the brain and protects nervous tissue from harmful substances and infectious agents present in the bloodstream. The BBB also prevents the entry of potential drugs. As a result, various drug targeting and delivery strategies are currently being developed to enhance the transport of drugs from the blood to the brain. Following a general introduction, we briefly overview in this review article the fundamental physiological properties of the BBB. Then, we describe current strategies to bypass the BBB (i.e., invasive methods, alternative approaches, and temporary opening) and to cross it (i.e., noninvasive approaches). This section is followed by a chapter addressing the chemical and technological solutions developed to cross the BBB. A special emphasis is given to prodrug-targeting approaches and targeted nanotechnology-based systems, two promising strategies for BBB targeting and delivery of drugs to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Vlieghe
- VECT-HORUS S.A.S., Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, CS80011, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, France.
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Liu KS, Wen CJ, Yen TC, Sung KC, Ku MC, Wang JJ, Fang JY. Combined strategies of apomorphine diester prodrugs and nanostructured lipid carriers for efficient brain targeting. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:095103. [PMID: 22327243 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/9/095103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Our aim is to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for loading the apomorphine diester prodrugs, diacetyl apomorphine (DAA) and diisobutyryl apomorphine (DIA), into the brain. NLCs were prepared using sesame oil/cetyl palmitate as the lipid matrices. Experiments were performed with the objective of evaluating the physicochemical characteristics, drug release, safety and brain-targeting efficacy of the NLCs. The size of regular NLCs (N-NLCs) was 214 nm. The addition of Forestall (FE) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the NLCs (P-NLCs) increased the particle diameter to 250 nm. The zeta potentials of N-NLCs and P-NLCs were respectively shown to be - 21 and 48 mV. Diester prodrugs were more lipophilic and more chemically stable than the parent apomorphine. The hydrolysis study indicated that the prodrugs underwent bioconversion in plasma and brain extract, with DAA exhibiting faster degradation than DIA. Sustained release was achieved through the synergistic effect of integrating strategies of prodrugs and NLCs, with the longer carbon chain showing the slower release (DIA < DAA). None of the NLCs tested here exhibited a toxicity problem according to the examination of neutrophil lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and hemolysis. Results of a bioimaging study in mice showed that P-NLCs largely accumulated in the brain. The distribution duration of the fluorescent dye in the brain region was also prolonged by the nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Sheng Liu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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Ishizuka T, Fujimori I, Nishida A, Sakurai H, Yoshigae Y, Nakahara K, Kurihara A, Ikeda T, Izumi T. Paraoxonase 1 as a Major Bioactivating Hydrolase for Olmesartan Medoxomil in Human Blood Circulation: Molecular Identification and Contribution to Plasma Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 40:374-80. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.041475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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140
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Water-Soluble Prodrug of Antimicrotubule Agent Plinabulin: Effective Strategy with Click Chemistry. Chemistry 2011; 17:12587-90. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Havemeyer A, Lang J, Clement B. The fourth mammalian molybdenum enzyme mARC: current state of research. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:524-39. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.608682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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142
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Gupta SV, Gupta D, Sun J, Dahan A, Tsume Y, Hilfinger J, Lee KD, Amidon GL. Enhancing the intestinal membrane permeability of zanamivir: a carrier mediated prodrug approach. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:2358-67. [PMID: 21905667 DOI: 10.1021/mp200291x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to improve the membrane permeability and oral absorption of the poorly permeable anti-influenza agent, zanamivir. The poor oral bioavailability is attributed to the high polarity (cLogP ∼ -5) resulting from the polar and zwitterionic nature of zanamivir. In order to improve the permeability of zanamivir, prodrugs with amino acids were developed to target the intestinal membrane transporter, hPepT1. Several acyloxy ester prodrugs of zanamivir conjugated with amino acids were synthesized and characterized. The prodrugs were evaluated for their chemical stability in buffers at various pHs and for their transport and tissue activation by enzymes. The acyloxy ester prodrugs of zanamivir were shown to competitively inhibit [(3)H]Gly-Sar uptake in Caco-2 cells (IC(50): 1.19 ± 0.33 mM for L-valyl prodrug of zanamivir). The L-valyl prodrug of zanamivir exhibited ∼3-fold higher uptake in transfected HeLa/hPepT1 cells compared to wild type HeLa cells, suggesting, at least in part, carrier mediated transport by the hPepT1 transporter. Further, enhanced transcellular permeability of prodrugs across Caco-2 monolayer compared to the parent drug (P(app) = 2.24 × 10(-6) ± 1.33 × 10(-7) cm/s for L-valyl prodrug of zanamivir), with only parent zanamivir appearing in the receiver compartment, indicates that the prodrugs exhibited both enhanced transport and activation in intestinal mucosal cells. Most significantly, several of these prodrugs exhibited high intestinal jejunal membrane permeability, similar to metoprolol, in the in situ rat intestinal perfusion system, a system highly correlated with human jejunal permeability. In summary, this mechanistic targeted prodrug strategy, to enhance oral absorption via intestinal membrane carriers such as hPepT1, followed by activation to parent drug (active pharmaceutical ingredient or API) in the mucosal cell, significantly improves the intestinal epithelial cell permeability of zanamivir and has the potential to provide the high oral bioavailability necessary for oral zanamivir therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Varghese Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Vacondio F, Silva C, Mor M, Testa B. Qualitative structure-metabolism relationships in the hydrolysis of carbamates. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 42:551-89. [PMID: 20441444 DOI: 10.3109/03602531003745960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this review were 1) to compile a large number of reliable literature data on the metabolic hydrolysis of medicinal carbamates and 2) to extract from such data a qualitative relation between molecular structure and lability to metabolic hydrolysis. The compounds were classified according to the nature of their substituents (R³OCONR¹R²), and a metabolic lability score was calculated for each class. A trend emerged, such that the metabolic lability of carbamates decreased (i.e., their metabolic stability increased), in the following series: Aryl-OCO-NHAlkyl >> Alkyl-OCO-NHAlkyl ~ Alkyl-OCO-N(Alkyl)₂ ≥ Alkyl-OCO-N(endocyclic) ≥ Aryl-OCO-N(Alkyl)₂ ~ Aryl-OCO-N(endocyclic) ≥ Alkyl-OCO-NHAryl ~ Alkyl-OCO-NHAcyl >> Alkyl-OCO-NH₂ > Cyclic carbamates. This trend should prove useful in the design of carbamates as drugs or prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Abstract
The prodrug concept has been used to improve undesirable properties of drugs since the late 19th century, although it was only at the end of the 1950s that the actual term prodrug was introduced for the first time. Prodrugs are inactive, bioreversible derivatives of active drug molecules that must undergo an enzymatic and/or chemical transformation in vivo to release the active parent drug, which can then elicit its desired pharmacological effect in the body. In most cases, prodrugs are simple chemical derivatives that are only one or two chemical or enzymatic steps away from the active parent drug. However, some prodrugs lack an obvious carrier or promoiety but instead result from a molecular modification of the prodrug itself, which generates a new active compound. Numerous prodrugs designed to overcome formulation, delivery, and toxicity barriers to drug utilization have reached the market. In fact, approximately 20% of all small molecular drugs approved during the period 2000 to 2008 were prodrugs. Although the development of a prodrug can be very challenging, the prodrug approach represents a feasible way to improve the erratic properties of investigational drugs or drugs already on the market. This review introduces in depth the rationale behind the use of the prodrug approach from past to present, and also considers the possible problems that can arise from inadequate activation of prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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145
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A kinetic method for the determination of plasma protein binding of compounds unstable in plasma: Specific application to enalapril. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:385-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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146
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Roughley SD, Jordan AM. The Medicinal Chemist’s Toolbox: An Analysis of Reactions Used in the Pursuit of Drug Candidates. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3451-79. [PMID: 21504168 DOI: 10.1021/jm200187y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1749] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Allan M. Jordan
- Cancer Research UK Drug Discovery Unit, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, U.K
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147
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Nozawa T, Imai T. Prediction of human intestinal absorption of the prodrug temocapril by in situ single-pass perfusion using rat intestine with modified hydrolase activity. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1263-9. [PMID: 21474683 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.037937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal absorption of temocapril, a prodrug of temocaprilat, was evaluated in an in situ rat jejunal perfusion model under various conditions of luminal pH and in the presence and absence of carboxylesterase-mediated hydrolysis. Temocapril was more easily taken up by mucosal cells at a luminal pH of 5.4 than at pH 6.4 or 7.4 and was extensively hydrolyzed to temocaprilat in mucosal cells. The hydrolysis was limited by the intrinsic clearance and the influx rate at luminal perfusate pHs of 5.4 and 7.4, respectively. Temocaprilat, derived from temocapril, was transported into both mesenteric vein and jejunal lumen according to pH partition theory. The net absorption of both temocapril and temocaprilat was highest at a luminal perfusate pH of 5.4. When both the luminal and venous fluid were at pH 7.4, temocaprilat was transported approximately 3-fold faster into the lumen than into the vein, due presumably to the greater surface area of the brush border membrane because of the presence of microvilli. Under carboxylesterase-inhibited conditions, the hydrolysis of temocapril was inhibited by only 50%. It is postulated that serine esterases located on the membranes of the epithelial cells were responsible for the residual hydrolysis. We have confirmed that temocapril is most easily absorbed in the proximal intestine after meals, due to prolongation of the gastric emptying time, the lower intraluminal pH caused by secretion of bile acid, and the interaction between serine esterases and the digesta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Nozawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Zhan P, Liu X. Novel HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a patent review (2005 – 2010). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:717-96. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.568481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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