101
|
Goorin L, Bonanno GA. Would You Buy a Used Car from a Self-enhancer? Social Benefits and Illusions in Trait Self-enhancement. SELF AND IDENTITY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15298860802501607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
102
|
Kwan VSY, Kuang LL, Hui NHH. Identifying the Sources of Self-esteem: The Mixed Medley of Benevolence, Merit, and Bias. SELF AND IDENTITY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15298860802504874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
103
|
Alicke MD, Sedikides C. Self-enhancement and self-protection: What they are and what they do. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10463280802613866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
104
|
Schlegel RJ, Hicks JA, Arndt J, King LA. Thine own self: true self-concept accessibility and meaning in life. J Pers Soc Psychol 2009; 96:473-90. [PMID: 19159144 PMCID: PMC4714566 DOI: 10.1037/a0014060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A number of philosophical and psychological theories suggest the true self is an important contributor to well-being. The present research examined whether the cognitive accessibility of the true self-concept would predict the experience of meaning in life. To ensure that any observed effects were due to the true self-concept rather than to the self-concept more generally, the authors used actual self-concept accessibility as a control variable in all studies. True and actual self-concepts were defined as including those traits that are enacted around close others vs. most others (Studies 1 through 3) or as traits that refer to "who you really are" vs. "who you are during most of your activities" (Studies 4 and 5), respectively. Studies 1, 2, and 4 showed that individual differences in true self-concept accessibility, but not differences in actual self-concept accessibility, predicted meaning in life. Studies 3 and 5 showed that priming traits related to the true self-concept enhanced perceptions of meaning in life. Implications for the study of the true self-concept and authenticity are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Schlegel
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
Goldney RD, Winefield AH, Winefield HR, Saebel J. The benefit of forgetting suicidal ideation. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2009; 39:33-7. [PMID: 19298148 DOI: 10.1521/suli.2009.39.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In a sample of young adult Australians, those who had had suicidal ideation but who did not acknowledge ever having had it when asked 4 years later, were experiencing better mental health, as demonstrated by significantly better functioning on a range of psychometric measures, than those who recalled it. These results are consistent with several recent reports and indicate that forgetting painful events such as suicidal ideation is an adaptive defense mechanism. This has implications in terms of therapy focusing on contemporaneous events and the future, rather than on the past.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Goldney
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Level 4, Eleanor Harrald Building, Frome Road, Adelaide SA 500.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Abstract
A consensual, componential model of emotions conceptualises them as experiential, physiological, and behavioural responses to personally meaningful stimuli. The present review examines this model in terms of whether different types of emotion-evocative stimuli are associated with discrete and invariant patterns of responding in each response system, how such responses are structured, and if such responses converge across different response systems. Across response systems, the bulk of the available evidence favours the idea that measures of emotional responding reflect dimensions rather than discrete states. In addition, experiential, physiological, and behavioural response systems are associated with unique sources of variance, which in turn limits the magnitude of convergence across measures. Accordingly, the authors suggest that there is no "gold standard" measure of emotional responding. Rather, experiential, physiological, and behavioural measures are all relevant to understanding emotion and cannot be assumed to be interchangeable.
Collapse
|
107
|
Willard G, Gramzow RH. Beyond Oversights, Lies, and Pies in the Sky: Exaggeration as Goal Projection. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2009; 35:477-92. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167208329631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The adaptiveness of overly positive self-evaluation is heavily debated. The present research emphasizes that costs and benefits of positive biases are contingent upon their underlying motives. Five studies explored psychological and performance correlates of the tendency to exaggerate academic performance. Students who exaggerated in a private reporting context showed greater achievement motivation and positive affect (Study 1), challenge and approach orientations (Study 2), and observer-rated composure during a stressful mock job interview (Study 3). Moreover, exaggeration predicted subsequent academic improvements. This form of exaggeration apparently reflects an adaptive tendency to project positive goals onto self-reports. In contrast, exaggeration in a more public context was associated with social desirability motives and not with positive affect, approach/challenge motives, or improvement (Study 4). Making actual performance salient (by highlighting that records would be checked) reduced exaggeration; students who exaggerated in this context did not improve over time, instead showing performance decrements (Study 5).
Collapse
|
108
|
Zuckerman M, O'Loughlin RE. Narcissism and well-being: A longitudinal perspective. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
109
|
Menon G, Kyung EJ, Agrawal N. Biases in social comparisons: Optimism or pessimism? ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
110
|
|
111
|
O'Donnell K, Brydon L, Wright CE, Steptoe A. Self-esteem levels and cardiovascular and inflammatory responses to acute stress. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:1241-7. [PMID: 18644432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute mental stress tests have helped to clarify the pathways through which psychosocial factors are linked to disease risk. This methodology is now being used to investigate potentially protective psychosocial factors. We investigated whether global self-esteem might buffer cardiovascular and inflammatory responses to acute stress. One hundred and one students completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) were recorded for 5 min periods at baseline, during two mental stress tasks, (a speech and a color-word task) and 10, 25 and 40 min into a recovery period. Plasma levels of tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) were assessed at baseline, immediately post-stress and after 45 min recovery. Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that heart rate levels were lower across all time points in those with high self-esteem, although heart rate reactivity to stress was not related to self-esteem. There were no differences in baseline HRV, TNF-alpha, IL-6 or IL-1Ra. Multiple linear regressions revealed that greater self-esteem was associated with a smaller reduction in heart rate variability during the speech task, but not the color-word task. Greater self-esteem was associated with smaller TNF-alpha and IL-1Ra responses immediately following acute stress and smaller IL-1Ra responses at 45 min post-stress. In conclusion, global self-esteem is associated with lower heart rate and attenuated HRV and inflammatory responses to acute stress. These responses could be processes through which self-esteem protects against the development of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie O'Donnell
- Psychobiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK. k.o'
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Shiloh S, Drori E, Orr-Urtreger A, Friedman E. Being 'at-risk' for developing cancer: cognitive representations and psychological outcomes. J Behav Med 2008; 32:197-208. [PMID: 18807164 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-008-9178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated cognitive representations and psychological effects of being 'at-risk' for cancer. Perceived personal risk for cancer and causal attributions for cancer were measured in four groups: women identified as carriers of mutations in breast/ovarian cancer genes BRCA1 BRCA2, habitual smokers, X-ray technicians, and an average-risk group. Despite differences in awareness of their risk status and perceived risk for cancer, the groups did not differ in health anxiety, cancer worry interference, and self-assessed health. Motivated reasoning processes were identified as potential strategies used by individuals at-risk to regulate levels of psychological distress. Evidence for biased risk perceptions and unrealistic optimism were found among smokers, and patterns indicative of self-enhancement through self-assessments and defensive discounting of cancer causal attributions were found in the genetically susceptible group. These findings highlight the role of cognitive representations in adjustment to being at-risk for cancer.
Collapse
|
113
|
|
114
|
Andersson MA, Conley CS. Expecting to heal through self-expression: a perceived control theory of writing and health. Health Psychol Rev 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/17437190802660890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
115
|
Gaertner L, Sedikides C, O'Mara EM. On the Motivational Primacy of the Individual Self: ‘I’ Is Stronger than ‘We’. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
116
|
Paczkowski E, Baker BL. Parenting Children with Developmental Delays: The Role of Positive Beliefs. JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2008; 1:156. [PMID: 20107620 PMCID: PMC2811332 DOI: 10.1080/19315860801988392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Parents of children with developmental delays consistently report higher levels of child behavior problems and also parenting stress than parents of typically developing children. This study examined how mothers' positive beliefs influence the relation between children's behavior problems and mothers' parenting stress among families of children who are developmentally delayed (DD: n = 72) or typically developing (TD: n = 95) and assessed at ages 3, 5, and 7 years. Positive beliefs had a main effect on parenting stress at all ages, which was mediated by child behavior problems for mothers in the DD group at every age and across time. In the TD group, mediation was found at age 3 years. Additionally, support was found for a moderation effect of positive beliefs on the relation between child behavior problems and parenting stress, but only in the DD group at age 3. These findings have implications for interventions drawing on Seligman's (1991) work on learned optimism, the positive counterpart of learned helplessness.
Collapse
|
117
|
Martens A, Greenberg J, Allen JJB. Self-Esteem and Autonomic Physiology: Parallels Between Self-Esteem and Cardiac Vagal Tone as Buffers of Threat. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2008; 12:370-89. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868308323224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article a potential physiological connection to self-esteem is suggested: cardiac vagal tone, the degree of influence on the heart by the vagus, a primary nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system. This hypothesis emerges from parallels between the two literatures that suggest both self-esteem and cardiac vagal tone function to provide protection from threat responding. This article reviews these literatures and evidence and preliminary findings that suggest in some contexts self-esteem and cardiac vagal tone may exert an influence on each other. Last, the article discusses theoretical and applied health implications of this potential physiological connection to self-esteem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Martens
- University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
|
119
|
Rofé Y. Does Repression Exist? Memory, Pathogenic, Unconscious and Clinical Evidence. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.12.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current dispute regarding the existence of repression has mainly focused on whether people remember or forget trauma. Repression, however, is a multidimensional construct, which, in addition to the memory aspect, consists of pathogenic effects on adjustment and the unconscious. Accordingly, in order to arrive at a more accurate decision regarding the existence of repression, studies relevant to all three areas are reviewed. Moreover, since psychoanalysis regards repression as a key factor in accounting for the development and treatment of neurotic disorders, relevant research from these two domains are also taken into account. This comprehensive evaluation reveals little empirical justification for maintaining the psychoanalytic concept of repression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yacov Rofé
- Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Bitsko MJ, Stern M, Dillon R, Russell EC, Laver J. Happiness and time perspective as potential mediators of quality of life and depression in adolescent cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 50:613-9. [PMID: 17879282 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.21337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the increase in 5- and 10-year survival rates of children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer, current psycho-oncology literature is focusing on finding correlates and predictors to their positive psychosocial adjustment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two potential mediators to adolescent cancer survivors' quality of life (QOL) and depressive symptomology. PROCEDURE Adolescent cancer survivors (N = 50; 50% males; mean diagnosis age, 13.7; mean age at study, 20.2) were surveyed, testing the mediation effects of their happiness (Subjective Happiness Scale) and past-negative time perspective (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory) on QOL (PedsQL 4.0) and depressive symptomology (CES-D). Independent variables included gender and treatment intensity. RESULTS Happiness significantly mediated the relationship between treatment intensity in both depressive symptomology (beta = -0.65, P < 0.05, CI = -2.46, -6.41) and QOL (beta = 0.54, P < 0.05, CI = 3.66, 9.01). A past-negative time perspective significantly mediated the relationship between gender and depressive symptomology (beta = 0.60, P < 0.05, CI = 3.34, 9.78). Survivors' gender was not associated with happiness and treatment intensity was not associated with time perspective. CONCLUSIONS Happiness may be a more direct predictor of QOL and depression than the intensity of treatment for cancer. Also, thinking negatively about one's past may be a more direct predictor of depressive symptomology than being female. Therefore, interventions that cultivate happiness and reframe time perspective may be effective ways to improve survivors' QOL and decrease depressive symptoms-regardless of gender and intensity of treatment protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Bitsko
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
|
122
|
Maguen S, Papa A, Litz BT. Coping with the threat of terrorism: A review. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2007; 21:15-35. [DOI: 10.1080/10615800701652777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shira Maguen
- a San Francisco VA Medical Center , University of California at San Francisco , CA, USA
| | - Anthony Papa
- b VA Boston Healthcare System , Boston University School of Medicine , MA, USA
| | - Brett T. Litz
- b VA Boston Healthcare System , Boston University School of Medicine , MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Brown KW, Ryan RM, Creswell JD. Mindfulness: Theoretical Foundations and Evidence for its Salutary Effects. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10478400701598298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1104] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
124
|
Abstract
Coping, defined as action-oriented and intrapsychic efforts to manage the demands created by stressful events, is coming to be recognized both for its significant impact on stress-related mental and physical health outcomes and for its intervention potential. We review coping resources that aid in this process, including individual differences in optimism, mastery, self-esteem, and social support, and examine appraisal and coping processes, especially those marked by approach or avoidance. We address the origins of coping resources and processes in genes, early life experience, and gene-environment interactions, and address neural underpinnings of coping that may shed light on evaluating coping interventions. We conclude by outlining possible intervention strategies for improving coping processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley E Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Blackhart GC, Eckel LA, Tice DM. Salivary cortisol in response to acute social rejection and acceptance by peers. Biol Psychol 2007; 75:267-76. [PMID: 17485157 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Past research indicates that social rejection predicts a wide range of psychological problems (e.g., depression), but laboratory studies examining self-reports of negative affect after social rejection have reported inconsistent results. Salivary cortisol was measured before and after a social rejection/acceptance manipulation for objective assessment of psychological distress subsequent to peer rejection. Rejected participants were predicted to show significantly greater salivary cortisol than accepted or control participants. The present research also examined several factors that may moderate the relationship between acute rejection and cortisol. As predicted, rejected participants exhibited significantly higher cortisol than accepted or control participants. Defensiveness moderated the relationship between rejection and cortisol; highly defensive rejected participants showed significantly lower cortisol than less defensive rejected participants after peer rejection. Results indicate that social rejection causes psychological distress, but highly defensive individuals appear to be less susceptible than less defensive individuals to increases in salivary cortisol after acute social rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ginette C Blackhart
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70649, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Roese NJ, Olson JM. Better, Stronger, Faster: Self-Serving Judgment, Affect Regulation, and the Optimal Vigilance Hypothesis. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2007; 2:124-41. [PMID: 18552989 PMCID: PMC2429993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Self-serving judgments, in which the self is viewed more favorably than other people, are ubiquitous. Their dynamic variation within individuals may be explained in terms of the regulation of affect. Self-serving judgments produce positive emotions, and threat increases self-serving judgments (a compensatory pattern that restores affect to a set point or baseline). Perceived mutability is a key moderator of these judgments; low mutability (i.e., the circumstance is closed to modification) triggers a cognitive response aimed at affect regulation, whereas high mutability (i.e., the circumstance is open to further modification) activates direct behavioral remediation. Threats often require immediate response, whereas positive events do not. Because of this brief temporal window, an active mechanism is needed to restore negative (but not positive) affective shifts back to a set point. Without this active reset, an earlier threat would make the individual less vigilant toward a new threat. Thus, when people are sad, they aim to return their mood to baseline, often via self-serving judgments. We argue that asymmetric homeostasis enables optimal vigilance, which establishes a coherent theoretical account of the role of self-serving judgments in affect regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neal J Roese
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James M Olson
- University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Yi JP, Vitaliano PP, Smith RE, Yi JC, Weinger K. The role of resilience on psychological adjustment and physical health in patients with diabetes. Br J Health Psychol 2007; 13:311-25. [PMID: 17535497 PMCID: PMC2899486 DOI: 10.1348/135910707x186994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study used a longitudinal design to investigate the buffering role of resilience on worsening HbA(1c) and self-care behaviours in the face of rising diabetes-related distress. METHOD A total of 111 patients with diabetes completed surveys and had their glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) assessed at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. Resilience was defined by a factor score of self-esteem, self-efficacy, self-mastery and optimism. Diabetes-related distress and self-care behaviours were also assessed. RESULTS Baseline resilience, diabetes-related distress and their interaction predicted physical health (HbA(1c)) at 1 year. Patients with low, moderate and high resilience were identified. Those with low or moderate resilience levels showed a strong association between rising distress and worsening HbA(1c) across time (r=.57, .56, respectively). However, those with high resilience scores did not show the same associations (r=.08). Low resilience was also associated with fewer self-care behaviours when faced with increasing distress (r=-.55). These correlation coefficients remained significant after controlling for starting-points. CONCLUSION In patients with diabetes, resilience resources predicted future HbA(1c) and buffered worsening HbA(1c) and self-care behaviours in the face of rising distress levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce P Yi
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
128
|
Abstract
Recent theory and research are reviewed regarding self-related motives (self-enhancement, self-verification, and self-expansion) and self-conscious emotions (guilt, shame, pride, social anxiety, and embarrassment), with an emphasis on how these motivational and emotional aspects of the self might be related. Specifically, these motives and emotions appear to function to protect people's social well-being. The motives to self-enhance, self-verify, and self-expand are partly rooted in people's concerns with social approval and acceptance, and self-conscious emotions arise in response to events that have real or imagined implications for others' judgments of the individual. Thus, these motives and emotions do not operate to maintain certain states of the self, as some have suggested, but rather to facilitate people's social interactions and relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Leary
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
A cross-cultural study of trait self-enhancement, explanatory variables, and adjustment. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
130
|
Taylor SE, Way BM, Welch WT, Hilmert CJ, Lehman BJ, Eisenberger NI. Early family environment, current adversity, the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism, and depressive symptomatology. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:671-6. [PMID: 16934775 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mixed evidence has suggested that homozygous carriers of the short allele (s/s) of the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) may be at increased risk for depression, if they have also been exposed to early or current adversity/stress. We address this debate by examining the relation of a stressful early family environment, recent adversity/stress, and the 5-HTTLPR to depressive symptomatology in a normal sample. METHODS A nonclinical sample of 118 young adult men and women completed assessments of early family environment, recent stressful events, psychosocial resources, and psychological distress, including depressive symptomatology. The 5-HTTLPR was genotyped using a standard protocol with DNA extracted from oral fluid. RESULTS A stressful early family environment was significantly related to depressive symptomatology. In addition, gene-by-environment (GxE) interactions were observed between the 5-HTTLPR and both early family environment and current adversity/stress. Individuals homozygous for the short allele had greater depressive symptomatology if they had experienced early or recent adversity but significantly less depressive symptomatology if they reported a supportive early environment or recent positive experiences, compared with participants with the s/l or l/l genotype. CONCLUSIONS Early or current environment, in conjunction with the serotonin transporter polymorphism, predicts depressive symptomatology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley E Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Ryff CD, Dienberg Love G, Urry HL, Muller D, Rosenkranz MA, Friedman EM, Davidson RJ, Singer B. Psychological well-being and ill-being: do they have distinct or mirrored biological correlates? PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2006; 75:85-95. [PMID: 16508343 DOI: 10.1159/000090892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasingly, researchers attend to both positive and negative aspects of mental health. Such distinctions call for clarification of whether psychological well-being and ill-being comprise opposite ends of a bipolar continuum, or are best construed as separate, independent dimensions of mental health. Biology can help resolve this query--bipolarity predicts 'mirrored' biological correlates (i.e. well-being and ill-being correlate similarly with biomarkers, but show opposite directional signs), whereas independence predicts 'distinct' biological correlates (i.e. well-being and ill-being have different biological signatures). METHODS Multiple aspects of psychological well-being (eudaimonic, hedonic) and ill-being (depression, anxiety, anger) were assessed in a sample of aging women (n = 135, mean age = 74) on whom diverse neuroendocrine (salivary cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, DHEA-S) and cardiovascular factors (weight, waist-hip ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, total/HDL cholesterol, glycosylated hemoglobin) were also measured. RESULTS Measures of psychological well-being and ill-being were significantly linked with numerous biomarkers, with some associations being more strongly evident for respondents aged 75+. Outcomes for seven biomarkers supported the distinct hypothesis, while findings for only two biomarkers supported the mirrored hypothesis. CONCLUSION This research adds to the growing literature on how psychological well-being and mental maladjustment are instantiated in biology. Population-based inquiries and challenge studies constitute important future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol D Ryff
- Institute on Aging, Medical Science Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
132
|
Komura K, Hegarty JR. The appraisal of positive life changes following cancer diagnosis:
An interview study. Palliat Support Care 2006; 4:3-12. [PMID: 16889319 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951506060020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This research examines positive life changes that
cancer patients may experience following their diagnosis. Although cancer
is often believed to have negative impacts on the life of patients,
positive impacts have been also discussed empirically. This study focuses
on cancer patients' appraisal of positive life changes following
their diagnosis and examines how and in which fields they recognize their
lives as positively changed based on the study of Petrie et al. (1999).Methods: A total of eight cancer patients in a cancer support
group participated in this research. A group discussion and semistructured
interviews were conducted. Content analysis was applied.Results: The content analysis produced insights into the
seven types of cancer-related life changes: improved empathy,
greater knowledge about health, renewed recognition of
life, change in personal life priorities, greater
appreciation of health and life, improved close
relationships, and healthy lifestyle change. Negative
life changes were also reported.Significance of the research: This research showed that
cancer patients tended to find and appraise their own positive life
changes following cancer. The categorization of positive life changes
basically supported that of Petrie et al. (1999), but produced an original category: renewed
recognition of life. Positive life changes might be seen as a natural
process that encourages patients' adjustment to cancer. Understanding
positive impacts of cancer could be important in capturing the life-sized
features of cancer patients. Future research could expand the view of the
impacts of cancer and demonstrate how people recognize them as
benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Komura
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Creswell JD, Welch WT, Taylor SE, Sherman DK, Gruenewald TL, Mann T. Affirmation of personal values buffers neuroendocrine and psychological stress responses. Psychol Sci 2006; 16:846-51. [PMID: 16262767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is implicated in the development and progression of a broad array of mental and physical health disorders. Theory and research on the self suggest that self-affirming activities may buffer these adverse effects. This study experimentally investigated whether affirmations of personal values attenuate physiological and psychological stress responses. Eighty-five participants completed either a value-affirmation task or a control task prior to participating in a laboratory stress challenge. Participants who affirmed their values had significantly lower cortisol responses to stress, compared with control participants. Dispositional self-resources (e.g., trait self-esteem and optimism) moderated the relation between value affirmation and psychological stress responses, such that participants who had high self-resources and had affirmed personal values reported the least stress. These findings suggest that reflecting on personal values can keep neuroendocrine and psychological responses to stress at low levels. Implications for research on the self, stress processes, health, and interventions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J David Creswell
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
134
|
Locke KD. What Predicts Well-Being: A Consistent Self-Concept or a Desirable Self-Concept? JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2006.25.2.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
135
|
The Psychology of Self‐defense: Self‐Affirmation Theory. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
136
|
Lalwani AK, Shavitt S, Johnson T. What is the relation between cultural orientation and socially desirable responding? J Pers Soc Psychol 2006; 90:165-78. [PMID: 16448316 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that collectivists are more likely to engage in deception and socially desirable responding to maintain good relationships with others. In contrast, individualists are portrayed as candid and sincere because individualism encourages people to "be yourself." The authors propose that people with both types of cultural orientations or backgrounds engage in desirable responding, albeit in distinct ways. In Study 1, respondents from the United States compared with those from Singapore, and European Americans compared with Asian Americans, scored higher on self-deceptive enhancement (SDE)-the tendency to see oneself in a positive light and to give inflated assessment of one's skills and abilities- but lower on impression management (IM) by misrepresenting their self-reported actions to appear more normatively appropriate. In Studies 2 to 4, horizontal individualism as a cultural orientation correlated with SDE but not with IM, whereas horizontal collectivism correlated with IM but not with SDE. Further analyses examining (a) individual differences in the tendency to answer deceptively and (b) responses to behavioral scenarios shed additional light on the culturally relevant goals served by these distinct types of socially desirable responding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Lalwani
- Department of Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61520, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
|
138
|
Steverink N, Lindenberg S, Slaets JPJ. How to understand and improve older people's self-management of wellbeing. Eur J Ageing 2005; 2:235-244. [PMID: 28794738 PMCID: PMC5546286 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-005-0012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper addresses the question of how older people can be supported to actively self-manage their own process of ageing such that overall wellbeing is achieved and maintained for as long as possible. Starting from a resource-based approach, a new theory of self-management of wellbeing (SMW theory) is proposed, and it is shown how it can be used as a basis for the design of self-management interventions for ageing successfully. The main aspects of the theory, i.e. six key self-management abilities and the core dimensions of wellbeing, are presented as well as the theory-based 'blueprint' for the design of interventions. Empirical results of two intervention studies are briefly presented and show that the SMW theory may be a useful tool for the design and evaluation of interventions for successful ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nardi Steverink
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Centre for Social Science Theory and Methodology (ICS), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siegwart Lindenberg
- Interuniversity Centre for Social Science Theory and Methodology (ICS), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris P. J. Slaets
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Wolf OT, Dziobek I, McHugh P, Sweat V, de Leon MJ, Javier E, Convit A. Subjective memory complaints in aging are associated with elevated cortisol levels. Neurobiol Aging 2005; 26:1357-63. [PMID: 16243606 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Revised: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The origin and clinical significance of subjective memory complaints among middle aged and older individuals is not well understood. Associations with objective memory impairments, personality traits or mood disturbances have been reported. Elevated cortisol levels occur in aging and depression and causal links to cognitive or emotional problems have been suggested. The goal of this study was to investigate the associations between basal and feedback indices of cortisol regulation and subjective memory impairment in a sample of healthy middle aged and older subjects (mean age 61.8 years) with (n=27) and without (n=19) subjective memory complaints. Participants with memory complaints had both higher basal cortisol levels and higher cortisol levels after dexamethasone. There was a significant group by gender interaction for basal cortisol levels, where women without memory complaints showed significantly lower cortisol levels, whereas no such difference was found for the men. All effects were not due to slight differences in depression scores. Differences in personality traits or in stress susceptibility might underlie the present findings. Future studies of memory complaints should take a comprehensive approach including relevant endocrine parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Wolf
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Sedikides C, Gaertner L, Vevea JL. Pancultural self-enhancement reloaded: A meta-analytic reply to Heine (2005). J Pers Soc Psychol 2005; 89:539-51. [PMID: 16287417 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
C. Sedikides, L. Gaertner, and Y. Toguchi (2003) reported findings favoring the universality of self-enhancement. S. J. Heine (2005) challenged the authors' research on evidential and logical grounds. In response, the authors carried out 2 meta-analytic investigations. The results backed the C. Sedikides et al. (2003) theory and findings. Both Westerners and Easterners self-enhanced tactically. Westerners self-enhanced on attributes relevant to the cultural ideal of individualism, whereas Easterners self-enhanced on attributes relevant to the cultural ideal of collectivism (in both cases, because of the personal importance of the ideal). Self-enhancement motivation is universal, although its manifestations are strategically sensitive to cultural context. The authors respond to other aspects of Heine's critique by discussing why researchers should empirically validate the comparison dimension (individualistic vs. collectivistic) and defending why the better-than-average effect is a valid measure of self-enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, England.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
141
|
Barker SB, Knisely JS, McCain NL, Best AM. Measuring stress and immune response in healthcare professionals following interaction with a therapy dog: a pilot study. Psychol Rep 2005; 96:713-29. [PMID: 16050629 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.96.3.713-729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the optimal time for measuring stress and immune function in 20 healthcare professionals (19 women and 1 man) following interaction with a therapy dog. A nonclinical sample of healthcare professionals was assigned to 20 min. of quiet rest, and 5 and 20 min. with a therapy dog. Serum cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were collected at baseline, 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. postcondition. Salivary cortisol, salivary IgA, and blood for lymphocytes were collected at baseline, 30, 45, and 60 min. postcondition. Analysis indicated significant reductions in serum and salivary cortisol. The optimal time for measuring serum or salivary cortisol following interaction with a therapy dog was 45 min., with changes in salivary cortisol reflecting serum cortisol changes. Findings also suggest stress reduction in healthcare professionals may occur after as little as 5 min. of interaction with a therapy dog and warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra B Barker
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980710, Richmond, VA 23298-0710, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Chesney MA, Darbes LA, Hoerster K, Taylor JM, Chambers DB, Anderson DE. Positive emotions: exploring the other hemisphere in behavioral medicine. Int J Behav Med 2005; 12:50-8. [PMID: 15901213 DOI: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm1202_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The search for the psychological antecedents of medical disorders has focused on the role of stress and negative emotional states. Previous research in this area has investigated relations between negative emotions and physiological adaptations (e.g., blood pressure elevations), adverse health behaviors (e.g., smoking), and social conditions (e.g., social isolation). In this discussion, we argue that more attention is needed to understand the effects of positive emotional states on health enhancement and disease prevention. In each of the areas cited previously, evidence is beginning to emerge that indicates that positive emotions can be associated with health promoting conditions. Interventions using cognitive behavioral strategies or meditation can increase positive emotional states that are maintained over time and that may benefit health and well-being. Implications for behavioral medicine are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Chesney
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Abstract
Despite having a life-threatening disease, some people decide to live every remaining moment with intensity. Although they have accepted that their deaths might be imminent, they do not dwell on the possibility. They choose life and are sustained by vivid thoughts and inspirations. What can a nurse do to nourish such thoughts? Traditional theories of grief and loss maintain that one way to adjust to advanced stages of progressive disease is to accept death and prepare for it. Is it possible that these theories are simplistic and limiting in their assumptions about the way people "work through" the stage of adjusting to loss? This article is a critical reflection of the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José K Côté
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Montreal, CP 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Bonanno GA, Rennicke C, Dekel S. Self-Enhancement Among High-Exposure Survivors of the September 11th Terrorist Attack: Resilience or Social Maladjustment? J Pers Soc Psychol 2005; 88:984-98. [PMID: 15982117 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined self-enhancing bias as a predictor of adjustment among individuals in or near the World Trade Center during the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Resilience was defined from categorical and continuous analyses of both participant self-report and friend and relative ratings of adjustment. Self-enhancement was associated with a resilient outcome, ratings of better adjustment prior to September 11th, greater positive affect, and reduced perceptions of social constraints. Additional analyses indicated that self-enhancers' reduced symptom levels were fully mediated by their low perceived social constraints. However, consistent with previous evidence suggesting a social cost to self-enhancement, at 18 months post-September 11th, self-enhancers' friends and relatives also rated them as decreasing in social adjustment and as being less honest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George A Bonanno
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Ryff CD, Singer BH, Dienberg Love G. Positive health: connecting well-being with biology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2004; 359:1383-94. [PMID: 15347530 PMCID: PMC1693417 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2004.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two key types of well-being, eudaimonic and hedonic, are reviewed. The first addresses ideas of self-development, personal growth and purposeful engagement, while the second is concerned with positive feelings such as happiness and contentment. How well-being varies by age and socio-economic standing is briefly summarized, followed by examination of its biological correlates (neuroendocrine, immune, cardiovascular, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep). Preliminary findings on a sample of ageing women showed that those with higher levels of eudaimonic well-being had lower levels of daily salivary cortisol, pro-inflammatory cytokines, cardiovascular risk, and longer duration REM sleep compared with those showing lower levels of eudaimonic well-being. Hedonic well-being, however, showed minimal linkage to biomarker assessments. Future research directions building on these initial findings are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol D Ryff
- Institute on Aging, 2245 Medical Science Center, 1300 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
Harmon-Jones E, Devine PG. Introduction to the special section on social neuroscience: promise and caveats. J Pers Soc Psychol 2004; 85:589-93. [PMID: 14561113 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This special issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Attitudes and Social Cognition is devoted to theory and research at the interface of social psychology and neuroscience. The 5 empirical articles represent the theoretical and methodological breadth of issues considered by social neuroscientists. The methods span brain lesion work to neuroendocrinology to psychophysiological indicators of brain activity to functional magnetic resonance imaging indicators of brain activity. The remaining 2 articles consider explicitly some of the promises and pitfalls of social neuroscience; these authors, although noting the power of neuroscience methods, remind readers of the serious challenges posed in trying to examine the biological processes underlying or associated with social psychological phenomena. These articles help to reveal the richness of social neuroscience and the power of neuroscientific methods to address processes and mechanisms that would not be possible with traditional social psychology methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Harmon-Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin--Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1611, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|