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MOXON JV, FLYNN RJ, GOLDEN O, HAMILTON JV, MULCAHY G, BROPHY PM. Immune responses directed at egg proteins during experimental infection with the liver flukeFasciola hepatica. Parasite Immunol 2010; 32:111-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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102
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Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common parasitic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the larval form of the tapeworm Taenia solium. NCC has a long asymptomatic period with little or no inflammation, and the sequential progression to symptomatic NCC depends upon the intense inflammation associated with degeneration of larvae. The mechanisms involved in these progressive events are difficult to study in human patients. Thus it was necessary to develop an experimental model that replicated NCC. In this review, we describe studies of a murine model of NCC in terms of the release/secretion of parasite antigens, immune responses elicited within the CNS environment and subsequent pathogenesis. In particular, the kinetics of leukocyte subsets infiltrating into the brain are discussed in the context of disruption of the CNS barriers at distinct anatomical sites and the mechanisms contributing to these processes. In addition, production of various inflammatory mediators and the mechanisms involved in their induction by the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway are described. Overall, the knowledge gained from the mouse model of NCC has provided new insights for understanding the kinetics of events contributing to different stages of NCC and should aid in the formulation of more effective therapeutic approaches.
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103
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Bruschi F, Chiumiento L, Prete GD. Immunodulation and Helminths: Towards New Strategies for Treatment of Immune-Mediated Diseases? DETECTION OF BACTERIA, VIRUSES, PARASITES AND FUNGI 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8544-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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104
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Han ZG, Brindley PJ, Wang SY, Chen Z. Schistosoma genomics: new perspectives on schistosome biology and host-parasite interaction. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2009; 10:211-40. [PMID: 19630560 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-082908-150036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused mainly by Schistosoma japonicum, S. mansoni, and S. hematobium, remains one of the most prevalent and serious parasitic diseases worldwide. The blood flukes have a complex life cycle requiring adaptation for survival in fresh water as free-living forms and as parasites in snail intermediate and vertebrate definitive hosts. Functional genomics analyses, including transcriptomic and proteomic approaches, have been performed on schistosomes, in particular S. mansoni and S. japonicum, using powerful high-throughput methodologies. These investigations have not only chartered gene expression profiles across genders and developmental stages within mammalian and snail hosts, but have also characterized the features of the surface tegument, the eggshell and excretory-secretory proteomes of schistosomes. The integration of the genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic information, together with genetic manipulation on individual genes, will provide a global insight into the molecular architecture of the biology, pathogenesis, and host-parasite interactions of the human blood flukes. Importantly, these functional genomics analyses lay a foundation on which to develop new antischistosome vaccines as well as drug targets and diagnostic markers for treatment and control of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Guang Han
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China.
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105
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Setaria cervi dual specific phosphatase: characterization and its effect on eosinophil degranulation. Parasitology 2009; 136:895-904. [PMID: 19523248 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009006271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Setaria cervi, a bovine filarial parasite contains significant acid phosphatase (AcP) activity in its various life stages. Two forms of AcP were separated from somatic extract of adult female parasite using cation exchange, gel filtration and concavalin affinity chromatography. One form having a molecular mass of 79 kDa was characterized as dual specific protein tyrosine phosphatase (ScDSP) based on substrate specificity and inhibition studies. With various substrates tested, it showed significant activity in the order of phospho-L-tyrosine>pNPP>ADP>phospho-L-serine. Inhibition by orthovanadate, fluoride, molybdate, and zinc ions further confirms protein tyrosine phosphatase nature of the enzyme. Km and Vmax determined with various substrates were found to be 16.66 mM, 25.0 microM/ml/min with pNPP; 20.0 mM, 40.0 microM/ml/min with phospho-L-tyrosine and 27.0 mM, 25.0 microM/ml/min with phospho-L-serine. KI with pNPP and sodium orthovanadate (IC50 33.0 microM) was calculated to be 50.0 mM. Inhibition with pHMB, silver nitrate, DEPC and EDAC suggested the presence of cysteine, histidine and carboxylate residues at its active site. Cross-reactivity with W. bancrofti-infected sera was demonstrated by Western blotting. ScDSP showed elevated levels of IgE in chronic filarial sera using ELISA. Under in vitro conditions, ScDSP resulted in increased effector function of human eosinophils when stimulated by IgG, which showed a further decrease with increasing enzyme concentration. Results presented here suggest that S. cervi DSP should be further studied to determine its role in pathogenesis and the persistence of filarial parasite.
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106
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Lee KJ, Jin D, Chang BS, Teng YC, Kim DH. The immunological effects of electrolyzed reduced water on the Echinostoma hortense infection in C57BL/6 mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:456-62. [PMID: 19252295 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) is widely used for drinking by people in Asia. The purpose of this study was to examine the immunological effect of ERW on the immunity of animals by supplying ERW to C57BL/6 mice infected with Echinostoma hortense metacercariae. In the non-infected groups, interleukin (IL)-4 (p < 0.001), IL-5, IL-10, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and immunoglobulin (Ig) A expression of the group fed ERW (ERW group) increased in small intestine compared with the normal control group. In the case of infected groups, the group fed ERW (ERW+E. hortense group) showed the result that IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and Ig A expression increased, but IL-1beta and TNF-alpha (p < 0.001) decreased, and the number of goblet cells (p < 0.001) and helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA) positive cells increased compared with the group without feeding ERW. However, adult worm recovery rate was markedly increased (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the expression of all the cytokines except IL-10 in spleen was mildly increased but not significant statistically, and there was no significant difference in the numerical changes of white blood cell (WBC). These results indicate that feeding ERW may have influence on the local immune response (Th-1 type cytokines such as IL-1beta, TNF-alpha) in the small intestine but not on the systemic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Jae Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gang Won, South Korea
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107
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Abstract
SUMMARYInfection by a variety of species of intestinal nematode infection gives rise to a wide variation in parasite load within a host population. There has been much investigation into the basis of this variation and is thought to involve several factors. Studies of infections of gut dwelling nematodes in laboratory rodents has clearly demonstrated that this variation may be due to the production of cytokines produced as part of the host immune response to infection. More specifically, activation of distinct T helper cell subsets leads to the generation of effective or ineffective responses resulting in clearance of the parasite load or maintenance of chronic infection. The induction of differential responses remains to be determined but is likely to be influenced at a number of levels including involvement of accessory cells and activation of co-stimulatory molecules on antigen presenting cells. Moreover, it appears that these parasites may actively interfere with the host cytokine response to promote their own survival. This review concentrates on recent findings of cytokine mediated control of intestinal nematodes highlighting a central role for the immune system in regulating both acute and chronic infection by these parasites.
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108
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Zhao M, Brown DM, Maccallum J, Proudfoot L. Effect of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis L3 ES on inflammatory mediator gene transcription in lipopolysaccharide lung inflammation. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:50-6. [PMID: 19121083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.01073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory properties of parasitic helminths have been largely linked to their excretory-secretory (ES) products. Some studies have noted a lack of TNF-alpha production and limited recruitment of neutrophils into the lungs after Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection. We previously reported that instillation of ES from L3 larvae of N. brasiliensis to the lungs could inhibit the recruitment of neutrophils on a background of LPS-induced inflammation. A similar reduction in neutrophil recruitment was observed in this study. This reduction was associated with the significant inhibition in gene transcription of the adhesion molecule, ICAM-1, and the chemokine, MIP-2 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells. The LPS-stimulated gene transcription of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta was also significantly reduced by L3 ES. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is normally elevated in classically activated macrophages, however, in this case gene transcription of iNOS was inhibited by L3 ES and may suggest a phenotype change to anti-inflammatory. The general inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators observed in this study suggests that infective stage L3 larvae excrete and/or secrete inhibitory products capable of modifying the normally potent LPS inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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109
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Signal sequence analysis of protein sequences from the filarial nematode parasite Brugia malayi and the evolution of secreted proteins in parasites. Parasitol Res 2009; 104:1321-6. [PMID: 19165503 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Taking a genomic approach to characterize potential secreted products, we analyzed putative protein sequences from Brugia malayi whole-genome shotgun sequencing project. SignalP analysis was applied to predict protein sequences and to identify potential signal peptides and anchors. We randomly analyzed 552 sequences, of which 88 (15.9%) bear predicted signal sequence coding regions. Through comparisons of sequences with homologs from other species, we found that although some of the sequences with signal sequences have no homologs with others, there are almost the same amounts of the sequences with signals which are highly conserved. Considering the distribution of secretory proteins of B. malayi in three categories has not made big differences, and most of the homologues of free-living nematodes of these secretory proteins also contained either N-signal signal peptides or signal anchors; we speculated that secretory proteins may be in the same evolutional status as the non-secretory proteins.
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110
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Mutapi F, Burchmore R, Mduluza T, Midzi N, Turner CMR, Maizels RM. Age-related and infection intensity-related shifts in antibody recognition of defined protein antigens in a schistosome-exposed population. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:167-75. [PMID: 18549316 DOI: 10.1086/589511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compared patterns of recognition of defined Schistosoma haematobium adult worm antigens by serum antibodies from schistosome-exposed Zimbabweans aged 5-18 years. METHODS The population was stratified by age and infection intensity into 9 groups within which serum specimens were pooled and used to screen for protein recognition by 2-dimensional Western blotting. Recognized proteins were identified by electrospray ionizing tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS A total of 71 antigens were recognized by >or=1 of the serum pools. The recognition varied distinctly with host age and infection intensity, with some isoform-specific responses. The repertoire of antigens recognized increased with age, peaking in the oldest participants whose had no or mild-to-moderate infection intensity. The intensity of antigen recognition also increased with age, peaking in the oldest participants with the heaviest infection intensity. CONCLUSIONS The recognition of specific schistosome antigens, both in terms of the diversity of antigens recognized and the intensity of antigen recognition, increased with duration of exposure to infection, supporting the hypothesis that the slow development of schistosome-acquired immunity is due to the slow accumulation of responsiveness to relevant parasite antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Mutapi
- Institute for Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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111
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Gambhir M, Michael E. Complex ecological dynamics and eradicability of the vector borne macroparasitic disease, lymphatic filariasis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2874. [PMID: 18716676 PMCID: PMC2518518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current global efforts to control the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases affecting developing countries--such as HIV/AIDS, polio, tuberculosis, malaria and the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)-have led to an increasing focus on the biological controllability or eradicability of disease transmission by management action. Here, we use an age-structured dynamical model of lymphatic filariasis transmission to show how a quantitative understanding of the dynamic processes underlying infection persistence and extinction is key to evaluating the eradicability of this macroparasitic disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the persistence and extinction dynamics of lymphatic filariasis by undertaking a numerical equilibrium analysis of a deterministic model of parasite transmission, based on varying values of the initial L3 larval density in the system. The results highlighted the likely occurrence of complex dynamics in parasite transmission with three major outcomes for the eradicability of filariasis. First, both vector biting and worm breakpoint thresholds are shown to be complex dynamic entities with values dependent on the nature and magnitude of vector-and host specific density-dependent processes and the degree of host infection aggregation prevailing in endemic communities. Second, these thresholds as well as the potential size of the attractor domains and hence system resilience are strongly dependent on peculiarities of infection dynamics in different vector species. Finally, the existence of multiple stable states indicates the presence of hysteresis nonlinearity in the filariasis system dynamics in which infection thresholds for infection invasion are lower but occur at higher biting rates than do the corresponding thresholds for parasite elimination. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The variable dynamic nature of thresholds and parasite system resilience reflecting both initial conditions and vector species-infection specificities, and the existence of hysteresis loop phenomenon, suggests that eradication of filariasis may require taking a more flexible and locally relevant approach to designing elimination programmes compared to the current command and control approach advocated by the global programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Gambhir
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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112
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Does resistance to filarial reinfections become leaky over time? Trends Parasitol 2008; 24:350-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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113
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[Helminths and inflammatory bowel diseases]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 32:1064-74. [PMID: 18619749 DOI: 10.1016/j.gcb.2008.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current etiologic model of inflammatory bowel diseases proposes a genetically predisposed host responding to a variety of environmental triggers by exhibiting an abnormal immune response to normal luminal flora. Crohn's disease is common in highly industrialized western countries where helminths are rare and uncommon in less developed areas of the world where most people carry worms. From this observation grew the hygiene hypothesis, which states that our failure to be exposed to previously common infectious agents alters the immune repertoire established in childhood. Helminths diminish immune responsiveness in naturally colonised humans and reduce inflammation in experimental colitis. Crohn's disease involves over reactive T-helper (Th1) pathways, and helminths blunt Th1 responses, inducing production of Th2 cytokines. Helminths also induce regulatory T cells to maintain host mucosal homeostasis. Thus, there is an immunological basis to expect that exposure to helminths such as Trichuris suis will prove beneficial in Crohn's disease. Exposure to helminths may be effective in treating inflammatory bowel diseases and was well tolerated, according to the results of few studies. Its long-term safety remains unknown.
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114
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Paterson S, Wilkes C, Bleay C, Viney ME. Immunological responses elicited by different infection regimes with Strongyloides ratti. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2509. [PMID: 18575588 PMCID: PMC2424171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematode infections are a ubiquitous feature of vertebrate life. In nature, such nematode infections are acquired by continued exposure to infective stages over a prolonged period of time. By contrast, experimental laboratory infections are typically induced by the administration of a single (and often large) dose of infective stages. Previous work has shown that the size of an infection dose can have significant effects on anti-nematode immune responses. Here we investigated the effect of different infection regimes of Strongyloides ratti, comparing single and repeated dose infections, on the host immune response that was elicited. We considered and compared infections of the same size, but administered in different ways. We considered infection size in two ways: the maximum dose of worms administered and the cumulative worm exposure time. We found that both infection regimes resulted in Th2-type immune response, characterised by IL4 and IL13 produced by S. ratti stimulated mesenteric lymph node cells, anti-S. ratti IgG(1) and intestinal rat mast cell protease II (RMCPII) production. We observed some small quantitative immunological differences between different infection regimes, in which the concentration of IL4, IL13, anti-S. ratti IgG(1) and IgG(2a) and RMCPII were affected. However, these differences were quantitatively relatively modest compared with the temporal dynamics of the anti-S. ratti immune response as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Paterson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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115
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Lee KH, Park HK, Jeong HJ, Park SK, Lee SJ, Choi SH, Cho MK, Ock MS, Hong YC, Yu HS. Immunization of proteins from Toxascaris leonina adult worm inhibits allergic specific Th2 response. Vet Parasitol 2008; 156:216-25. [PMID: 18653284 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the influence of parasitic infections on the incidence of allergic diseases has become the focus of increased attention. In order to ascertain whether parasite-derived proteins could inhibit the allergic specific Th2 response, we applied excretory-secretory protein (Tl-ES) or total protein (Tl-TP) of the adult worm Toxascaris leonina to asthma model mice prior to or simultaneously with OVA challenge, after which we assessed the OVA-specific Th2 responses. The group subjected to immunization with Tl-ES and Tl-TP (immunized group) evidenced a thinning of the bronchial epithelial and muscle layer, a disruption and shedding of epithelial cells, a reduction in the number of goblet cells, and a reduction in mucus production as compared to the group treated with Tl-ES coupled with OVA challenge (challenge with OVA groups) and the OVA-induced asthma group. The administration of Tl-ES and Tl-TP, regardless of injection time, was shown to inhibit the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the airway, and in particular, macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes were significantly reduced as the result of the parasite proteins. However, the total number of eosinophils was slightly reduced as the result of the administration of parasite proteins. Sensitization and OVA challenge was shown to accelerate the secretion of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5) within the lung, but in the immunized groups, those levels were lower. The administration of Tl-TP and OVA challenge group also evidenced a significant reduction in IL-4 levels as compared to the OVA-challenged group. The concentrations of Th2 cytokines in the Tl-ES and OVA challenge group were more similar to those observed in the OVA-challenged group. The concentration of IL-10 and TGF-beta in the lung was decreased substantially in the OVA-only challenge group, but the Tl-TP immunized group exhibited significantly induced IL-10 cytokine. OVA-specific IgG2a, IgG1, and IgE levels in the immunized groups were significantly lower than those detected in the OVA-challenged group. In conclusion, parasite-derived protein is able to inhibit OVA-specific Th2 responses, and in particular, immunization with parasite proteins exerts a more profound protective effect than is seen with the treatment of allergic reactions. The results of our study are encouraging in terms of our further understanding of the molecular basis of immune evasion by nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Hee Lee
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
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The Fasciola hepatica thioredoxin: High resolution structure reveals two oxidation states. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2008; 161:44-8. [PMID: 18620002 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Fasciola hepatica thioredoxin protein structure has been determined to 1.45A resolution. This is the first example of a single crystal structure to show the active site cysteine residues in both the reduced and disulfide oxidised form. Consistent with this observation the process of oxidation appears to require very little rearrangement of the surrounding protein structure. The F. hepatica thioredoxin structure has been compared to other thioredoxin protein structures already known and is found to be highly conserved. The F. hepatica protein is most similar to that of the thioredoxin from its human and animal hosts but it resembles other parasitic thioredoxins with regard to having no additional cysteine residues and is therefore not regulated by transient disulfide bond formation as proposed for thioredoxins from higher eukaryotic species.
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117
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Dabir S, Dabir P, Goswami K, Goswamy K, Reddy MVR. Prophylactic evaluation of recombinant extracellular superoxide dismutase of Brugia malayi in jird model. Vaccine 2008; 26:3705-10. [PMID: 18524430 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The immunoscreening of Brugia malayi adult cDNA library with pooled endemic normal sera identified several seroreactive clones including, EC-SOD which contained a 612 bp insert and showed significant nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence homologies with superoxide dismutase (SOD) of other nematode parasites. The SODs are known to play an important role in the protection of parasite against reactive oxygen species of the host. The coding region of the B. malayi EC-SOD (BmEC-SOD) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli followed by affinity purification on nickel agarose resin. Staining of native polyacrylamide gel for SOD activity of the expressed recombinant protein revealed that SOD activity inactivated by potassium cyanide and hydrogen peroxide but not by sodium azide, indicating presence of Cu/Zn-SOD. The rBm EC-SOD protein showed its activity over a broad range of pH.7.0-11.0. Further the immune protective activity of recombinant EC-SOD antigen was evaluated in susceptible host, jirds (gerbils) (Meriones unguiculatus) against B. malayi filarial infection. The immunized jirds showed 33.5% and 36% cytotoxicity against microfilariae and 42.8% and 45.5% cytotoxicity against infective larvae in in vitro antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay and in in situ micropore chamber methods respectively. This study suggests that the rBm EC-SOD antigen could stimulate a partial protective immune response against microfilariae and infective larvae in experimental animals against filarial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Dabir
- Department of Biochemistry & J.B. Tropical Disease Research Center, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram 442102, MS, India.
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Alvarez JI, Rivera J, Teale JM. Differential release and phagocytosis of tegument glycoconjugates in neurocysticercosis: implications for immune evasion strategies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e218. [PMID: 18398489 PMCID: PMC2274955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an infection of the central nervous system (CNS) by the metacestode of the helminth Taenia solium. The severity of the symptoms is associated with the intensity of the immune response. First, there is a long asymptomatic period where host immunity seems incapable of resolving the infection, followed by a chronic hypersensitivity reaction. Since little is known about the initial response to this infection, a murine model using the cestode Mesocestoides corti (syn. Mesocestoides vogae) was employed to analyze morphological changes in the parasite early in the infection. It was found that M. corti material is released from the tegument making close contact with the nervous tissue. These results were confirmed by infecting murine CNS with ex vivo–labeled parasites. Because more than 95% of NCC patients exhibit humoral responses against carbohydrate-based antigens, and the tegument is known to be rich in glycoconjugates (GCs), the expression of these types of molecules was analyzed in human, porcine, and murine NCC specimens. To determine the GCs present in the tegument, fluorochrome-labeled hydrazides as well as fluorochrome-labeled lectins with specificity to different carbohydrates were used. All the lectins utilized labeled the tegument. GCs bound by isolectinB4 were shed in the first days of infection and not resynthesized by the parasite, whereas GCs bound by wheat germ agglutinin and concavalinA were continuously released throughout the infectious process. GCs bound by these three lectins were taken up by host cells. Peanut lectin-binding GCs, in contrast, remained on the parasite and were not detected in host cells. The parasitic origin of the lectin-binding GCs found in host cells was confirmed using antibodies against T. solium and M. corti. We propose that both the rapid and persistent release of tegumental GCs plays a key role in the well-known immunomodulatory effects of helminths, including immune evasion and life-long inflammatory sequelae seen in many NCC patients. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a disease caused by the larval form of a tapeworm parasite that preferentially migrates to the brain. It is characterized by a long asymptomatic period thought to result from the parasite's ability to evade host immunity. To date, the mechanisms of host–parasite interaction before symptoms develop remain unknown. In this study we evaluate by multiple immunofluorescent techniques distinct stages of the infection, making use of a murine model that closely resembles the disease process observed in humans. We discovered that the array of molecules secreted by the parasite varies according to the phase of infection studied. Early in infection, the parasite permanently sheds distinct molecules, allowing a rapid establishment in the brain. As the infection ensues, the continuous release of different molecules appears to facilitate the persistence of the parasite by downregulating molecules involved in its recognition and destruction. Loss of such molecules when the parasite dies after drug treatment may explain sudden inflammatory responses in patients. Characterization of these molecules will lead to advances in our understanding of the complex immunoregulatory mechanisms used by parasites and to new approaches for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I. Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Judy M. Teale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gnanasekar M, Anandharaman V, Anand SB, Nutman TB, Ramaswamy K. A novel small heat shock protein 12.6 (HSP12.6) from Brugia malayi functions as a human IL-10 receptor binding protein. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2008; 159:98-103. [PMID: 18395809 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phage display cDNA expression library of the third stage larvae (L3) of Brugia malayi was screened for identifying target(s) that bound to the human interleukin-10 receptor (huIL10R). This iterative screening identified an insert that showed significant homology to Caenorhabditis elegans HSP12.6. The gene was designated B. malayi HSP12.6 (BmHSP12.6) and has orthologues in several gastrointestinal nematode genome (Ancylostoma caninum, Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum) but the gene or gene product has not been studied further in these parasites. Structural analyses of BmHSP12.6 showed that it has a highly conserved alpha-crystallin central domain that is characteristic of other small heat shock proteins (HSPs). BmHSP12.6 has a short N-terminal domain and an unusually small C-terminal domain flanking the crystallin domain suggesting that this protein belongs to a novel class of small HSPs. BmHSP12.6 appears to be differentially transcribed with highest expression in the vertebrate stages of the parasite (L4, adult and mf) compared to its mosquito vector stage (L3). More importantly recombinant BmHSP12.6 bound to huIL10R in a dose dependent fashion and inhibited the binding of human IL-10 (huIL10) to huIL10R in vitro. rBmHSP12.6 also enhanced the growth and proliferation of MC/9 mast cells in vitro similar to huIL10. This study thus describes a novel small HSP from B. malayi that has the capacity to bind to huIL10R, block binding of huIL10 to huIL10R and function similar to huIL10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munirathinam Gnanasekar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
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120
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An association betweenSchistosoma mansoniworms and an enzymatically-active protease/peptidase in mouse blood. Parasitology 2008; 135:467-72. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182007003988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYAn enzyme found previously in extracts of adultSchistosoma mansoniworms, that hydrolysed the chromogenic substrate N-acetyl-DL-phenylalanine β-naphthyl-ester, has here been further investigated and characterized. Evidence that the molecule found in the parasite was antigenically and enzymatically homologous with a constituent of normal mouse plasma has been consolidated using a monospecific serum in immunoelectrophoresis and Western immunoblotting. The molecular size of the enzyme was found to be approximately 70 kDa and it was inhibited by a serine protease inhibitor, but not by inhibitors of other classes of protease. The enzymatic activity found in normal mouse serum was also found in normal rat serum, but not in sera from several other mammalian species.
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121
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Haag KL, Gottstein B, Ayala FJ. Taeniid history, natural selection and antigenic diversity: evolutionary theory meets helminthology. Trends Parasitol 2008; 24:96-102. [PMID: 18182327 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Large sets of nucleotide sequence data of parasitic helminths have been accumulated in the past two decades. Our ability to improve the health of people and animals using this knowledge has not increased proportionally, however. Evolutionary biology provides the background to understand how parasites adapt to their hosts, and computational molecular biology offers the tools to infer the mechanisms involved. The study of antigenic diversity, a way for parasites to overcome host defenses against parasites, has been neglected in helminths, yet such a study could contribute to the development of more efficient drugs, diagnostic tests and vaccines. This review focuses on the study of adaptive evolution as the cause of antigenic diversity in tapeworms and its potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Haag
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970 RS, Brazil.
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122
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Babu S, Nutman TB. Immune responses to helminths. Clin Immunol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04404-2.10029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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123
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van Riet E, Hartgers FC, Yazdanbakhsh M. Chronic helminth infections induce immunomodulation: consequences and mechanisms. Immunobiology 2007; 212:475-90. [PMID: 17544832 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, more than a billion people are infected with helminths. These worm infections generally do not lead to mortality, however, they are chronic in nature and can lead to considerable morbidity. Immunologically these infections are interesting; chronic helminth infections are characterized by skewing towards a T helper 2 type response as well as regulatory responses. The regulatory network is associated with chronic helminth infections and is thought to prevent strong immune responses against parasitic worms, allowing their long-term survival and restricting pathology. This regulatory network is thought to also temper responses to non-helminth antigens, like allergens or self-antigens, possibly leading to lower prevalence of allergies and autoimmune diseases in subjects that are chronically infected with helminths. This raises the interesting idea that helminths may bear molecules that have potential therapeutic action against allergies and possibly other inflammatory diseases. However, on the other side of the coin, this would predict that helminth infected subjects might not respond strongly to third party antigens like vaccines. This is an important issue, since most vaccines that are being developed against diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis or malaria will be introduced in areas where helminth infections are highly prevalent. Moreover, these vaccines are proving difficult to develop and are often weak, thus any confounder that would affect their efficacy needs to be taken into consideration. Helminth derived molecules have been identified that induce T helper 2 and regulatory responses via modulation of dendritic cells and some appear to do so via Toll like receptor (TLR) signaling. New insights into these pathways could be useful to antagonize suppression and hence boost vaccine efficacy or to optimize suppression induced by helminth derived molecules and control inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly van Riet
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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124
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Mwangi TW, Bethony JM, Brooker S. Malaria and helminth interactions in humans: an epidemiological viewpoint. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2007; 100:551-70. [PMID: 16989681 PMCID: PMC1858631 DOI: 10.1179/136485906x118468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the tropics, helminths are among the most common chronic infections of humans and Plasmodium infections the most deadly. As these two groups of parasites have similar geographical distributions, co-infection is commonplace. It has increasingly been speculated that helminth infections may alter susceptibility to clinical malaria, and there is now increasing interest in investigating the consequences of co-infection, with studies yielding contrasting results. The immunological interactions between helminths and malarial parasites are unclear, although several hypotheses have been proposed. This review provides an epidemiological overview of the possible interactions between helminths and malarial parasites, in relation to geographical distributions and disease patterns, and provides a critical discussion of the results of the epidemiological studies that have so far been conducted to investigate the possible associations. Future studies that might be considered, in order to address the gaps in knowledge, are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Mwangi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine and Research, P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya.
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125
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Devlin MG, Gasser RB, Cocks TM. Initial support for the hypothesis that PAR2 is involved in the immune response to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in mice. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:105-9. [PMID: 17458579 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)) is a cell surface receptor that detects trypsin and trypsin-like enzymes. Although the precise pathophysiological roles of PAR(2) are yet to be determined, the receptor has been broadly implicated in inflammation and allergy. However, no studies have investigated the possible roles of PAR(2) in hosts infected by parasitic helminths. Therefore, in this preliminary investigation, we compared the infectivity of the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in mice lacking the PAR(2) gene (PAR2-/- ) and in their 'background-strain' controls (129SV). PAR2-/- mice displayed elevated fecal egg counts and decreased levels of total serum IgE, after a subcutaneous infection with 900 infective third-stage N. brasiliensis larvae compared with 129SV mice that were not susceptible to infection. In addition, in a separate study in BALB/c mice, two immunological hallmarks of parasite infection, IgE- and IL-10-expressing lymphocytes, were shown to be augmented after the coadministration of the classic antigen ovalbumin with the PAR(2)-activating peptide SLIGRL (single letter amino acid sequence) but not the inactive reverse peptide LRGILS. These findings provide initial support for the proposal that PAR(2) is a recognition receptor for nematode-derived proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Devlin
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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126
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Ayash-Rashkovsky M, Chenine AL, Steele LN, Lee SJ, Song R, Ong H, Rasmussen RA, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Else JG, Augostini P, McClure HM, Secor WE, Ruprecht RM. Coinfection with Schistosoma mansoni reactivates viremia in rhesus macaques with chronic simian-human immunodeficiency virus clade C infection. Infect Immun 2007; 75:1751-6. [PMID: 17283092 PMCID: PMC1865689 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01703-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that helminth parasite coinfection would intensify viremia and accelerate disease progression in monkeys chronically infected with an R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) encoding a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clade C envelope. Fifteen rhesus monkeys with stable SHIV-1157ip infection were enrolled into a prospective, randomized trial. These seropositive animals had undetectable viral RNA and no signs of immunodeficiency. Seven animals served as virus-only controls; eight animals were exposed to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. From week 5 after parasite exposure onward, coinfected animals shed eggs in their feces, developed eosinophilia, and had significantly higher mRNA expression of the T-helper type 2 cytokine interleukin-4 (P = 0.001) than animals without schistosomiasis. Compared to virus-only controls, viral replication was significantly increased in coinfected monkeys (P = 0.012), and the percentage of their CD4(+) CD29(+) memory cells decreased over time (P = 0.05). Thus, S. mansoni coinfection significantly increased viral replication and induced T-cell subset alterations in monkeys with chronic SHIV clade C infection.
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127
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Correale J, Farez M. Association between parasite infection and immune responses in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2007; 61:97-108. [PMID: 17230481 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether parasite infection is correlated with a reduced number of exacerbations and altered immune reactivity in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS A prospective, double-cohort study was performed to assess the clinical course and radiological findings in 12 MS patients presenting associated eosinophilia. All patients presented parasitic infections with positive stool specimens. In all parasite-infected MS patients, the eosinophilia was not present during the 2 previous years. Eosinophil counts were monitored at 3- to 6-month intervals. When counts became elevated, patients were enrolled in the study. Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-12, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and interferon-gamma production by myelin basic protein-specific peripheral blood mononuclear cells were studied using enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT). FoxP3 and Smad7 expression were studied by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS During a 4.6-year follow-up period, parasite-infected MS patients showed a significantly lower number of exacerbations, minimal variation in disability scores, as well as fewer magnetic resonance imaging changes when compared with uninfected MS patients. Furthermore, myelin basic protein-specific responses in peripheral blood showed a significant increase in IL-10 and TGF-beta and a decrease in IL-12 and interferon-gamma-secreting cells in infected MS patients compared with noninfected patients. Myelin basic protein-specific T cells cloned from infected subjects were characterized by the absence of IL-2 and IL-4 production, but high IL-10 and/or TGF-beta secretion, showing a cytokine profile similar to the T-cell subsets Tr1 and Th3. Moreover, cloning frequency of CD4+CD25+ FoxP3+ T cells was substantially increased in infected patients compared with uninfected MS subjects. Finally, Smad7 messenger RNA was not detected in T cells from infected MS patients secreting TGF-beta. INTERPRETATION Increased production of IL-10 and TGF-beta, together with induction of CD25+CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells, suggests that regulatory T cells induced during parasite infections can alter the course of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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128
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Piedrafita D, Estuningsih E, Pleasance J, Prowse R, Raadsma HW, Meeusen ENT, Spithill TW. Peritoneal lavage cells of Indonesian thin-tail sheep mediate antibody-dependent superoxide radical cytotoxicity in vitro against newly excysted juvenile Fasciola gigantica but not juvenile Fasciola hepatica. Infect Immun 2007; 75:1954-63. [PMID: 17210661 PMCID: PMC1865704 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01034-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Indonesian thin-tail (ITT) sheep resist infection by Fasciola gigantica by an immunological mechanism within 2 to 4 weeks of infection yet are susceptible to F. hepatica infection. Studies of ITT sheep show that little liver damage occurs following F. gigantica infection, suggesting that the invading parasites are killed within the peritoneum or shortly after reaching the liver. We investigated whether cells isolated from the peritoneums of ITT sheep could kill newly excysted juvenile F. gigantica in vitro and act as a potential mechanism of resistance against F. gigantica infection. Peritoneal cells from F. gigantica-infected sheep, rich in macrophages and eosinophils, mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity against juvenile F. gigantica in vitro. Cytotoxicity was dependent on contact between the parasite and effector cells. Isolated mammary gland eosinophils of F. gigantica-infected sheep, or resident peritoneal monocytes/macrophages from uninfected sheep, also killed the juvenile parasites in vitro. By using inhibitors, we show that the molecular mechanism of killing in these assays was dependent on the production of superoxide radicals by macrophages and eosinophils. In contrast, this cytotoxic mechanism was ineffective against juvenile F. hepatica parasites in vitro. Analysis of superoxide dismutase activity and mRNA levels showed that activity and gene expression were higher in F. hepatica than in F. gigantica, suggesting a possible role for this enzyme in the resistance of F. hepatica to superoxide-mediated killing. We suggest that ovine macrophages and eosinophils, acting in concert with a specific antibody, may be important effector cells involved in the resistance of ITT sheep to F. gigantica.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Piedrafita
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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129
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Toledo R, Esteban JG, Fried B. Immunology and pathology of intestinal trematodes in their definitive hosts. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2006; 63:285-365. [PMID: 17134655 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(06)63004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the significant literature on the immunology and pathology of intestinal trematodes in their definitive hosts. We emphasize information on selected species in six families for which the literature on these topics is extensive. The families are Brachylaimidae, Diplostomidae, Echinostomatidae, Gymnophallidae, Heterophyidae, and Paramphistomidae. For most of these families, coverage is considered under the following headings: (i) background; (ii) pathology of the infection; (iii) immunology of the infection; (iv) immunodiagnosis; and (v) human infection. Some of these heading have been subdivided further, based on the literature available on a particular topic. Following this coverage, we include a final section on the important topical literature on selected trematodes in families other than the six mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Toledo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
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130
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Abstract
We have previously suggested that helminth infections play a major role in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection in Africa and other developing areas, due to their profound effects on the host immune system, which make those infected more susceptible to HIV-1 infection and less able to cope with it. Chronic immune activation with a dominant Th2 profile, and anergy, are the hallmarks of chronic helminth infection, and may therefore account for most of these effects. In the present review, we summarize the studies that have addressed these issues and argue that despite some conflicting results, the cumulative immunological and epidemiological evidence is in favour of deworming as a preventive and possible therapeutic measure vis-à-vis HIV-1 infection. We suggest that it should be at least tested on a wider and larger scale than has been done until now, because of its immense potential impact on the still raging AIDS epidemic in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Borkow
- Cupron Inc., Beth-Shemesh, Israel
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131
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Chemale G, Morphew R, Moxon JV, Morassuti AL, Lacourse EJ, Barrett J, Johnston DA, Brophy PM. Proteomic analysis of glutathione transferases from the liver fluke parasite,Fasciola hepatica. Proteomics 2006; 6:6263-73. [PMID: 17078019 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The parasite Fasciola hepatica causes major global disease of livestock, with increasing reports of human infection. Vaccine candidates with varying protection rates have been identified by pre-genomic approaches. As many candidates are part of protein superfamilies, sub-proteomics offers new possibilities to systematically reveal the relative importance of individual family proteins to vaccine formulations within populations. The superfamily glutathione transferase (GST) from liver fluke has phase II detoxification and housekeeping roles, and has been shown to contain protective vaccine candidates. GST were purified from cytosolic fractions of adult flukes using glutathione- and S-hexylglutathione-agarose, separated by 2-DE, and identified by MS/MS, with the support of a liver fluke EST database. All previously described F. hepatica GST isoforms were identified in 2-DE. Amongst the isoforms mapped by 2-DE, a new GST, closely related to the Sigma class enzymes is described for the first time in the liver fluke. We also describe cDNA encoding putative Omega class GST in F. hepatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Chemale
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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132
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Michels C, Goyal P, Nieuwenhuizen N, Brombacher F. Infection with Syphacia obvelata (pinworm) induces protective Th2 immune responses and influences ovalbumin-induced allergic reactions. Infect Immun 2006; 74:5926-32. [PMID: 16988272 PMCID: PMC1594938 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00207-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with pinworms are common in rodent animal facilities. In this study, we show the consequence of an outbreak in a transgenic barrier facility of infection by Syphacia obvelata, a murine pinworm gastrointestinal nematode. Immune responses were defined in experimental infection studies with BALB/c mice. Infection with S. obvelata induced a transient Th2-type immune response with elevated interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13 cytokine production and parasite-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1). In contrast, BALB/c mice deficient in IL-13, IL-4/13, or the IL-4 receptor alpha chain showed chronic disease, with a >100-fold higher parasite burden, increased gamma interferon production, parasite-specific IgG2b, and a default Th2 response. Interestingly, infected IL-4-/- BALB/c mice showed only slightly elevated parasite burdens compared to the control mice, suggesting that IL-13 plays the dominant role in the control of S. obvelata. The influence that pinworm infection has on the allergic response to a dietary antigen was found to be important. Helminth-infected mice immunized against ovalbumin (Ova) elicited more severe anaphylactic shock with reduced Ova-specific IL-4 and IL-5 than did noninfected controls, demonstrating that S. obvelata infection is able to influence nonrelated laboratory experiments. The latter outcome highlights the importance of maintaining mice for use as experimental models under pinworm-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chesney Michels
- Health Science Faculty, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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133
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Weyher AH, Ross C, Semple S. Gastrointestinal Parasites in Crop Raiding and Wild Foraging Papio anubis in Nigeria. INT J PRIMATOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-006-9089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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134
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Muthian G, Pradeep CG, Sargapradeep K, Kaleysaraj R, Bright JJ. Setaria digitata secreted filarial lipids modulate IL-12 signaling through JAK-STAT pathway leading to the development of Th1 response. Exp Parasitol 2006; 114:193-203. [PMID: 16647056 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Filariasis is a debilitating parasitic disease in many tropical countries. Despite the highly evolved immune system, the filarial parasites successfully evade host immunity to persist for a sustained period of time. Earlier studies have shown that the filarial parasites achieve this long-term survival through release of immunosuppressive materials in the host. In this study, we show that the secreted filarial lipids (SFL) isolated from Setaria digitata suppress Th1 immune response. While immunization with myelin antigen induces Th1 response in mice, in vitro treatment with SFL resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in myelin antigen-induced proliferation and secretion of IL-12 and IFNgamma. The SFL also inhibited IL-12-induced T cell proliferation and Th1 differentiation in vitro. The inhibition of T cell responses by SFL associates with the blockade of IL-12-induced activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathway in T cells. These findings suggest that the SFL modulates Th1 immune response by blocking IL-12 signaling in T cells and thus play a role in host immune evasion of filarial parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladson Muthian
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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135
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Saunders KA, Raine T, Cooke A, Lawrence CE. Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection. Infect Immun 2006; 75:397-407. [PMID: 17043101 PMCID: PMC1828378 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00664-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode infections are prevalent worldwide and are potent inducers of T helper 2 responses with the capacity to modulate the immune response to heterologous antigens. Parasitic helminth infection has even been shown to modulate the immune response associated with autoimmune diseases. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice provide a model for studying human autoimmune diabetes; as in humans, the development of diabetes in NOD mice has been linked to the loss of self-tolerance to beta cell autoantigens. Previous studies with the NOD mouse have shown that helminth and bacterial infection appears to inhibit type 1 diabetes by disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. The aim of our study was to examine whether infection with the gastrointestinal helminths Trichinella spiralis or Heligmosomoides polygyrus could inhibit the development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice and to analyze the mechanisms involved in protection and the role of Th2 responses. Protection from diabetes was afforded by helminth infection, appeared to inhibit autoimmune diabetes by disrupting pathways leading to the destruction of beta cells, and was mediated by seemingly independent mechanisms depending on the parasite but which may be to be related to the capacity of the host to mount a Th2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Saunders
- Department of Immunology, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, United Kingdom
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136
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Devalapalli AP, Lesher A, Shieh K, Solow JS, Everett ML, Edala AS, Whitt P, Long RR, Newton N, Parker W. Increased levels of IgE and autoreactive, polyreactive IgG in wild rodents: implications for the hygiene hypothesis. Scand J Immunol 2006; 64:125-36. [PMID: 16867157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To probe the potential role of Th1 versus Th2 reactivity underlying the hygiene hypothesis, intrinsic levels of Th1-associated and Th2-associated antibodies in the serum of wild rodents were compared with that in various strains of laboratory rodents. Studies using rat lung antigens as a target indicated that wild rats have substantially greater levels of autoreactive, polyreactive immunoglobulin G (IgG), but not autoreactive, polyreactive IgM than do laboratory rats, both on a quantitative and qualitative basis. Increased levels of serum IgG and IgE were observed in both wild rats and wild mice relative to their laboratory-raised counterparts, with the effect being most pronounced for IgE levels. Further, wild rats had greater intrinsic levels of both Th1- and Th2-associated IgG subclasses than did lab rats. The habitat (wild versus laboratory raised) had a more substantial impact on immunoglobulin concentration than did age, strain or gender in the animals studied. The presence in wild rodents of increased intrinsic, presumably protective, non-pathogenic responses similar to both autoimmune (autoreactive IgG, Th1-associated) and allergic (IgE, Th2-associated) reactions as well as increased levels of Th1-associated and Th2-associated IgG subclasses points toward a generally increased stimulation of the immune system in these animals rather than a shift in the nature of the immunoreactivity. It is concluded that, at least to the extent that feedback inhibition is a controlling element of immunoreactivity, an overly hygienic environment may affect the threshold of both types of immune responses more so than the balance between the different responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Devalapalli
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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137
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Kanan JHC, Chain BM. Modulation of dendritic cell differentiation and cytokine secretion by the hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus. Immunology 2006; 118:271-8. [PMID: 16771863 PMCID: PMC1782286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection by Echinococcus granulosus results in establishment of fluid-filled cysts (hydatid cysts) in liver or lungs of infected hosts, which can escape destruction by the host immune system for long periods. This study explores the modulation by hydatid cyst fluid of the in vitro human monocyte to dendritic cell (DC) transition induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Addition of the fluid to adherent peripheral blood monocytes cultured in GM-CSF/IL-4 stimulates release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and IL-6. Exposure of differentiating DC to the fluid during the 7-day culture in GM-CSF/IL-4 impairs their subsequent ability to secrete IL-12, IL-6 or PGE2 in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. This inhibition is not dependent on the initial release of PGE2. The presence of hydatid cyst fluid also modulates the phenotype of the cells generated during culture, resulting in increased CD14 expression and decreased expression of CD1a. Finally, hydatid fluid can stimulate predifferentiated DC to mature, as evidenced by release of IL-12 and IL-6, and by up-regulation of class II major histocompatibility complex and CD86. The possible role of dendritic cell modulation in regulating the host immune response to hydatid cysts is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- João H C Kanan
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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138
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Karadag B, Ege M, Bradley JE, Braun-Fahrländer C, Riedler J, Nowak D, von Mutius E. The role of parasitic infections in atopic diseases in rural schoolchildren. Allergy 2006; 61:996-1001. [PMID: 16867054 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that the farming environment has a protective effect as regards allergic diseases. Exposure to animal parasites, particularly helminth infections, is common in the farming environment. However, the role of helminths in this environment is not well determined to date. METHODS This analysis focuses on 613 children 6-13 years of age from rural areas of Austria, Germany and Switzerland, who took part in the Allergy and Endotoxin (ALEX) study. Allergic diseases and farming characteristics were assessed by a standardized questionnaire and as a crude measure of possible exposure to helminths, IgG antibodies to Ascaris lumbricoides were measured. RESULTS Exposure to nematodes, as determined by the levels of antibody to A. lumbricoides, was more frequent among farmers' children than non-farmers' children (39.8%vs 31.1%, P = 0.03). This positive serology was found to be significantly associated with high total IgE levels [odds ratio (OR) = 3.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.81-5.12] and eosinophilia (OR = 2.84, 95% CI = 1.66-4.84). However, no association between anti-nematode serology and the prevalences of asthma, wheeze, hay fever or atopy was found. A weak association for atopy was observed after adjustment for total IgE. CONCLUSION Immunoglobulin G antibodies to A. lumbricoides, as a crude measure of possible exposure to helminths, did not indicate any protective effect against allergic diseases in this population. Although farmers' children had increased antibody levels reactive to helminth parasites indicating exposure, this did not explain the protective effect of farming against atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Karadag
- Children's Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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139
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Lesher A, Li B, Whitt P, Newton N, Devalapalli AP, Shieh K, Solow JS, Parker W. Increased IL‐4 production and attenuated proliferative and pro‐inflammatory responses of splenocytes from wild‐caught rats (
Rattus norvegicus
). Immunol Cell Biol 2006; 84:374-82. [PMID: 16594897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2006.01440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wild animals, unlike their laboratory counterparts, live amidst an abundance of pathogens and parasites. The presence of such immune stimulation from the time of birth likely has a profound effect on the development and stasis of the immune system. To probe potential differences between the immune systems of wild and laboratory animals, the response to mitogen (Con A) of splenocytes from wild rats was evaluated in vitro and compared with results from lab-rat-derived splenocytes. Although the response to mitogen is ubiquitous in splenocytes from laboratory animals regardless of strain or even species, splenocytes derived from wild rats were unresponsive to mitogen as judged by upregulation of activation markers and proliferation. Further, splenocytes from wild rats produced almost 10-fold less IL-2 and TNF-alpha in response to mitogen than did splenocytes from laboratory rats. In addition, mitogen stimulation resulted in an almost 100-fold greater production of IL-4 in wild-rat-derived splenocytes than in lab-rat-derived splenocytes. Perhaps surprisingly, these differences were observed in the absence of differences between wild and laboratory animals in the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells or in the relative numbers of T cells, B cells and monocytes in the splenocyte population. These observations may have substantial implications for the hygiene hypothesis and provide considerable insight into the roles played by the environment during immune system development and modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lesher
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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140
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Olsen DP, Phu D, Libby LJM, Cormier JA, Montez KM, Ryder EF, Politz SM. Chemosensory control of surface antigen switching in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2006; 6:240-52. [PMID: 16879619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2006.00252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes change their surface compositions in response to environmental signals, which may allow them to survive attacks from microbial pathogens or host immune systems. In the free-living species Caenorhabditis elegans, wild-type worms are induced to display an L1 (first larval stage) surface epitope at later larval stages when grown on an extract of spent culture medium (Inducible Larval Display or ILD). Before this study, it was not known whether ILD was regulated by the well-characterized, neurologically based chemical senses of C. elegans, which mediate other behavioural and developmental responses to environmental signals such as chemotaxis and formation of the facultatively arrested dauer larva stage. We show here that ILD requires the activities of three genes that are essential for the function of the C. elegans chemosensory neurons. ILD was abolished in chemotaxis-defective che-3, osm-3 and tax-4 mutants. In contrast, chemotaxis-defective mutants altered in a different gene, srf-6, show constitutive display of the L1 epitope on all four larval stages. The ILD-defective che-3, osm-3 and tax-4 mutations blocked the constitutive larval display of an srf-6 mutant. Combining srf-6 and certain dauer-constitutive mutations in double mutants enhanced constitutive dauer formation, consistent with the idea that srf-6 acts in parallel with specific components of the dauer formation pathway. These results taken together are consistent with the hypothesis that ILD is triggered by environmental signals detected by the nematode's chemosensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Olsen
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
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141
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Pal BK, Kulkarni S, Bhandari Y, Ganesh BB, Goswami K, Reddy MVR. Lymphatic filariasis: possible pathophysiological nexus with oxidative stress. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100:650-5. [PMID: 16554077 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wuchereria bancrofti-mediated lymphatic filariasis is widely prevalent. Diversity in immune response presumably may lead to myriad clinical presentations, such as overt chronic filariasis, occult filariasis with atypical systemic manifestation and asymptomatic microfilariae carrier state. Anticipated oxidative stress during inflammatory response to infective conditions might complicate the immune response and thus might alter the disease outcome. The present study was carried out to assess the status of oxidative stress in different clinical presentations of bancroftian filariasis. Twenty-five microfilariae carriers and 30 cases each of chronic filariasis and occult filariasis were compared to 30 endemic normal individuals. Serum malondialdehyde level and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity were measured by spectrophotometric methods and levels of filarial antigen were measured by ELISA. In the filarial cases, the levels of these parameters were assayed again after treatment with diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC). Results showed significant (P<0.05) association of oxidative stress with chronic and occult filariasis but not with microfilarial carriers. DEC therapy in both clinical cases and carriers resulted in a significant reduction of oxidative stress associated with decreased antigen level (P<0.01). These findings suggest the possible involvement of oxidative stress in filarial disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Pal
- Department of Biochemistry & JB Tropical Disease Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra 442102, India
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142
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Nielsen NO, Simonsen PE, Magnussen P, Magesa S, Friis H. Cross-sectional relationship between HIV, lymphatic filariasis and other parasitic infections in adults in coastal northeastern Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100:543-50. [PMID: 16324731 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between HIV, lymphatic filariasis, malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) and intestinal helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm) was assessed in a cross-sectional study conducted in 2002 among 907 adults in Tanga Region, Tanzania. Overall prevalences were 7.9% for HIV, 43.5% for Wuchereria bancrofti-specific circulating filarial antigen (CFA), 12.3% for P. falciparum, 1.2% for A. lumbricoides, 7.1% for T. trichiura and 75.7% for hookworm. Anaemia was assessed separately for males and females and was found to be more prevalent among females (58.8%) than males (34.8%). When sex and age were controlled for, there was a statistically significant positive association between HIV and W. bancrofti (CFA) infection and between malaria and HIV, but not between malaria and W. bancrofti (CFA) infection. Hookworm infection was positively associated with W. bancrofti (CFA) infection but, surprisingly, negatively associated with HIV. Infection with HIV and hookworms, but not malaria, was associated with a significant reduction in haemoglobin concentration. These associations are likely to reflect underlying mechanisms that need to be clarified to better understand the role of co-infections in HIV pathogenesis, and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Nielsen
- DBL - Institute for Health Research and Development, Jaegersborg Allé 1 D, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark.
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143
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Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, Hotez PJ. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. Lancet 2006; 367:1521-32. [PMID: 16679166 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1412] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The three main soil-transmitted helminth infections, ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm, are common clinical disorders in man. The gastrointestinal tract of a child living in poverty in a less developed country is likely to be parasitised with at least one, and in many cases all three soil-transmitted helminths, with resultant impairments in physical, intellectual, and cognitive development. The benzimidazole anthelmintics, mebendazole and albendazole, are commonly used to remove these infections. The use of these drugs is not limited to treatment of symptomatic soil-transmitted helminth infections, but also for large-scale prevention of morbidity in children living in endemic areas. As a result of data showing improvements in child health and education after deworming, and the burden of disease attributed to soil-transmitted helminths, the worldwide community is awakening to the importance of these infections. Concerns about the sustainability of periodic deworming with benzimidazole anthelmintics and the emergence of resistance have prompted efforts to develop and test new control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
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144
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Barnes KC, Grant AV, Gao P. A review of the genetic epidemiology of resistance to parasitic disease and atopic asthma: common variants for common phenotypes? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 5:379-85. [PMID: 16131910 DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000182543.37724.7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An inverse relationship between resistance to certain parasitic diseases and measures of atopy and asthma has long been observed. A possible explanation is that genetic determinants which confer protection against detrimental worm burdens are the same determinants involved in atopic asthma. The focus of this review is to consider the potential candidate genes that have been elucidated as part of molecular, genomic and genetic studies of parasite biology, host-parasite interactions and classic genetic epidemiology studies on parasitic disease and allergic asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Comparative studies of the Plasmodium and Schistosoma spp. genomes have revealed a number of proteins that are homologous to humans. A number of linkage and association studies on susceptibility/resistance to parasitic diseases, including malaria and schistosomiasis, overlap with associations that have been identified for susceptibility to atopy and asthma. SUMMARY In response to parasitic approaches in maintaining survival, the human host has evolved genetic adaptations that minimize severe manifestations of disease, which conversely appear to contribute to allergic disease. A clearer understanding of this process will elucidate the complex pathways and mechanisms involved in these traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Barnes
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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145
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Van Hellemond JJ, Retra K, Brouwers JFHM, van Balkom BWM, Yazdanbakhsh M, Shoemaker CB, Tielens AGM. Functions of the tegument of schistosomes: clues from the proteome and lipidome. Int J Parasitol 2006; 36:691-9. [PMID: 16545817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The tegumental outer-surface of schistosomes is a unique double membrane structure that is of crucial importance for modulation of the host response and parasite survival. Although several tegumental proteins had been identified by classical biochemical approaches, knowledge on the entire molecular composition of the tegument was limited. The Schistosoma mansoni genome project, together with recently developed proteomic and lipidomic techniques, allowed studies on detailed characterisation of the proteins and lipids of the tegumental membranes. These studies identified tegumental proteins and lipids that confirm the function of the tegument in nutrient uptake and immune evasion. However, these studies also demonstrated that compared to the complete worm, the tegument is enriched in lipids that are absent in the host. The tegument is also enriched in proteins that share no sequence similarity to any sequence present in databases of species other than schistosomes. These results suggest that the unique tegumental structures comprise multiple unique components that are likely to fulfil yet unknown functions. The tegumental proteome and lipidome, therefore, imply that many unknown molecular mechanisms are employed by schistosomes to survive within their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap J Van Hellemond
- Department Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80176, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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146
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Rajakumar S, Bleiss W, Hartmann S, Schierack P, Marko A, Lucius R. CONCOMITANT IMMUNITY IN A RODENT MODEL OF FILARIASIS: THE INFECTION OF MERIONES UNGUICULATUS WITH ACANTHOCHEILONEMA VITEAE. J Parasitol 2006; 92:41-5. [PMID: 16629313 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3507.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to study the occurrence of concomitant immunity in filarial infections, jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) were experimentally infected with Acanthocheilonema viteae, and patent animals were superinfected with a defined dose of A. viteae stage 3 larvae (L3). Infected animals harbored significantly less worms deriving from the superinfection than the control group (P < 0.05, 56.2%, and 63.4% protection), as shown by analysis of female worms 6 wk after superinfection on the basis of their developmental status and their length. This protection was not due to contact with L3 antigens because a significant reduction of worm burdens deriving of a superinfection was also observed after subcutaneous implantation of a single female worm (P < 0.05, 40.2% and 64.9% protection). The induced protective responses target L3 and restrict their migration because an established infection resulted in a reduction of L3 recovery (95.6% and 94.3%, P < 0.001) from tissues of jirds at day 5 after superinfection. Other data show that L3 from a superinfection are trapped within eosinophil-rich granulomas, which is likely to create unfavorable conditions for the worms and to lead to later death. Taken together, established A. viteae-infections partially protect hosts against homologous superinfection by an immune-mediated mechanism and, thus, regulate the population density of the parasites within the host by concomitant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sethu Rajakumar
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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147
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Wilson MS, Taylor MD, Balic A, Finney CAM, Lamb JR, Maizels RM. Suppression of allergic airway inflammation by helminth-induced regulatory T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 202:1199-212. [PMID: 16275759 PMCID: PMC2213237 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20042572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases mediated by T helper type (Th) 2 cell immune responses are rising dramatically in most developed countries. Exaggerated Th2 cell reactivity could result, for example, from diminished exposure to Th1 cell–inducing microbial infections. Epidemiological studies, however, indicate that Th2 cell–stimulating helminth parasites may also counteract allergies, possibly by generating regulatory T cells which suppress both Th1 and Th2 arms of immunity. We therefore tested the ability of the Th2 cell–inducing gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus to influence experimentally induced airway allergy to ovalbumin and the house dust mite allergen Der p 1. Inflammatory cell infiltrates in the lung were suppressed in infected mice compared with uninfected controls. Suppression was reversed in mice treated with antibodies to CD25. Most notably, suppression was transferable with mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC) from infected animals to uninfected sensitized mice, demonstrating that the effector phase was targeted. MLNC from infected animals contained elevated numbers of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells, higher TGF-β expression, and produced strong interleukin (IL)-10 responses to parasite antigen. However, MLNC from IL-10–deficient animals transferred suppression to sensitized hosts, indicating that IL-10 is not the primary modulator of the allergic response. Suppression was associated with CD4+ T cells from MLNC, with the CD4+CD25+ marker defining the most active population. These data support the contention that helminth infections elicit a regulatory T cell population able to down-regulate allergen induced lung pathology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Wilson
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, UK
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148
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Kołodziej-Sobocińska M, Dvoroznakova E, Dziemian E. Trichinella spiralis: Macrophage activity and antibody response in chronic murine infection. Exp Parasitol 2006; 112:52-62. [PMID: 16274689 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of macrophages, their products, and the specific antibody response were examined during chronic Trichinella spiralis infection in BALB/c mice. Adult T. spiralis in intestines were detected from 5 to 20 dpi. Muscle larvae numbers peaked at 45 dpi and thereafter a reduction was noted. The highest numbers of macrophages in the peritoneal cavity of infected mice were obtained up to 30 dpi. The production of NO by macrophages in infected mice was suppressed at 5 dpi, and then NO release increased until 45 dpi. The levels of NO in plasma and urine were lower in infected mice during the entire experiment in comparison to control. The production of O(2)(-) in peritoneal macrophages was inhibited during the first two weeks after infection and then increased until 90 dpi. Circulating T. spiralis antigens in plasma and urine were detected from 5 to 30 dpi. Specific IgM and IgA in serum increased until 20 dpi. IgG, IgG(1), and IgG(2) levels in serum increased until 60 dpi.
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149
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Gruden-Movsesijan A, Milosavljevic LS. The involvement of the macrophage mannose receptor in the innate immune response to infection with parasite Trichinella spiralis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 109:57-67. [PMID: 16135385 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The macrophage mannose receptor (MR) is a pattern recognition receptor of the innate immune system that binds to microbial structures bearing mannose, fucose and N-acetylglucosamine on their surface. The MR can mediate endocytosis and phagocytosis, as well as activation of macrophages and antigen presentation. Since Trichinella spiralis antigens are rich in oligomannose residues, we investigated whether a mannose-recognizing receptor, such as the MR, participated in the host-parasite interaction. The results show that the MR (either on the surface of macrophages or in the purified form) recognizes and binds components of T. spiralis muscle larvae. The presence of parasites provoked activation of peritoneal macrophages, which was indicated by down-regulation of MR expression, and the stimulation of NO secretion. In vitro stimulation of macrophages with T. spiralis components resulted in increased NO and IL-6 production. However, while the MR was partially involved in stimulation of NO production, it did not mediate IL-6 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gruden-Movsesijan
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy-INEP, Banatska 31b, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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150
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Hoare M, Gelson WTH, Davies SE, Curran M, Alexander GJM. Hepatic and intestinal schistosomiasis after orthotopic liver transplant. Liver Transpl 2005; 11:1603-7. [PMID: 16315308 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis affects 200 to 250 million people worldwide. Hepatic schistosomiasis is a well-recognized cause of chronic liver disease and portal hypertension. There are no previous reports of schistosomiasis post liver transplantation. We report on 2 cases of schistosomiasis in liver transplant recipients--a case of gastric schistosomiasis and a case of hepatic schistosomiasis. A discussion of the pathology of schistosomal infection and a rationale for screening potential liver transplant recipients from endemic areas follows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hoare
- Department of Hepatology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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