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Wang H, Han X, Xu J. Lysosome as the Black Hole for Checkpoint Molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:325-346. [PMID: 32185717 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes, as digestive organelles full of hydrolases, have complex functions and play an important role in cellular physiological and pathological processes. In normal physiological conditions, lysosomes can sense the nutritional state and be responsible for recycling raw materials to provide nutrients, affecting cell signaling pathways and regulating cell proliferation. Lysosomes are related to many diseases and associated with metastasis and drug resistance of tumors. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the tumor immunotherapy especially immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Accumulating data suggest that lysosomes may serve as a major destruction for immune checkpoint molecules, and secretory lysosomes can temporarily store immune checkpoint proteins. Once activated, the compounds contained in secretory lysosomes are released to the surface of cell membrane rapidly. Inhibitions of lysosomes can overcome the chemoresistance of some tumors and enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Wang
- School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xue Han
- Institutes of Biological Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Myung CH, Kim K, Park JI, Lee JE, Lee JA, Hong SC, Lim KM, Hwang JS. 16-Kauren-2-beta-18,19-triol inhibits melanosome transport in melanocytes by down-regulation of melanophilin expression. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 97:101-108. [PMID: 31892452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rab27a, Mlph, and MyoVa form a tripartite complex and relate to melanosome distribution. Melanophilin (Mlph) acts as a linker protein between Rab27a and MyoVa. The biological activity and function of 16-kauren on the expression of Mlph has not yet been studied. OBJECTIVE We examined the effect of 16-kauren on melanosome transport and skin pigmentation. METHODS Murine Melan-a melanocytes and SP-1 keratinocytes were used for in vitro analysis. Western blot analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, luciferase assay and immunohistochemical staining in 3D pigmented human skin model were performed. RESULTS We found that 16-kauren inhibits melanosome transport in Melan-a melanocytes without affecting melanin synthesis. Treatment with 16-kauren reduced melanophilin (Mlph), a key protein in melanosome transport, in Melan-a melanocytes, at both the protein and mRNA levels while it did not affect the expression of Rab27a and MyoVa, the other two key proteins for melanosome transport. Notably, the expression of melanogenic proteins, including tyrosinase, trp1, trp2, and MITF, was not affected by 16-kauren. However, 16-kauren attenuated melanosome distribution in co-culture of Melan-a melanocytes and SP-1 keratinocytes as well as in Melan-a monolayer culture. In further confirmation of the depigmenting effects of 16-kauren on Melanoderm™, a 3D pigmented human skin model, treatment with 16-kauren for 12 days increased the brightness of the tissue as determined by lightness value and reduced the distribution of melanosomes as shown in histological examination. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that 16-kauren is a selective modulator of a melangenic target, Mlph expression, and can be employed as a new depigmenting strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Hwan Myung
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuri Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Il Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chan Hong
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Sung Hwang
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Kim SR, Kissoon-Larkin T, Horn B, Elder M. Anakinra as an agent to control hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Griscelli type 2. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019; 66:e27997. [PMID: 31535456 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida Shands Children's Hospital, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Trisha Kissoon-Larkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Biljana Horn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Melissa Elder
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, & Rheumatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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104
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Cabral-Marques O, Schimke LF, de Oliveira EB, El Khawanky N, Ramos RN, Al-Ramadi BK, Segundo GRS, Ochs HD, Condino-Neto A. Flow Cytometry Contributions for the Diagnosis and Immunopathological Characterization of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases With Immune Dysregulation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2742. [PMID: 31849949 PMCID: PMC6889851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 70 years after establishing the concept of primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs), more than 320 monogenic inborn errors of immunity have been identified thanks to the remarkable contribution of high-throughput genetic screening in the last decade. Approximately 40 of these PIDs present with autoimmune or auto-inflammatory symptoms as the primary clinical manifestation instead of infections. These PIDs are now recognized as diseases of immune dysregulation. Loss-of function mutations in genes such as FOXP3, CD25, LRBA, IL-10, IL10RA, and IL10RB, as well as heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in JAK1 and STAT3 have been reported as causative of these disorders. Identifying these syndromes has considerably contributed to expanding our knowledge on the mechanisms of immune regulation and tolerance. Although whole exome and whole genome sequencing have been extremely useful in identifying novel causative genes underlying new phenotypes, these approaches are time-consuming and expensive. Patients with monogenic syndromes associated with autoimmunity require faster diagnostic tools to delineate therapeutic strategies and avoid organ damage. Since these PIDs present with severe life-threatening phenotypes, the need for a precise diagnosis in order to initiate appropriate patient management is necessary. More traditional approaches such as flow cytometry are therefore a valid option. Here, we review the application of flow cytometry and discuss the relevance of this powerful technique in diagnosing patients with PIDs presenting with immune dysregulation. In addition, flow cytometry represents a fast, robust, and sensitive approach that efficiently uncovers new immunopathological mechanisms underlying monogenic PIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lena F Schimke
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | | | - Nadia El Khawanky
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Precision Medicine Theme, The South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Nalio Ramos
- INSERM U932, SiRIC Translational Immunotherapy Team, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Basel K Al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Hans D Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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105
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Bianchi DW. The power of human touch in the era of artificial intelligence. Pediatr Res 2019; 86:670-671. [PMID: 31238331 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana W Bianchi
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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106
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Rab GTPases: Switching to Human Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080909. [PMID: 31426400 PMCID: PMC6721686 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab proteins compose the largest family of small GTPases and control the different steps of intracellular membrane traffic. More recently, they have been shown to also regulate cell signaling, division, survival, and migration. The regulation of these processes generally occurs through recruitment of effectors and regulatory proteins, which control the association of Rab proteins to membranes and their activation state. Alterations in Rab proteins and their effectors are associated with multiple human diseases, including neurodegeneration, cancer, and infections. This review provides an overview of how the dysregulation of Rab-mediated functions and membrane trafficking contributes to these disorders. Understanding the altered dynamics of Rabs and intracellular transport defects might thus shed new light on potential therapeutic strategies.
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107
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Stieber C, Malka K, Boucher JM, Liaw L. Human Perivascular Adipose Tissue as a Regulator of the Vascular Microenvironment and Diseases of the Coronary Artery and Aorta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:10-15. [PMID: 32411947 PMCID: PMC7224402 DOI: 10.29245/2578-3025/2019/4.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an adipose depot that surrounds blood vessels in the human body and exerts local paracrine signaling. Under physiologically healthy conditions, PVAT has an anti-contractile effect on vessels, but in obesity this effect is lost. During metabolic disease, adiponectin secretion is dysregulated, influencing nitric oxide bioavailability and macrophage infiltration and inflammation, all of which mediate PVAT signaling. However, based on the location in the body, and the type of adipocyte present, PVAT has different relationships with risk factors for disease. Imaging studies in patients with cardiovascular disease have demonstrated important associations between PVAT structure and pathology, yet insight into molecular pathways regulating human PVAT function are still lacking. This review focuses on our current understanding of human PVAT and its secretory role in the vascular microenvironment. A current area of priority is defining molecular differences in the secretome between PVAT depots, as this could inform the treatment of diseases that occur in anatomically restricted locations. In addition, understanding progressive changes in PVAT structure and function during metabolic disease is required for effective targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Stieber
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, United States
| | - Kimberly Malka
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, United States
| | - Joshua M Boucher
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, United States
| | - Lucy Liaw
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, United States
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108
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Chiang SCC, Bleesing JJ, Marsh RA. Current Flow Cytometric Assays for the Screening and Diagnosis of Primary HLH. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1740. [PMID: 31396234 PMCID: PMC6664088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in flow cytometry have led to greatly improved primary immunodeficiency (PID) diagnostics. This is due to the fact that patient blood cells in suspension do not require further processing for analysis by flow cytometry, and many PIDs lead to alterations in leukocyte numbers, phenotype, and function. A large portion of current PID assays can be classified as “phenotyping” assays, where absolute numbers, frequencies, and markers are investigated using specific antibodies. Inherent drawbacks of antibody technology are the main limitation to this type of testing. On the other hand, “functional” assays measure cellular responses to certain stimuli. While these latter assays are powerful tools that can be used to detect defects in entire pathways and distinguish variants of significance, it requires samples with robust viability and also skilled processing. In this review, we concentrate on hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), describing the principles and accuracies of flow cytometric assays that have been proven to assist in the screening diagnosis of primary HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cern Cher Chiang
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jack J Bleesing
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rebecca A Marsh
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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109
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Lambert MW, Maddukuri S, Karanfilian KM, Elias ML, Lambert WC. The physiology of melanin deposition in health and disease. Clin Dermatol 2019; 37:402-417. [PMID: 31896398 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Eumelanin is the major pigment responsible for human skin color. This black/brown pigment is localized in membrane-bound organelles (melanosomes) found in specialized cells (melanocytes) in the basal layer of the epidermis. This review highlights the steps involved in melanogenesis in the epidermis and the disorders in skin pigmentation that occur when specific steps critical for this process are defective. Melanosomes, which contain tyrosinase, a major enzyme involved in melanin synthesis, develop through a series of steps in the melanocyte. They are donated from the melanocyte dendrites to the surrounding keratinocytes in the epidermis. In the keratinocytes, the melanosomes are found singly or packaged into groups, and as the keratinocytes move upward in the epidermis, the melanosomes start to degrade. This sequence of events is critical for melanin pigmentation in the skin and can be influenced by genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors, which all play a role in levels of melanization of the epidermis. The effects these factors have on skin pigmentation can be due to different underlying mechanisms involved in the melanization process leading to either hypo- or hyperpigmentary disorders. These disorders highlight the importance of mechanistic studies on the specific steps involved in the melanization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel W Lambert
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Spandana Maddukuri
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Katrice M Karanfilian
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marcus L Elias
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - W Clark Lambert
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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110
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Boucher JM, Robich M, Scott SS, Yang X, Ryzhova L, Turner JE, Pinz I, Liaw L. Rab27a Regulates Human Perivascular Adipose Progenitor Cell Differentiation. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2019; 32:519-530. [PMID: 30105417 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-018-6813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounds blood vessels and regulates vascular tone through paracrine secretion of cytokines. During conditions promoting cardiometabolic dysfunction, such as obesity, cytokine secretion is altered towards a proinflammatory and proatherogenic profile. Despite the clinical implications for cardiovascular disease, studies addressing the biology of human PVAT remain limited. We are interested in characterizing the resident adipose progenitor cells (APCs) because of their potential role in PVAT expansion during obesity. We also focused on proteins regulating paracrine interactions, including the small GTPase Rab27a, which regulates protein trafficking and secretion. METHODS PVAT from the ascending aorta was collected from patients with severe cardiovascular disease undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Freshly-isolated PVAT was digested and APC expanded in culture for characterizing progenitor markers, evaluating adipogenic potential and assessing the function(s) of Rab27a. RESULTS Using flow cytometry, RT-PCR, and immunoblot, we characterized APC from human PVAT as negative for CD45 and CD31 and expressing CD73, CD105, and CD140A. These APCs differentiate into multilocular, UCP1-producing adipocytes in vitro. Rab27a was detected in interstitial cells of human PVAT in vivo and along F-actin tracks of PVAT-APC in vitro. Knockdown of Rab27a using siRNA in PVAT-APC prior to induction resulted in a marked reduction in lipid accumulation and reduced expression of adipogenic differentiation markers. CONCLUSIONS PVAT-APC from CABG donors express common adipocyte progenitor markers and differentiate into UCP1-containing adipocytes. Rab27a has an endogenous role in promoting the maturation of adipocytes from human PVAT-derived APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Boucher
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04072, USA
| | - Michael Robich
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04072, USA
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, 04102, USA
| | - S Spencer Scott
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04072, USA
| | - Xuehui Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04072, USA
| | - Larisa Ryzhova
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04072, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Turner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04072, USA
| | - Ilka Pinz
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04072, USA
| | - Lucy Liaw
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04072, USA.
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111
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Radziwon A, Cho WJ, Szkotak A, Suh M, MacDonald IM. Crystals and Fatty Acid Abnormalities Are Not Present in Circulating Cells From Choroideremia Patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4464-4470. [PMID: 30193321 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To confirm whether choroideremia (CHM) is a systemic disease characterized by blood lipid abnormalities and crystals found in, or associated with, circulating peripheral blood cells of patients. Methods Peripheral blood samples obtained from three subjects with confirmed mutations in the CHM gene and three age-matched normal controls were processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fatty acids from plasma of nine male CHM subjects were analyzed and compared to reference values for a sample from a Canadian population. Results Intracellular crystals were not observed in the cells from choroideremia-affected males. No crystals were found adherent to the external plasma membrane of red blood cells. Fatty acid profiles of patients were similar to reference values, with the exception of lower levels of nervonic acid. Conclusions This investigation failed to observe crystals previously reported in peripheral circulating blood cells derived from CHM subjects, and showed no significant fatty acid abnormalities, not supporting the view of CHM as a systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Radziwon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Woo Jung Cho
- Imaging Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Artur Szkotak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Miyoung Suh
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ian M MacDonald
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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112
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Cruz-Muñoz ME, Valenzuela-Vázquez L, Sánchez-Herrera J, Santa-Olalla Tapia J. From the "missing self" hypothesis to adaptive NK cells: Insights of NK cell-mediated effector functions in immune surveillance. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:955-971. [PMID: 30848847 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0618-224rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The original discovery of NK cells approximately 40 yr ago was based on their unique capability to kill tumor cells without prior sensitization or priming, a process named natural cytotoxicity. Since then, several studies have documented that NK cells can kill hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cancer cells. NK cells also recognize and kill cells that have undergone viral infections. Besides natural cytotoxicity, NK cells are also major effectors of antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). Therefore, NK cells are well "armed" to recognize and mount immune responses against "insults" that result from cell transformation and viral infections. Because of these attributes, an essential role of NK cells in tumor surveillance was noted. Indeed, several studies have shown a correlation between impaired NK cell cytotoxicity and a higher risk of developing cancer. This evidence led to the idea that cancer initiation and progress is intimately related to an abnormal or misdirected immune response. Whereas all these ideas remain current, it is also true that NK cells represent a heterogeneous population with different abilities to secrete cytokines and to mediate cytotoxic functions. In addition, recent data has shown that NK cells are prone to suffer epigenetic modifications resulting in the acquisition of previously unrecognized attributes such as memory and long-term survival. Such NK cells, referred as "adaptive" or "memory-like," also display effector functions that are not necessarily equal to those observed in conventional NK cells. Given the new evidence available, it is essential to discuss the conceptual reasoning and misconceptions regarding the role of NK cells in immune surveillance and immunotherapy.
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113
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Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: Clinical Presentations and Diagnosis. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2019; 7:824-832. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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114
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Zhang X, Huang TY, Yancey J, Luo H, Zhang YW. Role of Rab GTPases in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:828-838. [PMID: 30261139 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) comprises two major pathological hallmarks: extraneuronal deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides ("senile plaques") and intraneuronal aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau ("neurofibrillary tangles"). Aβ is derived from sequential cleavage of the β-amyloid precursor protein by β- and γ-secretases, while aggregated tau is hyperphosphorylated in AD. Mounting evidence suggests that dysregulated trafficking of these AD-related proteins contributes to AD pathogenesis. Rab proteins are small GTPases that function as master regulators of vesicular transport and membrane trafficking. Multiple Rab GTPases have been implicated in AD-related protein trafficking, and their expression has been observed to be altered in postmortem AD brain. Here we review current implicated roles of Rab GTPase dysregulation in AD pathogenesis. Further elucidation of the pathophysiological role of Rab GTPases will likely reveal novel targets for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Timothy Y. Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Joel Yancey
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hong Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yun-wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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115
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Crayne CB, Albeituni S, Nichols KE, Cron RQ. The Immunology of Macrophage Activation Syndrome. Front Immunol 2019; 10:119. [PMID: 30774631 PMCID: PMC6367262 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Synonymous with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a term used by rheumatologists to describe a potentially life-threatening complication of systemic inflammatory disorders, most commonly systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Clinical and laboratory features of MAS include sustained fever, hyperferritinemia, pancytopenia, fibrinolytic coagulopathy, and liver dysfunction. Soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (sCD25) and sCD163 may be elevated, and histopathology often reveals characteristic increased hemophagocytic activity in the bone marrow (and other tissues), with positive CD163 (histiocyte) staining. A common hypothesis as to the pathophysiology of many cases of MAS proposes a defect in lymphocyte cytolytic activity. Specific heterozygous gene mutations in familial HLH-associated cytolytic pathway genes (e.g., PRF1, UNC13D) have been linked to a substantial subset of MAS patients. In addition, the pro-inflammatory cytokine environment, particularly IL-6, has been shown to decrease NK cell cytolytic function. The inability of NK cells and cytolytic CD8 T cells to lyse infected and otherwise activated antigen presenting cells results in prolonged cell-to-cell (innate and adaptive immune cells) interactions and amplification of a pro-inflammatory cytokine cascade. The cytokine storm results in activation of macrophages, causing hemophagocytosis, as well as contributing to multi-organ dysfunction. In addition to macrophages, dendritic cells likely play a critical role in antigen presentation to cytolytic lymphocytes, as well as contributing to cytokine expression. Several cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor, interferon-gamma, and numerous interleukins (i.e., IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, IL-33), have been implicated in the cytokine cascade. In addition to broadly immunosuppressive therapies, novel cytokine targeted treatments are being explored to dampen the overly active immune response that is responsible for much of the pathology seen in MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney B Crayne
- Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sabrin Albeituni
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Kim E Nichols
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Randy Q Cron
- Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Almalki H, Baothman A, Mehdawi F, Goronfolah L. RAB27A mutation in a patient with griscelli syndrome type 2, successfully cured by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Sustained remission. JOURNAL OF APPLIED HEMATOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/joah.joah_34_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Congenital neutropenia and primary immunodeficiency diseases. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 133:149-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Hanadate Y, Saito-Nakano Y, Nakada-Tsukui K, Nozaki T. Identification and Characterization of the Entamoeba Histolytica Rab8a Binding Protein: A Cdc50 Homolog. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123831. [PMID: 30513690 PMCID: PMC6321534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane traffic plays a pivotal role in virulence in the enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. EhRab8A small GTPase is a key regulator of membrane traffic at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of this protist and is involved in the transport of plasma membrane proteins. Here we identified the binding proteins of EhRab8A. The Cdc50 homolog, a non-catalytic subunit of lipid flippase, was identified as an EhRab8A binding protein candidate by affinity coimmunoprecipitation. Binding of EhRab8A to EhCdc50 was also confirmed by reciprocal immunoprecipitation and blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the latter of which revealed an 87 kDa complex. Indirect immunofluorescence imaging with and without Triton X100 showed that endogenous EhCdc50 localized on the surface in the absence of permeabilizing agent but was observed on the intracellular structures and overlapped with the ER marker Bip when Triton X100 was used. Overexpression of N-terminal HA-tagged EhCdc50 impaired its translocation to the plasma membrane and caused its accumulation in the ER. As reported previously in other organisms, overexpression and accumulation of Cdc50 in the ER likely inhibited surface transport and function of the plasma membrane lipid flippase P4-ATPase. Interestingly, HA-EhCdc50-expressing trophozoites gained resistance to miltefosine, which is consistent with the prediction that HA-EhCdc50 overexpression caused its accumulation in the ER and mislocalization of the unidentified lipid flippase. Similarly, EhRab8A gene silenced trophozoites showed increased resistance to miltefosine, supporting EhRab8A-dependent transport of EhCdc50. This study demonstrated for the first time that EhRab8A mediates the transport of EhCdc50 and lipid flippase P4-ATPase from the ER to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hanadate
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Ridaura-Sanz C, Durán-McKinster C, Ruiz-Maldonado R. Usefulness of the skin biopsy as a tool in the diagnosis of silvery hair syndrome. Pediatr Dermatol 2018; 35:780-783. [PMID: 30338556 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Silvery hair syndrome is a rare, autosomal-recessive entity characterized by silvery gray hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes and may be associated or not with immunologic or neurologic alterations. Two main types have been recognized: Chediak-Higashi syndrome and Griscelli syndrome. Hair shaft examination under light microscopy has been a useful tool to differentiate Chediak-Higashi syndrome from Griscelli syndrome, although distribution of melanin varies according to hair color related to ethnicity. The objective was to compare the pattern of melanin in the skin and with the pattern of melanin distribution in the hair shaft. METHODS Sixteen patients with silvery hair syndrome were selected (Chediak-Higashi syndrome 5, Griscelli syndrome 11). The distribution of melanin granules in skin and hair shafts was compared and correlated with clinical diagnoses. RESULTS Chediak-Higashi syndrome was characterized by small granules of melanin uniformly distributed throughout the thickness of the epidermis. Griscelli syndrome was characterized by an irregular pigment distribution in the epidermal basal layer with large and dense granules alternating with areas lacking melanin pigment. In two cases, study of the hair was not conclusive, but the skin showed the characteristic pattern of Griscelli syndrome. CONCLUSION Skin biopsy is a useful tool in differentiating Chediak-Higashi syndrome from Griscelli syndrome and as a complementary study in cases in which hair shaft pigment distribution does not support the diagnosis, especially in patients with fair hair. The distribution of melanin granules in the skin correlates with that observed in the hair shaft, allowing Chediak-Higashi syndrome to be differentiated from Griscelli syndrome, at any age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramón Ruiz-Maldonado
- Department of Dermatology, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City, Mexico
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Kassem Youssef H, Ramstein C, Ginglinger E, Chouta Ngaha F, Nojavan H, Michel C. [Griscelli syndrome type 3: A new case]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2018; 145:785-789. [PMID: 30389201 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal-recessive genetic disease characterized by hypopigmentation of skin and hair. We report a case of GS type 3 with late diagnosis. OBSERVATION A 31-year-old female patient had presented depigmentation of the hair and eyebrows as well as diffuse skin hypopigmentation during childhood. Microscopic analysis of a hair shaft revealed irregularly distributed clumps of melanin. DNA sequencing showed a homozygous C103T (R35W) transition in exon 1 of MLPH, confirming Griscelli syndrome type 3. DISCUSSION Three clinical phenotypes of GS have been described based on the underlying genetic defect. GS type 1 and 2 are associated respectively with a central nervous system dysfunction and an immune defect. GS type 3 is an isolated cutaneous form. Diagnosis is confirmed on microscopic examination of hair shafts. 15 cases of GS type 3 have been reported: 9 in males and 6 in females. Mean age at diagnosis is around 12 years. Nine of the reported patients were of Arab origin, four of Turkish origin, and one of Indian origin. R35W mutation was described in 9 cases and E98X and R35Q mutations were each found in one case. CONCLUSION GS should be suspected in patients presenting gray silvery hair, particularly when these patients are of Arab or Turkish origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kassem Youssef
- Service de dermatologie, GHR Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, 87, avenue Altkirch, 68100 Mulhouse, France.
| | - C Ramstein
- Service de dermatologie, GHR Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, 87, avenue Altkirch, 68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - E Ginglinger
- Service de génétique, GHR Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, 87, avenue Altkirch, 68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - F Chouta Ngaha
- Service de dermatologie, GHR Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, 87, avenue Altkirch, 68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - H Nojavan
- Service de dermatologie, GHR Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, 87, avenue Altkirch, 68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - C Michel
- Service de dermatologie, GHR Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, 87, avenue Altkirch, 68100 Mulhouse, France
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Abstract
Our understanding of fundamental biological processes within platelets is continually evolving. A critical feature of platelet biology relates to the intricate uptake, packaging and release of bioactive cargo from storage vesicles, essential in mediating a range of classical (haemostasis/thrombosis) and non-classical (regeneration/inflammation/metastasis) roles platelets assume. Pivotal to the molecular control of these vesicle trafficking events are the small GTPases of the Ras superfamily, which function as spatially distinct, molecular switches controlling essential cellular processes. Herein, we specifically focus on members of the Rab, Arf and Ras subfamilies, which comprise over 130 members and platelet proteomic datasets suggest that more than half of these are expressed in human platelets. We provide an update of current literature relating to trafficking roles for these GTPases in platelets, particularly regarding endocytic and exocytic events, but also vesicle biogenesis and provide speculative argument for roles that other related GTPases and regulatory proteins may adopt in platelets. Advances in our understanding of small GTPase function in the anucleate platelet has been hampered by the lack of specific molecular tools, but it is anticipated that this will be greatly accelerated in the years ahead and will be crucial to the identification of novel therapeutic targets controlling different platelet processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony G Walsh
- a From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Yong Li
- a From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Andreas Wersäll
- a From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Alastair W Poole
- a From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
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Tewari N, Rajwar A, Mathur VP, Chaudhari PK. Oral features of Griscelli syndrome type II: A rare case report. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2018; 38:421-425. [PMID: 30207398 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Griscelli syndrome (GS) is an autosomal-recessive disorder of the vesicle transport and membrane trafficking system first identified by Griscelli et al in 1978. The three types of GS have specific genetic defects and systemic manifestations apart from classic partial pigmentary dilution, resulting in hypopigmentation of skin and silvery hair. GS-II occurs due to a defect in the Rab27a gene and is characterized by primary immune deficiency along with accelerated phases of a hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) crisis. This rare disorder has been widely studied for dermatological, hematological, and neurological manifestations; however, the oral features and presentations have not been elucidated in detail. This report presents a case of a 4-year-old male with known mutation c.550C > T or p.R184X mutation (ENST00000396307) in Rab27a with oral features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Tewari
- Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anju Rajwar
- Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Prakash Mathur
- Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar Chaudhari
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Deformities, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Demars J, Iannuccelli N, Utzeri VJ, Auvinet G, Riquet J, Fontanesi L, Allain D. New Insights into the Melanophilin ( MLPH) Gene Affecting Coat Color Dilution in Rabbits. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9090430. [PMID: 30142960 PMCID: PMC6162760 DOI: 10.3390/genes9090430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coat color dilution corresponds to a specific pigmentation phenotype that leads to a dilution of wild type pigments. It affects both eumelanin and pheomelanin containing melanosomes. The mode of inheritance of the dilution phenotype is autosomal recessive. Candidate gene approaches focused on the melanophilin (MLPH) gene highlighted two variants associated with the dilution phenotype in rabbits: The c.111-5C>A variant that is located in an acceptor splice site or the c.585delG variant, a frameshift mutation. On the transcript level, the skipping of two exons has been reported as the molecular mechanism responsible for the coat color dilution. To clarify, which of the two variants represents the causal variant, (i) we analyzed their allelic segregation by genotyping Castor and Chinchilla populations, and (ii) we evaluated their functional effects on the stability of MLPH transcripts in skin samples of animals with diluted or wild type coat color. Firstly, we showed that the c.585delG variant showed perfect association with the dilution phenotype in contrast to the intronic c.111-5C>A variant. Secondly, we identified three different MLPH isoforms including the wild type isoform, the exon-skipping isoform and a retained intron isoform. Thirdly, we observed a drastic and significant decrease of MLPH transcript levels in rabbits with a coat color dilution (p-values ranging from 10−03 to 10−06). Together, our results bring new insights into the coat color dilution trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Demars
- GenPhySE, INRA Animal Genetics, Toulouse Veterinary School (ENVT), Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
| | - Nathalie Iannuccelli
- GenPhySE, INRA Animal Genetics, Toulouse Veterinary School (ENVT), Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
| | - Valerio Joe Utzeri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | - Juliette Riquet
- GenPhySE, INRA Animal Genetics, Toulouse Veterinary School (ENVT), Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
| | - Luca Fontanesi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Daniel Allain
- GenPhySE, INRA Animal Genetics, Toulouse Veterinary School (ENVT), Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
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Treatment dilemmas in asymptomatic children with primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Blood 2018; 132:2088-2096. [PMID: 30104219 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-01-827485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic carriers (ACs) of pathogenic biallelic mutations in causative genes for primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) are at high risk of developing life-threatening HLH, which requires allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to be cured. There are no guidelines on the management of these asymptomatic patients. We analyzed the outcomes of pairs of index cases (ICs) and subsequently diagnosed asymptomatic family members carrying the same genetic defect. We collected data from 22 HSCT centers worldwide. Sixty-four children were evaluable. ICs presented with HLH at a median age of 16 months. Seven of 32 ICs died during first-line therapy, and 2 are alive after chemotherapy only. In all, 23/32 underwent HSCT, and 16 of them are alive. At a median follow-up of 36 months from diagnosis, 18/32 ICs are alive. Median age of ACs at diagnosis was 5 months. Ten of 32 ACs activated HLH while being observed, and all underwent HSCT: 6/10 are alive and in complete remission (CR). 22/32 ACs remained asymptomatic, and 6/22 have received no treatment and are in CR at a median follow-up of 39 months. Sixteen of 22 underwent preemptive HSCT: 15/16 are alive and in CR. Eight-year probability of overall survival (pOS) in ACs who did not have activated HLH was significantly higher than that in ICs (95% vs 45%; P = .02), and pOS in ACs receiving HSCT before disease activation was significantly higher than in ACs receiving HSCT after HLH activation (93% vs 64%; P = .03). Preemptive HSCT in ACs proved to be safe and should be considered.
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125
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Kjos I, Vestre K, Guadagno NA, Borg Distefano M, Progida C. Rab and Arf proteins at the crossroad between membrane transport and cytoskeleton dynamics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1397-1409. [PMID: 30021127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular movement and positioning of organelles and vesicles is mediated by the cytoskeleton and molecular motors. Small GTPases like Rab and Arf proteins are main regulators of intracellular transport by connecting membranes to cytoskeleton motors or adaptors. However, it is becoming clear that interactions between these small GTPases and the cytoskeleton are important not only for the regulation of membrane transport. In this review, we will cover our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the connection between Rab and Arf GTPases and the cytoskeleton, with special emphasis on the double role of these interactions, not only in membrane trafficking but also in membrane and cytoskeleton remodeling. Furthermore, we will highlight the most recent findings about the fine control mechanisms of crosstalk between different members of Rab, Arf, and Rho families of small GTPases in the regulation of cytoskeleton organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Kjos
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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126
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Cabukusta B, Neefjes J. Mechanisms of lysosomal positioning and movement. Traffic 2018; 19:761-769. [PMID: 29900632 PMCID: PMC6175085 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are highly dynamic organelles that can move rapidly throughout the cell. They distribute in a rather immobile pool located around the microtubule‐organizing center in a “cloud,” and a highly dynamic pool in the cell periphery. Their spatiotemporal characteristics allow them to carry out multiple biological functions, such as cargo degradation, antigen presentation and plasma membrane repair. Therefore, it is not surprising that lysosomal dysfunction underlies various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. In most of these biological events, the involvement of lysosomes is dependent on their ability to move throughout the cytoplasm, to find and fuse to the correct compartments to receive and deliver substrates for further handling. These dynamics are orchestrated by motor proteins moving along cytoskeletal components. The complexity of the mechanisms responsible for controlling lysosomal transport has recently been appreciated and has yielded novel insights into interorganellar communication, as well as lipid‐protein interplay. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms of lysosomal transport and the molecular machineries that control this mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birol Cabukusta
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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127
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Karras A. Atteinte rénale du syndrome d’activation macrophagique. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2018. [DOI: 10.3166/rea-2018-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Le syndrome d’activation macrophagique (SAM) ou syndrome hémophagocytaire est une pathologie compliquant soit certains déficits immunitaires d’origine génétique, soit certaines maladies hématologiques (essentiellement des lymphomes non hodgkiniens), infectieuses (herpèsvirus, bactéries, parasites) ou auto-immunes (lupus, maladie de Still). Il se caractérise par une suractivation aiguë du système immunitaire et plus particulièrement des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques et des cellules histiocytaires/macrophagiques, déclenchant une production massive de cytokines pro-inflammatoires avec fièvre, pancytopénie, organomégalie, altérations du bilan hépatique et de la coagulation. Une défaillance multiviscérale est fréquente, nécessitant la prise en charge en réanimation et mettant souvent en jeu le pronostic vital, avec une mortalité qui reste dans certains cas à près de 50 %. Le SAM implique souvent le rein, par le biais d’une nécrose tubulaire aiguë, d’une néphropathie interstitielle inflammatoire ou d’une glomérulopathie sévère, responsable de syndrome néphrotique. La mise en évidence de ce syndrome n’est pas toujours facile chez un patient avec un tableau de sepsis ou de choc septique, mais elle peut guider la prise en charge thérapeutique, notamment l’initiation d’un traitement par chimiothérapie ou immunosuppresseurs, selon l’étiologie identifiée.
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128
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Kurz ARM, Catz SD, Sperandio M. Noncanonical Hippo Signalling in the Regulation of Leukocyte Function. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:656-669. [PMID: 29954663 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian sterile 20-like (MST) kinases are central constituents of the evolutionary ancient canonical Hippo pathway regulating cell proliferation and survival. However, perhaps surprisingly, MST1 deficiency in human patients leads to a severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome with features of autoimmune disease. In line with this, Mst1-deficient mice exhibit severe defects in lymphocyte and neutrophil functions as well as disturbed intracellular vesicle transport. These findings spurred research on the noncanonical functions of MST1 in leukocytes. Here, we summarise the latest findings on this topic and discuss MST1 as a critical regulator of various leukocyte functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R M Kurz
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, BMC, Klinikum der Universität, LMU Munich, Germany; The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sergio D Catz
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, BMC, Klinikum der Universität, LMU Munich, Germany; DZHK Munich, Germany.
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129
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Marsh RA, Haddad E. How i treat primary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Br J Haematol 2018; 182:185-199. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Marsh
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Elie Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology; CHU Sainte-Justine; University of Montreal; Montreal QC Canada
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130
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Feng F, Jiang Y, Lu H, Lu X, Wang S, Wang L, Wei M, Lu W, Du Z, Ye Z, Yang G, Yuan F, Ma Y, Lei X, Lu Z. Rab27A mediated by NF-κB promotes the stemness of colon cancer cells via up-regulation of cytokine secretion. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63342-63351. [PMID: 27556511 PMCID: PMC5325368 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidences have unveiled critical roles of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in tumorigenicity, but how interactions between CSC and tumor environments help maintain CSC initiation remains obscure. The small GTPases Rab27A regulates autocrine and paracrine cytokines by monitoring exocytosis of extracellular vesicles, and is reported to promote certain tumor progression. We observe that overexpression of Rab27A increased sphere formation efficiency (SFE) by increasing the proportion of CD44+ and PKH26high cells in HT29 cell lines, and accelerating the growth of colosphere with higher percentage of cells at S phase. Mechanism study revealed that the supernatant derived from HT29 sphere after Rab27A overexpression was able to expand sphere numbers with elevated secretion of VEGF and TGF-β. In tumor implanting nude mice model, tumor initiation rates and tumor sizes were enhanced by Rab27A with obvious angiogenesis. As a contrast, knocking down Rab27A impaired the above effects. More importantly, the correlation between higher p65 level and Rab27A in colon sphere was detected, p65 was sufficient to induce up-regulation of Rab27A and a functional NF-κB binding site in the Rab27A promoter was demonstrated. Altogether, our findings reveal a unique mechanism that tumor environment related NF-κB signaling promotes various colon cancer stem cells (cCSCs) properties via an amplified paracrine mechanism regulated by higher Rab27A level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixue Feng
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yinghao Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huanyu Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaozhao Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengying Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhichao Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zichen Ye
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guodong Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yanxia Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaoying Lei
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zifan Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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131
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Abstract
Proper regulation of the immune system is required for protection against pathogens and preventing autoimmune disorders. Inborn errors of the immune system due to inherited or de novo germline mutations can lead to the loss of protective immunity, aberrant immune homeostasis, and the development of autoimmune disease, or combinations of these. Forward genetic screens involving clinical material from patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) can vary in severity from life-threatening disease affecting multiple cell types and organs to relatively mild disease with susceptibility to a limited range of pathogens or mild autoimmune conditions. As central mediators of innate and adaptive immune responses, T cells are critical orchestrators and effectors of the immune response. As such, several PIDs result from loss of or altered T cell function. PID-associated functional defects range from complete absence of T cell development to uncontrolled effector cell activation. Furthermore, the gene products of known PID causal genes are involved in diverse molecular pathways ranging from T cell receptor signaling to regulators of protein glycosylation. Identification of the molecular and biochemical cause of PIDs can not only guide the course of treatment for patients, but also inform our understanding of the basic biology behind T cell function. In this chapter, we review PIDs with known genetic causes that intrinsically affect T cell function with particular focus on perturbations of biochemical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Comrie
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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132
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Banworth MJ, Li G. Consequences of Rab GTPase dysfunction in genetic or acquired human diseases. Small GTPases 2018. [PMID: 29239692 DOI: 10.1080/215412481397833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases are important regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. Both activating and inactivating mutations in Rab genes have been identified and implicated in human diseases ranging from neurological disorders to cancer. In addition, altered Rab expression is often associated with disease prognosis. As such, the study of diseases associated with Rabs or Rab-interacting proteins has shed light on the important role of intracellular membrane trafficking in disease etiology. In this review, we cover recent advances in the field with an emphasis on cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcellus J Banworth
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Guangpu Li
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
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133
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Althonaian N, Alsultan A, Morava E, Alfadhel M. Secondary Hemophagocytic Syndrome Associated with COG6 Gene Defect: Report and Review. JIMD Rep 2018; 42:105-111. [PMID: 29445937 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2018_88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare but potentially fatal disease that is characterized by proliferation and infiltration of hyperactivated macrophages and T-lymphocytes. Clinically, it is characterized by prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly, hypertriglyceridemia, hypofibrinogenemia, pancytopenia, and hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow, spleen, or lymph nodes. It can be classified as primary if it is due to a genetic defect, or secondary if it is due to a different etiology such as severe infection, immune deficiency syndrome, rheumatological disorder, malignancy, and inborn errors of metabolism such as galactosemia, multiple sulfatase deficiency, lysinuric protein intolerance, Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Wolman disease, propionic acidemia, methylmalonic acidemia, biotinidase deficiency, cobalamin C defect, galactosialidosis, Pearson syndrome, and long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency. For the first time in the literature, we report on a 5-year-old girl diagnosed with a Component of Oligomeric Golgi Complex 6 (COG6) gene defect complicated by HLH. Finally, we review the literature on inborn errors of metabolism associated with HLH and compare the previously reported patients of COG6 gene defect with our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf Althonaian
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (NGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alsultan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (NGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (NGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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134
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Molecular Insights into the Roles of Rab Proteins in Intracellular Dynamics and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:18-36. [PMID: 29423895 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8479-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the cellular functions are segregated to membrane-bound organelles. This inherently requires sorting of metabolites to membrane-limited locations. Sorting the metabolites from ribosomes to various organelles along the intracellular trafficking pathways involves several integral cellular processes, including an energy-dependent step, in which the sorting of metabolites between organelles is catalyzed by membrane-anchoring protein Rab-GTPases (Rab). They contribute to relaying the switching of the secretory proteins between hydrophobic and hydrophilic environments. The intracellular trafficking routes include exocytic and endocytic pathways. In these pathways, numerous Rab-GTPases are participating in discrete shuttling of cargoes. Long-distance trafficking of cargoes is essential for neuronal functions, and Rabs are critical for these functions, including the transport of membranes and essential proteins for the development of axons and neurites. Rabs are also the key players in exocytosis of neurotransmitters and recycling of neurotransmitter receptors. Thus, Rabs are critical for maintaining neuronal communication, as well as for normal cellular physiology. Therefore, cellular defects of Rab components involved in neural functions, which severely affect normal brain functions, can produce neurological complications, including several neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the molecular signaling pathways of Rab proteins and the impact of their defects on different neurodegenerative diseases. The insights gathered into the dynamics of Rabs that are described in this review provide new avenues for developing effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases-associated with Rab defects.
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135
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The Ontogeny of a Neutrophil: Mechanisms of Granulopoiesis and Homeostasis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:82/1/e00057-17. [PMID: 29436479 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00057-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprising the majority of leukocytes in humans, neutrophils are the first immune cells to respond to inflammatory or infectious etiologies and are crucial participants in the proper functioning of both innate and adaptive immune responses. From their initial appearance in the liver, thymus, and spleen at around the eighth week of human gestation to their generation in large numbers in the bone marrow at the end of term gestation, the differentiation of the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell into a mature, segmented neutrophil is a highly controlled process where the transcriptional regulators C/EBP-α and C/EBP-ε play a vital role. Recent advances in neutrophil biology have clarified the life cycle of these cells and revealed striking differences between neonatal and adult neutrophils based on fetal maturation and environmental factors. Here we detail neutrophil ontogeny, granulopoiesis, and neutrophil homeostasis and highlight important differences between neonatal and adult neutrophil populations.
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136
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Sefsafi Z, Hasbaoui BE, Kili A, Agadr A, Khattab M. Macrophage activation syndrome associated with griscelli syndrome type 2: case report and review of literature. Pan Afr Med J 2018; 29:75. [PMID: 29875956 PMCID: PMC5987098 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.29.75.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a severe and potentially fatal life-threatening condition associated with excessive activation and expansion of T cells with macrophages and a high expression of cytokines, resulting in an uncontrolled inflammatory response, with high levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and causing multiorgan damage. This syndrome is classified into primary (genetic/familial) or secondary forms to several etiologies, such as infections, neoplasias mainly hemopathies or autoimmune diseases. It is characterised clinically by unremitting high fever, pancytopaenia, hepatosplenomegaly, hepatic dysfunction, encephalopathy, coagulation abnormalities and sharply increased levels of ferritin. The pathognomonic feature of the syndrome is seen on bone marrow examination, which frequently, though not always, reveals numerous morphologically benign macrophages exhibiting haemophagocytic activity. Because MAS can follow a rapidly fatal course, prompt recognition of its clinical and laboratory features and immediate therapeutic intervention are essential. However, it is difficult to distinguish underlying disease flare, infectious complications or medication side effects from MAS. Although, the pathogenesis of MAS is unclear, the hallmark of the syndrome is an uncontrolled activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes and macrophages, leading to massive hypersecretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mutations in cytolytic pathway genes are increasingly being recognised in children who develop MAS in his secondary form. We present here a case of Macrophage activation syndrome associated with Griscelli syndrome type 2 in a 3-years-old boy who had been referred due to severe sepsis with non-remitting high fever, generalized lymphoadenopathy and hepato-splenomegaly. Laboratory data revealed pancytopenia with high concentrations of triglycerides, ferritin and lactic dehydrogenase while the bone marrow revealed numerous morphologically benign macrophages with haemophagocytic activity that comforting the diagnosis of a SAM according to Ravelli and HLH-2004 criteria. Griscelli syndrome (GS) was evoked on; consanguineous family, recurrent infection, very light silvery-gray color of the hair and eyebrows, Light microscopy examination of the hair showed large, irregular clumps of pigments characteristic of GS. The molecular biology showed mutation in RAB27A gene confirming the diagnosis of a Griscelli syndrome type 2. The first-line therapy was based on the parenteral administration of high doses of corticosteroids, associated with immunosuppressive drugs, cyclosporine A and etoposide waiting for bone marrow transplantation (BMT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Sefsafi
- Center for Hematology and Oncology Paediatrics, Children's hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Brahim El Hasbaoui
- Department of Pediatrics, Military Teaching Hospital Mohammed V, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Amina Kili
- Center for Hematology and Oncology Paediatrics, Children's hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Aomar Agadr
- Department of Pediatrics, Military Teaching Hospital Mohammed V, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Khattab
- Center for Hematology and Oncology Paediatrics, Children's hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
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137
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Bauer A, Kehl A, Jagannathan V, Leeb T. A novel MLPH variant in dogs with coat colour dilution. Anim Genet 2018; 49:94-97. [PMID: 29349785 DOI: 10.1111/age.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coat colour dilution may be the result of altered melanosome transport in melanocytes. Loss-of-function variants in the melanophilin gene (MLPH) cause a recessively inherited form of coat colour dilution in many mammalian and avian species including the dog. MLPH corresponds to the D locus in many domestic animals, and recessive alleles at this locus are frequently denoted with d. In this study, we investigated dilute coloured Chow Chows whose coat colour could not be explained by their genotype at the previously known MLPH:c.-22G>A variant. Whole genome sequencing of such a dilute Chow Chow revealed another variant in the MLPH gene: MLPH:c.705G>C. We propose to designate the corresponding mutant alleles at these two variants d1 and d2 . We performed an association study in a cohort of 15 dilute and 28 non-dilute Chow Chows. The dilute dogs were all either compound heterozygous d1 /d2 or homozygous d2 /d2 , whereas the non-dilute dogs carried at least one wildtype allele D. The d2 allele did not occur in 417 dogs from diverse other breeds. However, when we genotyped a Sloughi family, in which a dilute coloured puppy had been born out of non-dilute parents, we again observed perfect co-segregation of the newly discovered d2 allele with coat colour dilution. Finally, we identified a blue Thai Ridgeback with the d1 /d2 genotype. Thus, our data identify the MLPH:c.705G>C as a variant explaining a second canine dilution allele. Although relatively rare overall, this d2 allele is segregating in at least three dog breeds, Chow Chows, Sloughis and Thai Ridgebacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bauer
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.,DermFocus, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Kehl
- Laboklin, 97688, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - V Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.,DermFocus, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - T Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.,DermFocus, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
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138
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Marsh RA. Epstein-Barr Virus and Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1902. [PMID: 29358936 PMCID: PMC5766650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous virus that infects nearly all people worldwide without serious sequela. However, for patients who have genetic diseases which predispose them to the development of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), EBV infection is a life-threatening problem. As a part of a themed collection of articles on EBV infection and human primary immune deficiencies, we will review key concepts related to the understanding and treatment of HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Marsh
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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139
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Banworth MJ, Li G. Consequences of Rab GTPase dysfunction in genetic or acquired human diseases. Small GTPases 2017; 9:158-181. [PMID: 29239692 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1397833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases are important regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. Both activating and inactivating mutations in Rab genes have been identified and implicated in human diseases ranging from neurological disorders to cancer. In addition, altered Rab expression is often associated with disease prognosis. As such, the study of diseases associated with Rabs or Rab-interacting proteins has shed light on the important role of intracellular membrane trafficking in disease etiology. In this review, we cover recent advances in the field with an emphasis on cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcellus J Banworth
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Guangpu Li
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
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140
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RAB37 interacts directly with ATG5 and promotes autophagosome formation via regulating ATG5-12-16 complex assembly. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:918-934. [PMID: 29229996 PMCID: PMC5943352 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular membrane trafficking is essential for eukaryotic cell existence. Here, we show that RAB37 activation through GTP binding recruits ATG5-12 to isolation membrane and promotes autophagosome formation through the ATG5-ATG12-ATG16L1 complex. RAB37 is localized on the isolation membrane. It can bind directly with ATG5 and promotes formation of the ATG5-12-16 complex. Mutation analysis reveals that GTP-bound RAB37 exhibits an enhanced interaction with ATG5-12 and GDP-stabilised mutation impairs the interaction. RAB37 promotes ATG5-12 interaction with ATG16L1, thus facilitates lipidation of LC3B in a GTP-dependent manner to enhance autophagy. Notably, ablation of RAB37 expression affects the complex formation and decreases autophagy, whereas forced RAB37 expression promotes autophagy and also suppresses cell proliferation. Our results demonstrate a role of RAB37 in autophagosome formation through a molecular connection of RAB37, ATG5-12, ATG16L1 up to LC3B, suggesting an organiser role of RAB37 during autophagosomal membrane biogenesis. These findings have broad implications for understanding the role of RAB vesicle transport in autophagy and cancer.
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141
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Gil-Krzewska A, Saeed MB, Oszmiana A, Fischer ER, Lagrue K, Gahl WA, Introne WJ, Coligan JE, Davis DM, Krzewski K. An actin cytoskeletal barrier inhibits lytic granule release from natural killer cells in patients with Chediak-Higashi syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 142:914-927.e6. [PMID: 29241728 PMCID: PMC5995607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare disorder caused by biallelic mutations in the lysosomal trafficking regulator gene (LYST), resulting in formation of giant lysosomes or lysosome-related organelles in several cell types. The disease is characterized by immunodeficiency and a fatal hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis caused by impaired function of cytotoxic lymphocytes, including natural killer (NK) cells. Objective We sought to determine the underlying biochemical cause of the impaired cytotoxicity of NK cells in patients with CHS. Methods We generated a human cell model of CHS using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) technology. We used a combination of classical techniques to evaluate lysosomal function and cell activity in the model system and super-resolution microscopy to visualize F-actin and lytic granules in normal and LYST-deficient NK cells. Results Loss of LYST function in a human NK cell line, NK92mi, resulted in inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity and reproduced other aspects of the CHS cellular phenotype, including the presence of significantly enlarged lytic granules with defective exocytosis and impaired integrity of endolysosomal compartments. The large granules had an acidic pH and normal activity of lysosomal enzymes and were positive for the proteins essential for lytic granule exocytosis. Visualization of the actin meshwork openings at the immunologic synapse revealed that the cortical actin acts as a barrier for secretion of such large granules at the cell-cell contact site. Decreasing the cortical actin density at the immunologic synapse or decreasing the lytic granule size restored the ability of LYST-deficient NK cells to degranulate and kill target cells. Conclusion The cortical actin and granule size play significant roles in NK cell cytotoxic function. We present evidence that the periodicity of subsynaptic actin is an important factor limiting the release of large lytic granules from NK cells from patients with CHS and could be a novel target for pharmaceutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gil-Krzewska
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Mezida B Saeed
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Oszmiana
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth R Fischer
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Mont
| | - Kathryn Lagrue
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - William A Gahl
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Wendy J Introne
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - John E Coligan
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Daniel M Davis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad Krzewski
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD.
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142
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Landrock KK, Sullivan P, Martini-Stoica H, Goldstein DS, Graham BH, Yamamoto S, Bellen HJ, Gibbs RA, Chen R, D'Amelio M, Stoica G. Pleiotropic neuropathological and biochemical alterations associated with Myo5a mutation in a rat Model. Brain Res 2017; 1679:155-170. [PMID: 29217155 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyze the neuropathological and biochemical alterations involved in the pathogenesis of a neurodegenerative/movement disorder during different developmental stages in juvenile rats with a mutant Myosin5a (Myo5a). In mutant rats, a spontaneous autosomal recessive mutation characterized by the absence of Myo5a protein expression in the brain is associated with a syndrome of locomotor dysfunction, altered coat color, and neuroendocrine abnormalities. Myo5a encodes a myosin motor protein required for transport and proper distribution of subcellular organelles in somatodendritic processes in neurons. Here we report marked hyperphosphorylation of alpha-synuclein and tau, as well as region-specific buildup of the autotoxic dopamine metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetaldehyde (DOPAL), related to decreased aldehyde dehydrogenases activity and neurodegeneration in mutant rats. Alpha-synuclein accumulation in mitochondria of dopaminergic neurons is associated with impaired enzymatic respiratory complex I and IV activity. The behavioral and biochemical lesions progress after 15 days postnatal, and by 30-40 days the animals must be euthanized because of neurological impairment. Based on the obtained results, we propose a pleiotropic pathogenesis that links the Myo5a gene mutation to deficient neuronal development and progressive neurodegeneration. This potential model of a neurodevelopmental disorder with neurodegeneration and motor deficits may provide further insight into molecular motors and their associated proteins responsible for altered neurogenesis and neuronal disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin K Landrock
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Patti Sullivan
- Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Heidi Martini-Stoica
- Interdepartmental Program of Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - David S Goldstein
- Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Brett H Graham
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
| | - Marcello D'Amelio
- University Campus Bio-Medico, Department of Medicine, Unit of Molecular Neurosciences, Rome, Italy.
| | - George Stoica
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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143
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Loredana Asztalos M, Schafernak KT, Gray J, Berry A, Paller AS, Mancini AJ. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: Report of two patients with updated genetic classification and management recommendations. Pediatr Dermatol 2017; 34:638-646. [PMID: 29044644 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in one of nine genes involved in the packaging and formation of specialized lysosomes, including melanosomes and platelet-dense granules. The cardinal features are pigmentary dilution, bleeding diathesis, and accumulation of ceroid-like material in reticuloendothelial cells. Pulmonary fibrosis induced by tissue damage is seen in the most severe forms, and one subtype is characterized by immunodeficiency. We describe two patients with HPS type 1 and review the updated gene-based classification, clinical features, and recommendations for evaluation and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Loredana Asztalos
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristian T Schafernak
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jayla Gray
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adam Berry
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy S Paller
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anthony J Mancini
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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144
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Kuskonmaz B, Ayvaz D, Gokce M, Ozgur TT, Okur FV, Cetin M, Tezcan I, Uckan Cetinkaya D. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children with Griscelli syndrome: A single-center experience. Pediatr Transplant 2017; 21. [PMID: 28836324 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GS2 is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by hypopigmentation, variable immunodeficiency with HLH. HSCT is the only curative treatment for GS2. We analyzed the outcome of 10 children with GS2 who underwent HSCT at our center between October 1997 and September 2013. The median age of the patients at transplant was 13.5 months (range, 6-58 months). All of the patients developed HLH before HSCT and received HLH 94 or HLH 2004 protocols. Donors were HLA-identical relatives in 8 patients, HLA-mismatched relatives in 2 patients. Engraftment was achieved in all except one patient. None of the patients developed acute GVHD. Chronic GVHD occurred in one and veno-occlusive disease occurred in four patients. Eight of the patients are under remission without any neurologic sequelae-median time of disease-free survival is 92.4 months. The present study shows successful transplant outcome without long-term neurologic sequelae in patients with GS2 who underwent HSCT from HLA-related donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Kuskonmaz
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Ayvaz
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muge Gokce
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuba Turul Ozgur
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma V Okur
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mualla Cetin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Tezcan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duygu Uckan Cetinkaya
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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145
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Ferritin is secreted via 2 distinct nonclassical vesicular pathways. Blood 2017; 131:342-352. [PMID: 29074498 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-02-768580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritin turnover plays a major role in tissue iron homeostasis, and ferritin malfunction is associated with impaired iron homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases. In most eukaryotes, ferritin is considered an intracellular protein that stores iron in a nontoxic and bioavailable form. In insects, ferritin is a classically secreted protein and plays a major role in systemic iron distribution. Mammalian ferritin lacks the signal peptide for classical endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi secretion but is found in serum and is secreted via a nonclassical lysosomal secretion pathway. This study applied bioinformatics and biochemical tools, alongside a protein trafficking mouse models, to characterize the mechanisms of ferritin secretion. Ferritin trafficking via the classical secretion pathway was ruled out, and a 2:1 distribution of intracellular ferritin between membrane-bound compartments and the cytosol was observed, suggesting a role for ferritin in the vesicular compartments of the cell. Focusing on nonclassical secretion, we analyzed mouse models of impaired endolysosomal trafficking and found that ferritin secretion was decreased by a BLOC-1 mutation but increased by BLOC-2, BLOC-3, and Rab27A mutations of the cellular trafficking machinery, suggesting multiple export routes. A 13-amino-acid motif unique to ferritins that lack the secretion signal peptide was identified on the BC-loop of both subunits and plays a role in the regulation of ferritin secretion. Finally, we provide evidence that secretion of iron-rich ferritin was mediated via the multivesicular body-exosome pathway. These results enhance our understanding of the mechanism of ferritin secretion, which is an important piece in the puzzle of tissue iron homeostasis.
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146
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Lesteberg K, Orange J, Makedonas G. Recycling endosomes in human cytotoxic T lymphocytes constitute an auxiliary intracellular trafficking pathway for newly synthesized perforin. Immunol Res 2017; 65:1031-1045. [PMID: 28822075 PMCID: PMC5834944 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) store perforin within cytoplasmic secretory granules for immediate use, perforin is synthesized anew within hours of TCR stimulation. Previously, we observed new perforin protein at an immunologic synapse independent of secretory lysosomes; herein, we aimed to determine how new perforin transits to the synapse if not via lytic granules. We analyzed antigen-specific human CTLs via imaging flow cytometry and high-resolution confocal microscopy, with attention to intracellular trafficking components and new perforin. The recycling endosome compartments identified by rab8, rab11a, rab4, and rab37 co-localized with new perforin, as well as the SNAREs vti1b and VAMP4. After ablating the function of the recycling endosome pathway, we observed a relative accumulation of new perforin in rab8 vesicles. The recycling endosome pathway may serve as an auxiliary intracellular route for the delivery of new perforin to an immunologic synapse in order to perpetuate a cytotoxic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Lesteberg
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital & Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jordan Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital & Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George Makedonas
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital & Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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147
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Prashar A, Schnettger L, Bernard EM, Gutierrez MG. Rab GTPases in Immunity and Inflammation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:435. [PMID: 29034219 PMCID: PMC5627064 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Strict spatiotemporal control of trafficking events between organelles is critical for maintaining homeostasis and directing cellular responses. This regulation is particularly important in immune cells for mounting specialized immune defenses. By controlling the formation, transport and fusion of intracellular organelles, Rab GTPases serve as master regulators of membrane trafficking. In this review, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which Rab GTPases regulate immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maximiliano G. Gutierrez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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148
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Sepulveda FE, de Saint Basile G. Hemophagocytic syndrome: primary forms and predisposing conditions. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 49:20-26. [PMID: 28866302 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH, also referred to a hemophagocytic syndrome) is a life-threatening condition in which uncontrolled activation of lymphocytes and macrophages, and thus the secretion of large amounts of inflammatory cytokines, leads to a severe hyperinflammatory state. Over the last few decades, researchers have characterized primary forms of HLH caused by genetic defects that impair lymphocytes' cytotoxic machinery. Other genetic causes of HLH not related to impaired cytotoxicity have also recently been identified. Furthermore, the so-called 'acquired' forms of HLH are encountered in the context of severe infections, autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, malignancy, and metabolic disorders, and may also be associated with primary immunodeficiencies. This implies that a variety of disease mechanisms can lead to HLH. Today's research seeks to gain a better understanding of the various pathogenetic and environmental factors that converge to induce HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando E Sepulveda
- INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory of Normal and Pathological Homeostasis of the Immune System, Paris F-75015, France; Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Geneviève de Saint Basile
- INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory of Normal and Pathological Homeostasis of the Immune System, Paris F-75015, France; Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris F-75015, France; Centre d'Etudes des Déficites Immunitaires, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75015, France.
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149
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Leiding JW. Neutrophil Evolution and Their Diseases in Humans. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1009. [PMID: 28894446 PMCID: PMC5581313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocytes have been preserved and have evolved across species, developing into cells that provide one of the first lines of host defense against pathogens. In humans, neutrophils are involved in early recognition and killing of infectious pathogens. Disruption in neutrophil production, emigration, chemotaxis, and function cause a spectrum of primary immune defects characterized by host susceptibility to invasive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W Leiding
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
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150
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Yeetong P, Suphapeetiporn K, Shotelersuk V. Mutation analysis and prenatal diagnosis of a family with Griscelli syndrome type 2: two novel mutations in the RAB27A gene. World J Pediatr 2017; 13:392-394. [PMID: 28484936 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-017-0037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patra Yeetong
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanya Suphapeetiporn
- Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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