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Nie ZL, Deng T, Meng Y, Sun H, Wen J. Post-Boreotropical dispersals explain the pantropical disjunction in Paederia (Rubiaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:873-86. [PMID: 23478944 PMCID: PMC3631337 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pantropical intercontinental disjunction is a common biogeographical pattern in flowering plants exhibiting a discontinuous distribution primarily in tropical Asia, Africa and the Americas. Only a few plant groups with this pattern have been investigated at the generic level with molecular phylogenetic and biogeographical methods. Paederia (Rubiaceae) is a pantropical genus of 31 species of woody lianas, with the greatest species diversity in continental Asia and Madagascar and only two species from tropical America. The aim of this study was to reconstruct the biogeographical history of Paederia based on phylogenetic analyses to explore how the genus attained its pantropical distribution. METHODS Maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference were used for phylogenetic analyses using sequences of five plastid markers (the rbcL gene, rps16 intron, trnT-F region, atpB-rbcL spacer and psbA-trnH spacer). Biogeographical inferences were based on a Bayesian uncorrelated lognormal relaxed molecular clock together with both Bayesian and likelihood ancestral area reconstructions. KEY RESULTS The data suggest an early diverged Asian lineage sister to the clade of the remaining species consisting of a predominantly Asian sub-clade and a primarily Malagasy sub-clade. Paederia is inferred to have originated in the Oligocene in tropical continental Asia. It then reached Africa in the early to middle Miocene, most probably via long-distance dispersal across the Indian Ocean. The two Neotropical species are inferred to have derived independently in the late Miocene from ancestors of Asia and East Africa, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the importance of post-Boreotropical long-distance dispersals (across three major oceans) in shaping the global pantropical disjunction in some plants, such as Paederia, with small, winged diaspores adapted to long-distance dispersal by various agents including wind, ocean currents or birds. Overland migration is less likely to explain its palaeotropical disjunction between Asia and Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Long Nie
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Tao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ying Meng
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
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Reuter M, Kern AK, Harzhauser M, Kroh A, Piller WE. Global warming and South Indian monsoon rainfall-lessons from the Mid-Miocene. GONDWANA RESEARCH : INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE JOURNAL 2013; 23:1172-1177. [PMID: 27087778 PMCID: PMC4819018 DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Precipitation over India is driven by the Indian monsoon. Although changes in this atmospheric circulation are caused by the differential seasonal diabatic heating of Asia and the Indo-Pacific Ocean, it is so far unknown how global warming influences the monsoon rainfalls regionally. Herein, we present a Miocene pollen flora as the first direct proxy for monsoon over southern India during the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum. To identify climatic key parameters, such as mean annual temperature, warmest month temperature, coldest month temperature, mean annual precipitation, mean precipitation during the driest month, mean precipitation during the wettest month and mean precipitation during the warmest month the Coexistence Approach is applied. Irrespective of a ~ 3-4 °C higher global temperature during the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum, the results indicate a modern-like monsoonal precipitation pattern contrasting marine proxies which point to a strong decline of Indian monsoon in the Himalaya at this time. Therefore, the strength of monsoon rainfall in tropical India appears neither to be related to global warming nor to be linked with the atmospheric conditions over the Tibetan Plateau. For the future it implies that increased global warming does not necessarily entail changes in the South Indian monsoon rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Reuter
- Institute for Earth Sciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 26, 8010, Graz Austria
| | - Andrea K. Kern
- Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Harzhauser
- Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Kroh
- Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner E. Piller
- Institute for Earth Sciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 26, 8010, Graz Austria
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103
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Qin AL, Wang MM, Cun YZ, Yang FS, Wang SS, Ran JH, Wang XQ. Phylogeographic evidence for a link of species divergence of Ephedra in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions to the Miocene Asian aridification. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56243. [PMID: 23418542 PMCID: PMC3571962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) has become one of the hotspots for phylogeographical studies due to its high species diversity. However, most previous studies have focused on the effects of the Quaternary glaciations on phylogeographical structures and the locations of glacial refugia, and little is known about the effects of the aridization of interior Asia on plant population structure and speciation. Here the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) trnT-trnF and trnS-trnfM sequences were used to investigate the differentiation and phylogeographical history of 14 Ephedra species from the QTP and northern China, based on a sampling of 107 populations. The phylogeographical analysis, together with phylogenetic reconstruction based on combined four cpDNA fragments (rbcL, rpl16, rps4, and trnS-trnfM), supports three main lineages (eastern QTP, southern QTP, and northern China) of these Ephedra species. Divergence of each lineage could be dated to the Middle or Late Miocene, and was very likely linked to the uplift of the QTP and the Asian aridification, given the high drought and/or cold tolerance of Ephedra. Most of the Ephedra species had low intraspecific variation and lacked a strong phylogeographical structure, which could be partially attributed to clonal reproduction and a relatively recent origin. In addition, ten of the detected 25 cpDNA haplotypes are shared among species, suggesting that a wide sampling of species is helpful to investigate the origin of observed haplotypes and make reliable phylogeographical inference. Moreover, the systematic positions of some Ephedra species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Li Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhi Cun
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Sheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hua Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Quan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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104
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Wang L, Schneider H, Zhang XC, Xiang QP. The rise of the Himalaya enforced the diversification of SE Asian ferns by altering the monsoon regimes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:210. [PMID: 23140168 PMCID: PMC3508991 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rise of high mountain chains is widely seen as one of the factors driving rapid diversification of land plants and the formation of biodiversity hotspots. Supporting evidence was reported for the impact of the rapid rise of the Andean mountains but this hypothesis has so far been less explored for the impact of the "roof of the world". The formation of the Himalaya, and especially the rise of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the recent 20 million years, altered the monsoon regimes that dominate the current climates of South East Asia. Here, we infer the hypothesis that the rise of Himalaya had a strong impact on the plant diversity in the biodiversity hotspot of the Southwest Chinese Mountains. RESULTS Our analyses of the diversification pattern of the derived fern genus Lepisorus recovered evidence for changes in plant diversity that correlated with the strengthening of South East Asian monsoon. Southwest China or Southwest China and Japan was recovered as the putative area of origin of Lepisorus and enhancing monsoon regime were found to shape the early diversification of the genus as well as subsequent radiations during the late Miocene and Pliocene. CONCLUSIONS We report new evidence for a coincidence of plant diversification and changes of the climate caused by the uplift of the Himalaya. These results are discussed in the context of the impact of incomplete taxon sampling, uncertainty of divergence time estimates, and limitations of current methods used to assess diversification rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Harald Schneider
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum London, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Xian-Chun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Qiao-Ping Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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105
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Zhang R, Huang X, Jiang L, Lei F, Qiao G. Species differentiation of Chinese mollitrichosiphum (Aphididae: greenideinae) driven by geographical isolation and host plant acquirement. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:10441-10460. [PMID: 22949873 PMCID: PMC3431871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130810441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of both the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and the separation of the Taiwan and Hainan Islands on the evolution of the fauna and flora in adjacent regions has been a topic of considerable interest. Mollitrichosiphum is a polyphagous insect group with a wide range of host plants (14 families) and distributions restricted to Southeast Asia. Based on the mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I (COI) and Cytochrome b (Cytb) genes, the nuclear elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) gene, and the detailed distribution and host plant data, we investigated the species differentiation modes of the Chinese Mollitrichosiphum species. Phylogenetic analyses supported the monophyly of Mollitrichosiphum. The divergence time of Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (c. 11.0 mya (million years ago)), Mollitrichosiphum nandii and Mollitrichosiphum montanum (c. 10.6 mya) was within the time frame of the uplift of the QTP. Additionally, basal species mainly fed on Fagaceae, while species that fed on multiple plants diverged considerably later. Ancestral state reconstruction suggests that Fagaceae may be the first acquired host, and the acquisition of new hosts and the expansion of host range may have promoted species differentiation within this genus. Overall, it can be concluded that geographical isolation and the expansion of the host plant range may be the main factors driving species differentiation of Mollitrichosiphum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; E-Mails: (R.Z.); (X.H.); (L.J.); (F.L.)
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; E-Mails: (R.Z.); (X.H.); (L.J.); (F.L.)
| | - Liyun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; E-Mails: (R.Z.); (X.H.); (L.J.); (F.L.)
| | - Fumin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; E-Mails: (R.Z.); (X.H.); (L.J.); (F.L.)
| | - Gexia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; E-Mails: (R.Z.); (X.H.); (L.J.); (F.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-6480-7133
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106
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Guo YY, Luo YB, Liu ZJ, Wang XQ. Evolution and biogeography of the slipper orchids: Eocene vicariance of the conduplicate genera in the Old and New World Tropics. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38788. [PMID: 22685605 PMCID: PMC3369861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercontinental disjunctions between tropical regions, which harbor two-thirds of the flowering plants, have drawn great interest from biologists and biogeographers. Most previous studies on these distribution patterns focused on woody plants, and paid little attention to herbs. The Orchidaceae is one of the largest families of angiosperms, with a herbaceous habit and a high species diversity in the Tropics. Here we investigate the evolutionary and biogeographical history of the slipper orchids, which represents a monophyletic subfamily (Cypripedioideae) of the orchid family and comprises five genera that are disjunctly distributed in tropical to temperate regions. A relatively well-resolved and highly supported phylogeny of slipper orchids was reconstructed based on sequence analyses of six maternally inherited chloroplast and two low-copy nuclear genes (LFY and ACO). We found that the genus Cypripedium with a wide distribution in the northern temperate and subtropical zones diverged first, followed by Selenipedium endemic to South America, and finally conduplicate-leaved genera in the Tropics. Mexipedium and Phragmipedium from the neotropics are most closely related, and form a clade sister to Paphiopedilum from tropical Asia. According to molecular clock estimates, the genus Selenipedium originated in Palaeocene, while the most recent common ancestor of conduplicate-leaved slipper orchids could be dated back to the Eocene. Ancestral area reconstruction indicates that vicariance is responsible for the disjunct distribution of conduplicate slipper orchids in palaeotropical and neotropical regions. Our study sheds some light on mechanisms underlying generic and species diversification in the orchid family and tropical disjunctions of herbaceous plant groups. In addition, we suggest that the biogeographical study should sample both regional endemics and their widespread relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Bo Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- The Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Quan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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107
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Xia G, Yi H, Zhao X, Gong D, Ji C. A late Mesozoic high plateau in eastern China: Evidence from basalt vesicular paleoaltimetry. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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108
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Yang J, Yang JX, Chen XY. A re-examination of the molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Schizothorax (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) through enhanced sampling, with emphasis on the species in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, China. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2012.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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109
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Kelley J, Gao F. Juvenile hominoid cranium from the late Miocene of southern China and hominoid diversity in Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:6882-5. [PMID: 22511723 PMCID: PMC3344983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201330109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fossil ape Lufengpithecus is known from a number of late Miocene sites in Yunnan Province in southern China. Along with other fossil apes from South and Southeast Asia, it is widely considered to be a relative of the extant orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus. It is best represented at the type site of Shihuiba (Lufeng) by several partial to nearly complete but badly crushed adult crania. There is, however, an additional, minimally distorted cranium of a young juvenile from a nearly contemporaneous site in the Yuanmou Basin, which affords the opportunity to better assess the relationships between Lufengpithecus and Pongo. Comparison with similarly aged juvenile skulls of extant great apes reveals no features suggesting clear affinities to orangutans, and instead reveals a morphological pattern largely consistent with a stem member of the hominid (great ape and human) clade. The existence at this time of other hominids in South Asia (Sivapithecus) and Southeast Asia (Khoratpithecus) with clear craniofacial affinities to Pongo suggests both more diversity among Asian Late Miocene apes and more complex patterns of dispersal than previously supposed. Major differences in the associated mammal faunas from the southern China sites and those from South and Southeast Asia are consistent with these findings and suggest more than one dispersal route of apes into East Asia earlier in the Miocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Kelley
- Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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110
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Chen S, Xing Y, Su T, Zhou Z, Dilcher EDL, Soltis DE. Phylogeographic analysis reveals significant spatial genetic structure of Incarvillea sinensis as a product of mountain building. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:58. [PMID: 22546007 PMCID: PMC3447706 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incarvillea sinensis is widely distributed from Southwest China to Northeast China and in the Russian Far East. The distribution of this species was thought to be influenced by the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Quaternary glaciation. To reveal the imprints of geological events on the spatial genetic structure of Incarvillea sinensis, we examined two cpDNA segments ( trnH- psbA and trnS- trnfM) in 705 individuals from 47 localities. RESULTS A total of 16 haplotypes was identified, and significant genetic differentiation was revealed (GST =0.843, NST = 0.975, P < 0.05). The survey detected two highly divergent cpDNA lineages connected by a deep gap with allopatric distributions: the southern lineage with higher genetic diversity and differentiation in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the northern lineage in the region outside the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The divergence between these two lineages was estimated at 4.4 MYA. A correlation between the genetic and the geographic distances indicates that genetic drift was more influential than gene flow in the northern clade with lower diversity and divergence. However, a scenario of regional equilibrium between gene flow and drift was shown for the southern clade. The feature of spatial distribution of the genetic diversity of the southern lineage possibly indicated that allopatric fragmentation was dominant in the collections from the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. CONCLUSIONS The results revealed that the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau likely resulted in the significant divergence between the lineage in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the other one outside this area. The diverse niches in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau created a wide spectrum of habitats to accumulate and accommodate new mutations. The features of genetic diversity of populations outside the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau seemed to reveal the imprints of extinction during the Glacial and the interglacial and postglacial recolonization. Our study is a typical case of the significance of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Quaternary Glacial in spatial genetic structure of eastern Asian plants, and sheds new light on the evolution of biodiversity in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at the intraspecies level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaotian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Yaowu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Tao Su
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
| | - Zhekun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
| | | | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800, USA
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Locomotive implication of a Pliocene three-toed horse skeleton from Tibet and its paleo-altimetry significance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:7374-8. [PMID: 22529371 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201052109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau is the youngest and highest plateau on Earth, and its elevation reaches one-third of the height of the troposphere, with profound dynamic and thermal effects on atmospheric circulation and climate. The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau was an important factor of global climate change during the late Cenozoic and strongly influenced the development of the Asian monsoon system. However, there have been heated debates about the history and process of Tibetan Plateau uplift, especially the paleo-altimetry in different geological ages. Here we report a well-preserved skeleton of a 4.6 million-y-old three-toed horse (Hipparion zandaense) from the Zanda Basin, southwestern Tibet. Morphological features indicate that H. zandaense was a cursorial horse that lived in alpine steppe habitats. Because this open landscape would be situated above the timberline on the steep southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, the elevation of the Zanda Basin at 4.6 Ma was estimated to be ∼4,000 m above sea level using an adjustment to the paleo-temperature in the middle Pliocene, as well as comparison with modern vegetation vertical zones. Thus, we conclude that the southwestern Tibetan Plateau achieved the present-day elevation in the mid-Pliocene.
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112
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Bershaw J, Penny SM, Garzione CN. Stable isotopes of modern water across the Himalaya and eastern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for estimates of paleoelevation and paleoclimate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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113
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Aguirre-Planter É, Jaramillo-Correa JP, Gómez-Acevedo S, Khasa DP, Bousquet J, Eguiarte LE. Phylogeny, diversification rates and species boundaries of Mesoamerican firs (Abies, Pinaceae) in a genus-wide context. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 62:263-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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114
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Li Z, Zou J, Mao K, Lin K, Li H, Liu J, Källman T, Lascoux M. POPULATION GENETIC EVIDENCE FOR COMPLEX EVOLUTIONARY HISTORIES OF FOUR HIGH ALTITUDE JUNIPER SPECIES IN THE QINGHAI-TIBETAN PLATEAU. Evolution 2011; 66:831-845. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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115
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Zhang L, Ding L, Yang D, Xu Q, Cai F, Liu D. Origin of middle Miocene leucogranites and rhyolites on the Tibetan Plateau: Constraints on the timing of crustal thickening and uplift of its northern boundary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-011-4813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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116
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Bain RH, Hurley MM. A Biogeographic Synthesis of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Indochina. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2011. [DOI: 10.1206/360.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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117
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von Oheimb PV, Albrecht C, Riedel F, Du L, Yang J, Aldridge DC, Bössneck U, Zhang H, Wilke T. Freshwater biogeography and limnological evolution of the Tibetan Plateau--insights from a plateau-wide distributed gastropod taxon (Radix spp.). PLoS One 2011; 6:e26307. [PMID: 22028853 PMCID: PMC3197626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Tibetan Plateau is not only the highest and largest plateau on earth; it is also home to numerous freshwater lakes potentially harbouring endemic faunal elements. As it remains largely unknown whether these lakes have continuously existed during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), questions arise as to whether taxa have been able to exist on the plateau since before the latest Pleistocene, from where and how often the plateau was colonized, and by which mechanisms organisms conquered remote high altitude lentic freshwater systems. In this study, species of the plateau-wide distributed freshwater gastropod genus Radix are used to answer these biogeographical questions. Methodology/Principal Findings Based on a broad spatial sampling of Radix spp. on the Tibetan Plateau, and phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA sequence data, three probably endemic and one widespread major Radix clade could be identified on the plateau. Two of the endemic clades show a remarkably high genetic diversity, indicating a relatively great phylogenetic age. Phylogeographical analyses of individuals belonging to the most widely distributed clade indicate that intra-plateau distribution cannot be explained by drainage-related dispersal alone. Conclusions/Significance Our study reveals that Radix spp. persisted throughout the LGM on the Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, we assume the continuous existence of suitable water bodies during that time. The extant Radix diversity on the plateau might have been caused by multiple colonization events combined with a relatively long intra-plateau evolution. At least one colonization event has a Palaearctic origin. In contrast to freshwater fishes, passive dispersal, probably by water birds, might be an important mechanism for conquering remote areas on the plateau. Patterns found in Radix spp. are shared with some terrestrial plateau taxa, indicating that Radix may be a suitable model taxon for inferring general patterns of biotic origin, dispersal and survival on the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parm Viktor von Oheimb
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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118
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Jordan GJ. A critical framework for the assessment of biological palaeoproxies: predicting past climate and levels of atmospheric CO(2) from fossil leaves. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 192:29-44. [PMID: 21770947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review uses proxies of past temperature and atmospheric CO(2) composition based on fossil leaves to illustrate the uncertainties in biologically based proxies of past environments. Most leaf-based proxies are geographically local or genetically restricted and therefore can be confounded by evolution, extinction, changes in local environment or immigration of species. Stomatal frequency proxies illustrate how genetically restricted proxies can be particularly vulnerable to evolutionary change. High predictive power in the modern world resulting from the use of a very narrow calibration cannot be confidently extrapolated into the past (the Ginkgo paradox). Many foliar physiognomic proxies of climate are geographically local and use traits that are more or less fixed for individual species. Such proxies can therefore be confounded by floristic turnover and biome shifts in the region of calibration. Uncertainty in proxies tends to be greater for more ancient fossils. I present a set of questions that should be considered before using a proxy. Good proxies should be relatively protected from environmental and genetic change, particularly through having high information content and being founded on biomechanical or biochemical principles. Some current and potential developments are discussed, including those that involve more mechanistically sound proxies and better use of multivariate approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Jordan
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia
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THE OXYGEN AND CARBON ISOTOPIC RECORDS OF MIOCENE SEDIMENTS IN THE TIANSHUI BASIN OF THE NORTHESTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU AND THEIR PALEOCLIMATIC IMPLICATIONS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1140.2011.03069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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120
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Javadi F, Tun YT, Kawase M, Guan K, Yamaguchi H. Molecular phylogeny of the subgenus Ceratotropis (genus Vigna, Leguminosae) reveals three eco-geographical groups and Late Pliocene-Pleistocene diversification: evidence from four plastid DNA region sequences. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:367-80. [PMID: 21725064 PMCID: PMC3143051 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The subgenus Ceratotropis in the genus Vigna is widely distributed from the Himalayan highlands to South, Southeast and East Asia. However, the interspecific and geographical relationships of its members are poorly understood. This study investigates the phylogeny and biogeography of the subgenus Ceratotropis using chloroplast DNA sequence data. METHODS Sequence data from four intergenic spacer regions (petA-psbJ, psbD-trnT, trnT-trnE and trnT-trnL) of chloroplast DNA, alone and in combination, were analysed using Bayesian and parsimony methods. Divergence times for major clades were estimated with penalized likelihood. Character evolution was examined by means of parsimony optimization and MacClade. KEY RESULTS Parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses on the combined data demonstrated well-resolved species relationships in which 18 Vigna species were divided into two major geographical clades: the East Asia-Southeast Asian clade and the Indian subcontinent clade. Within these two clades, three well-supported eco-geographical groups, temperate and subtropical (the East Asia-Southeast Asian clade) and tropical (the Indian subcontinent clade), are recognized. The temperate group consists of V. minima, V. nepalensis and V. angularis. The subtropical group comprises the V. nakashimae-V. riukiuensis-V. minima subgroup and the V. hirtella-V. exilis-V. umbellata subgroup. The tropical group contains two subgroups: the V. trinervia-V. reflexo-pilosa-V. trilobata subgroup and the V. mungo-V. grandiflora subgroup. An evolutionary rate analysis estimated the divergence time between the East Asia-Southeast Asia clade and the Indian subcontinent clade as 3·62 ± 0·3 million years, and that between the temperate and subtropical groups as 2·0 ± 0·2 million years. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide an improved understanding of the interspecific relationships, and ecological and geographical phylogenetic structure of the subgenus Ceratotropis. The quaternary diversification of the subgenus Ceratotropis implicates its geographical dispersal in the south-eastern part of Asia involving adaptation to climatic condition after the collision of the Indian subcontinent with the Asian plate. The phylogenetic results indicate that the epigeal germination is plesiomorphic, and the germination type evolved independently multiple times in this subgenus, implying its limited taxonomic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ye Tun Tun
- Department of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Yezin, Myanmar
| | - Makoto Kawase
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kaiyun Guan
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang, China
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121
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Tian X, Luo J, Wang A, Mao K, Liu J. On the origin of the woody buckwheat Fagopyrum tibeticum (=Parapteropyrum tibeticum) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 61:515-20. [PMID: 21798359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Here we tested whether 'insular woodiness', a striking evolutionary pattern that commonly occurs on islands, has also appeared in QTP continental endemics. Parapteropyrum, a monotypic shrubby genus occurring in the central QTP, has been previously placed in the tribe Atraphaxideae of the family Polygonaceae, while all the other woody species of this tribe mainly occur in western and central Asia. We studied sequence variations of nuclear ITS (internal transcribed spacer) and cp (chloroplast) DNA (rbcL and accD) of this genus and the other ten genera. The constructed phylogenies based on ITS, cpDNA or a combination of both datasets, suggest that the woody Parapteropyrum is nested within and most likely evolved from the herbaceous Fagopyrum. We propose that the large-scale uplift of the QTP not only promoted continental species radiation, but also the secondary feature of woodiness in a few herbaceous lineages in response to strong selection pressures, similar to those acting on island flora. In addition, the confirmation of Parapteropyrum within Fagopyrum highlights its potential use as a new, perennial source of buckwheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Tian
- Molecular Ecology Group, Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, PR China
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122
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Haywood AM, Ridgwell A, Lunt DJ, Hill DJ, Pound MJ, Dowsett HJ, Dolan AM, Francis JE, Williams M. Are there pre-Quaternary geological analogues for a future greenhouse warming? PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2011; 369:933-956. [PMID: 21282155 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Given the inherent uncertainties in predicting how climate and environments will respond to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, it would be beneficial to society if science could identify geological analogues to the human race's current grand climate experiment. This has been a focus of the geological and palaeoclimate communities over the last 30 years, with many scientific papers claiming that intervals in Earth history can be used as an analogue for future climate change. Using a coupled ocean-atmosphere modelling approach, we test this assertion for the most probable pre-Quaternary candidates of the last 100 million years: the Mid- and Late Cretaceous, the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), the Early Eocene, as well as warm intervals within the Miocene and Pliocene epochs. These intervals fail as true direct analogues since they either represent equilibrium climate states to a long-term CO(2) forcing--whereas anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases provide a progressive (transient) forcing on climate--or the sensitivity of the climate system itself to CO(2) was different. While no close geological analogue exists, past warm intervals in Earth history provide a unique opportunity to investigate processes that operated during warm (high CO(2)) climate states. Palaeoclimate and environmental reconstruction/modelling are facilitating the assessment and calculation of the response of global temperatures to increasing CO(2) concentrations in the longer term (multiple centuries); this is now referred to as the Earth System Sensitivity, which is critical in identifying CO(2) thresholds in the atmosphere that must not be crossed to avoid dangerous levels of climate change in the long term. Palaeoclimatology also provides a unique and independent way to evaluate the qualities of climate and Earth system models used to predict future climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Haywood
- School of Earth and Environment, Earth and Environment Building, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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123
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Qiu YX, Fu CX, Comes HP. Plant molecular phylogeography in China and adjacent regions: Tracing the genetic imprints of Quaternary climate and environmental change in the world's most diverse temperate flora. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 59:225-44. [PMID: 21292014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Sino-Japanese Floristic Region (SJFR) of East Asia harbors the most diverse of the world's temperate flora, and was the most important glacial refuge for its Tertiary representatives ('relics') throughout Quaternary ice-age cycles. A steadily increasing number of phylogeographic studies in the SJFR of mainland China and adjacent areas, including the Qinghai-Tibetan-Plateau (QTP) and Sino-Himalayan region, have documented the population histories of temperate plant species in these regions. Here we review this current literature that challenges the oft-stated view of the SJFR as a glacial sanctuary for temperate plants, instead revealing profound effects of Quaternary changes in climate, topography, and/or sea level on the current genetic structure of such organisms. There are three recurrent phylogeographic scenarios identified by different case studies that broadly agree with longstanding biogeographic or palaeo-ecological hypotheses: (i) postglacial re-colonization of the QTP from (south-)eastern glacial refugia; (ii) population isolation and endemic species formation in Southwest China due to tectonic shifts and river course dynamics; and (iii) long-term isolation and species survival in multiple localized refugia of (warm-)temperate deciduous forest habitats in subtropical (Central/East/South) China. However, in four additional instances, phylogeographic findings seem to conflict with a priori predictions raised by palaeo-data, suggesting instead: (iv) glacial in situ survival of some hardy alpine herbs and forest trees on the QTP platform itself; (v) long-term refugial isolation of (warm-)temperate evergreen taxa in subtropical China; (vi) 'cryptic' glacial survival of (cool-)temperate deciduous forest trees in North China; and (vii) unexpectedly deep (Late Tertiary/early-to-mid Pleistocene) allopatric-vicariant differentiation of disjunct lineages in the East China-Japan-Korea region due to past sea transgressions. We discuss these and other consequences of the main phylogeographic findings in light of palaeo-environmental evidence, emphasize notable gaps in our knowledge, and outline future research prospects for disentangling the evolution and biogeographic history of the region's extremely diverse temperate flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xiong Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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124
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Rethinking the Palearctic-Oriental Biogeographic Boundary in Quaternary China. ASIAN PALEOANTHROPOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9094-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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125
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Mao K, Hao G, Liu J, Adams RP, Milne RI. Diversification and biogeography of Juniperus (Cupressaceae): variable diversification rates and multiple intercontinental dispersals. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 188:254-72. [PMID: 20561210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
• A central aim of biogeography is to understand when and how modern patterns of species diversity and distribution developed. Many plant groups have disjunct distributions within the Northern Hemisphere, but among these very few have been studied that prefer warm semi-arid habitats. • Here we examine the biogeography and diversification history of Juniperus, which occurs in semi-arid habitats through much of the Northern Hemisphere. A phylogeny was generated based on > 10,000 bp of cpDNA for 51 Juniperus species plus many outgroups. Phylogenies based on fewer species were also constructed based on nuclear internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and combined nrITS/cpDNA data sets to check for congruence. Divergence time-scales and ancestral distributions were further inferred. • Both long dispersal and migration across land bridges probably contributed to the modern range of Juniperus, while long-term climatic changes and the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau probably drove its diversification. Diversification apparently slowed down during climate-stable period of the Oligocene, and then speeded up from the Miocene onwards. • Juniperus probably originated in Eurasia, and was a part of the south Eurasian Tethyan vegetation of the Eocene to Oligocene. It reached America once at this time, once in the Miocene and once more recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangshan Mao
- Division of Molecular Ecology, Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
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Zhang YH, Volis S, Sun H. Chloroplast phylogeny and phylogeography of Stellera chamaejasme on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and in adjacent regions. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 57:1162-72. [PMID: 20828627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Historic events such as the uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Q-T Plateau) and climatic oscillations in the Quaternary period greatly affected the evolution and modern distribution of Sino-Tibetan flora. Stellera chamaejasme, a perennial herb with flower color polymorphism that is distributed from the mountainous southeastern Q-T Plateau (Hengduan Mountains, H-D Mountains) to the vast platform of the Q-T Plateau and the adjacent plain of northern China, provides an excellent model to explore the effects of historic events on the origination and variation of species. In this study, we conducted a phylogenetic and phylogeographical study using three chloroplast sequences (trnT-L, trnL-F and rpL16) in 26 populations of S. chamaejasme and 12 outgroups from the Thymeleaceae. Phylogenetic analysis and molecular clock estimation revealed that the monophyletic origin of S. chamaejasme occurred ca. 6.5892 Ma, which is consistent with the radical environment changes caused by the rapid uplift of the Q-T Plateau ca. 7 Ma. Intra-specific differentiation of S. chamaejasme is estimated to have occurred after ca. 2.1 Ma. Twelve haplotypes were revealed from combined trnL-F and rpL16 sequences. High genetic diversity (h(T)=0.834) and population differentiation (N(ST)=0.997 and G(ST)=0.982) imply restricted gene flow among populations and significant geographical or environmental isolation. All populations from the vast plain of northern China were dominated by one haplotype (H1), and the same haplotype was fixed in most populations from the high elevation platform of the western and northern Q-T Plateau. In contrast, the majority of the haplotypes were found in the relatively narrow area of the H-D Mountains, in the southeastern distribution of S. chamaejasme. The contrasting haplotype distribution patterns suggested that the H-D Mountains were either a refugium for S. chamaejasme during the Quaternary climatic oscillations or a diversification center of this species. The present wide distribution of this species on the Q-T Plateau platform and in northern China is likely to have resulted from a rapid post-glacial population expansion from the southeastern refugium involving founder effects, facilitated by the adjacent geographic range with a similar grassland habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, People's Republic of China
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Cun YZ, Wang XQ. Plant recolonization in the Himalaya from the southeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Geographical isolation contributed to high population differentiation. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 56:972-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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128
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Lu H, Wang X, Li L. Aeolian sediment evidence that global cooling has driven late Cenozoic stepwise aridification in central Asia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1144/sp342.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIt has been a long held view that uplift of the Tibetan Plateau dominated stepwise climatic drying in central Asia during the late Cenozoic. On the other hand, global cooling may also have forced Asian drying and the subsequent formation of aeolian deposits in north China. Until now, whether the Tibetan uplift or the global cooling has been the first-order driver controlling stepwise Asian drying has remained a contentious issue. In this study, we examine the thick aeolian silt deposit, which is regarded as a good archive of palaeoclimatic changes in central Asia and north China, in order to qualitatively reconstruct the drying process in Asia during the late Cenozoic. On the basis of our long-term field surveys, laboratory analyses and previous investigations, we have obtained time sequences of Asian drying from the early Miocene to late Pleistocene; we compare this newly reconstructed time series of Asian aridification with the time series of global cooling and Tibetan uplift to identify the first-order driver of stepwise Asian aridification. A good match between the drying and global cooling might indicate that global cooling was the most likely driver of stepwise drying in interior Asia. On the other hand, controversy regarding timing and amplitude of Tibetan uplift during the late Cenozoic suggests that the prevailing conclusion that Tibetan uplift forces Asian drying should be regarded as immature. A mechanism that global cooling drove the Asian drying is tentatively suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Lu
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Institute for Climate and Global Change Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - X. Wang
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Institute for Climate and Global Change Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - L. Li
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Institute for Climate and Global Change Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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129
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Wan S, Clift PD, Li A, Li T, Yin X. Geochemical records in the South China Sea: implications for East Asian summer monsoon evolution over the last 20 Ma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1144/sp342.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe reconstruct past changes in the East Asian summer monsoon over the last 20 Ma using samples from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1146 of Leg 184 in the northern South China Sea based on the major (Al, Ca, Na, K, Ti, etc.) and trace element (Rb, Sr, and Ba) geochemistry of terrigenous sediments. This study and combined review suggests that the long-term evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon is similar to that of the Indian summer monsoon, but distinct from the East Asian winter monsoon. Generally, the Asian summer monsoon intensity has decreased gradually from its maximum in the Early Miocene. In contrast, the Asian winter monsoon shows a phased enhancement since 20 Ma bp. Moreover, our study shows that the long-term intensities of the Asian summer and winter monsoons may have different forcing factors. Specifically, the winter monsoon is strongly linked to phased uplift of Tibetan plateau and to Northern Hemispheric Glaciation. In contrast, global cooling since 20 Ma bp may have largely reduced the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere and thus weakened the Asian summer monsoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Wan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Peter D. Clift
- School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, Kings College, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Anchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tiegang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xuebo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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130
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Xie L, Yi TS, Li R, Li DZ, Wen J. Evolution and biogeographic diversification of the witch-hazel genus (Hamamelis L., Hamamelidaceae) in the Northern Hemisphere. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 56:675-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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131
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Wang H, Sun K, Lu F, Wang Y, Song Z, Wu Q, Chen J, Zhang W. Phylogeographic structure of Hippophae tibetana (Elaeagnaceae) highlights the highest microrefugia and the rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:2964-79. [PMID: 20584145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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132
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Xu T, Abbott RJ, Milne RI, Mao K, Du FK, Wu G, Ciren Z, Miehe G, Liu J. Phylogeography and allopatric divergence of cypress species (Cupressus L.) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:194. [PMID: 20569425 PMCID: PMC3020627 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although allopatric speciation is viewed as the most common way in which species originate, allopatric divergence among a group of closely related species has rarely been examined at the population level through phylogeographic analysis. Here we report such a case study on eight putative cypress (Cupressus) species, which each have a mainly allopatric distribution in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and adjacent regions. The analysis involved sequencing three plastid DNA fragments (trnD-trnT, trnS-trnG and trnL-trnF) in 371 individuals sampled from populations at 66 localities. RESULTS Both phylogenetic and network analyses showed that most DNA haplotypes recovered or haplotype-clustered lineages resolved were largely species-specific. Across all species, significant phylogeographic structure (N(ST) > G(ST), P < 0.05) implied a high correlation between haplotypes/lineages and geographic distribution. Two species, C. duclouxiana and C. chengiana, which are distributed in the eastern QTP region, contained more haplotypes and higher diversity than five species with restricted distributions in the western highlands of the QTP. The remaining species, C. funebris, is widely cultivated and contained very little cpDNA diversity. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that the formation of high mountain barriers separating deep valleys in the QTP and adjacent regions caused by various uplifts of the plateau since the early Miocene most likely promoted allopatric divergence in Cupressus by restricting gene flow and fixing local, species-specific haplotypes in geographically isolated populations. The low levels of intraspecific diversity present in most species might stem from population bottlenecks brought about by recurrent periods of unfavorable climate and more recently by the negative impacts of human activities on species' distributions. Our findings shed new light on the importance of geographical isolation caused by the uplift of the QTP on the development of high plant species diversity in the QTP biodiversity hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- Division of Molecular Ecology, Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Richard J Abbott
- School of Biology, Mitchell Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Richard I Milne
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Kangshan Mao
- Division of Molecular Ecology, Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fang K Du
- Division of Molecular Ecology, Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Guili Wu
- Division of Molecular Ecology, Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhaxi Ciren
- Department of Life Science, Tibet University, Lasha, Tibet, China
| | - Georg Miehe
- Faculty of Geography, University of Marburg, Deutschhaustr.10 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Division of Molecular Ecology, Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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133
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Wei XX, Yang ZY, Li Y, Wang XQ. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Pseudotsuga (Pinaceae): Insights into the floristic relationship between Taiwan and its adjacent areas. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 55:776-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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134
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Molecular phylogeny, divergence time estimates, and historical biogeography of Circaea (Onagraceae) in the Northern Hemisphere. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 53:995-1009. [PMID: 19751838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Circaea (Onagraceae) consists of eight species and six subspecies distributed in Eurasia and North America. The sister group of Circaea was recently shown to be Fuchsia, which comprises 107 species primarily distributed in montane Central and South America, including four species occurring in the South Pacific islands. Three plastid markers (petB-petD, rpl16, and trnL-F) and nrITS sequences from 13 of the 14 taxa of Circaea were sequenced and used to reconstruct the phylogenetic and biogeographic history of the genus. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses support that (1) Circaea is monophyletic; (2) the bilocular group is a weakly supported clade nested within the unilocular grade; (3) neither the C. alpina complex nor the C. canadensis complex is monophyletic; and (4) the western North American C. alpina subsp. pacifica diverged first in the genus. Divergence time estimates based on the Bayesian "relaxed" clock methods suggest that the earliest Circaea divergence occurred minimally at 16.17 mya (95% HPD: 7.69-24.53 mya). Biogeographic analyses using divergence-vicariance analysis (DIVA) and a likelihood method support the New World origin of Circaea. Three independent dispersal events between Eurasia and North America via the Bering land bridge were inferred within Circaea. Higher taxon diversity of Circaea in eastern Asia was probably caused by geologic and ecological changes during the late Tertiary in the Northern Hemisphere.
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135
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Stable isotopes of modern herbivore tooth enamel in the Tibetan Plateau: Implications for paleoelevation reconstructions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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136
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Zhang M, Kang Y, Zhou L, Podlech D. Phylogenetic origin of Phyllolobium with a further implication for diversification of Astragalus in China. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 51:889-899. [PMID: 19723248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2009.00856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Astragalus is a species-rich genus occurring in the western arid habitats in China and its diversification and infrageneric relationships in this region remain unclear. In the present study, based on molecular data, we aim to (i) test whether Phyllolobium (previously treated as a subgenus Pogonophace in Astragalus) should be warranted; and (ii) date the origin of Phyllolobium and probable diversification of Astragalus sensu stricto (s.s.). We sequenced five species from Phyllolobium first and collected all related sequences from the genus, Astragalus s.s and their close relatives (Oxytropis and Caragana etc.). Our phylogenetic analyses suggested that all species of Phyllolobium comprise a monophyletic sister-group to genera of the subtribe Coluteinae. Molecular dating suggested that Phyllolobium and Astragalus s.s. originated around 8 and 10 million years ago. These two estimates are highly consistent with the intense uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau inferred from geological evidence. In addition, one section of Pogonophace (Sect. Robusti) was estimated to originate 2.5 million years ago and this section with a tendency for dry habitats seems to be evidence of Asian intensified aridity resulting from the intense uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Zhang
- Laboratory of Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation in Arid Region, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
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137
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Indian monsoon influences altitude effect of δ18O in precipitation/river water on the Tibetan Plateau. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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138
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WANG YUJIN, SUSANNA ALFONSO, VON RAAB-STRAUBE ECKHARD, MILNE RICHARD, LIU JIANQUAN. Island-like radiation of Saussurea (Asteraceae: Cardueae) triggered by uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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139
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Liu-Zeng J, Tapponnier P, Gaudemer Y, Ding L. Quantifying landscape differences across the Tibetan plateau: Implications for topographic relief evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jf000897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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140
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Cenozoic sedimentary records and geochronological constraints of differential uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11430-008-0132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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141
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142
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Abstract
The surface uplift history of the Tibetan Plateau and Himalaya is among the most interesting topics in geosciences because of its effect on regional and global climate during Cenozoic time, its influence on monsoon intensity, and its reflection of the dynamics of continental plateaus. Models of plateau growth vary in time, from pre-India-Asia collision (e.g., approximately 100 Ma ago) to gradual uplift after the India-Asia collision (e.g., approximately 55 Ma ago) and to more recent abrupt uplift (<7 Ma ago), and vary in space, from northward stepwise growth of topography to simultaneous surface uplift across the plateau. Here, we improve that understanding by presenting geologic and geophysical data from north-central Tibet, including magnetostratigraphy, sedimentology, paleocurrent measurements, and (40)Ar/(39)Ar and fission-track studies, to show that the central plateau was elevated by 40 Ma ago. Regions south and north of the central plateau gained elevation significantly later. During Eocene time, the northern boundary of the protoplateau was in the region of the Tanggula Shan. Elevation gain started in pre-Eocene time in the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes and expanded throughout the Neogene toward its present southern and northern margins in the Himalaya and Qilian Shan.
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143
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Gao LM, Möller M, Zhang XM, Hollingsworth ML, Liu J, Mill RR, Gibby M, Li DZ. High variation and strong phylogeographic pattern among cpDNA haplotypes in Taxus wallichiana (Taxaceae) in China and North Vietnam. Mol Ecol 2007; 16:4684-98. [PMID: 17908214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We studied the phylogeography of Chinese yew (Taxus wallichiana), a tree species distributed over most of southern China and adjacent regions. A total of 1235 individuals from 50 populations from China and North Vietnam were analysed for chloroplast DNA variation using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the trnL-F intron-spacer region. A total of 19 different haplotypes were distinguished. We found a very high level of population differentiation and a strong phylogeographic pattern, suggesting low levels of recurrent gene flow among populations. Haplotype differentiation was most marked along the boundary between the Sino-Himalayan and Sino-Japanese Forest floristic subkingdoms, with only one haplotype being shared among these two subkingdoms. The Malesian and Sino-Himalayan Forest subkingdoms had five and 10 haplotypes, respectively, while the relatively large Sino-Japanese Forest subkingdom had only eight. The strong geography-haplotype correlation persisted at the regional floristic level, with most regions possessing a unique set of haplotypes, except for the central China region. Strong landscape effects were observed in the Hengduan and Dabashan mountains, where steep mountains and valleys might have been natural dispersal barriers. The molecular phylogenetic data, together with the geographic distribution of the haplotypes, suggest the existence of several localized refugia during the last glaciation from which the present-day distribution may be derived. The pattern of haplotype distribution across China and North Vietnam corresponded well with the current taxonomic delineation of the three intraspecific varieties of T. wallichiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
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144
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Wang YJ, Liu JQ, Miehe G. Phylogenetic origins of the Himalayan endemic Dolomiaea, Diplazoptilon and Xanthopappus (Asteraceae: Cardueae) based on three DNA regions. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2007; 99:311-22. [PMID: 17218340 PMCID: PMC2802998 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcl259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is an enduring question as to the mechanisms leading to the high diversity and the processes producing endemics with unusual morphologies in the Himalayan alpine region. In the present study, the phylogenetic relationships and origins of three such endemic genera were analysed, Dolomiaea, Diplazoptilon and Xanthopappus, all in the tribe Cardueae of Asteraceae. METHODS The nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid trnL-F and psbA-trnH regions of these three genera were sequenced. The same regions for other related genera in Cardueae were also sequenced or downloaded from GenBank. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from individual and combined data sets of the three types of sequences using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. KEY RESULTS The phylogenetic tree obtained allowed earlier hypotheses concerning the relationships of these three endemic genera based on gross morphology to be rejected. Frolovia and Saussurea costus were deeply nested within Dolomiaea, and the strong statistical support for the Dolomiaea-Frolovia clade suggested that circumscription of Dolomiaea should be more broadly redefined. Diplazoptilon was resolved as sister to Himalaiella, and these two together are sister to Lipschitziella. The clade comprising these three genera is sister to Jurinea, and together these four genera are sister to the Dolomiaea-Frolovia clade. Xanthopappus, previously hypothesized to be closely related to Carduus, was found to be nested within a well-supported but not fully resolved Onopordum group with Alfredia, Ancathia, Lamyropappus, Olgaea, Synurus and Syreitschikovia, rather than the Carduus group. The crude dating based on ITS sequence divergence revealed that the divergence time of Dolomiaea-Frolovia from its sister group probably occurred 13.6-12.2 million years ago (Ma), and the divergence times of the other two genera, Xanthopappus and Diplazoptilon, from their close relatives around 5.7-4.7 Ma and 2.0-1.6 Ma, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide an improved understanding of the intergeneric relationships in Cardueae. The crude calibration of lineages indicates that the uplifts of the Qiinghai-Tibetan Plateau since the Miocene might have served as a continuous stimulus for the production of these morphologically aberrant endemic elements of the Himalayan flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau Ecological Adaptation, Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jian-Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau Ecological Adaptation, Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Georg Miehe
- Faculty of Geography, University of Marburg, Deutschhaustr. 10, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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145
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Fossils of Quercus sect. Heterobalanus can help explain the uplift of the Himalayas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-007-0005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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146
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Clift PD, Sun Z. The sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the Yinggehai-Song Hong basin and the southern Hainan margin, South China Sea: Implications for Tibetan uplift and monsoon intensification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb004048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Clift
- School of Geosciences; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen UK
| | - Zhen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou China
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147
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Rowley DB, Currie BS. Palaeo-altimetry of the late Eocene to Miocene Lunpola basin, central Tibet. Nature 2006; 439:677-81. [PMID: 16467830 DOI: 10.1038/nature04506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The elevation history of the Tibetan plateau provides direct insight into the tectonic processes associated with continent-continent collisions. Here we present oxygen-isotope-based estimates of the palaeo-altimetry of late Eocene and younger deposits of the Lunpola basin in the centre of the plateau, which indicate that the surface of Tibet has been at an elevation of more than 4 kilometres for at least the past 35 million years. We conclude that crustal, but not mantle, thickening models, combined with plate-kinematic solutions of India-Asia convergence, are compatible with palaeo-elevation estimates across the Tibetan plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Rowley
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, 5734 S. Ellis Avenue, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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148
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149
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Osborne CP, Beerling DJ. Nature's green revolution: the remarkable evolutionary rise of C4 plants. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006; 361:173-94. [PMID: 16553316 PMCID: PMC1626541 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants with the C4 photosynthetic pathway dominate today's tropical savannahs and grasslands, and account for some 30% of global terrestrial carbon fixation. Their success stems from a physiological CO2-concentrating pump, which leads to high photosynthetic efficiency in warm climates and low atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Remarkably, their dominance of tropical environments was achieved in only the past 10 million years (Myr), less than 3% of the time that terrestrial plants have existed on Earth. We critically review the proposal that declining atmospheric CO2 triggered this tropical revolution via its effects on the photosynthetic efficiency of leaves. Our synthesis of the latest geological evidence from South Asia and North America suggests that this emphasis is misplaced. Instead, we find important roles for regional climate change and fire in South Asia, but no obvious environmental trigger for C4 success in North America. CO2-starvation is implicated in the origins of C4 plants 25-32 Myr ago, raising the possibility that the pathway evolved under more extreme atmospheric conditions experienced 10 times earlier. However, our geochemical analyses provide no evidence of the C4 mechanism at this time, although possible ancestral components of the C4 pathway are identified in ancient plant lineages. We suggest that future research must redress the substantial imbalance between experimental investigations and analyses of the geological record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin P Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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150
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Godin L, Grujic D, Law RD, Searle MP. Channel flow, ductile extrusion and exhumation in continental collision zones: an introduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.2006.268.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe channel flow model aims to explain features common to metamorphic hinterlands of some collisional orogens, notably along the Himalaya-Tibet system. Channel flow describes a protracted flow of a weak, viscous crustal layer between relatively rigid yet deformable bounding crustal slabs. Once a critical low viscosity is attained (due to partial melting), the weak layer flows laterally due to a horizontal gradient in lithostatic pressure. In the Himalaya-Tibet system, this lithostatic pressure gradient is created by the high crustal thicknesses beneath the Tibetan Plateau and ‘normal’ crustal thickness in the foreland. Focused denudation can result in exhumation of the channel material within a narrow, nearly symmetric zone. If channel flow is operating at the same time as focused denudation, this can result in extrusion of the mid-crust between an upper normal-sense boundary and a lower thrust-sense boundary. The bounding shear zones of the extruding channel may have opposite shear sense; the sole shear zone is always a thrust, while the roof shear zone may display normal or thrust sense, depending on the relative velocity between the upper crust and the underlying extruding material. This introductory chapter addresses the historical, theoretical, geological and modelling aspects of channel flow, emphasizing its applicability to the Himalaya-Tibet orogen. Critical tests for channel flow in the Himalaya, and possible applications to other orogenic belts, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Godin
- Department of Geological Sciences & Geological Engineering, Queen’s University
Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - D. Grujic
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J1, Canada
| | - R. D. Law
- Department of Geological Sciences, Virginia Tech.
Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - M. P. Searle
- Department of Earth Sciences, Oxford University
Oxford, OX1 3PR, UK
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