101
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Carrasco-Garcia E, García-Puga M, Arevalo S, Matheu A. Towards precision medicine: linking genetic and cellular heterogeneity in gastric cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2018; 10:1758835918794628. [PMID: 30181784 PMCID: PMC6116075 DOI: 10.1177/1758835918794628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and cellular heterogeneity are phenomena that are revolutionizing
oncology research and becoming critical to the idea of personalized medicine.
Recent comprehensive molecular profiling has identified molecular subtypes of
gastric cancer (GC) and linked them to clinical information. Moreover, GC stem
cells (gCSCs) have been identified and found to be responsible for GC initiation
and progression, Helicobacter pylori oncogenic action and
therapy resistance. Addressing molecular heterogeneity is critical for achieving
an optimal therapeutic approach against GC as well as targeting gCSCs. In this
review, we outline the implications of molecular and cellular heterogeneity in
the treatment of GC and we summarize the clinical impact of the most important
regulators of gCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Carrasco-Garcia
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Gipuzkoa, Spain CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikel García-Puga
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sara Arevalo
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Beguiristain s/n, Gipuzkoa, 20014, Spain IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes) Madrid, Spain
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102
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An intestinal stem cell niche in Apc mutated neoplasia targetable by CtBP inhibition. Oncotarget 2018; 9:32408-32418. [PMID: 30197752 PMCID: PMC6126694 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
C-terminal binding protein 2 (CtBP2) drives intestinal polyposis in the Apcmin mouse model of human Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. As CtBP2 is targetable by an inhibitor of its dehydrogenase domain, understanding CtBP2’s role in adenoma formation is necessary to optimize CtBP-targeted therapies in Apc mutated human neoplasia. Tumor initiating cell (TIC) populations were substantially decreased in ApcminCtbp2+/- intestinal epithelia. Moreover, normally nuclear Ctbp2 was mislocalized to the cytoplasm of intestinal crypt stem cells in Ctbp2+/- mice, both Apcmin and wildtype, correlating with low/absent CD133 expression in those cells, and possibly explaining the lower burden of polyps in Apcmin Ctbp2+/- mice. The CtBP inhibitor 4-chloro-hydroxyimino phenylpyruvate (4-Cl-HIPP) also robustly downregulated TIC populations and significantly decreased intestinal polyposis in Apcmin mice. We have therefore demonstrated a critical link between polyposis, intestinal TIC’s and Ctbp2 gene dosage or activity, supporting continued efforts targeting CtBP in the treatment or prevention of Apc mutated neoplasia.
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103
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Mertz DR, Ahmed T, Takayama S. Engineering cell heterogeneity into organs-on-a-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2378-2395. [PMID: 30040104 PMCID: PMC6081245 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00413g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip development is an application that will benefit from advances in cell heterogeneity characterization because these culture models are intended to mimic in vivo microenvironments, which are complex and dynamic. Due in no small part to advances in microfluidic single cell analysis methods, cell-to-cell variability is an increasingly understood feature of physiological tissues, with cell types from as common as 1 out of every 2 cells to as rare as 1 out of every 100 000 cells having important roles in the biochemical and biological makeup of tissues and organs. Variability between neighboring cells can be transient or maintained, and ordered or stochastic. This review covers three areas of well-studied cell heterogeneity that are informative for organ-on-a-chip development efforts: tumors, the lung, and the intestine. Then we look at how recent single cell analysis strategies have enabled better understanding of heterogeneity within in vitro and in vivo tissues. Finally, we provide a few work-arounds for adapting current on-chip culture methods to better mimic physiological cell heterogeneity including accounting for crucial rare cell types and events.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Mertz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, USA.
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104
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Chatterji P, Hamilton KE, Liang S, Andres SF, Wijeratne HRS, Mizuno R, Simon LA, Hicks PD, Foley SW, Pitarresi JR, Klein-Szanto AJ, Mah AT, Van Landeghem L, Gregory BD, Lengner CJ, Madison BB, Shah P, Rustgi AK. The LIN28B-IMP1 post-transcriptional regulon has opposing effects on oncogenic signaling in the intestine. Genes Dev 2018; 32:1020-1034. [PMID: 30068703 PMCID: PMC6075153 DOI: 10.1101/gad.314369.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are expressed broadly during both development and malignant transformation, yet their mechanistic roles in epithelial homeostasis or as drivers of tumor initiation and progression are incompletely understood. Here we describe a novel interplay between RBPs LIN28B and IMP1 in intestinal epithelial cells. Ribosome profiling and RNA sequencing identified IMP1 as a principle node for gene expression regulation downstream from LIN28B In vitro and in vivo data demonstrate that epithelial IMP1 loss increases expression of WNT target genes and enhances LIN28B-mediated intestinal tumorigenesis, which was reversed when we overexpressed IMP1 independently in vivo. Furthermore, IMP1 loss in wild-type or LIN28B-overexpressing mice enhances the regenerative response to irradiation. Together, our data provide new evidence for the opposing effects of the LIN28B-IMP1 axis on post-transcriptional regulation of canonical WNT signaling, with implications in intestinal homeostasis, regeneration and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Chatterji
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, USA
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, USA
| | - Shun Liang
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Sarah F Andres
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, USA
| | - H R Sagara Wijeratne
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Rei Mizuno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, USA
| | - Lauren A Simon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, USA
| | - Philip D Hicks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, USA
| | - Shawn W Foley
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, USA
| | - Jason R Pitarresi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, USA
| | - Andres J Klein-Szanto
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
| | - Amanda T Mah
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Laurianne Van Landeghem
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
| | - Brian D Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, USA
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Blair B Madison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Premal Shah
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854 USA
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, USA
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105
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Choi MH, Na JE, Yoon YR, Rhyu IJ, Ko YG, Baik JH. Hypomyelination and cognitive impairment in mice lacking CD133 (Prominin-1). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 502:291-298. [PMID: 29772232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The CD133 antigen, also known as prominin-1, is a glycoprotein that specifically localizes to plasma membrane protrusions. The precise function of CD133 remains unknown, but it is expressed in various progenitor cells including those derived from the neural and hematopoietic system, as well as different tissues. In the adult mouse brain, CD133 is highly expressed in white matter. Here, we performed immunohistochemical staining and electron microscopy to demonstrate that mice lacking CD133 (CD133-/-) exhibit decreased myelin in the corpus callosum, the largest white matter tract in the brain. Hypomyelination in CD133-/- mice was associated with fewer oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes. Behavioral analyses revealed that significantly impaired object recognition memory and altered Y-maze performance by CD133-/- mice compared with wild-type mice, suggesting perturbed cognitive performance. These results suggest that CD133 regulates myelination and understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms may guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies for diseases characterized by myelin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyun Choi
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea; Department of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Na
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea; Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Ye Ran Yoon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea; Department of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea; Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Ko
- Department of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Baik
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea; Department of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea; Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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106
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Wang JJ, Zhang WX, Wang KF, Zhang S, Han X, Guan WJ, Ma YH. Isolation and biological characteristics of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells derived from chick embryo intestine. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:521-530. [PMID: 29914266 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1490495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Over the past decade, rapid advancement in isolation methods for identifying markers of the once elusive intestinal stem cell (ISC) populations has laid the foundation for unravelling their complex interrelationships during homeostasis. Study on ISC in avian intestinal tissue might play a pivotal foundation for further studies on the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in gastrointestinal disease and cell-based therapy as well as intestinal tissue engineering. 2. The following experiment isolated a population of fibroblast-like, plastic adhering cells derived from chick embryo intestine, showing a strong self-renewing and proliferative ability, which was maintained in vitro up to passage 25. The findings included growth characteristics, detected expression of cell surface markers and characterised the capability of these cells to differentiate towards the osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic cell lineages. 3. RT-PCR analysis showed that these cells from chick embryos expressed mesenchymal stromal cell markers CD44, CD90 and VIMENTIN as well as ISC-specific genes LGR5, MI1, SMOC2, BMI1, and HOPX. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry confirmed this biology characterisation further. 4. In conclusion, cells were isolated from the intestine of 18-day-old chicken embryos that exhibited the biological characteristics of mesenchymal stromal cells as well as markers of intestinal stem cells. Our findings may provide a novel insight for in vitro cell culture and characteristics of ISCs in avian species, which may also indicate a benefit for obtaining cell source for intestinal tissue engineering as well as cell-based investigation for gastrointestinal disease and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Wang
- a Institute of Animal Science , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , China.,b Department of Kinesiology and Health , Harbin Sport University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - W X Zhang
- a Institute of Animal Science , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - K F Wang
- a Institute of Animal Science , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - S Zhang
- c Research Center for Sports Scientific Experiment , Harbin Sport University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - X Han
- a Institute of Animal Science , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - W J Guan
- a Institute of Animal Science , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Y H Ma
- a Institute of Animal Science , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , China
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107
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Kim MJ, Xia B, Suh HN, Lee SH, Jun S, Lien EM, Zhang J, Chen K, Park JI. PAF-Myc-Controlled Cell Stemness Is Required for Intestinal Regeneration and Tumorigenesis. Dev Cell 2018. [PMID: 29533773 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of how self-renewing cells are controlled in regenerating tissues and cancer remain ambiguous. PCNA-associated factor (PAF) modulates DNA repair via PCNA. Also, PAF hyperactivates Wnt/β-catenin signaling independently of PCNA interaction. We found that PAF is expressed in intestinal stem and progenitor cells (ISCs and IPCs) and markedly upregulated during intestinal regeneration and tumorigenesis. Whereas PAF is dispensable for intestinal homeostasis, upon radiation injury, genetic ablation of PAF impairs intestinal regeneration along with the severe loss of ISCs and Myc expression. Mechanistically, PAF conditionally occupies and transactivates the c-Myc promoter, which induces the expansion of ISCs/IPCs during intestinal regeneration. In mouse models, PAF knockout inhibits Apc inactivation-driven intestinal tumorigenesis with reduced tumor cell stemness and suppressed Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity, supported by transcriptome profiling. Collectively, our results unveil that the PAF-Myc signaling axis is indispensable for intestinal regeneration and tumorigenesis by positively regulating self-renewing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Jong Kim
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bo Xia
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Han Na Suh
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sung Ho Lee
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sohee Jun
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Esther M Lien
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kaifu Chen
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jae-Il Park
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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108
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Guo Q, Grimmig T, Gonzalez G, Giobbie-Hurder A, Berg G, Carr N, Wilson BJ, Banerjee P, Ma J, Gold JS, Nandi B, Huang Q, Waaga-Gasser AM, Lian CG, Murphy GF, Frank MH, Gasser M, Frank NY. ATP-binding cassette member B5 (ABCB5) promotes tumor cell invasiveness in human colorectal cancer. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11166-11178. [PMID: 29789423 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
ABC member B5 (ABCB5) mediates multidrug resistance (MDR) in diverse malignancies and confers clinically relevant 5-fluorouracil resistance to CD133-expressing cancer stem cells in human colorectal cancer (CRC). Because of its recently identified roles in normal stem cell maintenance, we hypothesized that ABCB5 might also serve MDR-independent functions in CRC. Here, in a prospective clinical study of 142 CRC patients, we found that ABCB5 mRNA transcripts previously reported not to be significantly expressed in healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells are significantly enriched in patient peripheral blood specimens compared with non-CRC controls and correlate with CRC disease progression. In human-to-mouse CRC tumor xenotransplantation models that exhibited circulating tumor mRNA, we observed that cancer-specific ABCB5 knockdown significantly reduced detection of these transcripts, suggesting that the knockdown inhibited tumor invasiveness. Mechanistically, this effect was associated with inhibition of expression and downstream signaling of AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL), a proinvasive molecule herein shown to be produced by ABCB5-positive CRC cells. Importantly, rescue of AXL expression in ABCB5-knockdown CRC tumor cells restored tumor-specific transcript detection in the peripheral blood of xenograft recipients, indicating that ABCB5 regulates CRC invasiveness, at least in part, by enhancing AXL signaling. Our results implicate ABCB5 as a critical determinant of CRC invasiveness and suggest that ABCB5 blockade might represent a strategy in CRC therapy, even independently of ABCB5's function as an MDR mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Guo
- From the Departments of Medicine.,the Division of Genetics.,the Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Tanja Grimmig
- the Department of Surgery, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Anita Giobbie-Hurder
- the Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Gretchen Berg
- From the Departments of Medicine.,the Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | - Brian J Wilson
- the Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.,Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Pallavi Banerjee
- From the Departments of Medicine.,the Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jie Ma
- the Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | | | - Qin Huang
- Pathology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02132
| | | | | | - George F Murphy
- the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.,Department of Pathology, and
| | - Markus H Frank
- the Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.,Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Martin Gasser
- the Department of Surgery, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Natasha Y Frank
- From the Departments of Medicine, .,the Division of Genetics.,the Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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109
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Freret ME, Gutmann DH. Insights into optic pathway glioma vision loss from mouse models of neurofibromatosis type 1. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:45-56. [PMID: 29704429 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common cancer predisposition syndrome caused by mutations in the NF1 gene. The NF1-encoded protein (neurofibromin) is an inhibitor of the oncoprotein RAS and controls cell growth and survival. Individuals with NF1 are prone to developing low-grade tumors of the optic nerves, chiasm, tracts, and radiations, termed optic pathway gliomas (OPGs), which can cause vision loss. A paucity of surgical tumor specimens and of patient-derived xenografts for investigative studies has limited our understanding of human NF1-associated OPG (NF1-OPG). However, mice genetically engineered to harbor Nf1 gene mutations develop optic gliomas that share many features of their human counterparts. These genetically engineered mouse (GEM) strains have provided important insights into the cellular and molecular determinants that underlie mouse Nf1 optic glioma development, maintenance, and associated vision loss, with relevance by extension to human NF1-OPG disease. Herein, we review our current understanding of NF1-OPG pathobiology and describe the mechanisms responsible for tumor initiation, growth, and associated vision loss in Nf1 GEM models. We also discuss how Nf1 GEM and other preclinical models can be deployed to identify and evaluate molecularly targeted therapies for OPG, particularly as they pertain to future strategies aimed at preventing or improving tumor-associated vision loss in children with NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Freret
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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110
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The cell of origin dictates the temporal course of neurofibromatosis-1 (Nf1) low-grade glioma formation. Oncotarget 2018; 8:47206-47215. [PMID: 28525381 PMCID: PMC5564557 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-grade gliomas are one of the most common brain tumors in children, where they frequently form within the optic pathway (optic pathway gliomas; OPGs). Since many OPGs occur in the context of the Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) cancer predisposition syndrome, we have previously employed Nf1 genetically-engineered mouse (GEM) strains to study the pathogenesis of these low-grade glial neoplasms. In the light of the finding that human and mouse low-grade gliomas are composed of Olig2+ cells and that Olig2+ oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) give rise to murine high-grade gliomas, we sought to determine whether Olig2+ OPCs could be tumor-initiating cells for Nf1 optic glioma. Similar to the GFAP-Cre transgenic strain previously employed to generate Nf1 optic gliomas, Olig2+ cells also give rise to astrocytes in the murine optic nerve in vivo. However, in contrast to the GFAP-Cre strain where somatic Nf1 inactivation in embryonic neural progenitor/stem cells (Nf1flox/mut; GFAP-Cre mice) results in optic gliomas by 3 months of age in vivo, mice with Nf1 gene inactivation in Olig2+ OPCs (Nf1flox/mut; Olig2-Cre mice) do not form optic gliomas until 6 months of age. These distinct patterns of glioma latency do not reflect differences in the timing or brain location of somatic Nf1 loss. Instead, they most likely reflect the cell of origin, as somatic Nf1 loss in CD133+ neural progenitor/stem cells during late embryogenesis results in optic gliomas at 3 months of age. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the cell of origin dictates the time to tumorigenesis in murine optic glioma.
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111
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Roney MSI, Park SK. Antipsychotic dopamine receptor antagonists, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:384-408. [PMID: 29556831 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in the world. Despite extensive studies, treating metastatic cancers remains challenging. Years of research have linked a rare set of cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) to drug resistance, leading to the suggestion that eradication of CSCs might be an effective therapeutic strategy. However, few drug candidates are active against CSCs. New drug discovery is often a lengthy process. Drug screening has been advantageous in identifying drug candidates. Current understanding of cancer biology has revealed various clues to target cancer from different points of view. Many studies have found dopamine receptors (DRs) in various cancers. Therefore, DR antagonists have attracted a lot of attention in cancer research. Recently, a group of antipsychotic DR antagonists has been demonstrated to possess remarkable abilities to restrain and sensitize CSCs to existing chemotherapeutics by a process called differentiation approach. In this review, we will describe current aspects of CSC-targeting therapeutics, antipsychotic DR antagonists, and their extraordinary abilities to fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saiful Islam Roney
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Kyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
- Research Driven Hospital, Korea University Guro Hospital, Biomedical Research Center, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
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112
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Wang R, Wei J, Zhang S, Wu X, Guo J, Liu M, Du K, Xu J, Peng L, Lv Z, You W, Xiong Y, Fu Z. Peroxiredoxin 2 is essential for maintaining cancer stem cell-like phenotype through activation of Hedgehog signaling pathway in colon cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:86816-86828. [PMID: 27894099 PMCID: PMC5349956 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a key target for reducing tumor growth, metastasis, and recurrence. Redox status is a critical factor in the maintenance of CSCs, and the antioxidant enzyme Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2) plays an important role in the development of colon cancer. Therefore, we investigated the contribution of Prdx2 to the maintenance of stemness of colon CSCs. Here, we used short-hairpin RNAs and a Prdx2-overexpression vector to determine the effects of Prdx2. We demonstrated that knockdown of Prdx2 reduced the self-renewal and sphere formation and resulted in increased 5-FU-induced apoptosis in human colon CSCs. Prdx2 overexpression induced reversion of the self-renewal and sphere formation. Furthermore, the effects of Prdx2 resulted in an altered expression of stemness associated with the Hh/Gli1 signaling pathway. Finally, knockdown of Prdx2 in CD133+ cells reduced the volume of xenograft tumors in BALB/c-nu mice. Taken together, colon CSCs overexpress Prdx2, which promotes their stem cell properties via the Hh/Gli1 signaling pathway. The results suggest that Prdx2 may be an effective therapeutic target for the elimination of CSCs in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jinlai Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shouru Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xingye Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jinbao Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Maoxi Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kunli Du
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Linglong Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhenbing Lv
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wenxian You
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yongfu Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhongxue Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Ahmad G, Gattacecca F, El Sadda R, Botchkina G, Ojima I, Egan J, Amiji M. Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetic Evaluations of a Novel Taxoid DHA-SBT-1214 in an Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion Formulation in Naïve and Tumor-Bearing Mice. Pharm Res 2018; 35:91. [PMID: 29520477 PMCID: PMC6151135 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The main purpose of this study was to formulate an oil-in-water nanoemulsion of a next generation taxoid DHA-SBT-1214 and evaluate its biodistribution and pharmacokinetics. METHODS DHA-SBT-1214 was encapsulated in a fish oil containing nanoemulsion using a high pressure homogenization method. Following morphological characterization of the nanoemulsions, qualitative and quantitative biodistribution was evaluated in naïve and cancer stem cell-enriched PPT-2 human prostate tumor bearing mice. RESULTS DHA-SBT-1214 was successfully encapsulated up to 20 mg/ml in the nanoemulsion formulation and had an average oil droplet size of 200 nm. Using a DiR near infra-red dye encapsulated nanoemulsion, we have shown the delivery of nanoemulsion to mouse tumor region. By quantitative analysis, DHA-SBT-1214 encapsulated nanoemulsion demonstrated improved pharmacokinetic properties in plasma and different tissues as compared to its solution form. Furthermore, the nanoemulsions were stable and had slower in vitro drug release compared to its solution form. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study demonstrated effective encapsulation of the drug in a nanoemulsion and this nanoemulsion showed sustained plasma levels and enhanced tumor delivery relative to the solution form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115-5000, USA
| | - Florence Gattacecca
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier IRCM, INSERM U1194, ICM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Rana El Sadda
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Galina Botchkina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-8691, USA
| | - Iwao Ojima
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
| | - James Egan
- Targagenix, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York, 11790-3382, USA
| | - Mansoor Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115-5000, USA.
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114
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Sharma D, Malik A, Guy CS, Karki R, Vogel P, Kanneganti TD. Pyrin Inflammasome Regulates Tight Junction Integrity to Restrict Colitis and Tumorigenesis. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:948-964.e8. [PMID: 29203393 PMCID: PMC5847456 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.11.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) increase risk for colorectal cancer. Mutations in the Mediterranean fever gene (MEFV or pyrin) are associated with hereditary autoinflammatory disease and severe IBD. Expression of MEFV, a sensor protein that the initiates assembly of the inflammasome complex, is increased in colon biopsies from patients with IBD. We investigated the role of pyrin in intestinal homeostasis in mice. METHODS Mefv-/- mice and C57/BL6 mice (controls) were given azoxymethane followed by multiple rounds of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis and tumorigenesis. In some experiments, Mefv-/- mice were given injections of recombinant interleukin 18 (rIL18) or saline (control) during DSS administration. Colon tissues were collected at different time points during colitis development and analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, immunoblots, or ELISAs (to measure cytokines). Spleen and mesenteric lymph node were collected, processed, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Colon epithelial permeability was measured in mice with colitis by gavage of fluorescent dextran and quantification of serum levels. RESULTS MEFV was expressed in colons of control mice and expression increased during chronic and acute inflammation; high levels were detected in colon tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues. Mefv-/- mice developed more severe colitis than control mice, with a greater extent of epithelial hyperplasia and a larger tumor burden. Levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL6) and chemokines were significantly higher in colons of Mefv-/- mice than control mice following colitis induction, whereas the level IL18, which depends on the inflammasome for maturation and release, was significantly lower in colons of Mefv-/- mice. Mefv-/- mice had increased epithelial permeability following administration of DSS than control mice, and loss of the tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-2 from intercellular junctions. STAT3 was activated (phosphorylated) in inflamed colon tissues from Mefv-/-, which also had increased expression of stem cell markers (OLFM4, BMI1, and MSI1) compared with colons from control mice. Administration of rIL18 to Mefv-/- mice reduced epithelial permeability, intestinal inflammation, the severity of colitis, and colon tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS In studies with DSS-induced colitis, we found that pyrin (MEFV) is required for inflammasome activation and IL18 maturation, which promote intestinal barrier integrity and prevent colon inflammation and tumorigenesis. Strategies to increase activity of MEFV or IL18 might be developed for the treatment of IBD and prevention of colitis-associated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ankit Malik
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Clifford S Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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Soteriou D, Fuchs Y. A matter of life and death: stem cell survival in tissue regeneration and tumour formation. Nat Rev Cancer 2018; 18:187-201. [PMID: 29348578 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, great strides have been made in our understanding of how stem cells (SCs) govern tissue homeostasis and regeneration. The inherent longevity of SCs raises the possibility that the unique protective mechanisms in these cells might also be involved in tumorigenesis. In this Opinion article, we discuss how SCs are protected throughout their lifespan, focusing on quiescent behaviour, DNA damage response and programmed cell death. We briefly examine the roles of adult SCs and progenitors in tissue repair and tumorigenesis and explore how signals released from dying or dormant cells influence the function of healthy or aberrant SCs. Important insight into the mechanisms that regulate SC death and survival, as well as the 'legacy' imparted by departing cells, may unlock novel avenues for regenerative medicine and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Soteriou
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology; the Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology; and the Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200, Israel
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology; the Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology; and the Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200, Israel
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116
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Yang SF, Ma R, Pan LL, Cao J, Sheng N. RKIP and peroxiredoxin 2 expression predicts the proliferative potential of gastric cancer stem cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:3173-3177. [PMID: 29435053 PMCID: PMC5778773 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is associated with a high mortality rate, with the development of gastric cancer stem cells underlying this. Gastric cancer stem cells are responsible for tumor initiation, progression and recurrence. However, the link between gastric cancer and gastric cancer stem cells remains to be fully understood. Murine models mimic a human microenvironment more accurately than in vitro studies and are useful models for understanding the behavior of different markers. The present study compared the expression of cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), a stem cell marker, with the expression of other cancer-associated markers, including Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) and peroxiredoxin 2, in different pathological conditions of gastric cancer development using histological, immunohistological and western blot analyses. Initially, the murine model of gastric cancer was established using N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, a chemical carcinogen. Following initiation of cancer, immunohistochemistry was used to compare the expression of CD44, RKIP and peroxiredoxin 2 at different stages of cancer development. The results suggested CD44 and peroxiredoxin 2 expression was upregulated as the tumor progressed. However, expression of RKIP, a metastasis suppressor, was elevated in the initial stage of gastric cancer and suppressed during the aggressive stages. In agreement with previous data suggesting higher expressions of RKIP in the initial stages of cancer and its downregulation in the advanced stage, the results of the present study revealed that RKIP exhibited a negative effect on initial tumor development, and that the downregulation of RKIP in the advanced stages of cancer facilitated CD44 and peroxiredoxin 2 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Feng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Ran Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Nan Sheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
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117
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Boyle ST, Kular J, Nobis M, Ruszkiewicz A, Timpson P, Samuel MS. Acute compressive stress activates RHO/ROCK-mediated cellular processes. Small GTPases 2018; 11:354-370. [PMID: 29455593 PMCID: PMC7549670 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1413496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to rapidly respond to applied force underpins cell/tissue homeostasis. This response is mediated by mechanotransduction pathways that regulate remodeling and tension of the actomyosin cytoskeleton to counterbalance external forces. Enhanced extracellular matrix tension hyper-activates mechanotransduction and characterizes diseased states such as cancer, but is also required for normal epidermal regeneration. While the impact of extracellular matrix tension on signaling and cell biology are well appreciated, that of acute compressive force is under-studied. We show here that acute compressive force applied to cells and tissues in a native 3-dimensional context elevates RHOA-GTP levels and increases regulatory myosin phosphorylation, actomyosin contractility and tension via ROCK. In consequence, cell proliferation was increased, as was the expression of regulators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Pharmacological inhibition of ROCK abrogated myosin phosphorylation, but not RHOA activation. Our results strongly suggest that acute compressive stress impairs cellular homeostasis in a RHO/ROCK-dependent manner, with implications for disease states such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Boyle
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jasreen Kular
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St. Vincent's Clinical School , Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Ruszkiewicz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St. Vincent's Clinical School , Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael S Samuel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia
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Abstract
Stem cells have emerged as a promising cell source to heal, replace or regenerate tissue and organs damaged by aging, injury or diseases. The intestinal epithelium is the most rapidly renewing tissue in our body, which is maintained by intestinal stem cells (ISCs), located at the bottom of the crypts. ISCs continuously replace lost or injured intestinal epithelial cells in organisms ranging from Drosophila to humans. The adult Drosophila midgut provides an excellent in vivo model system to study ISC behavior during stress, regeneration, aging and infection. There are several signaling pathways/genes have been identified to regulate ISCs self-renewal and differentiation during normal and pathological conditions. A significant number of genetic tools and markers have been developed in the last one decade to study Drosophila ISCs behavior. Here, we describe some of the markers and methods used to study ISCs behavior in adult midgut of Drosophila.
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119
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Acquisition of Cholangiocarcinoma Traits during Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:656-671. [PMID: 29248454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Past studies have identified hepatic tumors with mixed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CC) characteristics that have a more aggressive behavior and a poorer prognosis than classic HCC. Whether this pathologic heterogeneity is due to a cell of origin of bipotent liver progenitors or the plasticity of cellular constituents comprising these tumors remains debated. In this study, we investigated the potential acquisition of CC-like traits during advanced development of HCC in mice. Primary and rare high-grade HCC developed in a genetic mouse model. A mouse model of highly efficient HCC invasion and metastasis by orthotopic transplantation of liver cancer organoids propagated from primary tumors in the genetic model was further developed. Invasive/metastatic tumors developed in both models closely recapitulated advanced human HCC and displayed a striking acquisition of CC-related pathologic and molecular features, which was absent in the primary HCC tumors. Our study directly demonstrates the pathologic evolution of HCC during advanced tumor development, providing the first evidence that tumors with mixed HCC and CC features, or at least a subset of these tumors, represent a more advanced developmental stage of HCC. Finally, liver cancer organoid-generated high-grade tumors exhibited significantly increased extracellular vesicle secretion, suggesting that identifying tumor-specific extracellular vesicle proteins in plasma may be a promising tool for liver cancer detection.
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120
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Ishibashi F, Shimizu H, Nakata T, Fujii S, Suzuki K, Kawamoto A, Anzai S, Kuno R, Nagata S, Ito G, Murano T, Mizutani T, Oshima S, Tsuchiya K, Nakamura T, Watanabe M, Okamoto R. Contribution of ATOH1 + Cells to the Homeostasis, Repair, and Tumorigenesis of the Colonic Epithelium. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 10:27-42. [PMID: 29233556 PMCID: PMC5768891 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ATOH1 is a master transcription factor for the secretory lineage differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). However, the comprehensive contribution of ATOH1+ secretory lineage IECs to the homeostasis, repair, and tumorigenesis of the intestinal epithelium remains uncertain. Through our ATOH1+ cell-lineage tracing, we show here that a definite number of ATOH1+ IECs retain stem cell properties and can form ATOH1+IEC-derived clonal ribbons (ATOH1+ICRs) under completely homeostatic conditions. Interestingly, colonic ATOH1+ IECs appeared to exhibit their stem cell function more frequently compared with those of the small intestine. Consistently, the formation of ATOH1+ICRs was significantly enhanced upon dextran sodium sulfate colitis-induced mucosal damage. In addition, colonic ATOH1+ IECs acquired tumor stem cell-like properties in the azoxymethane-DSS tumor model. Our results reveal an unexpected contribution of colonic ATOH1+ IECs to maintaining the stem cell population under both homeostatic and pathologic conditions and further illustrate the high plasticity of the crypt-intrinsic stem cell hierarchy. Intestinal ATOH1+ cells can exhibit stem cell properties under homeostatic conditions Recruitment of ATOH1+ cell-derived stem cells is enhanced by inflammation Cell-intrinsic NF-kB signaling promotes generation of ATOH1+ cell-derived stem cells ATOH1+ tumor stem cells contribute to the development of colitis-associated tumors
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Ishibashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Toru Nakata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Satoru Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kohei Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Ami Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Sho Anzai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Reiko Kuno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nagata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Go Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tatsuro Murano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Mizutani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shigeru Oshima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics in GI Diseases, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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121
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Wang C, Christin JR, Oktay MH, Guo W. Lineage-Biased Stem Cells Maintain Estrogen-Receptor-Positive and -Negative Mouse Mammary Luminal Lineages. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2825-2835. [PMID: 28329676 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Delineating the mammary differentiation hierarchy is important for the study of mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. Mammary luminal cells are considered a major origin of human breast cancers. However, how estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) and ER- luminal cells are developed and maintained remains poorly understood. The prevailing model suggests that a common stem/progenitor cell generates both cell types. Through genetic lineage tracing in mice, we find that SOX9-expressing cells specifically contribute to the development and maintenance of ER- luminal cells and, to a lesser degree, basal cells. In parallel, PROM1-expressing cells give rise only to ER+ luminal cells. Both SOX9+ and PROM1+ cells specifically sustain their respective lineages even after pregnancy-caused tissue remodeling or serial transplantation, demonstrating characteristic properties of long-term repopulating stem cells. Thus, our data reveal that mouse mammary ER+ and ER- luminal cells are two independent lineages that are maintained by distinct stem cells, providing a revised mammary epithelial cell hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Wang
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - John R Christin
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Maja H Oktay
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Wenjun Guo
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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122
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Mukohyama J, Shimono Y, Minami H, Kakeji Y, Suzuki A. Roles of microRNAs and RNA-Binding Proteins in the Regulation of Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9100143. [PMID: 29064439 PMCID: PMC5664082 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for the initiation, progression and metastasis of human colorectal cancers, and have been characterized by the expression of cell surface markers, such as CD44, CD133, CD166 and LGR5. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are differentially expressed between CSCs and non-tumorigenic cancer cells, and play important roles in the maintenance and regulation of stem cell properties of CSCs. RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are emerging epigenetic regulators of various RNA processing events, such as splicing, localization, stabilization and translation, and can regulate various types of stem cells. In this review, we summarize current evidences on the roles of miRNA and RBPs in the regulation of colorectal CSCs. Understanding the epigenetic regulation of human colorectal CSCs will help to develop biomarkers for colorectal cancers and to identify targets for CSC-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Mukohyama
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine (Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases) and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center (HICCC), Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Yohei Shimono
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan.
| | - Hironobu Minami
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Kakeji
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.
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123
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Szaryńska M, Olejniczak A, Kobiela J, Spychalski P, Kmieć Z. Therapeutic strategies against cancer stem cells in human colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7653-7668. [PMID: 29250169 PMCID: PMC5727596 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent malignancy and represents the fourth most common cause of cancer-associated mortalities in the world. Despite many advances in the treatment of CRC, the 5-year survival rate of patients with CRC remains unsatisfactory due to tumor recurrence and metastases. Recently, cancer stem cells (CSCs), have been suggested to be responsible for the initiation and relapse of the disease, and have been identified in CRC. Due to their basic biological features, which include self-renewal and pluripotency, CSCs may be novel therapeutic targets for CRC and other cancer types. Conventional therapeutics only act on proliferating and mature cancer cells, while quiescent CSCs survive and often become resistant to chemotherapy. In this review, markers of CRC-CSCs are evaluated and the recently introduced experimental therapies that specifically target these cells by inducing CSC proliferation, differentiation and sensitization to apoptotic signals via molecules including Dickkopf-1, bone morphogenetic protein 4, Kindlin-1, tankyrases, and p21-activated kinase 1, are discussed. In addition, novel strategies aimed at inhibiting some crucial processes engaged in cancer progression regulated by the Wnt, transforming growth factor β and Notch signaling pathways (pyrvinium pamoate, silibinin, PRI-724, P17, and P144 peptides) are also evaluated. Although the metabolic alterations in cancer were first described decades ago, it is only recently that the concept of targeting key regulatory molecules of cell metabolism, such as sirtuin 1 (miR-34a) and AMPK (metformin), has emerged. In conclusion, the discovery of CSCs has resulted in the definition of novel therapeutic targets and the development of novel experimental therapies for CRC. However, further investigations are required in order to apply these novel drugs in human CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szaryńska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk; Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Olejniczak
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk; Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobiela
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Invasive Medicine Center, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Spychalski
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Invasive Medicine Center, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kmieć
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk; Gdańsk, Poland
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124
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Fu DJ, Miller AD, Southard TL, Flesken-Nikitin A, Ellenson LH, Nikitin AY. Stem Cell Pathology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2017; 13:71-92. [PMID: 29059010 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine have opened new opportunities for better understanding disease pathogenesis and the development of new diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment approaches. Many stem cell niches are well defined anatomically, thereby allowing their routine pathological evaluation during disease initiation and progression. Evaluation of the consequences of genetic manipulations in stem cells and investigation of the roles of stem cells in regenerative medicine and pathogenesis of various diseases such as cancer require significant expertise in pathology for accurate interpretation of novel findings. Therefore, there is an urgent need for developing stem cell pathology as a discipline to facilitate stem cell research and regenerative medicine. This review provides examples of anatomically defined niches suitable for evaluation by diagnostic pathologists, describes neoplastic lesions associated with them, and discusses further directions of stem cell pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dah-Jiun Fu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - Andrea Flesken-Nikitin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - Lora H Ellenson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alexander Yu Nikitin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
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125
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Kim CK, Yang VW, Bialkowska AB. The Role of Intestinal Stem Cells in Epithelial Regeneration Following Radiation-Induced Gut Injury. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2017; 3:320-332. [PMID: 29497599 PMCID: PMC5818549 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-017-0103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Intestinal epithelial cells show remarkable plasticity in regenerating the epithelium following radiation injury. In this review, we explore the regenerative capacity and mechanisms of various populations of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in response to ionizing radiation. Recent Findings Ionizing radiation targets mitotic cells that include “active” ISCs and progenitor cells. Lineage-tracing experiments showed that several different cell types identified by a single or combination of markers are capable of regenerating the epithelium, confirming that ISCs exhibit a high degree of plasticity. However, the identities of the contributing cells marked by various markers require further validation. Summary Following radiation injury, quiescent and/or radioresistant cells become active stem cells to regenerate the epithelium. Looking forward, understanding the mechanisms by which ISCs govern tissue regeneration is crucial to determine therapeutic approaches to promote intestinal epithelial regeneration following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Kyung Kim
- 1Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, HSC T-17, Rm. 090, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Vincent W Yang
- 1Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, HSC T-17, Rm. 090, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.,2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Agnieszka B Bialkowska
- 1Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, HSC T-17, Rm. 090, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
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126
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Huang PY, Kandyba E, Jabouille A, Sjolund J, Kumar A, Halliwill K, McCreery M, DelRosario R, Kang HC, Wong CE, Seibler J, Beuger V, Pellegrino M, Sciambi A, Eastburn DJ, Balmain A. Lgr6 is a stem cell marker in mouse skin squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1624-1632. [PMID: 28945253 PMCID: PMC5662105 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptors Lgr4/5/6 are Wnt signalling mediators, but their functions in squamous carcinomas (SCCs) are unclear. Using lineage tracing in Lgr5-EGFP-CreERT2- and Lgr6-EGFP-CreERT2- Rosa26/Tomato reporter mice, we demonstrate that Lgr6, but not Lgr5, acts as an epithelial stem cell marker in vivo in SCCs. We identify, by single molecule in situ hybridisation and cell sorting, rare Lgr6-positive cells in immortalised keratinocytes, and show that their frequency increases in advanced SCCs. Lgr6 expression is enriched in cells with stem cell characteristics, and Lgr6 downregulation in vivo causes increased epidermal proliferation, with expanded lineage tracing from Lgr6+ epidermal stem cells. Surprisingly, Lgr6 germline knockout mice are predisposed to SCC development, by a mechanism that includes compensatory upregulation of Lgr5. These data provide a model for human patients with germline loss of function mutations in WNT pathway genes RSPO1 or LGR4, who show increased susceptibility to squamous tumour development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillips Y Huang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eve Kandyba
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Arnaud Jabouille
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jonas Sjolund
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Atul Kumar
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kyle Halliwill
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melissa McCreery
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Reyno DelRosario
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam Sciambi
- Mission Bio, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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127
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Kawauchi D, Ogg RJ, Liu L, Shih DJH, Finkelstein D, Murphy BL, Rehg JE, Korshunov A, Calabrese C, Zindy F, Phoenix T, Kawaguchi Y, Gronych J, Gilbertson RJ, Lichter P, Gajjar A, Kool M, Northcott PA, Pfister SM, Roussel MF. Novel MYC-driven medulloblastoma models from multiple embryonic cerebellar cells. Oncogene 2017; 36:5231-5242. [PMID: 28504719 PMCID: PMC5605674 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Group3 medulloblastoma (MBG3) that predominantly occur in young children are usually associated with MYC amplification and/or overexpression, frequent metastasis and a dismal prognosis. Physiologically relevant MBG3 models are currently lacking, making inferences related to their cellular origin thus far limited. Using in utero electroporation, we here report that MBG3 mouse models can be developed in situ from different multipotent embryonic cerebellar progenitor cells via conditional expression of Myc and loss of Trp53 function in several Cre driver mouse lines. The Blbp-Cre driver that targets embryonic neural progenitors induced tumors exhibiting a large-cell/anaplastic histopathology adjacent to the fourth ventricle, recapitulating human MBG3. Enforced co-expression of luciferase together with Myc and a dominant-negative form of Trp53 revealed that GABAergic neuronal progenitors as well as cerebellar granule cells give rise to MBG3 with their distinct growth kinetics. Cross-species gene expression analysis revealed that these novel MBG3 models shared molecular characteristics with human MBG3, irrespective of their cellular origin. We here developed MBG3 mouse models in their physiological environment and we show that oncogenic insults drive this MB subgroup in different cerebellar lineages rather than in a specific cell of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kawauchi
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R J Ogg
- Department of Radiological Sciences, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - L Liu
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - D J H Shih
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - B L Murphy
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - J E Rehg
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Core, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - A Korshunov
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Department of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Calabrese
- Department of Small Animal Imaging Core, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - F Zindy
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - T Phoenix
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Y Kawaguchi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - J Gronych
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R J Gilbertson
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - P Lichter
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Gajjar
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - M Kool
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P A Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - S M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M F Roussel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
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128
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Nanoemulsion formulation of a novel taxoid DHA-SBT-1214 inhibits prostate cancer stem cell-induced tumor growth. Cancer Lett 2017; 406:71-80. [PMID: 28803993 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion formulation encapsulating DHA-SBT-1214, a novel omega-3 fatty acid conjugated taxoid prodrug, against prostate cancer stem cells. Nanoemulsions of DHA-SBT-1214 (NE-DHA-SBT-1214) were prepared and characterized. In vitro delivery efficiency and cytotoxicity of NE-DHA-SBT-1214 was compared with solution formulation in PPT2 cells. In vivo studies included analysis of comparative efficacy of NE-DHA-SBT-1214 with Abraxane® and placebo nanoemulsions as well as post-treatment alternations in clonogenic and sphere-forming capabilities of the tumor cells. Qualitative intracellular uptake studies of dye encapsulated NEs by confocal imaging showed uptake by both monolayer and spheroid cultured PPT2 cells. Treatment of PPT2 cells with NE DHA-SBT-1214 (1nM-1μM for monolayer culture of cells grown on collagen-coated dishes for 48 h) induced complete cell death, showing higher efficacy as compared to the drug solution. This nanoemulsion (10nM-10μM) also showed toxicity in 3D culture of floating spheroids. Weekly intravenous administration of the NE-DHA-SBT-1214 to NOD/SCID mice bearing subcutaneous PPT2 tumor xenografts led to dramatic suppression of tumor growth compared to Abraxane® and placebo nanoemulsion formulation. Viable cells that survived from this in vivo treatment regimen were no longer able to induce floating spheroids and holoclones, whereas control and Abraxane® treated tumor cells induced a large number of both. The results show that NE-DHA-SBT-1214 possesses significant activity against prostate CD133high/CD44+/high tumor-initiating cells both in vitro and in vivo.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammasomes are major actors of the innate immune system, through their regulation of inflammatory caspases and maturation of IL-1β and IL-18. These multiprotein complexes have been shown to play major roles in inflammatory and metabolic diseases and have more recently been implicated in tumor development and dissemination. In this review, we address these recent findings, focusing particularly on colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and tumor dissemination. RECENT FINDINGS Based mostly on loss-of-function experiments in mouse models, paradoxical results were obtained as both protumoral and antitumoral activities were reported. Moreover, several studies report major inflammasome-independent functions for some of these innate receptor proteins such as absent in melanoma 2, nod-like receptor family pyrin containing 3 (NLRP3) or nod-like receptor family CARD containing 4 (NLRC4), functions exerted in epithelial cells as well as in immune cells. SUMMARY The current review summarizes recent findings on the implication of inflammasomes and of absent in melanoma 2, NLRC4 and NLRP3 inflammasome-independent functions in cancer development and dissemination. Although contradictory in certain aspects, these studies highlight a lack of understanding of their mechanistic functions and regulations in cancer and the need for further investigations.
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130
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Kim HS, Lee C, Kim WH, Maeng YH, Jang BG. Expression profile of intestinal stem cell markers in colitis-associated carcinogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6533. [PMID: 28747693 PMCID: PMC5529509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium has two distinct two stem cell populations, namely, crypt base columnar (CBC) cells and +4 cells. Several specific markers have been identified for each stem cell population. In this study, we examined the expression profiles of these markers in colitis-associated carcinogenesis (CAC) to investigate whether they can be used as biomarkers for the early detection of dysplasia. The expression of intestinal stem cell (ISC) markers was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction during CAC that was induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate treatment. CBC stem cell markers increased continuously with tumor development, whereas a +4 cell expression profile was not present. CBC stem cell population was suppressed in the acute colitis and then expanded to repopulate the crypts during the regeneration period. Notably, RNA in situ hybridization revealed that all dysplasia and cancer samples showed increased expression of CBC stem cell markers in more than one-third of the tumor height, whereas regenerative glands had CBC stem cell markers confined to the lower one-third of the crypt. These results suggest that CBC stem cell markers could be a useful tool for the early detection of colitis-induced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, 690-767, Korea
| | - Cheol Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, Korea
| | - Young Hee Maeng
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, 690-767, Korea.
| | - Bo Gun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, 690-767, Korea.
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131
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Yan KS, Gevaert O, Zheng GXY, Anchang B, Probert CS, Larkin KA, Davies PS, Cheng ZF, Kaddis JS, Han A, Roelf K, Calderon RI, Cynn E, Hu X, Mandleywala K, Wilhelmy J, Grimes SM, Corney DC, Boutet SC, Terry JM, Belgrader P, Ziraldo SB, Mikkelsen TS, Wang F, von Furstenberg RJ, Smith NR, Chandrakesan P, May R, Chrissy MAS, Jain R, Cartwright CA, Niland JC, Hong YK, Carrington J, Breault DT, Epstein J, Houchen CW, Lynch JP, Martin MG, Plevritis SK, Curtis C, Ji HP, Li L, Henning SJ, Wong MH, Kuo CJ. Intestinal Enteroendocrine Lineage Cells Possess Homeostatic and Injury-Inducible Stem Cell Activity. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:78-90.e6. [PMID: 28686870 PMCID: PMC5642297 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several cell populations have been reported to possess intestinal stem cell (ISC) activity during homeostasis and injury-induced regeneration. Here, we explored inter-relationships between putative mouse ISC populations by comparative RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). The transcriptomes of multiple cycling ISC populations closely resembled Lgr5+ ISCs, the most well-defined ISC pool, but Bmi1-GFP+ cells were distinct and enriched for enteroendocrine (EE) markers, including Prox1. Prox1-GFP+ cells exhibited sustained clonogenic growth in vitro, and lineage-tracing of Prox1+ cells revealed long-lived clones during homeostasis and after radiation-induced injury in vivo. Single-cell mRNA-seq revealed two subsets of Prox1-GFP+ cells, one of which resembled mature EE cells while the other displayed low-level EE gene expression but co-expressed tuft cell markers, Lgr5 and Ascl2, reminiscent of label-retaining secretory progenitors. Our data suggest that the EE lineage, including mature EE cells, comprises a reservoir of homeostatic and injury-inducible ISCs, extending our understanding of cellular plasticity and stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley S Yan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Olivier Gevaert
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Benedict Anchang
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher S Probert
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathryn A Larkin
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paige S Davies
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Zhuan-Fen Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John S Kaddis
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Discovery Science, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Arnold Han
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kelly Roelf
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ruben I Calderon
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Esther Cynn
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Komal Mandleywala
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julie Wilhelmy
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sue M Grimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David C Corney
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fengchao Wang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | | | - Nicholas R Smith
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Parthasarathy Chandrakesan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Randal May
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Mary Ann S Chrissy
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Joyce C Niland
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Discovery Science, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Departments of Surgery and of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jill Carrington
- National Institutes of Health, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, NIDDK, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan Epstein
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Courtney W Houchen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - John P Lynch
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Martin G Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sylvia K Plevritis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christina Curtis
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hanlee P Ji
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Linheng Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Susan J Henning
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Melissa H Wong
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Multifaceted Interpretation of Colon Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071446. [PMID: 28678194 PMCID: PMC5535937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, despite recent advances in clinical oncology. Accumulating evidence sheds light on the existence of cancer stem cells and their role in conferring therapeutic resistance. Cancer stem cells are a minor fraction of cancer cells, which enable tumor heterogeneity and initiate tumor formation. In addition, these cells are resistant to various cytotoxic factors. Therefore, elimination of cancer stem cells is difficult but essential to cure the malignant foci completely. Herein, we review the recent evidence for intestinal stem cells and colon cancer stem cells, methods to detect the tumor-initiating cells, and clinical significance of cancer stem cell markers. We also describe the emerging problems of cancer stem cell theory, including bidirectional conversion and intertumoral heterogeneity of stem cell phenotype.
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133
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Zagory JA, Dietz W, Park A, Fenlon M, Xu J, Utley S, Mavila N, Wang KS. Notch signaling promotes ductular reactions in biliary atresia. J Surg Res 2017; 215:250-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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134
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Lo YH, Noah TK, Chen MS, Zou W, Borras E, Vilar E, Shroyer NF. SPDEF Induces Quiescence of Colorectal Cancer Cells by Changing the Transcriptional Targets of β-catenin. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:205-218.e8. [PMID: 28390865 PMCID: PMC7297058 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The canonical Wnt signaling pathway activates the transcriptional activity of β-catenin. This pathway is often activated in colorectal cancer cells, but strategies to block it in tumors have not been effective. The SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF) suppresses formation of colon tumors by unclear mechanisms. We investigated these mechanisms and the effects of SPDEF on β-catenin activity in mouse models of colorectal cancer (CRC), CRC cell lines, and mouse and human normal and cancer colonoids. METHODS We performed studies of Lgr5CreERT2; β-cateninexon3; Rosa26LSL-rtta-ires-EGFP; TRE-Spdef mice, which express an oncogenic form of β-catenin in Lgr5-positive ISCs upon administration of tamoxifen and SPDEF upon administration of tetracycline. CRC lines (HCT116 and SW480) were engineered to express inducible tagged SPDEF or vector (control) and subcutaneously injected into immunodeficient NSG mice. We generated SPDEF-inducible human colonoids, including a line derived from normal rectal mucosa (control) and an adenocarcinoma line derived from a patient with germline MUTYH mutation. Full-length and truncated forms of SPDEF were expressed in CRC cells; cells were assayed for β-catenin activity and studied in immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. RESULTS Expression of SPDEF was sufficient to inhibit intestinal tumorigenesis by activated β-catenin, block tumor cell proliferation, and restrict growth of established tumors. In tumor cells with activated β -catenin, expression of SPDEF induced a quiescent state, which was reversed when SPDEF expression was stopped. In mouse and human normal and tumor-derived enteroids/colonoids, those that expressed SPDEF for 3 days were significantly smaller. SPDEF inhibited the transcriptional activity of β-catenin via a protein-protein interaction, independent of SPDEF DNA binding capacity. SPDEF disrupted β-catenin binding to TCF1 and TCF3, displacing β-catenin from enhancer regions of genes that regulate the cell cycle but not genes that regulate stem cell activities. CONCLUSIONS In studies of mice and human CRC, we found that SPDEF induces a quiescent state in CRC cells by disrupting binding of β-catenin to TCF1 and TCF3 and regulation of genes that control the cell cycle. In this model, β-catenin activity determines the proliferation or quiescence of CRC cells based on the absence or presence of SPDEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hung Lo
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Taeko K. Noah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Min-Shan Chen
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Winnie Zou
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ester Borras
- Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, GI Medical Oncology and Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, GI Medical Oncology and Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Noah F. Shroyer
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Division of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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135
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Goto N, Ueo T, Fukuda A, Kawada K, Sakai Y, Miyoshi H, Taketo MM, Chiba T, Seno H. Distinct Roles of HES1 in Normal Stem Cells and Tumor Stem-like Cells of the Intestine. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3442-3454. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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136
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Kretzschmar K, Clevers H. Wnt/β-catenin signaling in adult mammalian epithelial stem cells. Dev Biol 2017; 428:273-282. [PMID: 28526587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells self-renew and replenish differentiated cells in various organs and tissues throughout a mammal's life. Over the last 25 years an ever-growing body of knowledge has unraveled the essential regulation of adult mammalian epithelia by the canonical Wnt signaling with its key intracellular effector β-catenin. In this review, we discuss the principles of the signaling pathway and its role in adult epithelial stem cells of the intestine and skin during homeostasis and tumorigenesis. We further highlight the research that led to the identification of new stem cell markers and methods to study adult stem cells ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kretzschmar
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Princess Máxima Centre for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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137
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Khan MZ, He L. Neuro-psychopharmacological perspective of Orphan receptors of Rhodopsin (class A) family of G protein-coupled receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1181-1207. [PMID: 28289782 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the central nervous system (CNS), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most fruitful targets for neuropsychopharmacological drug development. Rhodopsin (class A) is the most studied class of GPCR and includes orphan receptors for which the endogenous ligand is not known or is unclear. Characterization of orphan GPCRs has proven to be challenging, and the production pace of GPCR-based drugs has been incredibly slow. OBJECTIVE Determination of the functions of these receptors may provide unexpected insight into physiological and neuropathological processes. Advances in various methods and techniques to investigate orphan receptors including in situ hybridization and knockdown/knockout (KD/KO) showed extensive expression of these receptors in the mammalian brain and unmasked their physiological and neuropathological roles. Due to these rapid progress and development, orphan GPCRs are rising as a new and promising class of drug targets for neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION This review presents a neuropsychopharmacological perspective of 26 orphan receptors of rhodopsin (class A) family, namely GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, GPR17, GPR26, GPR35, GPR39, GPR48, GPR49, GPR50, GPR52, GPR55, GPR61, GPR62, GPR63, GPR68, GPR75, GPR78, GPR83, GPR84, GPR85, GPR88, GPR153, GPR162, GPR171, and TAAR6. We discussed the expression of these receptors in mammalian brain and their physiological roles. Furthermore, we have briefly highlighted their roles in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, neuroinflammation, inflammatory pain, bipolar and schizophrenic disorders, epilepsy, anxiety, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China.
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
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138
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Su J, Lu E, Lu L, Zhang C. MiR-29a-3p suppresses cell proliferation in laryngocarcinoma by targeting prominin 1. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:645-651. [PMID: 28469977 PMCID: PMC5407896 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to play a regulatory role in various cancers including laryngocarcinoma. MiR‐29a‐3p is a potential tumor‐suppressive miRNA, but its function in laryngocarcinoma is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of miR‐29a‐3p in laryngocarcinoma. Prominin1 (PROM1) was predicted as a target gene of miR‐29a‐3p and this was verified using a luciferase reporter assay. Transfection of miR‐29a‐3p into two laryngocarcinoma cell lines indicated that miR‐29a‐3p could decrease cell proliferation and enhance the chemotherapy response by targeting PROM1. PROM1 expression was up‐regulated in the laryngocarcinoma cells when miR‐29a‐3p was down‐regulated. We found miR‐29a‐3p expression levels were lower in laryngocarcinoma tissues than in control tissues. We also found that miR‐29a‐3p expression was negatively correlated with PROM1 expression in laryngocarcinoma tissues. The study demonstrates that miR‐29a‐3p suppresses cell proliferation in laryngocarcinoma by targeting PROM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jili Su
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| | - Eryong Lu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| | - Lijuan Lu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
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139
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Yamaguchi J, Yokoyama Y, Kokuryo T, Ebata T, Nagino M. Cells of origin of pancreatic neoplasms. Surg Today 2017; 48:9-17. [PMID: 28260136 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-017-1501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignant disease associated with poor prognosis, despite recent medical advances. It is of great importance to understand the initial events and cells of origin of pancreatic cancer to prevent the development and progression of PDAC. There are three distinct precursor lesions that develop into PDAC: pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanINs), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs). Studies on genetically engineered mouse models have revealed that the initiation and development of these lesions largely depend on genetic alterations. These lesions originate from different populations in the pancreas. PanIN development seems to be the result of the transdifferentiation of acinar cells, whereas IPMNs most likely arise from the progenitor niche of the pancreatic ductal epithelium. Pancreatic carcinogenesis is dependent on various events, including gene alterations, environmental insults, and cell types. However, further studies are needed to fully understand the initial processes of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Yamaguchi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan.
| | - Yukihiro Yokoyama
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Toshio Kokuryo
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ebata
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Masato Nagino
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
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140
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Sia D, Villanueva A, Friedman SL, Llovet JM. Liver Cancer Cell of Origin, Molecular Class, and Effects on Patient Prognosis. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:745-761. [PMID: 28043904 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 742] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and therefore a major public health challenge. We review hypotheses of the cell of origin of liver tumorigenesis and clarify the classes of liver cancer based on molecular features and how they affect patient prognosis. Primary liver cancer comprises hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), and other rare tumors, notably fibrolamellar carcinoma and hepatoblastoma. The molecular and clinical features of HCC versus iCCA are distinct, but these conditions have overlapping risk factors and pathways of oncogenesis. A better understanding of the cell types originating liver cancer can aid in exploring molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and therapeutic options. Molecular studies have identified adult hepatocytes as the cell of origin. These cells have been proposed to transform directly into HCC cells (via a sequence of genetic alterations), to dedifferentiate into hepatocyte precursor cells (which then become HCC cells that express progenitor cell markers), or to transdifferentiate into biliary-like cells (which give rise to iCCA). Alternatively, progenitor cells also give rise to HCCs and iCCAs with markers of progenitor cells. Advances in genome profiling and next-generation sequencing have led to the classification of HCCs based on molecular features and assigned them to categories such as proliferation-progenitor, proliferation-transforming growth factor β, and Wnt-catenin β1. iCCAs have been assigned to categories of proliferation and inflammation. Overall, proliferation subclasses are associated with a more aggressive phenotype and poor outcome of patients, although more specific signatures have refined our prognostic abilities. Analyses of genetic alterations have identified those that might be targeted therapeutically, such as fusions in the FGFR2 gene and mutations in genes encoding isocitrate dehydrogenases (in approximately 60% of iCCAs) or amplifications at 11q13 and 6p21 (in approximately 15% of HCCs). Further studies of these alterations are needed before they can be used as biomarkers in clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sia
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Divisions of Liver Diseases, Hematology, and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Divisions of Liver Diseases, Hematology, and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Divisions of Liver Diseases, Hematology, and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Josep M Llovet
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Divisions of Liver Diseases, Hematology, and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Liver Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, BCLC, Liver Unit, CIBEREHD, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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141
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Salim EI, Hegazi MM, Kang JS, Helmy HM. Expression Patterns of Cancer Stem Cell Markers During Specific Celecoxib Therapy in Multistep Rat Colon Carcinogenesis Bioassays. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 17:1023-35. [PMID: 27039721 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.3.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) during chemicallyinduced rat multi-step colon carcinogenesis with or without the treatment with a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor drug (celecoxib). Two experiments were performed, the first, a short term 12 week colon carcinogenesis bioassay in which only surrogate markers for colon cancer, aberrant crypt foci (ACF) lesions, were formed. The other experiment was a medium term colon cancer rat assay in which tumors had developed after 32 weeks. Treatment with celecoxib lowered the numbers of ACF, as well as the tumor volumes and multiplicities after 32 weeks. Immunohistochemical proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling indexes LI (%) were downregulated after treatment by celecoxib. Also different cell surface antigens known to associate with CSCs such as the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), CD44 and CD133 were compared between the two experiments and showed differential expression patterns depending on the stage of carcinogenesis and treatment with celecoxib. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the numbers of CD133 cells were increased in the colonic epithelium after 12 weeks while those of CD44 but not CD133 cells were increased after 32 weeks. Moreover, aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 activity levels in the colonic epithelium (a known CSC marker) detected by ELISA assay were found down-regulated after 12 weeks, but were up-regulated after 32 weeks. The data have also shown that the protective effect of celecoxib on these specific markers and populations of CSCs and on other molecular processes such as apoptosis targeted by this drug may vary depending on the genetic and phenotypic stages of carcinogenesis. Therefore, uncovering these distinction roles of CSCs during different phases of carcinogenesis and during specific treatment could be useful for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed I Salim
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Research Lab. of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Tanta, Egypt E-mail : ,
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142
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Nguyen MV, Zagory JA, Dietz WH, Park A, Fenlon M, Zhao M, Xu J, Lua I, Mavila N, Asahina K, Wang KS. Hepatic Prominin-1 expression is associated with biliary fibrosis. Surgery 2017; 161:1266-1272. [PMID: 28104292 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrahepatic biliary fibrosis, as seen with cholestatic liver injuries such as biliary atresia, is mechanistically distinct from fibrosis caused by hepatocyte toxicity. We previously demonstrated the expansion of cells expressing the stem/progenitor cell marker Prominin-1, within regions of developing fibrosis in biliary atresia. Thus, we hypothesized that Prominin-1 expression is biliary fibrosis-specific. METHODS Gene expression of Prominin-1 was analyzed in adult mice undergoing either cholestatic bile duct ligation or hepatotoxic carbon tetrachloride administration by quantitative polymerase chair reaction. Lineage tracing of Prominin-1-expressing cells and Collagen-1α-expressing cells was performed after bile duct ligation in Prominin-1cre-ert2-lacz;Gfplsl and Collagen-1αGfp transgenic mice, respectively. RESULTS Prominin-1 expression increased significantly after bile duct ligation compared with sham (6.6 ± 0.9-fold change at 2 weeks, P < .05) but not with carbon tetrachloride (-0.7 ± 0.5-fold change, not significant). Upregulation of Prominin-1 was observed histologically throughout the liver as early as 5 days after bile duct ligation in Prominin-1cre-ert2-lacz mice by LacZ staining in nonhepatocyte cells. Lineage tracing of Prominin-1-expressing cells labeled prior to bile duct ligation in Prominin-1cre-ert2-lacz;Gfplsl mice, demonstrated increasing colocalization of GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN with biliary marker CYTOKERATIN-19 within ductular reactions up to 5 weeks after bile duct ligation consistent with biliary transdifferentiation. In contrast, rare colocalization of GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN with mesenchymal marker α-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN in Prominin-1cre-ert2-lacz;Gfplsl mice and some colocalization of GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN with PROMININ-1 in Collagen-1αGfp mice, indicate minimal contribution of Prominin-1 progenitor cells to the pool of collagen-producing myofibroblasts. CONCLUSION During biliary fibrosis Prominin-1-expressing progenitor cells transdifferentiate into cells within ductular reactions. This transdifferentiation may promote fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie V Nguyen
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jessica A Zagory
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - William H Dietz
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alex Park
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael Fenlon
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Menghan Zhao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jiabo Xu
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ingrid Lua
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nirmala Mavila
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kinji Asahina
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kasper S Wang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
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143
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Plikus MV, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Ito M, Li YR, Dedhia PH, Zheng Y, Shao M, Gay DL, Ramos R, Hsi TC, Oh JW, Wang X, Ramirez A, Konopelski SE, Elzein A, Wang A, Supapannachart RJ, Lee HL, Lim CH, Nace A, Guo A, Treffeisen E, Andl T, Ramirez RN, Murad R, Offermanns S, Metzger D, Chambon P, Widgerow AD, Tuan TL, Mortazavi A, Gupta RK, Hamilton BA, Millar SE, Seale P, Pear WS, Lazar MA, Cotsarelis G. Regeneration of fat cells from myofibroblasts during wound healing. Science 2017; 355:748-752. [PMID: 28059714 DOI: 10.1126/science.aai8792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although regeneration through the reprogramming of one cell lineage to another occurs in fish and amphibians, it has not been observed in mammals. We discovered in the mouse that during wound healing, adipocytes regenerate from myofibroblasts, a cell type thought to be differentiated and nonadipogenic. Myofibroblast reprogramming required neogenic hair follicles, which triggered bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and then activation of adipocyte transcription factors expressed during development. Overexpression of the BMP antagonist Noggin in hair follicles or deletion of the BMP receptor in myofibroblasts prevented adipocyte formation. Adipocytes formed from human keloid fibroblasts either when treated with BMP or when placed with human hair follicles in vitro. Thus, we identify the myofibroblast as a plastic cell type that may be manipulated to treat scars in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Dermatology, Kligman Laboratories, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. .,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Christian F Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mayumi Ito
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yun Rose Li
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Priya H Dedhia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Kligman Laboratories, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mengle Shao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Denise L Gay
- Department of Dermatology, Kligman Laboratories, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,INSERM U967, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Raul Ramos
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tsai-Ching Hsi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ji Won Oh
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Amanda Ramirez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sara E Konopelski
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Arijh Elzein
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anne Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Kligman Laboratories, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rarinthip June Supapannachart
- Department of Dermatology, Kligman Laboratories, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hye-Lim Lee
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chae Ho Lim
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Arben Nace
- Department of Dermatology, Kligman Laboratories, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amy Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Kligman Laboratories, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elsa Treffeisen
- Department of Dermatology, Kligman Laboratories, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas Andl
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 328116, USA
| | - Ricardo N Ramirez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rabi Murad
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Daniel Metzger
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964, Institut d'Etudes Avancées de l'Université de Strasbourg, Collège de France, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Alan D Widgerow
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
| | - Tai-Lan Tuan
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bruce A Hamilton
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Moores Cancer Center and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sarah E Millar
- Department of Dermatology, Kligman Laboratories, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Warren S Pear
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - George Cotsarelis
- Department of Dermatology, Kligman Laboratories, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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144
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Wang B, Chen Q, Cao Y, Ma X, Yin C, Jia Y, Zang A, Fan W. LGR5 Is a Gastric Cancer Stem Cell Marker Associated with Stemness and the EMT Signature Genes NANOG, NANOGP8, PRRX1, TWIST1, and BMI1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168904. [PMID: 28033430 PMCID: PMC5199039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are essential for cancer initiation, metastasis and drug resistance. However, the functional association of gastric CSC markers with stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature genes is unclear. Methods qPCR was performed to measure the expression profiles of stemness and EMT signature genes and their association with putative CSC markers in gastric cancer tissues, cancer cell lines and sphere cells. Western blot analysis was used to confirm the results of the transcript analysis. Cell proliferation, cell migration, drug resistance and sphere cell growth assays were conducted to measure the expansion and invasion abilities of the cells. Tumor xenograft experiments were performed in NOD/SCID mice to test cell stemness in vivo. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining were used to analyze cell subpopulations. Results The expression of LGR5 was strikingly up-regulated in sphere cells but not in cancer tissues or parental adherent cells. The up-regulation of LGR5 was also positively associated with stemness regulators (NANOG, OCT4, SOX2, and AICDA) and EMT inducers (PRRX1, TWIST1, and BMI1). In addition, sphere cells exhibited up-regulated vimentin and down-regulated E-cadherin expression. Using gene-specific primers, we found that the NANOG expression primarily originates from the retrogene NANOGP8. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of both LGR5 and NANOG is significantly higher in sphere cells. LGR5 over-expression significantly enhanced sphere cell growth, cell proliferation, cell migration and drug resistance in MGC803 cells. Tumor xenografts in nude mice showed that sphere cells are at least 10 times more efficient at tumor initiation than adherent cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that ~20% of sphere cells are LGR5+/CD54+, but only ~3% of adherent cells are Lgr5+/CD54+. Immunofluorescence staining supports the above results. Conclusion The LGR5-expressing fraction of CD54+ cells represents gastric cancer CSCs, in which LGR5 is closely associated with stemness and EMT core genes, and NANOG expression is mainly contributed by the retrogene NANOGP8. Sphere cells are the best starting materials for the characterization of CSCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/deficiency
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cadherins/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Down-Regulation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/genetics
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Mice
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 7/genetics
- Nanog Homeobox Protein/genetics
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Organoplatinum Compounds/pharmacology
- Oxaliplatin
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/deficiency
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Twist-Related Protein 1/genetics
- Up-Regulation
- Vimentin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Molecular Biology Lab of Gastric Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Queting Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Molecular Biology Lab of Gastric Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xia Ma
- Molecular Biology Lab of Gastric Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Chenxing Yin
- Molecular Biology Lab of Gastric Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Youchao Jia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Aimin Zang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wufang Fan
- Molecular Biology Lab of Gastric Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
- * E-mail:
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145
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Lenos KJ, Vermeulen L. Cancer stem cells don't waste their time cleaning-low proteasome activity, a marker for cancer stem cell function. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:519. [PMID: 28149881 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.11.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A population of stem-like cells in tumors, the so-called cancer stem cells (CSCs), are being held responsible for therapy resistance and tumor recurrence. In analogy with normal stem cells, CSCs possess the capacity of long term self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. CSCs are believed to be more resistant to various therapies compared to their differentiated offspring and therefore the cause of tumor relapse. Markers for CSCs have been identified using xenograft transplantation assays and lineage tracing in mouse models, however the specificity and validity of many of these markers is under debate. Recently, low proteasome activity has been postulated as a novel CSC marker. In several solid malignancies a small subset of low proteasomal activity cells with CSC characteristics were identified, suggesting that proteasomal activity might be a functional marker for CSCs. In this perspective, we will discuss a recent study by Munakata et al., describing a population of colorectal cancer cells with CSC properties, characterized by low proteasome activity and treatment resistance. We will put this finding in a broader view by discussing the challenges and issues inherent with CSC identification, as well as some emerging insights in the CSC concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiaan J Lenos
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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146
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Sun G, Roediger J, Shi YB. Thyroid hormone regulation of adult intestinal stem cells: Implications on intestinal development and homeostasis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:559-569. [PMID: 27554108 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organ-specific adult stem cells are essential for organ homeostasis, tissue repair and regeneration. The formation of such stem cells often takes place during postembryonic development, a period around birth in mammals when plasma thyroid hormone concentration is high. The life-long self-renewal of the intestinal epithelium has made mammalian intestine a valuable model to study the function and regulation and adult stem cells. On the other hand, much less is known about how the adult intestinal stem cells are formed during vertebrate development. Here, we will review some recent progresses on this subject, focusing mainly on the formation of the adult intestine during Xenopus metamorphosis. We will discuss the role of thyroid hormone signaling pathway in the process and potential molecular conservations between amphibians and mammals as well as the implications in organ homeostasis and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Julia Roediger
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism (PCRM), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 18 Library Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism (PCRM), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 18 Library Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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147
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Meneses AMC, Schneeberger K, Kruitwagen HS, Penning LC, van Steenbeek FG, Burgener IA, Spee B. Intestinal Organoids-Current and Future Applications. Vet Sci 2016; 3:vetsci3040031. [PMID: 29056739 PMCID: PMC5606586 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent technical advances in the stem cell field have enabled the in vitro generation of complex structures resembling whole organs termed organoids. Most of these approaches employ culture systems that allow stem cell-derived or tissue progenitor cells to self-organize into three-dimensional (3D)-structures. Since organoids can be grown from different species (human, mouse, cat, dog), organs (intestine, kidney, brain, liver), and from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells, they create significant prospects for modelling development and diseases, for toxicology and drug discovery studies, and in the field of regenerative medicine. Here, we report on intestinal stem cells, organoid culture, organoid disease modeling, transplantation, specifically covering the current and future uses of this exciting new insight model to the field of veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre M C Meneses
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves 66077-830, Brazil.
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, Utrecht 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, Utrecht 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Hedwig S Kruitwagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, Utrecht 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Louis C Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, Utrecht 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank G van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, Utrecht 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Iwan A Burgener
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, Utrecht 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, Utrecht 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
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148
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Jones JC, Dempsey PJ. Enterocyte progenitors can dedifferentiate to replace lost Lgr5 + intestinal stem cells revealing that many different progenitor populations can regain stemness. Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:61. [PMID: 27868043 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2016.09.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Jones
- Cell Biology, Stem Cell and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Peter J Dempsey
- Cell Biology, Stem Cell and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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149
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Peng S, Hu GQ. Colorectal cancer stem cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:3953-3962. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i28.3953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive system, and its initiation, promotion and prognosis are closely related to cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are defined as a minority population of cancer cells with self-renewal ability, multi-lineage differentiation potential and highly aggressive behaviors, which have been identified in many types of cancers including CRC as one of the key mediators driving cancer metastasis and progression. The presence of these CSCs can be attributed to the failure of cancer treatments as these cells are believed to exhibit therapy resistance. Here, we review the current understanding of colorectal CSCs, with an emphasis on candidate markers, biological properties, related signaling pathways, and clinical applications.
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150
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Lu L, Wu M, Sun L, Li W, Fu W, Zhang X, Liu T. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of cancer stem cell markers CD44 and CD133 in patients with gastric cancer: A comprehensive meta-analysis with 4729 patients involved. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5163. [PMID: 27759647 PMCID: PMC5079331 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, CD44 and CD133 have been identified as 2 common used cancer stem cell (CSC) markers in gastric cancer. However, the clinicopathological and prognostic value of these markers in gastric cancer remains controversial; moreover, there is lack of comparison of these 2 markers' roles in clinical applications. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to elucidate these markers' clinicopathological features and association with prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. METHODS Eligible studies were identified and odds ratios (ORs), hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. Heterogeneity and sensitivity were analyzed as well. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger tests. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 26 studies involving 4729 patients. High expression of CD44 was associated with Lauren type (intestinal type) (OR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.02-2.30]; P = 0.038) and lymphatic vessel invasion (OR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.06-1.76]; P = 0.021). CD133 overexpression was related to high TNM stage (III/IV) (OR, 3.18 [95% CI, 2.48-4.07]; P = 0.000), high depth of invasion (T3/T4) (OR, 2.97 [95% CI, 2.20-4.03]; P = 0.000), lymph node metastasis (OR, 2.82 [95% CI, 2.16-3.69]; P = 0.000), vascular invasion (OR, 6.71 [95% CI, 1.63-27.63]; P = 0.008), and distant metastasis (OR, 2.32 [95% CI, 1.64-3.29]; P = 0.000). In addition, survival analysis demonstrated a significant association between CD44, as well as CD133 and poor 5-year overall survival (HR, 1.87 [95% CI, 1.55-2.26]; P = 0.000; HR, 2.07 [95% CI, 1.76-2.44]; P = 0.000, respectively). CONCLUSION These data suggest that upregulated expression of CD44 and CD133 correlates with several clinicopathological features and poor prognosis. Since the related features do not overlap, combined detection of CD44 and CD133 expression can be an especially effective tool for pathological diagnosis and prognostic prediction of gastric cancer patients in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Menglin Wu
- Radiology Department, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Longhao Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Weidong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Weihua Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Xuening Zhang
- Radiology Department, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Correspondence: Tong Liu, Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China (e-mail: ); Xuening Zhang, Radiology Department, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300052, China (e-mail: )
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
- Correspondence: Tong Liu, Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China (e-mail: ); Xuening Zhang, Radiology Department, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300052, China (e-mail: )
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