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Shukla A, Chen C, Jellusova J, Leung CR, Kao E, Bhat N, Lin WW, Apgar JR, Rickert RC. Self-reactive B cells in the GALT are actively curtailed to prevent gut inflammation. JCI Insight 2019; 5:130621. [PMID: 31335327 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.130621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune homeostasis in the gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) is critical to prevent the development of inadvertent pathologies. B cells as the producers of antibodies and cytokines plays an important role in maintaining the GALT homeostasis. However, the mechanism by which B cells specifically direct their responses towards non-self-antigens and become ignorant to self-antigens in the GALT is not known. Therefore, we developed a novel mouse model by expressing Duck Egg Lysozyme (DEL) in gut epithelial cells in presence of HEL reactive B cells. Notably, we observed a transient activation and rapid deletion of self-reactive B cells in Peyers Patches and Mesenteric lymph nodes upon self-antigen exposure. The survival of self-reactive B cells upon exposure to their self-antigen was partially rescued by blocking receptor editing but could be completely rescued by stronger survival signal like ectopic expression of BCL2. Importantly, rescuing the self-reactive B cells promoted production of auto-antibodies and gut inflammation. Mechanistically, we identify a specific activation of TGFβ signaling in self-reactive B cells in the gut and a critical role of this pathway in maintaining peripheral tolerance. Collectively, our studies describe functional consequences and fate of self-reactive B cells in GALT and provide novel mechanistic insights governing self-tolerance of B cells in the gut.
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102
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103
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Lv LJ, Li SH, Li SC, Zhong ZC, Duan HL, Tian C, Li H, He W, Chen MC, He TW, Wang YN, Zhou X, Yao L, Yin AH. Early-Onset Preeclampsia Is Associated With Gut Microbial Alterations in Antepartum and Postpartum Women. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:224. [PMID: 31297341 PMCID: PMC6608563 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Imbalances in gut microbiota composition are linked to hypertension, host metabolic abnormalities, systemic inflammation, and other conditions. In the present study, we examined the changes of gut microbiota in women with early-onset preeclampsia (PE) and in normotensive, uncomplicated pregnant women during late pregnancy and at 1 and 6 weeks postpartum. Methods: Gut microbiota profiles of women with PE and healthy pregnant women in the third trimester and at 1 and 6 weeks postpartum were assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), zonulin, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were measured in the third trimesters. Results: At the genus level, 8 bacterial genera were significantly enriched in the antepartum samples of PE patients compared to healthy controls, of which Blautia, Ruminococcus2, Bilophila, and Fusobacterium represented the major variances in PE microbiomes. Conversely, 5 genera, including Faecalibacterium, Gemmiger, Akkermansia, Dialister, and Methanobrevibacter, were significantly depleted in antepartum PE samples. Maternal blood pressure and liver enzyme levels were positively correlated to the PE-enriched genera such as Anaerococcus, Ruminococcus2, Oribacterium, and Bilophila, while the fetal features (e.g., Apgar score and newborn birth weight) were positively correlated with PE-depleted genera and negatively correlated with PE-enriched genera. Moreover, maternal blood IL-6 level was positively associated with gut Bilophila and Oribacterium, whereas LPS level was negatively associated with Akkermansia. In terms of postpartum women, both the gut microbial composition and the PE-associated microbial alterations were highly consistent with those of the antepartum women. Conclusion: PE diagnosed in the third trimester of pregnancy is associated with a disrupted gut microbiota composition compared with uncomplicated pregnant women, which are associated with maternal clinical features (blood pressure level and liver dysfunction) and newborn birth weight. Moreover, these antepartum alterations in gut microbiota persisted 6 weeks postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Lv
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Zhi-Cheng Zhong
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Li Duan
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Hui Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei He
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Chai Chen
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Wen He
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Nan Wang
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Lena Yao
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ai-Hua Yin
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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104
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McCoy KD, Thomson CA. The Impact of Maternal Microbes and Microbial Colonization in Early Life on Hematopoiesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 200:2519-2526. [PMID: 29632252 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
All body surfaces are colonized by microbes, which occurs through a dynamic process over the first few years of life. Initial colonizing microbes are transferred from the maternal microbiota to the newborn through vertical transmission. Postnatal maturation of the immune system is heavily influenced by these microbes, particularly during early life. Although microbial-mediated education of the immune system is better understood at mucosal sites, recent data indicate that the systemic immune system is also shaped by the microbiota. Bacterial products and metabolites produced through microbial metabolism can reach distal sites, and metabolites derived from the maternal microbiota can cross the placenta and are present in milk. Recent studies show that the microbiota can even influence immune development in primary lymphoid organs like the bone marrow. This review outlines our current knowledge of how the microbiota can impact hematopoiesis, with a focus on the effects of maternal and early-life microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy D McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Carolyn A Thomson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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105
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Miraglia F, Colla E. Microbiome, Parkinson's Disease and Molecular Mimicry. Cells 2019; 8:E222. [PMID: 30866550 PMCID: PMC6468760 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is typically classified as a neurodegenerative disease affecting the motor system. Recent evidence, however, has uncovered the presence of Lewy bodies in locations outside the CNS, in direct contact with the external environment, including the olfactory bulbs and the enteric nervous system. This, combined with the ability of alpha-synuclein (αS) to propagate in a prion-like manner, has supported the hypothesis that the resident microbial community, commonly referred to as microbiota, might play a causative role in the development of PD. In this article, we will be reviewing current knowledge on the importance of the microbiota in PD pathology, concentrating our investigation on mechanisms of microbiota-host interactions that might become harmful and favor the onset of PD. Such processes, which include the secretion of bacterial amyloid proteins or other metabolites, may influence the aggregation propensity of αS directly or indirectly, for example by favoring a pro-inflammatory environment in the gut. Thus, while the development of PD has not yet being associated with a unique microbial species, more data will be necessary to examine potential harmful interactions between the microbiota and the host, and to understand their relevance in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Miraglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Colla
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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106
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Dehner C, Fine R, Kriegel MA. The microbiome in systemic autoimmune disease: mechanistic insights from recent studies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2019; 31:201-207. [PMID: 30624285 PMCID: PMC6408954 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The resident bacterial communities and the host immune system have coevolved for millennia. However, recent changes in modern societies have disrupted this coevolutionary homeostasis and contributed to a rise in immune-mediated conditions. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of recently elucidated mechanisms of how certain taxa within the bacterial microbiome propagate autoimmunity. RECENT FINDINGS Interactions between the bacterial microbiome with innate and adaptive immune cells propagate autoreactivity, chronic inflammation, and tissue damage in susceptible hosts. These interactions contribute to autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, which are the focus of this review. Recent findings suggest that autoimmune manifestations in genetically susceptible individuals can arise through cross-reactivity with commensal orthologs of autoantigens or commensal-mediated posttranslational modification of autoantigens. Physiologic responses to gut, oral, or skin commensal bacteria can thus be misdirected toward such autoantigens in susceptible hosts. In addition, recent studies highlight that a breach of the gut barrier and translocation of commensal bacteria to non-gut organs can trigger several autoimmune pathways that can be prevented by commensal vaccination or dietary interventions. SUMMARY Complex host-microbiota interactions contribute to systemic autoimmunity outside the gut. On a molecular level, posttranslational modification of, and cross-reactivity with, autoantigens represent mechanisms of how the microbiota mediates autoimmunity. On a cellular level, translocation of live gut bacteria across a dysfunctional gut barrier allows for direct interactions with immune and tissue cells, instigating autoimmunity systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Dehner
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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107
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Affinity war: forging immunoglobulin repertoires. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 57:32-39. [PMID: 30690255 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
B cell immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire composition shapes immune responses. The generation of Ig diversity begins with Ig variable region exon assembly from gene segments, random inter-segment junction sequence diversity, and combinations of Ig heavy and light chain. This generates vast preemptive sequence freedom in early developing B lineage cell Ig genes that can anticipate a great diversity of threats. This freedom is met with large restrictions that ultimately define the naïve (i.e. preimmune) Ig repertoire. Activation-induced somatic hypermutation (SHM), which further diversifies Ig V regions, is also met with strong selection that shapes Ig affinity maturation. While individual repertoire features, such as affinity for self and competition for foreign antigen, are known to drive selection, the selection filters themselves may be subject to regulation. Large sequence freedom coupled with strong selection for each diversification process provides flexibility for demand-driven regulation to dynamically balance antigen recognition capacities and associated autoimmune risks according to host needs.
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108
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Ghirotto B, Terra FF, Câmara NOS, Basso PJ. Sirtuins in B lymphocytes metabolism and function. World J Exp Med 2019; 9:1-13. [PMID: 30705866 PMCID: PMC6354076 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v9.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases and play a role in virtually all cell biological processes. As SIRTs functions vary according to their subtypes, they can either activate or inhibit signaling pathways upon different conditions or tissues. Recent studies have focused on metabolic effects performed by SIRTs in several cell types since specific metabolic pathways (e.g., aerobic glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, β-oxidation, glutaminolysis) are used to determine the cell fate. However, few efforts have been made to understand the role of SIRTs on B lymphocytes metabolism and function. These cells are associated with humoral immune responses by secreting larger amounts of antibodies after differentiating into antibody-secreting cells. Besides, both the SIRTs and B lymphocytes are potential targets to treat several immune-mediated disorders, including cancer. Here, we provide an outlook of recent studies regarding the role of SIRTs in general cellular metabolism and B lymphocytes functions, pointing out the future perspectives of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ghirotto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fernandes Terra
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology (LIM 16), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Paulo José Basso
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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109
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Esposito S, Toni G, Tascini G, Santi E, Berioli MG, Principi N. Environmental Factors Associated With Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:592. [PMID: 31555211 PMCID: PMC6722188 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that leads to progressive pancreatic ß-cell destruction and culminates in absolute insulin deficiency and stable hyperglycaemia. It is very likely that environmental factors play a role in triggering islet autoimmunity. Knowing whether they have true relevance in favoring T1D development is essential for the effective prevention of the disease. Moreover, prevention could be obtained directly interfering with the development of autoimmunity through autoantigen-based immunotherapy. In this narrative review, the present possibilities for the prevention of T1D are discussed. Presently, interventions to prevent T1D are generally made in subjects in whom autoimmunity is already activated and autoantibodies against pancreatic cell components have been detected. Practically, the goal is to slow down the immune process by preserving the normal structure of the pancreatic islets for as long as possible. Unfortunately, presently methods able to avoid the risk of autoimmune activation are not available. Elimination of environmental factors associated with T1D development, reverse of epigenetic modifications that favor initiation of autoimmunity in subjects exposed to environmental factors and use of autoantigen-based immunotherapy are possible approaches, although for all these measures definitive conclusions cannot be drawn. However, the road is traced and it is possible that in a not so distant future an effective prevention of the disease to all the subjects at risk can be offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Susanna Esposito
| | - Giada Toni
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Tascini
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisa Santi
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Berioli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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110
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Pickard JM, Zeng MY, Caruso R, Núñez G. Gut microbiota: Role in pathogen colonization, immune responses, and inflammatory disease. Immunol Rev 2018; 279:70-89. [PMID: 28856738 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 926] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal tract of mammals is colonized by a large number of microorganisms including trillions of bacteria that are referred to collectively as the gut microbiota. These indigenous microorganisms have co-evolved with the host in a symbiotic relationship. In addition to metabolic benefits, symbiotic bacteria provide the host with several functions that promote immune homeostasis, immune responses, and protection against pathogen colonization. The ability of symbiotic bacteria to inhibit pathogen colonization is mediated via several mechanisms including direct killing, competition for limited nutrients, and enhancement of immune responses. Pathogens have evolved strategies to promote their replication in the presence of the gut microbiota. Perturbation of the gut microbiota structure by environmental and genetic factors increases the risk of pathogen infection, promotes the overgrowth of harmful pathobionts, and the development of inflammatory disease. Understanding the interaction of the microbiota with pathogens and the immune system will provide critical insight into the pathogenesis of disease and the development of strategies to prevent and treat inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Pickard
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Melody Y Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Roberta Caruso
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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111
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Hoh RA, Boyd SD. Gut Mucosal Antibody Responses and Implications for Food Allergy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2221. [PMID: 30319658 PMCID: PMC6170638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucosa is a critical environmental interface where plasma cells and B cells are exposed to orally-ingested antigens such as food allergen proteins. It is unclear how the development of B cells and plasma cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa differs between healthy humans and those with food allergy, and how B cells contribute to, or are affected by, the breakdown of oral tolerance. In particular, the antibody gene repertoires associated with symptomatic allergy have only begun to be characterized in full molecular detail. Here, we review literature concerning B cells and plasma cells in the gastrointestinal system in the context of food allergy, with a focus on human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona A Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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112
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Kovaltsuk A, Leem J, Kelm S, Snowden J, Deane CM, Krawczyk K. Observed Antibody Space: A Resource for Data Mining Next-Generation Sequencing of Antibody Repertoires. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2502-2509. [PMID: 30217829 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abs are immune system proteins that recognize noxious molecules for elimination. Their sequence diversity and binding versatility have made Abs the primary class of biopharmaceuticals. Recently, it has become possible to query their immense natural diversity using next-generation sequencing of Ig gene repertoires (Ig-seq). However, Ig-seq outputs are currently fragmented across repositories and tend to be presented as raw nucleotide reads, which means nontrivial effort is required to reuse the data for analysis. To address this issue, we have collected Ig-seq outputs from 55 studies, covering more than half a billion Ab sequences across diverse immune states, organisms (primarily human and mouse), and individuals. We have sorted, cleaned, annotated, translated, and numbered these sequences and make the data available via our Observed Antibody Space (OAS) resource at http://antibodymap.org The data within OAS will be regularly updated with newly released Ig-seq datasets. We believe OAS will facilitate data mining of immune repertoires for improved understanding of the immune system and development of better biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Kovaltsuk
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jinwoo Leem
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | - Charlotte M Deane
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, United Kingdom; and
| | - Konrad Krawczyk
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, United Kingdom; and
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113
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Ashi MO, Srour N, Lambert JM, Marchalot A, Martin O, Le Noir S, Pinaud E, Ayala MV, Sirac C, Saulière J, Moreaux J, Cogné M, Delpy L. Physiological and druggable skipping of immunoglobulin variable exons in plasma cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:810-819. [PMID: 30127381 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The error-prone V(D)J recombination process generates considerable amounts of nonproductive immunoglobulin (Ig) pre-mRNAs. We recently demonstrated that aberrant Ig chains lacking variable (V) domains can be produced after nonsense-associated altered splicing (NAS) events. Remarkably, the expression of these truncated Ig polypeptides heightens endoplasmic reticulum stress and shortens plasma cell (PC) lifespan. Many questions remain regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying this new truncated Ig exclusion (TIE-) checkpoint and its restriction to the ultimate stage of B-cell differentiation. To address these issues, we evaluated the extent of NAS of Ig pre-mRNAs using an Ig heavy chain (IgH) knock-in model that allows for uncoupling of V exon skipping from TIE-induced apoptosis. We found high levels of V exon skipping in PCs compared with B cells, and this skipping was correlated with a biallelic boost in IgH transcription during PC differentiation. Chromatin analysis further revealed that the skipped V exon turned into a pseudo-intron. Finally, we showed that hypertranscription of Ig genes facilitated V exon skipping upon passive administration of splice-switching antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). Thus, V exon skipping is coupled to transcription and increases as PC differentiation proceeds, likely explaining the late occurrence of the TIE-checkpoint and opening new avenues for ASO-mediated strategies in PC disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Omar Ashi
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, INSERM U1262-Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et Lymphoproliférations, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Nivine Srour
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Jean-Marie Lambert
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, INSERM U1262-Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et Lymphoproliférations, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Anne Marchalot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, INSERM U1262-Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et Lymphoproliférations, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Ophélie Martin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, INSERM U1262-Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et Lymphoproliférations, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Sandrine Le Noir
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, INSERM U1262-Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et Lymphoproliférations, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Eric Pinaud
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, INSERM U1262-Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et Lymphoproliférations, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Maria Victoria Ayala
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, INSERM U1262-Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et Lymphoproliférations, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Christophe Sirac
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, INSERM U1262-Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et Lymphoproliférations, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jérôme Saulière
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, INSERM U1262-Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et Lymphoproliférations, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jérôme Moreaux
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-UM UMR9002, Department of Biological Haematology, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, UFR Medecine, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Cogné
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, INSERM U1262-Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et Lymphoproliférations, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Laurent Delpy
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, INSERM U1262-Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et Lymphoproliférations, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.
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114
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Fulde M, Sommer F, Chassaing B, van Vorst K, Dupont A, Hensel M, Basic M, Klopfleisch R, Rosenstiel P, Bleich A, Bäckhed F, Gewirtz AT, Hornef MW. Neonatal selection by Toll-like receptor 5 influences long-term gut microbiota composition. Nature 2018; 560:489-493. [PMID: 30089902 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in enteric microbiota are associated with several highly prevalent immune-mediated and metabolic diseases1-3, and experiments involving faecal transplants have indicated that such alterations have a causal role in at least some such conditions4-6. The postnatal period is particularly critical for the development of microbiota composition, host-microbe interactions and immune homeostasis7-9. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this neonatal priming period have not been defined. Here we report the identification of a host-mediated regulatory circuit of bacterial colonization that acts solely during the early neonatal period but influences life-long microbiota composition. We demonstrate age-dependent expression of the flagellin receptor Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) in the gut epithelium of neonate mice. Using competitive colonization experiments, we demonstrate that epithelial TLR5-mediated REG3γ production is critical for the counter-selection of colonizing flagellated bacteria. Comparative microbiota transfer experiments in neonate and adult wild-type and Tlr5-deficient germ-free mice reveal that neonatal TLR5 expression strongly influences the composition of the microbiota throughout life. Thus, the beneficial microbiota in the adult host is shaped during early infancy. This might explain why environmental factors that disturb the establishment of the microbiota during early life can affect immune homeostasis and health in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Fulde
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine at the Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Sommer
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kira van Vorst
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine at the Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aline Dupont
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Marijana Basic
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine at the Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mathias W Hornef
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Institute for Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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115
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A successful human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine will require immunogens that induce protective immune responses. However, recent studies suggest that the response to HIV-1 and perhaps other viruses may be altered by immune system exposure to intestinal microbiota-antigens. This review will discuss select aspects of these studies. RECENT FINDINGS Naïve CD4 T and B cell repertoires can be imprinted by intestinal microbiota-antigens to respond to virus epitopes prior to virus infection. A multiclade envelope (Env) gp145 DNA prime, recombinant adenovirus type 5 boost vaccine tested in a HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) phase IIb human vaccine efficacy trial (HVTN 505) induced a dominant gp41-reactive antibody response that was non-neutralizing and cross-reactive with intestinal microbiota. This vaccine regimen also induced a dominant gp41-reactive, intestinal microbiota-cross-reactive gp41 antibody response in neonatal and adult Rhesus macaques. Studies of naïve CD4 T cells have demonstrated cross-reactivity to both HIV-1 and influenza peptides. SUMMARY HIV-1 Env vaccine-induced CD4 T and B cell responses can originate from a pool of intestinal microbiota-cross-reactive immune cells. Moreover, intestinal microbiota-cross-reactive HIV-1 Env antibodies are ineffective in protection against HIV-1 infection. Thus, intestinal microbiota-imprinting of the B cell repertoire may be one of several roadblocks to the induction of protective HIV-1 antibodies.
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116
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Toledano A, Elhanati Y, Benichou JIC, Walczak AM, Mora T, Louzoun Y. Evidence for Shaping of Light Chain Repertoire by Structural Selection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1307. [PMID: 29988361 PMCID: PMC6023962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The naïve immunoglobulin (IG) repertoire in the blood differs from the direct output of the rearrangement process. These differences stem from selection that affects the germline gene usage and the junctional nucleotides. A major complication obscuring the details of the selection mechanism in the heavy chain is the failure to properly identify the D germline and determine the nucleotide addition and deletion in the junction region. The selection affecting junctional diversity can, however, be studied in the light chain that has no D gene. We use probabilistic and deterministic models to infer and disentangle generation and selection of the light chain, using large samples of light chains sequenced from healthy donors and transgenic mice. We have previously used similar models for the beta chain of T-cell receptors and the heavy chain of IGs. Selection is observed mainly in the CDR3. The CDR3 length and mass distributions are narrower after selection than before, indicating stabilizing selection for mid-range values. Within the CDR3, proline and cysteine undergo negative selection, while glycine undergoes positive selection. The results presented here suggest structural selection maintaining the size of the CDR3 within a limited range, and preventing turns in the CDR3 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adar Toledano
- Department of Mathematics, Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yuval Elhanati
- Joseph Henry Laboratories, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Jennifer I C Benichou
- Department of Mathematics, Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Aleksandra M Walczak
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, UMR8549, CNRS and Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de physique statistique, UMR8550, CNRS, UPMC and Ecole normale supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Yoram Louzoun
- Department of Mathematics, Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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117
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Chen Y, Chaudhary N, Yang N, Granato A, Turner JA, Howard SL, Devereaux C, Zuo T, Shrestha A, Goel RR, Neuberg D, Wesemann DR. Microbial symbionts regulate the primary Ig repertoire. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1397-1415. [PMID: 29588346 PMCID: PMC5940265 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic relationships help shape immune fitness. Chen et al. demonstrate that microbial symbionts influence host immunity by enriching frequencies of antibacterial specificities within the naive B cell receptor repertoire and that this may have consequences for mucosal and systemic immunity. The ability of immunoglobulin (Ig) to recognize pathogens is critical for optimal immune fitness. Early events that shape preimmune Ig repertoires, expressed on IgM+ IgD+ B cells as B cell receptors (BCRs), are poorly defined. Here, we studied germ-free mice and conventionalized littermates to explore the hypothesis that symbiotic microbes help shape the preimmune Ig repertoire. Ig-binding assays showed that exposure to conventional microbial symbionts enriched frequencies of antibacterial IgM+ IgD+ B cells in intestine and spleen. This enrichment affected follicular B cells, involving a diverse set of Ig-variable region gene segments, and was T cell–independent. Functionally, enrichment of microbe reactivity primed basal levels of small intestinal T cell–independent, symbiont-reactive IgA and enhanced systemic IgG responses to bacterial immunization. These results demonstrate that microbial symbionts influence host immunity by enriching frequencies of antibacterial specificities within preimmune B cell repertoires and that this may have consequences for mucosal and systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Neha Chaudhary
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nicole Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alessandra Granato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jacob A Turner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shannon L Howard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Colby Devereaux
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Teng Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Akritee Shrestha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rishi R Goel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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118
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Abstract
Somatic assembly of T cell receptor and B cell receptor (BCR) genes produces a vast diversity of lymphocyte antigen recognition capacity. The advent of efficient high-throughput sequencing of lymphocyte antigen receptor genes has recently generated unprecedented opportunities for exploration of adaptive immune responses. With these opportunities have come significant challenges in understanding the analysis techniques that most accurately reflect underlying biological phenomena. In this regard, sample preparation and sequence analysis techniques, which have largely been borrowed and adapted from other fields, continue to evolve. Here, we review current methods and challenges of library preparation, sequencing and statistical analysis of lymphocyte receptor repertoire studies. We discuss the general steps in the process of immune repertoire generation including sample preparation, platforms available for sequencing, processing of sequencing data, measurable features of the immune repertoire, and the statistical tools that can be used for analysis and interpretation of the data. Because BCR analysis harbors additional complexities, such as immunoglobulin (Ig) (i.e., antibody) gene somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination, the emphasis of this review is on Ig/BCR sequence analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Chaudhary
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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119
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Yu Q, Jia A, Li Y, Bi Y, Liu G. Microbiota regulate the development and function of the immune cells. Int Rev Immunol 2018; 37:79-89. [PMID: 29425062 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2018.1429428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbiota is a group of microbes coexisting and co-evolving with the immune system in the host body for millions of years. There are mutual interaction between microbiota and the immune system. Immune cells can shape the populations of microbiota in the gut of animals and humans, and the presence of microbiota and the microbial products can regulate the development and function of the immune cells in the host. Although microbiota resides mainly at the mucosa, the effect of microbiota on the immune system can be both local at the mucosa and systemic through the whole body. At the mucosal sites, the presences of microbiota and microbial products have a direct effect on the immune cells. Microbiota induces production of effectors from immune cells, such as cytokines and inflammatory factors, influencing the further development and function of the immune cells. Experimental data have shown that microbial products can influence the activity of some key factors in signaling pathways. At the nonmucosal sites, such as the bone marrow, peripheral lymph nodes, and spleen, microbiota can also regulate the development and function of the immune cells via several mechanisms in mice, such as introduction of chromatin-level changes through histone acetylation and DNA methylation. Given the important effect of microbiota on the immune system, many immunotherapies that are mediated by immune system rely on gut microbiota. Thus, the study of how microbiota influences immune system bring a potential therapy prospect in preventing and treating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yu
- a Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education , Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University , Beijing , China
| | - Anna Jia
- a Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education , Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University , Beijing , China
| | - Yan Li
- a Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education , Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University , Beijing , China
| | - Yujing Bi
- b State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity , Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education , Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University , Beijing , China
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120
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Pröbstel AK, Baranzini SE. The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis Risk and Progression: Towards Characterization of the "MS Microbiome". Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:126-134. [PMID: 29147991 PMCID: PMC5794700 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototypic complex disease, in which both genes and the environment contribute to its pathogenesis. To date, > 200 independent loci across the genome have been associated with MS risk. However, these only explain a fraction of the total phenotypic variance, suggesting the possible presence of additional genetic factors, and, most likely, also environmental factors. New DNA sequencing technologies have enabled the sequencing of all kinds of microorganisms, including those living in and around humans (i.e., microbiomes). The study of bacterial populations inhabiting the gut is of particular interest in autoimmune diseases owing to their key role in shaping immune responses. In this review, we address the potential crosstalk between B cells and the gut microbiota, a relevant scenario in light of recently approved anti-B-cell therapies for MS. In addition, we review recent efforts to characterize the gut microbiome in patients with MS and discuss potential challenges and future opportunities. Finally, we describe the international MS microbiome study, a multicenter effort to study a large population of patients with MS and their healthy household partners to define the core MS microbiome, how it is shaped by disease-modifying therapies, and to explore potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Katrin Pröbstel
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sergio E Baranzini
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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121
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Lemieux MW, Sonzogni-Desautels K, Ndao M. Lessons Learned from Protective Immune Responses to Optimize Vaccines against Cryptosporidiosis. Pathogens 2017; 7:pathogens7010002. [PMID: 29295550 PMCID: PMC5874728 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In developing countries, cryptosporidiosis causes moderate-to-severe diarrhea and kills thousands of infants and toddlers annually. Drinking and recreational water contaminated with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts has led to waterborne outbreaks in developed countries. A competent immune system is necessary to clear this parasitic infection. A better understanding of the immune responses required to prevent or limit infection by this protozoan parasite is the cornerstone of development of an effective vaccine. In this light, lessons learned from previously developed vaccines against Cryptosporidium spp. are at the foundation for development of better next-generation vaccines. In this review, we summarize the immune responses elicited by naturally and experimentally-induced Cryptosporidium spp. infection and by several experimental vaccines in various animal models. Our aim is to increase awareness about the immune responses that underlie protection against cryptosporidiosis and to encourage promotion of these immune responses as a key strategy for vaccine development. Innate and mucosal immunity will be addressed as well as adaptive immunity, with an emphasis on the balance between TH1/TH2 immune responses. Development of more effective vaccines against cryptosporidiosis is needed to prevent Cryptosporidium spp.-related deaths in infants and toddlers in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime W Lemieux
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Karine Sonzogni-Desautels
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Momar Ndao
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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122
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Abstract
We describe the domestication of the species, explore its value to agriculture and bioscience, and compare its immunoglobulin (Ig) genes to those of other vertebrates. For encyclopedic information, we cite earlier reviews and chapters. We provide current gene maps for the heavy and light chain loci and describe their polygeny and polymorphy. B-cell and antibody repertoire development is a major focus, and we present findings that challenge several mouse-centric paradigms. We focus special attention on the role of ileal Peyer's patches, the largest secondary lymphoid tissues in newborn piglets and a feature of all artiodactyls. We believe swine fetal development and early class switch evolved to provide natural secretory IgA antibodies able to prevent translocation of bacteria from the gut while the bacterial PAMPs drive development of adaptive immunity. We discuss the value of using the isolator piglet model to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Butler
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242;
| | - Nancy Wertz
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242;
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
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123
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Ximenez C, Torres J. Development of Microbiota in Infants and its Role in Maturation of Gut Mucosa and Immune System. Arch Med Res 2017; 48:666-680. [PMID: 29198451 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been associated with increasing numbers of diseases, including obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, allergy, cancer and even neurologic or behavioral disorders. The other side of the coin is that a healthy microbiota leads to a healthy human development, to a mature and well trained immune system and to an efficient metabolic machinery. What we have learned in adults is in the end the result of a good start, a programmed, healthy development of the microbiota that must occur in the early years of life, probably even starting during the fetal stage. This review aims to present and discuss reports that helps us understand what we have learned of the development of microbiota during the early times of life, from pregnancy to delivery to the early years after birth. The impact of the establishment of "healthy" bacterial communities on human surfaces in the maturation of epithelia, immune system and metabolism will also be discussed. The right process of maturation of the bacterial communities that establish a symbiosis with human surfaces depends on a number of environmental, genetic and temporal factors that need to be understand in order to have tools to monitor a healthy development and eventually intervene to correct undesired courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ximenez
- Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Pediatría, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Ciudad de México, México.
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124
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Roughgarden J, Gilbert SF, Rosenberg E, Zilber-Rosenberg I, Lloyd EA. Holobionts as Units of Selection and a Model of Their Population Dynamics and Evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13752-017-0287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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125
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Fransen F, van Beek AA, Borghuis T, Aidy SE, Hugenholtz F, van der Gaast-de Jongh C, Savelkoul HFJ, De Jonge MI, Boekschoten MV, Smidt H, Faas MM, de Vos P. Aged Gut Microbiota Contributes to Systemical Inflammaging after Transfer to Germ-Free Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1385. [PMID: 29163474 PMCID: PMC5674680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced age is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which is usually referred to as inflammaging. Elderly are also known to have an altered gut microbiota composition. However, whether inflammaging is a cause or consequence of an altered gut microbiota composition is not clear. In this study, gut microbiota from young or old conventional mice was transferred to young germ-free (GF) mice. Four weeks after gut microbiota transfer immune cell populations in spleen, Peyer’s patches, and mesenteric lymph nodes from conventionalized GF mice were analyzed by flow cytometry. In addition, whole-genome gene expression in the ileum was analyzed by microarray. Gut microbiota composition of donor and recipient mice was analyzed with 16S rDNA sequencing. Here, we show by transferring aged microbiota to young GF mice that certain bacterial species within the aged microbiota promote inflammaging. This effect was associated with lower levels of Akkermansia and higher levels of TM7 bacteria and Proteobacteria in the aged microbiota after transfer. The aged microbiota promoted inflammation in the small intestine in the GF mice and enhanced leakage of inflammatory bacterial components into the circulation was observed. Moreover, the aged microbiota promoted increased T cell activation in the systemic compartment. In conclusion, these data indicate that the gut microbiota from old mice contributes to inflammaging after transfer to young GF mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Fransen
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A van Beek
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Theo Borghuis
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Floor Hugenholtz
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marien I De Jonge
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mark V Boekschoten
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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126
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High-fat diet induces systemic B-cell repertoire changes associated with insulin resistance. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1468-1479. [PMID: 28422186 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of obesity-associated insulin resistance is associated with B-lymphocyte accumulation in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and is prevented by B-cell ablation. To characterize potentially pathogenic B-cell repertoires in this disorder, we performed high-throughput immunoglobulin (Ig) sequencing from multiple tissues of mice fed high-fat diet (HFD) and regular diet (RD). HFD significantly changed the biochemical properties of Ig heavy-chain complementarity-determining region-3 (CDRH3) sequences, selecting for IgA antibodies with shorter and more hydrophobic CDRH3 in multiple tissues. A set of convergent antibodies of highly similar sequences found in the VAT of HFD mice but not RD mice showed significant somatic mutation, suggesting a response shared between mice to a common antigen or antigens. These findings indicate that a simple high-fat dietary intervention has a major impact on mouse B-cell repertoires, particularly in adipose tissues.
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127
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HIV DNA-Adenovirus Multiclade Envelope Vaccine Induces gp41 Antibody Immunodominance in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00923-17. [PMID: 28794027 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00923-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominant antibody responses in vaccinees who received the HIV-1 multiclade (A, B, and C) envelope (Env) DNA/recombinant adenovirus virus type 5 (rAd5) vaccine studied in HIV-1 Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) efficacy trial 505 (HVTN 505) targeted Env gp41 and cross-reacted with microbial antigens. In this study, we asked if the DNA/rAd5 vaccine induced a similar antibody response in rhesus macaques (RMs), which are commonly used as an animal model for human HIV-1 infections and for testing candidate HIV-1 vaccines. We also asked if gp41 immunodominance could be avoided by immunization of neonatal RMs during the early stages of microbial colonization. We found that the DNA/rAd5 vaccine elicited a higher frequency of gp41-reactive memory B cells than gp120-memory B cells in adult and neonatal RMs. Analysis of the vaccine-induced Env-reactive B cell repertoire revealed that the majority of HIV-1 Env-reactive antibodies in both adult and neonatal RMs were targeted to gp41. Interestingly, a subset of gp41-reactive antibodies isolated from RMs cross-reacted with host antigens, including autologous intestinal microbiota. Thus, gp41-containing DNA/rAd5 vaccine induced dominant gp41-microbiota cross-reactive antibodies derived from blood memory B cells in RMs as observed in the HVTN 505 vaccine efficacy trial. These data demonstrated that RMs can be used to investigate gp41 immunodominance in candidate HIV-1 vaccines. Moreover, colonization of neonatal RMs occurred within the first week of life, and immunization of neonatal RMs during this time also induced a dominant gp41-reactive antibody response.IMPORTANCE Our results are critical to current work in the HIV-1 vaccine field evaluating the phenomenon of gp41 immunodominance induced by HIV-1 Env gp140 in RMs and humans. Our data demonstrate that RMs are an appropriate animal model to study this phenomenon and to determine the immunogenicity in new HIV-1 Env trimer vaccine designs. The demonstration of gp41 immunodominance in memory B cells of both adult and neonatal RMs indicated that early vaccination could not overcome gp41 dominant responses.
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128
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West CE, Dzidic M, Prescott SL, Jenmalm MC. Bugging allergy; role of pre-, pro- and synbiotics in allergy prevention. Allergol Int 2017; 66:529-538. [PMID: 28865967 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale biodiversity loss and complex changes in social behaviors are altering human microbial ecology. This is increasingly implicated in the global rise in inflammatory diseases, most notably the "allergy epidemic" in very early life. Colonization of human ecological niches, particularly the gastrointestinal tract, is critical for normal local and systemic immune development and regulation. Disturbances in composition, diversity and timing of microbial colonization have been associated with increased allergy risk, indicating the importance of strategies to restore a dysbiotic gut microbiota in the primary prevention of allergic diseases, including the administration of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. Here, we summarize and discuss findings of randomized clinical trials that have examined the effects of these microbiome-related strategies on short and long-term allergy preventative effects - including new guidelines from the World Allergy Organization which now recommend probiotics and prebiotics for allergy prevention under certain conditions. The relatively low quality evidence, limited comparative studies and large heterogeneity between studies, have collectively hampered recommendations on specific probiotic strains, specific timing and specific conditions for the most effective preventive management. At the same time the risk of using available products is low. While further research is needed before specific practice guidelines on supplement probiotics and prebiotics, it is equally important that the underlying dietary and lifestyle factors of dysbiosis are addressed at both the individual and societal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E West
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; inFLAME Global Network (Worldwide Universities Network), West New York, NJ, USA.
| | - Majda Dzidic
- inFLAME Global Network (Worldwide Universities Network), West New York, NJ, USA; Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Department of Biotechnology, Unit of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics, Valencia, Spain
| | - Susan L Prescott
- inFLAME Global Network (Worldwide Universities Network), West New York, NJ, USA; School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia and Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia
| | - Maria C Jenmalm
- inFLAME Global Network (Worldwide Universities Network), West New York, NJ, USA; Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Aitoro R, Paparo L, Amoroso A, Di Costanzo M, Cosenza L, Granata V, Di Scala C, Nocerino R, Trinchese G, Montella M, Ercolini D, Berni Canani R. Gut Microbiota as a Target for Preventive and Therapeutic Intervention against Food Allergy. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070672. [PMID: 28657607 PMCID: PMC5537787 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in immune system development and function. Modification in the gut microbiota composition (dysbiosis) early in life is a critical factor affecting the development of food allergy. Many environmental factors including caesarean delivery, lack of breast milk, drugs, antiseptic agents, and a low-fiber/high-fat diet can induce gut microbiota dysbiosis, and have been associated with the occurrence of food allergy. New technologies and experimental tools have provided information regarding the importance of select bacteria on immune tolerance mechanisms. Short-chain fatty acids are crucial metabolic products of gut microbiota responsible for many protective effects against food allergy. These compounds are involved in epigenetic regulation of the immune system. These evidences provide a foundation for developing innovative strategies to prevent and treat food allergy. Here, we present an overview on the potential role of gut microbiota as the target of intervention against food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Aitoro
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Lorella Paparo
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio Amoroso
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Margherita Di Costanzo
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Linda Cosenza
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Viviana Granata
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Carmen Di Scala
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Rita Nocerino
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Montella
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Danilo Ercolini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80055 Portici, Italy.
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
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130
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Jin YB, Yang WT, Huang KY, Chen HL, Shonyela SM, Liu J, Liu Q, Feng B, Zhou Y, Zhi SL, Jiang YL, Wang JZ, Huang HB, Shi CW, Yang GL, Wang CF. Expression and purification of swine RAG2 in E. coli for production of porcine RAG2 polyclonal antibodies. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017. [PMID: 28644752 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1340086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombination activating gene 2 (RAG2) is necessary for immature B cell differentiation. Antibodies to human and rabbit RAG2 are currently commercially available, but antibodies to swine RAG remain unavailable to date. In this study, the swine RAG2 genes sequence was synthesized and then cloned into a pET-28a vector. The recombinant fusion protein was successfully expressed in E. coli, purified through nickel column chromatography, and further digested with Tobacco Etch Virus protease. The cleaved protein was purified by molecular-exclusion chromatography and named pRAG2. We used pRAG2 to immunize rabbits, collected the serum and purified rabbit anti-pRAG2 polyclonal antibodies. The rabbit anti-pRAG2 polyclonal antibodies were tested via immunofluorescence on eukaryotic cells overexpressing pRAG2 and also able to recognize pig natural RAG2 and human RAG2 protein in western blotting. These results indicated that the prepared rabbit anti-pRAG2 polyclonal antibodies may serve as a tool to detect immature B cell differentiation of swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bei Jin
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - Wen-Tao Yang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - Ke-Yan Huang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - Hong-Liang Chen
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - Seria-Masole Shonyela
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - Jing Liu
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - Qiong Liu
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - Bo Feng
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - You Zhou
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - Shu-Li Zhi
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - Yan-Long Jiang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - Jian-Zhong Wang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - Hai-Bin Huang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - Chun-Wei Shi
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - Gui-Lian Yang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - Chun-Feng Wang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
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131
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Agace WW, McCoy KD. Regionalized Development and Maintenance of the Intestinal Adaptive Immune Landscape. Immunity 2017; 46:532-548. [PMID: 28423335 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system has the daunting task of protecting us from pathogenic insults while limiting inflammatory responses against the resident commensal microbiota and providing tolerance to food antigens. This role is particularly impressive when one considers the vast mucosal surface and changing landscape that the intestinal immune system must monitor. In this review, we highlight regional differences in the development and composition of the adaptive immune landscape of the intestine and the impact of local intrinsic and environmental factors that shape this process. To conclude, we review the evidence for a critical window of opportunity for early-life exposures that affect immune development and alter disease susceptibility later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Agace
- Division of Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D14, Sölvegatan 19, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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132
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Belkaid Y, Harrison OJ. Homeostatic Immunity and the Microbiota. Immunity 2017; 46:562-576. [PMID: 28423337 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 720] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota plays a fundamental role in the induction, education, and function of the host immune system. In return, the host immune system has evolved multiple means by which to maintain its symbiotic relationship with the microbiota. The maintenance of this dialogue allows the induction of protective responses to pathogens and the utilization of regulatory pathways involved in the sustained tolerance to innocuous antigens. The ability of microbes to set the immunological tone of tissues, both locally and systemically, requires tonic sensing of microbes and complex feedback loops between innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Here we review the dominant cellular mediators of these interactions and discuss emerging themes associated with our current understanding of the homeostatic immunological dialogue between the host and its microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Microbiome Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Oliver J Harrison
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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133
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An LGG-derived protein promotes IgA production through upregulation of APRIL expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:373-384. [PMID: 27353252 PMCID: PMC5199635 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
p40, a Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)-derived protein, transactivates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in intestinal epithelial cells, leading to amelioration of intestinal injury and inflammation. To elucidate mechanisms by which p40 regulates mucosal immunity to prevent inflammation, this study aimed to determine the effects and mechanisms of p40 on regulation of a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) expression in intestinal epithelial cells for promoting immunoglobulin A (IgA) production. p40 upregulated April gene expression and protein production in mouse small intestine epithelial (MSIE) cells, which were inhibited by blocking EGFR expression and kinase activity. Enteroids from Egfrfl/fl, but not Egfrfl/fl-Vil-Cre mice with EGFR specifically deleted in intestinal epithelial cells, exhibited increased April gene expression by p40 treatment. p40-conditioned media from MSIE cells increased B-cell class switching to IgA+ cells and IgA production, which was suppressed by APRIL receptor-neutralizing antibodies. Treatment of B cells with p40 did not show any effects on IgA production. p40 treatment increased April gene expression and protein production in small intestinal epithelial cells, fecal IgA levels, IgA+B220+, IgA+CD19+, and IgA+ plasma cells in lamina propria of Egfrfl/fl, but not of Egfrfl/fl-Vil-Cre, mice. Thus p40 upregulates EGFR-dependent APRIL production in intestinal epithelial cells, which may contribute to promoting IgA production.
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134
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From Immunologically Archaic to Neoteric Glycovaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5010004. [PMID: 28134792 PMCID: PMC5371740 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides (PS) are present in the outermost surface of bacteria and readily come in contact with immune cells. They interact with specific antibodies, which in turn confer protection from infections. Vaccines with PS from pneumococci, meningococci, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Salmonella typhi may be protective, although with the important constraint of failing to generate permanent immunological memory. This limitation has in part been circumvented by conjugating glycovaccines to proteins that stimulate T helper cells and facilitate the establishment of immunological memory. Currently, protection evoked by conjugated PS vaccines lasts for a few years. The same approach failed with PS from staphylococci, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Klebsiella. All those germs cause severe infections in humans and often develop resistance to antibiotic therapy. Thereby, prevention is of increasing importance to better control outbreaks. As only 23 of more than 90 pneumococcal serotypes and 4 of 13 clinically relevant Neisseria meningitidis serogroups are covered by available vaccines there is still tremendous clinical need for PS vaccines. This review focuses on glycovaccines and the immunological mechanisms for their success or failure. We discuss recent advances that may facilitate generation of high affinity anti-PS antibodies and confer specific immunity and long-lasting protection.
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135
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Maturation of the infant microbiome community structure and function across multiple body sites and in relation to mode of delivery. Nat Med 2017; 23:314-326. [PMID: 28112736 PMCID: PMC5345907 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human microbial communities are characterized by their taxonomic, metagenomic, and metabolic diversity, which varies by distinct body sites and influences human physiology. However, when and how microbial communities within each body niche acquire unique taxonomical and functional signatures in early life remains underexplored. We thus sought to assess the taxonomic composition and potential metabolic function of the neonatal and early infant microbiota across multiple body sites, and assess the impact of mode of delivery and its potential confounders or modifiers. A cohort of pregnant women in their early 3rd trimester (n=81) were prospectively enrolled for longitudinal sampling through 6 weeks post-delivery, and a second matched cross-sectional cohort (n=81) was additionally recruited for sampling once at delivery. Samples were collected for each maternal-infant dyad across multiple body sites, including stool, oral gingiva, nares, skin and vagina. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis and whole genome shotgun sequencing was performed to interrogate the composition and function of the neonatal and maternal microbiota. We found that the neonatal microbiota and its associated functional pathways were relatively homogenous across all body sites at delivery, with the notable exception of neonatal meconium. However, by 6 weeks, the infant microbiota structure and function had significantly expanded and diversified, with body site serving as the primary determinant of the bacterial community composition and its functional capacity. Although minor variations in the neonatal (immediately at birth) microbiota community structure were associated with Cesarean delivery in some body sites (oral, nares, and skin; R2 = 0.038), this was not true in neonatal stool (meconium, Mann-Whitney p>0.05) and there was no observable difference in community function regardless of delivery mode. By 6 weeks of age, the infant microbiota structure and function had expanded and diversified with demonstrable body site specificity (p<0.001, R2 = 0.189), and no discernable differences in neither community structure nor function by Cesarean delivery were identifiable (p=0.057, R2 = 0.007). We conclude that within the first 6 weeks of life, the infant microbiota undergoes significant reorganization that is primarily driven by body site and not by mode of delivery.
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136
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Lenartić M, Jelenčić V, Zafirova B, Ožanič M, Marečić V, Jurković S, Sexl V, Šantić M, Wensveen FM, Polić B. NKG2D Promotes B1a Cell Development and Protection against Bacterial Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1531-1542. [PMID: 28087665 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NKG2D is a potent activating receptor that is expressed on cytotoxic immune cells such as CD8 T and NK cells, where it promotes cytotoxicity after binding stress ligands on infected or transformed cells. On NK cell precursors NKG2D modulates proliferation and maturation. Previously, we observed that NKG2D deficiency affects peripheral B cell numbers. In this study, we show that NKG2D regulates B1a cell development and function. We find that mice deficient for NKG2D have a strong reduction of B1a cell numbers. As a result, NKG2D-deficient mice produce significantly less Ag-specific IgM Abs upon immunization with T cell-independent Ags, and they are more susceptible to Gram-negative sepsis. Klrk1-/- B1a cells are also functionally impaired and they fail to provide protection against Francisella novicida upon adoptive transfer. Using mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, we show that the impact of NKG2D deficiency on B1a cell development is cell intrinsic. No changes in homeostatic turnover and homing of B cells were detectable, limiting the effects of NKG2D to modulation of the hematopoietic development of B1a cells. Using conditional ablation, we demonstrate that the effect of NKG2D on B1a cell development occurs at a developmental stage that precedes the common lymphoid progenitor. Our findings reveal an unexpected new role for NKG2D in the regulation of B1a cell development. The protective effects of this activating receptor therefore reach beyond that of cytotoxic cells, stimulating the immune system to fight bacterial infections by promoting development of innate-like B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Lenartić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vedrana Jelenčić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Biljana Zafirova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.,Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Immunobiology, Immunology Department, Institute Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mateja Ožanič
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Valentina Marečić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Slaven Jurković
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Marina Šantić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
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137
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Schwarzer M, Srutkova D, Hermanova P, Leulier F, Kozakova H, Schabussova I. Diet Matters: Endotoxin in the Diet Impacts the Level of Allergic Sensitization in Germ-Free Mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0167786. [PMID: 28052076 PMCID: PMC5215724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Germ-free animals have been used to define the vital role of commensal bacteria on the maturation of the host immune system. However, the role of bacterial residues in diet in this setting is poorly understood. Here we investigated the effect of bacterial contamination in sterile diet on the level of allergic sensitization in germ-free mice. Sterile grain-based diets ST1 and R03 were tested for the level of bacterial contamination. ST1 contained higher amount of bacterial DNA, approximately ten times more endotoxin, and induced higher, TLR4-dependent, cytokine production in dendritic cells compared to R03. In a germ-free mouse model of sensitization to the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1, feeding on ST1 for at least two generations was associated with decreased production of allergen-specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies in sera in comparison to R03. Furthermore, reduced levels of allergen-specific and ConA-induced cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 accompanied by increased levels of IFN-γ were detected in splenocytes cultures of these mice. Our results show that contamination of experimental diet with bacterial residues, such as endotoxin, significantly affects the development of allergic sensitization in germ-free mice. Therefore, careful selection of sterile food is critical for the outcomes of germ-free or gnotobiotic experimental models of immune-deviated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schwarzer
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Iniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Dagmar Srutkova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Hermanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Francois Leulier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Iniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Hana Kozakova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Irma Schabussova
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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138
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Abstract
Although largely deprived from exogenous stimuli in utero, the mucosal barriers of the neonate after birth are bombarded by environmental, nutritional, and microbial exposures. The microbiome is established concurrently with the developing immune system. The nature and timing of discrete interactions between these two factors underpins the long-term immune characteristics of these organs, and can set an individual on a trajectory towards or away from disease. Microbial exposures in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts are some of the key determinants of the overall immune tone at these mucosal barriers and represent a leading target for future intervention strategies. In this review, we discuss immune maturation in the gut and lung and how microbes have a central role in this process.
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139
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Wang M, Monaco MH, Donovan SM. Impact of early gut microbiota on immune and metabolic development and function. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 21:380-387. [PMID: 27132110 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbial colonization of the infant intestine occurs in the first two years of life. Symbiotic host and microbe interactions are critical for host metabolic and immune development. Emerging evidence indicates that early microbiota colonization may influence the occurrence of metabolic and immune diseases. Further understanding of the importance of environmental factors, including fetal microbial exposure, diet, delivery mode, pre- and probiotic consumption, and antibiotic use on immune and metabolic programming will provide new opportunities for the development of therapeutic and prophylactic measures to improve infant health and reduce the risk of disease in post-infancy years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Marcia H Monaco
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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140
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Sutherland DB, Suzuki K, Fagarasan S. Fostering of advanced mutualism with gut microbiota by Immunoglobulin A. Immunol Rev 2016; 270:20-31. [PMID: 26864102 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), the most abundantly secreted antibody isotype in mammals, not only provides direct immune protection to neonates via maternal milk but also helps program the infant immune system by regulating the microbiota. IgA continues to maintain dynamic interactions with the gut microbiota throughout life and this influences immune system homeostasis as well as other physiological processes. The secretory IgA produced independently of T-cell selection are commonly referred to as natural or innate antibodies. Our studies have shown that innate-IgA, while effective at excluding microorganisms from the gut, does not promote mutualism with the microbiota in the same way as adaptive-IgA that is selected in T cell-dependent germinal center reactions. Adaptive-IgA fosters more advanced mutualism with the microbiota than innate-IgA by selecting and diversifying beneficial microbial communities. In this review, we suggest that the diversified microbiota resulting from adaptive-IgA pressure was pivotal in promoting ecological adaptability and speciation potential of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan B Sutherland
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sidonia Fagarasan
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
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141
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New JS, King RG, Kearney JF. Manipulation of the glycan-specific natural antibody repertoire for immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2016; 270:32-50. [PMID: 26864103 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural immunoglobulin derived from innate-like B lymphocytes plays important roles in the suppression of inflammatory responses and represents a promising therapeutic target in a growing number of allergic and autoimmune diseases. These antibodies are commonly autoreactive and incorporate evolutionarily conserved specificities, including certain glycan-specific antibodies. Despite this conservation, exposure to bacterial polysaccharides during innate-like B lymphocyte development, through either natural exposure or immunization, induces significant changes in clonal representation within the glycan-reactive B cell pool. Glycan-reactive natural antibodies (NAbs) have been reported to play protective and pathogenic roles in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. An understanding of the composition and functions of a healthy glycan-reactive NAb repertoire is therefore paramount. A more thorough understanding of NAb repertoire development holds promise for the design of both biological diagnostics and therapies. In this article, we review the development and functions of NAbs and examine three glycan specificities, represented in the innate-like B cell pool, to illustrate the complex roles environmental antigens play in NAb repertoire development. We also discuss the implications of increased clonal plasticity of the innate-like B cell repertoire during neonatal and perinatal periods, and the prospect of targeting B cell development with interventional therapies and correct defects in this important arm of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stewart New
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - R Glenn King
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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142
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The Microbiome, Timing, and Barrier Function in the Context of Allergic Disease. Immunity 2016; 44:728-38. [PMID: 27096316 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allergic disease affects millions. Despite many advances in our understanding of the immune system in the past century, the physiologic underpinning for the existence of allergy remains largely mysterious. Food allergies, in particular, have increased dramatically in recent years, adding a new sense of urgency to unraveling this mystery. The concurrence of significant lifestyle changes in Western societies with increasing disease prevalence implies a causal link. Demographic variables that influence the composition and function of the commensal microbiota early in life seem to be most important. Identifying the evolutionary and physiologic foundations of allergic disease and defining what about our modern environment is responsible for its increased incidence will provide insights critical to the development of new approaches to prevention and treatment.
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143
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Dysfunctions in the migratory phenotype and properties of circulating immature transitional B cells during HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2016; 30:2169-77. [PMID: 27281060 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The frequency of immature transitional B cells is increased in blood of HIV-1-infected individuals. We investigated whether HIV-1 infection affects expression and function of chemokine receptors important for egress of immature transitional B cells from bone marrow and migration to lymphoid organs. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study analysing the migratory phenotype and function of immature transitional B cells in HIV-1-infected individuals, in relation to antiretroviral treatment and age. METHODS Frequency of blood immature transitional B cells and their phenotypic characteristics, including chemokine receptors and a maturation marker, were determined by immunostainings. Migratory capacities were studied in a migration assay. RESULTS The increased frequency of immature transitional B cells in untreated HIV-1 infection was normalized in patients receiving antiretroviral treatment; in our cohorts, age did not have an impact on the frequency of circulating immature transitional B cells. Immature transitional B cells from nontreated patients expressed low levels of CD21 molecule. We found an elevated frequency of CXCR3 and CXCR4 expressing immature transitional B cells in treated and nontreated patients. CXCR4 receptor was unresponsive to CXCL12 ligand in in-vitro migration and internalization assays. In addition, CXCR5 expression was downregulated on immature transitional B cells from infected patients, and these cells migrated poorly in response to CXCR5 ligand. CONCLUSION Circulating immature transitional B cells from HIV-1-infected patients are not fully mature, probably due to premature egress from bone marrow; these cells showed a phenotype which could impair entry into secondary lymphoid organs. Changes in migratory capacity of immature transitional B cells may affect B-cell maturation during HIV-1 infection.
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144
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Abstract
Hypomorphic Rag mutations in humans cause Omenn Syndrome (OS) a severe immunodeficiency associated with autoimmune-like manifestations mediated by oligoclonal activated T and B cells. The clinical and immunological spectrum of OS presentation is extremely broad. However, the role played by environmental triggers in the disease pathogenesis remains largely unknown. We have recently shown in a murine model that gut microbiota has a substantial role in determining the distinctive immune dysregulation of OS. Here, we describe how dysbiosis and loss of T cell tolerance to commensals influence the expression of autoimmunity at the barrier site and beyond, and the disease hallmark hyper-IgE. We discuss how commensal antigens and gut-derived pathogenic T cells could potentially modulate skin immunity to determine cutaneous degenerations in OS. These mechanisms may have broader implications for a deeper understanding of the role of gut microbes in influencing barriers integrity and host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Rigoni
- Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e
Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan,
Italy,Humanitas Clinical and Research
Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare,
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of
Milan, Milan, Italy,Institute for Research in
Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Anna Villa
- Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e
Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan,
Italy,Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division
of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan,
Italy
| | - Barbara Cassani
- Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e
Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan,
Italy,Humanitas Clinical and Research
Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy,CONTACT Barbara Cassani Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, via Manzoni
56, 20089 Rozzano (Mi), Italy
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145
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Samitas K, Malmhäll C, Rådinger M, Ramos-Ramirez P, Lu Y, Deák T, Semitekolou M, Gaga M, Sjöstrand M, Lötvall J, Bossios A. Precursor B Cells Increase in the Lung during Airway Allergic Inflammation: A Role for B Cell-Activating Factor. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161161. [PMID: 27513955 PMCID: PMC4981371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background B cells, key cells in allergic inflammation, differentiate in the bone marrow and their precursors include pro-B, pre-B and immature B cells. Eosinophil progenitor cells increase in the lung after allergen exposure. However, the existence and possible role of B cell precursors in the lung during allergic inflammation remains elusive. Methods A BALB/c mouse model of allergic airway inflammation was utilized to perform phenotypic and quantification analyses of pro-B and pre-B cells in the lung by flow cytometry. B cell maturation factors IL-7 and B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and their receptors (CD127 and BAFFR, BCMA, TACI, respectively) were also evaluated in the lung and serum. The effect of anti-BAFF treatment was investigated both in vivo (i.p. administration of BAFF-R-Ig fusion protein) and in vitro (colony forming cell assay). Finally, BAFF levels were examined in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of asthmatic patients and healthy controls. Results Precursor pro and pre-B cells increase in the lung after allergen exposure, proliferate in the lung tissue in vivo, express markers of chemotaxis (CCR10 and CXCR4) and co-stimulation (CD40, CD86) and are resistant to apoptosis (Bax). Precursor B cells express receptors for BAFF at baseline, while after allergen challenge both their ligand BAFF and the BCMA receptor expression increases in B cell precursors. Blocking BAFFR in the lung in vivo decreases eosinophils and proliferating precursor B cells. Blocking BAFFR in bone marrow cultures in vitro reduces pre-B colony formation units. BAFF is increased in the BAL of severe asthmatics. Conclusion Our data support the concept of a BAFF-mediated role for B cell precursors in allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Samitas
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Cell Biology, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- 7th Respiratory Medicine Dept. and Asthma Center, Athens Chest Hospital “Sotiria”, Athens, Greece
| | - Carina Malmhäll
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Rådinger
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patricia Ramos-Ramirez
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - You Lu
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tünde Deák
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Semitekolou
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Cell Biology, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mina Gaga
- 7th Respiratory Medicine Dept. and Asthma Center, Athens Chest Hospital “Sotiria”, Athens, Greece
| | - Margareta Sjöstrand
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Apostolos Bossios
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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146
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Kabat AM, Pott J, Maloy KJ. The Mucosal Immune System and Its Regulation by Autophagy. Front Immunol 2016; 7:240. [PMID: 27446072 PMCID: PMC4916208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract presents a unique challenge to the mucosal immune system, which has to constantly monitor the vast surface for the presence of pathogens, while at the same time maintaining tolerance to beneficial or innocuous antigens. In the intestinal mucosa, specialized innate and adaptive immune components participate in directing appropriate immune responses toward these diverse challenges. Recent studies provide compelling evidence that the process of autophagy influences several aspects of mucosal immune responses. Initially described as a “self-eating” survival pathway that enables nutrient recycling during starvation, autophagy has now been connected to multiple cellular responses, including several aspects of immunity. Initial links between autophagy and host immunity came from the observations that autophagy can target intracellular bacteria for degradation. However, subsequent studies indicated that autophagy plays a much broader role in immune responses, as it can impact antigen processing, thymic selection, lymphocyte homeostasis, and the regulation of immunoglobulin and cytokine secretion. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of mucosal immune cells and discuss how autophagy influences many aspects of their physiology and function. We focus on cell type-specific roles of autophagy in the gut, with a particular emphasis on the effects of autophagy on the intestinal T cell compartment. We also provide a perspective on how manipulation of autophagy may potentially be used to treat mucosal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M Kabat
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Johanna Pott
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Kevin J Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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147
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Grönwall C, Clancy RM, Getu L, Lloyd KA, Siegel DL, Reed JH, Buyon JP, Silverman GJ. Modulation of natural IgM autoantibodies to oxidative stress-related neo-epitopes on apoptotic cells in newborns of mothers with anti-Ro autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2016; 73:30-41. [PMID: 27289167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
At birth, the human immune system already contains substantial levels of polymeric IgM, that include autoantibodies to neo-epitopes on apoptotic cells (ACs) that are proposed to play homeostatic and anti-inflammatory roles. Yet the biologic origins and developmental regulation of these naturally arising antibodies remain poorly understood. Herein, we report that levels of IgM-antibodies to malondialdehyde (MDA) protein adducts, a common type of in vivo generated oxidative stress-related neoepitope, directly correlate with the relative binding of neonatal-IgM to ACs. Levels of IgM to phosphorylcholine (PC), a natural antibody prevalent in adults, were relatively scant in cord blood, while there was significantly greater relative representation of IgM anti-MDA antibodies in newborns compared to adults. To investigate the potential interrelationships between neonatal IgM with pathogenic IgG-autoantibodies, we studied 103 newborns born to autoimmune mothers with IgG anti-Ro (i.e., 70 with neonatal lupus and 33 without neonatal lupus). In these subjects the mean levels of IgM anti-Ro60 were significantly higher than in the newborns from non-autoimmune mothers. In contrast, levels of IgM anti-MDA in IgG anti-Ro exposed neonates were significantly lower than in neonates from non-autoimmune mothers. The presence or absence of neonatal lupus did not appear to influence the total levels of IgM in the anti-Ro exposed newborns. Taken together, our studies provide evidence that the immune development of the natural IgM-repertoire may be affected, and become imprinted by, the transfer of maternal IgG into the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grönwall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert M Clancy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lelise Getu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Katy A Lloyd
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Don L Siegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Transfusion Medicine & Therapeutic Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joanne H Reed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jill P Buyon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gregg J Silverman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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148
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The Gut Microbiota and Immune System Relationship in Human Graft-versus-Host Disease. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2016; 8:e2016025. [PMID: 27158438 PMCID: PMC4848019 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2016.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has gained increasing interest in the pathogenesis of immune-related diseases. In this context, graft-versus-host disease is a condition characterized by an immune response which frequently complicates and limits the outcomes of hematopoietic stem cell transplantations. Past studies, carried mostly in animals, already supported a relationship between gut microbiota and graft-versus-host disease. However, the possible mechanisms underlying this connection remain elusory. Moreover, strategies to prevent graft-versus-host disease are of great interest as well as the potential role of gut microbiota modulation. We reviewed the role of gut microbiota in the development of immune system and its involvement in the graft-versus-host disease, focusing on data available on humans.
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149
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Archary D, Seaton KE, Passmore JS, Werner L, Deal A, Dunphy LJ, Arnold KB, Yates NL, Lauffenburger DA, Bergin P, Liebenberg LJ, Samsunder N, Mureithi MW, Altfeld M, Garrett N, Karim QA, Karim SSA, Morris L, Tomaras GD. Distinct genital tract HIV-specific antibody profiles associated with tenofovir gel. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:821-833. [PMID: 26813340 PMCID: PMC4848129 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The impact of topical antiretrovirals for pre-exposure prophylaxis on humoral responses following HIV infection is unknown. Using a binding antibody multiplex assay, we investigated HIV-specific IgG and IgA responses to envelope glycoproteins, p24 Gag and p66, in the genital tract (GT) and plasma following HIV acquisition in women assigned to tenofovir gel (n=24) and placebo gel (n=24) in the CAPRISA 004 microbicide trial to assess if this topical antiretroviral had an impact on mucosal and systemic antibody responses. Linear mixed effect modeling and partial least squares discriminant analysis was used to identify multivariate antibody signatures associated with tenofovir use. There were significantly higher response rates to gp120 Env (P=0.03), p24 (P=0.002), and p66 (P=0.009) in plasma and GT in women assigned to tenofovir than placebo gel at multiple time points post infection. Notably, p66 IgA titers in the GT and plasma were significantly higher in the tenofovir compared with the placebo arm (P<0.05). Plasma titers for 9 of the 10 HIV-IgG specificities predicted GT levels. Taken together, these data suggest that humoral immune responses are increased in blood and GT of individuals who acquire HIV infection in the presence of tenofovir gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Archary
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - KE Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - JS Passmore
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - L Werner
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - A Deal
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - LJ Dunphy
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - KB Arnold
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - NL Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - DA Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P Bergin
- Imperial College, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Core Immune Monitoring Laboratory, London, UK
| | - LJ Liebenberg
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - N Samsunder
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - MW Mureithi
- KAVI Institute of Clinical Research, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M Altfeld
- Heinrich-Pette Institut, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Q Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - SS Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - L Morris
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - GD Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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150
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Abstract
Secondary lymphoid tissues share the important function of bringing together antigens and rare antigen-specific lymphocytes to foster induction of adaptive immune responses. Peyer's patches (PPs) are unique compared to other secondary lymphoid tissues in their continual exposure to an enormous diversity of microbiome- and food-derived antigens and in the types of pathogens they encounter. Antigens are delivered to PPs by specialized microfold (M) epithelial cells and they may be captured and presented by resident dendritic cells (DCs). In accord with their state of chronic microbial antigen exposure, PPs exhibit continual germinal center (GC) activity. These GCs not only contribute to the generation of B cells and plasma cells producing somatically mutated gut antigen-specific IgA antibodies but have also been suggested to support non-specific antigen diversification of the B-cell repertoire. Here, we review current understanding of how PPs foster B-cell encounters with antigen, how they favor isotype switching to the secretory IgA isotype, and how their GC responses may uniquely contribute to mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Reboldi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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