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Kibria MG, Lavine CL, Tang W, Wang S, Gao H, Shi W, Zhu H, Voyer J, Rits‐Volloch S, Keerti, Bi C, Peng H, Wesemann DR, Lu J, Xie H, Seaman MS, Chen B. Antibody-mediated SARS-CoV-2 entry in cultured cells. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57724. [PMID: 38277394 PMCID: PMC10702815 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters host cells by first engaging its cellular receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to induce conformational changes in the virus-encoded spike protein and fusion between the viral and target cell membranes. Here, we report that certain monoclonal neutralizing antibodies against distinct epitopic regions of the receptor-binding domain of the spike can replace ACE2 to serve as a receptor and efficiently support membrane fusion and viral infectivity in vitro. These receptor-like antibodies can function in the form of a complex of their soluble immunoglobulin G with Fc-gamma receptor I, a chimera of their antigen-binding fragment with the transmembrane domain of ACE2 or a membrane-bound B cell receptor, indicating that ACE2 and its specific interaction with the spike protein are dispensable for SARS-CoV-2 entry. These results suggest that antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 may help expand the viral tropism to otherwise nonpermissive cell types with potential implications for viral transmission and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Golam Kibria
- Division of Molecular MedicineBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Christy L Lavine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine ResearchBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMAUSA
| | - Weichun Tang
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchUnited States Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMDUSA
| | | | - Hailong Gao
- Division of Molecular MedicineBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Wei Shi
- Division of Molecular MedicineBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Haisun Zhu
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Harvard Institutes of MedicineBostonMAUSA
| | - Jewel Voyer
- Division of Molecular MedicineBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Keerti
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's HospitalRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardBostonMAUSA
| | - Caihong Bi
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's HospitalRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardBostonMAUSA
| | - Hanqin Peng
- Division of Molecular MedicineBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's HospitalRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardBostonMAUSA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Codex BioSolutions, Inc.RockvilleMDUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular BiologyGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Hang Xie
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchUnited States Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMDUSA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine ResearchBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMAUSA
| | - Bing Chen
- Division of Molecular MedicineBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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2
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Wu SC, Arthur CM, Jan HM, Garcia-Beltran WF, Patel KR, Rathgeber MF, Verkerke HP, Cheedarla N, Jajosky RP, Paul A, Neish AS, Roback JD, Josephson CD, Wesemann DR, Kalman D, Rakoff-Nahoum S, Cummings RD, Stowell SR. Blood group A enhances SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood 2023; 142:742-747. [PMID: 37367252 PMCID: PMC10294591 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022018903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the risk factors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), ABO(H) blood group antigens are among the most recognized predictors of infection. However, the mechanisms by which ABO(H) antigens influence susceptibility to COVID-19 remain incompletely understood. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, which facilitates host cell engagement, bears significant similarity to galectins, an ancient family of carbohydrate-binding proteins. Because ABO(H) blood group antigens are carbohydrates, we compared the glycan-binding specificity of SARS-CoV-2 RBD with that of galectins. Similar to the binding profile of several galectins, the RBDs of SARS-CoV-2, including Delta and Omicron variants, exhibited specificity for blood group A. Not only did each RBD recognize blood group A in a glycan array format, but each SARS-CoV-2 virus also displayed a preferential ability to infect blood group A-expressing cells. Preincubation of blood group A cells with a blood group-binding galectin specifically inhibited the blood group A enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas similar incubation with a galectin that does not recognize blood group antigens failed to impact SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 can engage blood group A, providing a direct link between ABO(H) blood group expression and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Chuen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hau-Ming Jan
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Wilfredo F Garcia-Beltran
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kashyap R Patel
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew F Rathgeber
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hans P Verkerke
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ryan Philip Jajosky
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anu Paul
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew S Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - John D Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cassandra D Josephson
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel Kalman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Seth Rakoff-Nahoum
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- National Center for Functional Glycomics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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3
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Zhang J, Tang W, Gao H, Lavine CL, Shi W, Peng H, Zhu H, Anand K, Kosikova M, Kwon HJ, Tong P, Gautam A, Rits-Volloch S, Wang S, Mayer ML, Wesemann DR, Seaman MS, Lu J, Xiao T, Xie H, Chen B. Structural and functional characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.2 spike protein. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023:10.1038/s41594-023-01023-6. [PMID: 37430064 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The Omicron subvariant BA.2 has become the dominant circulating strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in many countries. Here, we have characterized structural, functional and antigenic properties of the full-length BA.2 spike (S) protein and compared replication of the authentic virus in cell culture and an animal model with previously prevalent variants. BA.2 S can fuse membranes slightly more efficiently than Omicron BA.1, but still less efficiently than other previous variants. Both BA.1 and BA.2 viruses replicated substantially faster in animal lungs than the early G614 (B.1) strain in the absence of pre-existing immunity, possibly explaining the increased transmissibility despite their functionally compromised spikes. As in BA.1, mutations in the BA.2 S remodel its antigenic surfaces, leading to strong resistance to neutralizing antibodies. These results suggest that both immune evasion and replicative advantage may contribute to the heightened transmissibility of the Omicron subvariants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weichun Tang
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hailong Gao
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christy L Lavine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanqin Peng
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haisun Zhu
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Krishna Anand
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matina Kosikova
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hyung Joon Kwon
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Pei Tong
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Avneesh Gautam
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Megan L Mayer
- The Harvard Cryo-EM Center for Structural Biology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Codex BioSolutions, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tianshu Xiao
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Hang Xie
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Bing Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Bruno PM, Timms RT, Abdelfattah NS, Leng Y, Lelis FJN, Wesemann DR, Yu XG, Elledge SJ. High-throughput, targeted MHC class I immunopeptidomics using a functional genetics screening platform. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:980-992. [PMID: 36593401 PMCID: PMC10314971 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Identification of CD8+ T cell epitopes is critical for the development of immunotherapeutics. Existing methods for major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) ligand discovery are time intensive, specialized and unable to interrogate specific proteins on a large scale. Here, we present EpiScan, which uses surface MHC class I levels as a readout for whether a genetically encoded peptide is an MHC class I ligand. Predetermined starting pools composed of >100,000 peptides can be designed using oligonucleotide synthesis, permitting large-scale MHC class I screening. We exploit this programmability of EpiScan to uncover an unappreciated role for cysteine that increases the number of predicted ligands by 9-21%, reveal affinity hierarchies by analysis of biased anchor peptide libraries and screen viral proteomes for MHC class I ligands. Using these data, we generate and iteratively refine peptide binding predictions to create EpiScan Predictor. EpiScan Predictor performs comparably to other state-of-the-art MHC class I peptide binding prediction algorithms without suffering from underrepresentation of cysteine-containing peptides. Thus, targeted immunopeptidomics using EpiScan will accelerate CD8+ T cell epitope discovery toward the goal of individual-specific immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Bruno
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Richard T Timms
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nouran S Abdelfattah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Felipe J N Lelis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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5
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Tedeschi SK, Solomon DH, Rao DA, Jonsson AH, Wesemann DR. Response letter to the editor. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2023:152223. [PMID: 37210284 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2023.152223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Tedeschi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Daniel H Solomon
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Boston, MA, United States
| | - A Helena Jonsson
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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Shrock EL, Timms RT, Kula T, Mena EL, West AP, Guo R, Lee IH, Cohen AA, McKay LGA, Bi C, Keerti, Leng Y, Fujimura E, Horns F, Li M, Wesemann DR, Griffiths A, Gewurz BE, Bjorkman PJ, Elledge SJ. Germline-encoded amino acid-binding motifs drive immunodominant public antibody responses. Science 2023; 380:eadc9498. [PMID: 37023193 PMCID: PMC10273302 DOI: 10.1126/science.adc9498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the vast diversity of the antibody repertoire, infected individuals often mount antibody responses to precisely the same epitopes within antigens. The immunological mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon remain unknown. By mapping 376 immunodominant "public epitopes" at high resolution and characterizing several of their cognate antibodies, we concluded that germline-encoded sequences in antibodies drive recurrent recognition. Systematic analysis of antibody-antigen structures uncovered 18 human and 21 partially overlapping mouse germline-encoded amino acid-binding (GRAB) motifs within heavy and light V gene segments that in case studies proved critical for public epitope recognition. GRAB motifs represent a fundamental component of the immune system's architecture that promotes recognition of pathogens and leads to species-specific public antibody responses that can exert selective pressure on pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L. Shrock
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard T. Timms
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tomasz Kula
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Present address: Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Elijah L. Mena
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anthony P. West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Rui Guo
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - I-Hsiu Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alexander A. Cohen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lindsay G. A. McKay
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Caihong Bi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Keerti
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric Fujimura
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Felix Horns
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Applied Physics, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub and Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mamie Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139 USA
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Graduate Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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7
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Tedeschi SK, Solomon DH, Chen Y, Ellrodt J, Whelan MG, Stratton J, Hayashi K, Whiteman NB, Chen L, Adejoorin I, Marks KE, Gomez-Rivas E, Rao DA, Jonsson AH, Wesemann DR. Humoral and cellular immune responses in persons with rheumatoid arthritis after a third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2023; 59:152177. [PMID: 36796211 PMCID: PMC9911151 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2023.152177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) that treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may reduce immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination. We compared humoral and cell-mediated immunity before and after a 3rd dose of mRNA COVID vaccine in RA subjects. METHODS RA patients that received 2 doses of mRNA vaccine enrolled in an observational study in 2021 before receiving a 3rd dose. Subjects self-reported holding or continuing DMARDs. Blood samples were collected pre- and 4 weeks after the 3rd dose. 50 healthy controls provided blood samples. Humoral response was measured with in-house ELISA assays for anti-Spike IgG (anti-S) and anti-receptor binding domain IgG (anti-RBD). T cell activation was measured after stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 peptide. Spearman's correlations assessed the relationship between anti-S, anti-RBD, and frequencies of activated T cells. RESULTS Among 60 subjects, mean age was 63 years and 88% were female. 57% of subjects held at least 1 DMARD around the 3rd dose. 43% (anti-S) and 62% (anti-RBD) had a normal humoral response at week 4, defined as ELISA within 1 standard deviation of the healthy control mean. No differences in antibody levels were observed based on holding DMARDs. Median frequency of activated CD4 T cells was significantly greater post- vs. pre-3rd dose. Changes in antibody levels did not correlate with change in frequency of activated CD4 T cells. CONCLUSION Virus-specific IgG levels significantly increased in RA subjects using DMARDs after completing the primary vaccine series, though fewer than two-thirds achieved a humoral response like healthy controls. Humoral and cellular changes were not correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Tedeschi
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Daniel H Solomon
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yuezhou Chen
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jack Ellrodt
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mary Grace Whelan
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jacklyn Stratton
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Keigo Hayashi
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Noah Benjamin Whiteman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lin Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ifeoluwakiisi Adejoorin
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kathryne E Marks
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emma Gomez-Rivas
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - A Helena Jonsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, United States
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Skevaki
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Mass; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass.
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9
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Chen Y, Tong P, Whiteman N, Moghaddam AS, Zarghami M, Zuiani A, Habibi S, Gautam A, Keerti F, Bi C, Xiao T, Cai Y, Chen B, Neuberg D, Wesemann DR. Immune recall improves antibody durability and breadth to SARS-CoV-2 variants. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabp8328. [PMID: 35549298 PMCID: PMC9097880 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abp8328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Key features of immune memory are greater and faster antigen-specific antibody responses to repeat infection. In the setting of immune-evading viral evolution, it is important to understand how far antibody memory recognition stretches across viral variants when memory cells are recalled to action by repeat invasions. It is also important to understand how immune recall influences longevity of secreted antibody responses. We analyzed SARS-CoV-2 variant recognition; dynamics of memory B cells; and secreted antibody over time after infection, vaccination, and boosting. We find that a two-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination regimen given after natural infection generated greater longitudinal antibody stability and induced maximal antibody magnitudes with enhanced breadth across Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron variants. A homologous third messenger RNA vaccine dose in COVID-naïve individuals conferred greater cross-variant evenness of neutralization potency with stability that was equal to the hybrid immunity conferred by infection plus vaccination. Within unvaccinated individuals who recovered from COVID, enhanced antibody stability over time was observed within a subgroup of individuals who recovered more quickly from COVID and harbored significantly more memory B cells cross-reactive to endemic coronaviruses early after infection. These cross-reactive clones map to the conserved S2 region of SARS-CoV-2 spike with higher somatic hypermutation levels and greater target affinity. We conclude that SARS-CoV-2 antigen challenge histories in humans influence not only the speed and magnitude of antibody responses but also functional cross-variant antibody repertoire composition and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Pei Tong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Noah Whiteman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Ali Sanjari Moghaddam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Mehrdad Zarghami
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Adam Zuiani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Shaghayegh Habibi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Avneesh Gautam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - F. Keerti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Caihong Bi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Tianshu Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yongfei Cai
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard,Correspondence:
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10
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Rahman RS, Wesemann DR. Immunology of allergen immunotherapy. Immunother Adv 2022; 2:ltac022. [PMID: 36530352 PMCID: PMC9749131 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only disease-modifying therapy for allergic disease. Through repeated inoculations of low doses of allergen-either as whole proteins or peptides-patients can achieve a homeostatic balance between inflammatory effectors induced and/or associated with allergen contact, and mediators of immunologic non-responsiveness, potentially leading to sustained clinical improvements. AIT for airborne/respiratory tract allergens and insect venoms have traditionally been supplied subcutaneously, but other routes and modalities of administration can also be effective. Despite differences of allergen administration, there are some similarities of immunologic responses across platforms, with a general theme involving the restructuring and polarization of adaptive and innate immune effector cells. Here we review the immunology of AIT across various delivery platforms, including subcutaneous, sublingual, epicutaneous, intradermal, and intralymphatic approaches, emphasizing shared mechanisms associated with achieving immunologic non-responsiveness to allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Banday AR, Stanifer ML, Florez-Vargas O, Onabajo OO, Papenberg BW, Zahoor MA, Mirabello L, Ring TJ, Lee CH, Albert PS, Andreakos E, Arons E, Barsh G, Biesecker LG, Boyle DL, Brahier MS, Burnett-Hartman A, Carrington M, Chang E, Choe PG, Chisholm RL, Colli LM, Dalgard CL, Dude CM, Edberg J, Erdmann N, Feigelson HS, Fonseca BA, Firestein GS, Gehring AJ, Guo C, Ho M, Holland S, Hutchinson AA, Im H, Irby L, Ison MG, Joseph NT, Kim HB, Kreitman RJ, Korf BR, Lipkin SM, Mahgoub SM, Mohammed I, Paschoalini GL, Pacheco JA, Peluso MJ, Rader DJ, Redden DT, Ritchie MD, Rosenblum B, Ross ME, Anna HPS, Savage SA, Sharma S, Siouti E, Smith AK, Triantafyllia V, Vargas JM, Vargas JD, Verma A, Vij V, Wesemann DR, Yeager M, Yu X, Zhang Y, Boulant S, Chanock SJ, Feld JJ, Prokunina-Olsson L. Genetic regulation of OAS1 nonsense-mediated decay underlies association with COVID-19 hospitalization in patients of European and African ancestries. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1103-1116. [PMID: 35835913 PMCID: PMC9355882 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The chr12q24.13 locus encoding OAS1-OAS3 antiviral proteins has been associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) susceptibility. Here, we report genetic, functional and clinical insights into this locus in relation to COVID-19 severity. In our analysis of patients of European (n = 2,249) and African (n = 835) ancestries with hospitalized versus nonhospitalized COVID-19, the risk of hospitalized disease was associated with a common OAS1 haplotype, which was also associated with reduced severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) clearance in a clinical trial with pegIFN-λ1. Bioinformatic analyses and in vitro studies reveal the functional contribution of two associated OAS1 exonic variants comprising the risk haplotype. Derived human-specific alleles rs10774671-A and rs1131454 -A decrease OAS1 protein abundance through allele-specific regulation of splicing and nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). We conclude that decreased OAS1 expression due to a common haplotype contributes to COVID-19 severity. Our results provide insight into molecular mechanisms through which early treatment with interferons could accelerate SARS-CoV-2 clearance and mitigate against severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rouf Banday
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Megan L Stanifer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oscar Florez-Vargas
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Olusegun O Onabajo
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Brenen W Papenberg
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Muhammad A Zahoor
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Timothy J Ring
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Chia-Han Lee
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Paul S Albert
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evgeny Arons
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Greg Barsh
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Leslie G Biesecker
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David L Boyle
- Altman Clinical & Translational Research Institute, UC San Diego Health Sciences, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Brahier
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Euijin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyoeng Gyun Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rex L Chisholm
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leandro M Colli
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carolynn M Dude
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeff Edberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nathan Erdmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Benedito A Fonseca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gary S Firestein
- Altman Clinical & Translational Research Institute, UC San Diego Health Sciences, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Adam J Gehring
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cuncai Guo
- Division of Cellular Polarity and Viral Infection, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michelle Ho
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Steven Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy A Hutchinson
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Hogune Im
- Genome Opinion, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Les'Shon Irby
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael G Ison
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Naima T Joseph
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert J Kreitman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bruce R Korf
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Steven M Lipkin
- Department of Medicine and Program in Mendelian Genetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Siham M Mahgoub
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Howard University Hospital, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Iman Mohammed
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guilherme L Paschoalini
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jennifer A Pacheco
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael J Peluso
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David T Redden
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brooke Rosenblum
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Ross
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanaisa P Sant Anna
- Laboratory of Genetic Susceptibility, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sharon A Savage
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sudha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Human Genome Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eleni Siouti
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vasiliki Triantafyllia
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Joselin M Vargas
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jose D Vargas
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anurag Verma
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vibha Vij
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xu Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Division of Cellular Polarity and Viral Infection, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Laboratory of Genetic Susceptibility, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
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12
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Nelson RW, Chen Y, Venezia OL, Majerus RM, Shin DS, Carrington MN, Yu XG, Wesemann DR, Moon JJ, Luster AD. SARS-CoV-2 epitope-specific CD4 + memory T cell responses across COVID-19 disease severity and antibody durability. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabl9464. [PMID: 35857584 PMCID: PMC9097883 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl9464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are central to long-term immunity against viruses through the functions of T helper 1 (TH1) and T follicular helper (TFH) cell subsets. To better understand the role of these subsets in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) immunity, we conducted a longitudinal study of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific CD4+ T cell and antibody responses in convalescent individuals who seroconverted during the first wave of the pandemic in Boston, MA, USA, across a range of COVID-19 disease severities. Analyses of spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) epitope-specific CD4+ T cells using peptide and major histocompatibility complex class II (pMHCII) tetramers demonstrated expanded populations of T cells recognizing the different SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in most individuals compared with prepandemic controls. Individuals who experienced a milder disease course not requiring hospitalization had a greater percentage of circulating TFH (cTFH) and TH1 cells among SARS-CoV-2-specific cells. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells responses in a subset of individuals with sustained anti-S antibody responses after viral clearance also revealed an increased proportion of memory cTFH cells. Our findings indicate that efficient early disease control also predicts favorable long-term adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W. Nelson
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuezhou Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia L. Venezia
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Daniel S. Shin
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - MGH COVID-19 Collection & Processing Team†
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Queens University of Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD and Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary N. Carrington
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD and Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James J. Moon
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew D. Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Windsor IW, Tong P, Lavidor O, Sanjari Moghaddam A, McKay LGA, Gautam A, Chen Y, MacDonald EA, Yoo DK, Griffiths A, Wesemann DR, Harrison SC. Antibodies induced by ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain that cross-neutralize variants from Alpha to Omicron BA.1. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabo3425. [PMID: 35536154 PMCID: PMC9097876 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abo3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies that recognize the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein are the principal host defense against viral invasion. Variants of SARS-CoV-2 bear mutations that allow escape from neutralization by many antibodies, especially those belonging to classes widely distributed in the human population. Identifying antibodies that neutralize these variants of concern and determining their prevalence are important goals for understanding immune protection. To determine the Delta- and Omicron BA.1-variant specificity of B cell repertoires established by an initial Wuhan strain infection, we measured neutralization potencies of 73 antibodies from an unbiased survey of the early memory B cell response. Antibodies recognizing each of three, previously defined, epitopic regions on the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) varied in neutralization potency and variant-escape resistance. The ACE2 binding surface (“RBD-2”) harbored the binding sites of the neutralizing antibodies with highest potency but with the greatest sensitivity to viral escape; two other epitopic regions on the RBD (“RBD-1 and “RBD-3”) bound antibodies of more modest potency but greater breadth. The structures of several Fab:spike complexes that neutralized all five variants of concern tested, including one Fab each from the RBD-1, -2 and -3 clusters, illustrated the determinants of broad neutralization and showed that B cell repertoires can have specificities that avoid immune escape driven by widely distributed (“public”) antibodies. The structure of the RBD-2-binding, broad neutralizer shows why it retains neutralizing activity for Omicron BA.1, unlike most others in the same public class. Our results correlate with real-world data on vaccine efficacy, which indicate mitigation of disease caused by Omicron BA.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Windsor
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Pei Tong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olivia Lavidor
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ali Sanjari Moghaddam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lindsay G A McKay
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Avneesh Gautam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuezhou Chen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth A MacDonald
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duck Kyun Yoo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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14
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Zhang J, Tang W, Gao H, Lavine CL, Shi W, Peng H, Zhu H, Anand K, Kosikova M, Kwon HJ, Tong P, Gautam A, Rits-Volloch S, Wang S, Mayer ML, Wesemann DR, Seaman MS, Lu J, Xiao T, Xie H, Chen B. Structural and functional characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.2 spike. bioRxiv 2022. [PMID: 35547850 DOI: 10.1101/2022.04.28.489772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Omicron subvariant BA.2 has become the dominant circulating strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in many countries. We have characterized structural, functional and antigenic properties of the full-length BA.2 spike (S) protein and compared replication of the authentic virus in cell culture and animal model with previously prevalent variants. BA.2 S can fuse membranes more efficiently than Omicron BA.1, mainly due to lack of a BA.1-specific mutation that may retard the receptor engagement, but still less efficiently than other variants. Both BA.1 and BA.2 viruses replicated substantially faster in animal lungs than the early G614 (B.1) strain in the absence of pre-existing immunity, possibly explaining the increased transmissibility despite their functionally compromised spikes. As in BA.1, mutations in the BA.2 S remodel its antigenic surfaces leading to strong resistance to neutralizing antibodies. These results suggest that both immune evasion and replicative advantage may contribute to the heightened transmissibility for the Omicron subvariants.
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15
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Zhang J, Cai Y, Lavine CL, Peng H, Zhu H, Anand K, Tong P, Gautam A, Mayer ML, Rits-Volloch S, Wang S, Sliz P, Wesemann DR, Yang W, Seaman MS, Lu J, Xiao T, Chen B. Structural and functional impact by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike mutations. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110729. [PMID: 35452593 PMCID: PMC8995406 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), bearing an unusually high number of mutations, has become a dominant strain in many countries within several weeks. We report here structural, functional, and antigenic properties of its full-length spike (S) protein with a native sequence in comparison with those of previously prevalent variants. Omicron S requires a substantially higher level of host receptor ACE2 for efficient membrane fusion than other variants, possibly explaining its unexpected cellular tropism. Mutations not only remodel the antigenic structure of the N-terminal domain of the S protein but also alter the surface of the receptor-binding domain in a way not seen in other variants, consistent with its remarkable resistance to neutralizing antibodies. These results suggest that Omicron S has acquired an extraordinary ability to evade host immunity by excessive mutations, which also compromise its fusogenic capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yongfei Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christy L Lavine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hanqin Peng
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haisun Zhu
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Krishna Anand
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pei Tong
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Avneesh Gautam
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Megan L Mayer
- The Harvard Cryo-EM Center for Structural Biology, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sophia Rits-Volloch
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Codex BioSolutions, Inc., 12358 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Piotr Sliz
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Codex BioSolutions, Inc., 12358 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Tianshu Xiao
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Bing Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID)-19 has emerged as the greatest global health threat in generations. An unprecedented mobilization of researchers has generated a wealth of data on humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 within a year of the pandemic's beginning. The rapidly developed understanding of acute-phase antibody induction and medium-term antibody durability in COVID-19 is important at an individual level to inform patient care and a population level to help predict transmission dynamics. In this brief review, we will describe the development and maintenance of antibody responses to immunization and infections generally and the specific antibody dynamics observed for COVID-19. These crucial features of the humoral response have implications for the use of antibody therapeutics against the virus and can inform the likelihood of reinfection of individuals by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Zuiani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,BioNTech, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
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17
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Abstract
In this issue of Cell, three studies confirm that SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strongly evades a key immune defense-neutralizing antibodies. However, while one- or two-dose vaccine regimens fail to induce anti-Omicron neutralizing antibodies, a homologous third-dose booster rescues neutralization function in a way that highlights the adaptability of immune memory, where recalled immunity extends antibody reach across SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane R. Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Corresponding author
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18
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Zhang J, Xiao T, Cai Y, Lavine CL, Peng H, Zhu H, Anand K, Tong P, Gautam A, Mayer ML, Walsh RM, Rits-Volloch S, Wesemann DR, Yang W, Seaman MS, Lu J, Chen B. Membrane fusion and immune evasion by the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. Science 2021; 374:1353-1360. [PMID: 34698504 PMCID: PMC10763652 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl9463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Delta variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has outcompeted previously prevalent variants and become a dominant strain worldwide. We report the structure, function, and antigenicity of its full-length spike (S) trimer as well as those of the Gamma and Kappa variants, and compare their characteristics with the G614, Alpha, and Beta variants. Delta S can fuse membranes more efficiently at low levels of cellular receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and its pseudotyped viruses infect target cells substantially faster than the other five variants, possibly accounting for its heightened transmissibility. Each variant shows different rearrangement of the antigenic surface of the amino-terminal domain of the S protein but only makes produces changes in the receptor binding domain (RBD), making the RBD a better target for therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tianshu Xiao
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yongfei Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christy L. Lavine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hanqin Peng
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haisun Zhu
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Krishna Anand
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pei Tong
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Avneesh Gautam
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Megan L. Mayer
- The Harvard Cryo-EM Center for Structural Biology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard M. Walsh
- The Harvard Cryo-EM Center for Structural Biology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sophia Rits-Volloch
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Codex BioSolutions, Inc., 401 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Road, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20057, USA
| | - Bing Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Tong P, Gautam A, Windsor IW, Travers M, Chen Y, Garcia N, Whiteman NB, McKay LGA, Storm N, Malsick LE, Honko AN, Lelis FJN, Habibi S, Jenni S, Cai Y, Rennick LJ, Duprex WP, McCarthy KR, Lavine CL, Zuo T, Lin J, Zuiani A, Feldman J, MacDonald EA, Hauser BM, Griffths A, Seaman MS, Schmidt AG, Chen B, Neuberg D, Bajic G, Harrison SC, Wesemann DR. Memory B cell repertoire for recognition of evolving SARS-CoV-2 spike. Cell 2021; 184:4969-4980.e15. [PMID: 34332650 PMCID: PMC8299219 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cell reserves can generate protective antibodies against repeated SARS-CoV-2 infections, but with unknown reach from original infection to antigenically drifted variants. We charted memory B cell receptor-encoded antibodies from 19 COVID-19 convalescent subjects against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and found seven major antibody competition groups against epitopes recurrently targeted across individuals. Inclusion of published and newly determined structures of antibody-S complexes identified corresponding epitopic regions. Group assignment correlated with cross-CoV-reactivity breadth, neutralization potency, and convergent antibody signatures. Although emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern escaped binding by many members of the groups associated with the most potent neutralizing activity, some antibodies in each of those groups retained affinity-suggesting that otherwise redundant components of a primary immune response are important for durable protection from evolving pathogens. Our results furnish a global atlas of S-specific memory B cell repertoires and illustrate properties driving viral escape and conferring robustness against emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Tong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Avneesh Gautam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ian W Windsor
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Meghan Travers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuezhou Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Noah B Whiteman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lindsay G A McKay
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nadia Storm
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lauren E Malsick
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna N Honko
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Felipe J N Lelis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaghayegh Habibi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Simon Jenni
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yongfei Cai
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Linda J Rennick
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - W Paul Duprex
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kevin R McCarthy
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Christy L Lavine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Teng Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junrui Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam Zuiani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elizabeth A MacDonald
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anthony Griffths
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bing Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Goran Bajic
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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20
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Zhang J, Xiao T, Cai Y, Lavine CL, Peng H, Zhu H, Anand K, Tong P, Gautam A, Mayer ML, Walsh RM, Rits-Volloch S, Wesemann DR, Yang W, Seaman MS, Lu J, Chen B. Membrane fusion and immune evasion by the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 34426810 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.17.456689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Delta variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has outcompeted previously prevalent variants and become a dominant strain worldwide. We report here structure, function and antigenicity of its full-length spike (S) trimer in comparison with those of other variants, including Gamma, Kappa, and previously characterized Alpha and Beta. Delta S can fuse membranes more efficiently at low levels of cellular receptor ACE2 and its pseudotyped viruses infect target cells substantially faster than all other variants tested, possibly accounting for its heightened transmissibility. Mutations of each variant rearrange the antigenic surface of the N-terminal domain of the S protein in a unique way, but only cause local changes in the receptor-binding domain, consistent with greater resistance particular to neutralizing antibodies. These results advance our molecular understanding of distinct properties of these viruses and may guide intervention strategies.
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21
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Banday AR, Stanifer ML, Florez-Vargas O, Onabajo OO, Zahoor MA, Papenberg BW, Ring TJ, Lee CH, Andreakos E, Arons E, Barsh G, Biesecker LG, Boyle DL, Burnett-Hartman A, Carrington M, Chang E, Choe PG, Chrisholm RL, Dalgard C, Edberg J, Erdmann N, Feigelson HS, Firestein GS, Gehring AJ, Ho M, Holland S, Hutchinson AA, Im H, Ison MG, Kim HB, Kreitman RJ, Korf BR, Mirabello L, Pacheco JA, Peluso MJ, Rader DJ, Redden DT, Ritchie MD, Rosenbloom B, Sant Anna HP, Savage S, Siouti E, Triantafyllia V, Vargas JM, Verma A, Vij V, Wesemann DR, Yeager M, Yu X, Zhang Y, Boulant S, Chanock SJ, Feld JJ, Prokunina-Olsson L. Genetic regulation of OAS1 nonsense-mediated decay underlies association with risk of severe COVID-19. medRxiv 2021:2021.07.09.21260221. [PMID: 34282422 PMCID: PMC8288155 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.09.21260221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genomic regions have been associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and outcomes, including the chr12q24.13 locus encoding antiviral proteins OAS1-3. Here, we report genetic, functional, and clinical insights into genetic associations within this locus. In Europeans, the risk of hospitalized vs. non-hospitalized COVID-19 was associated with a single 19Kb-haplotype comprised of 76 OAS1 variants included in a 95% credible set within a large genomic fragment introgressed from Neandertals. The risk haplotype was also associated with impaired spontaneous but not treatment-induced SARS-CoV-2 clearance in a clinical trial with pegIFN-λ1. We demonstrate that two exonic variants, rs10774671 and rs1131454, affect splicing and nonsense-mediated decay of OAS1 . We suggest that genetically-regulated loss of OAS1 expression contributes to impaired spontaneous clearance of SARS-CoV-2 and elevated risk of hospitalization for COVID-19. Our results provide the rationale for further clinical studies using interferons to compensate for impaired spontaneous SARS-CoV-2 clearance, particularly in carriers of the OAS1 risk haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rouf Banday
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Megan L Stanifer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oscar Florez-Vargas
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Olusegun O Onabajo
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Muhammad A Zahoor
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brenen W Papenberg
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Timothy J Ring
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Chia-Han Lee
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evgeny Arons
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Greg Barsh
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Leslie G Biesecker
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David L Boyle
- Altman Clinical & Translational Research Institute, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Euijin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyoeng Gyun Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rex L Chrisholm
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Clifton Dalgard
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeff Edberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nathan Erdmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Gary S Firestein
- Altman Clinical & Translational Research Institute, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Adam J Gehring
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Ho
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Steven Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy A Hutchinson
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Hogune Im
- Genome Opinion Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael G Ison
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert J Kreitman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bruce R Korf
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer A Pacheco
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael J Peluso
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David T Redden
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brooke Rosenbloom
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanaisa P Sant Anna
- Laboratory of Genetic Susceptibility, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sharon Savage
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Eleni Siouti
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Triantafyllia
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens
| | - Joselin M Vargas
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Anurag Verma
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vibha Vij
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xu Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Division of Cellular Polarity and Viral Infection, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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22
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Cai Y, Zhang J, Xiao T, Lavine CL, Rawson S, Peng H, Zhu H, Anand K, Tong P, Gautam A, Lu S, Sterling SM, Walsh RM, Rits-Volloch S, Lu J, Wesemann DR, Yang W, Seaman MS, Chen B. Structural basis for enhanced infectivity and immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Science 2021; 373:642-648. [PMID: 34168070 PMCID: PMC9245151 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi9745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As battles to contain the COVID-19 pandemic continue, attention is focused on emerging variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus that have been deemed variants of concern because they are resistant to antibodies elicited by infection or vaccination or they increase transmissibility or disease severity. Three papers used functional and structural studies to explore how mutations in the viral spike protein affect its ability to infect host cells and to evade host immunity. Gobeil et al. looked at a variant spike protein involved in transmission between minks and humans, as well as the B1.1.7 (alpha), B.1.351 (beta), and P1 (gamma) spike variants; Cai et al. focused on the alpha and beta variants; and McCallum et al. discuss the properties of the spike protein from the B1.1.427/B.1.429 (epsilon) variant. Together, these papers show a balance among mutations that enhance stability, those that increase binding to the human receptor ACE2, and those that confer resistance to neutralizing antibodies. —VV Several fast-spreading variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have become the dominant circulating strains in the COVID-19 pandemic. We report here cryo–electron microscopy structures of the full-length spike (S) trimers of the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants, as well as their biochemical and antigenic properties. Amino acid substitutions in the B.1.1.7 protein increase both the accessibility of its receptor binding domain and the binding affinity for receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The enhanced receptor engagement may account for the increased transmissibility. The B.1.351 variant has evolved to reshape antigenic surfaces of the major neutralizing sites on the S protein, making it resistant to some potent neutralizing antibodies. These findings provide structural details on how SARS-CoV-2 has evolved to enhance viral fitness and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfei Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tianshu Xiao
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christy L Lavine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shaun Rawson
- SBGrid Consortium, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,The Harvard Cryo-EM Center for Structural Biology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hanqin Peng
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haisun Zhu
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Krishna Anand
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pei Tong
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Avneesh Gautam
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shen Lu
- Codex BioSolutions, Inc., 401 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Sarah M Sterling
- The Harvard Cryo-EM Center for Structural Biology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard M Walsh
- The Harvard Cryo-EM Center for Structural Biology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sophia Rits-Volloch
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Codex BioSolutions, Inc., 401 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bing Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Cai Y, Zhang J, Xiao T, Lavine CL, Rawson S, Peng H, Zhu H, Anand K, Tong P, Gautam A, Lu S, Sterling SM, Walsh RM, Rits-Volloch S, Lu J, Wesemann DR, Yang W, Seaman MS, Chen B. Structural basis for enhanced infectivity and immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2 variants. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 33880477 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.13.439709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several fast-spreading variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have become the dominant circulating strains that continue to fuel the COVID-19 pandemic despite intensive vaccination efforts throughout the world. We report here cryo-EM structures of the full-length spike (S) trimers of the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants, as well as their biochemical and antigenic properties. Mutations in the B.1.1.7 protein increase the accessibility of its receptor binding domain and also the binding affinity for receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The enhanced receptor engagement can account for the increased transmissibility and risk of mortality as the variant may begin to infect efficiently infect additional cell types expressing low levels of ACE2. The B.1.351 variant has evolved to reshape antigenic surfaces of the major neutralizing sites on the S protein, rendering complete resistance to some potent neutralizing antibodies. These findings provide structural details on how the wide spread of SARS-CoV-2 enables rapid evolution to enhance viral fitness and immune evasion. They may guide intervention strategies to control the pandemic.
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24
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Tong P, Gautam A, Windsor I, Travers M, Chen Y, Garcia N, Whiteman NB, McKay LG, Lelis FJ, Habibi S, Cai Y, Rennick LJ, Duprex WP, McCarthy KR, Lavine CL, Zuo T, Lin J, Zuiani A, Feldman J, MacDonald EA, Hauser BM, Griffths A, Seaman MS, Schmidt AG, Chen B, Neuberg D, Bajic G, Harrison SC, Wesemann DR. Memory B cell repertoire for recognition of evolving SARS-CoV-2 spike. bioRxiv 2021:2021.03.10.434840. [PMID: 33758863 PMCID: PMC7987022 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.10.434840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cell reserves can generate protective antibodies against repeated SARS-CoV-2 infections, but with an unknown reach from original infection to antigenically drifted variants. We charted memory B cell receptor-encoded monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from 19 COVID-19 convalescent subjects against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and found 7 major mAb competition groups against epitopes recurrently targeted across individuals. Inclusion of published and newly determined structures of mAb-S complexes identified corresponding epitopic regions. Group assignment correlated with cross-CoV-reactivity breadth, neutralization potency, and convergent antibody signatures. mAbs that competed for binding the original S isolate bound differentially to S variants, suggesting the protective importance of otherwise-redundant recognition. The results furnish a global atlas of the S-specific memory B cell repertoire and illustrate properties conferring robustness against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Tong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Avneesh Gautam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ian Windsor
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meghan Travers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuezhou Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Noah B. Whiteman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lindsay G.A. McKay
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Felipe J.N. Lelis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaghayegh Habibi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yongfei Cai
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Linda J. Rennick
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - W. Paul Duprex
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Kevin R. McCarthy
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Christy L. Lavine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Teng Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junrui Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam Zuiani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. MacDonald
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anthony Griffths
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bing Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Goran Bajic
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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25
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Atyeo C, Slein MD, Fischinger S, Burke J, Schäfer A, Leist SR, Kuzmina NA, Mire C, Honko A, Johnson R, Storm N, Bernett M, Tong P, Zuo T, Lin J, Zuiani A, Linde C, Suscovich T, Wesemann DR, Griffiths A, Desjarlais JR, Juelg BD, Goudsmit J, Bukreyev A, Baric R, Alter G. Dissecting strategies to tune the therapeutic potential of SARS-CoV-2-specific monoclonal antibody CR3022. JCI Insight 2021; 6:143129. [PMID: 33427208 PMCID: PMC7821590 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), coupled with a lack of therapeutics, has paralyzed the globe. Although significant effort has been invested in identifying antibodies that block infection, the ability of antibodies to target infected cells through Fc interactions may be vital to eliminate the virus. To explore the role of Fc activity in SARS-CoV-2 immunity, the functional potential of a cross–SARS-reactive antibody, CR3022, was assessed. CR3022 was able to broadly drive antibody effector functions, providing critical immune clearance at entry and upon egress. Using selectively engineered Fc variants, no protection was observed after administration of WT IgG1 in mice or hamsters. Conversely, the functionally enhanced Fc variant resulted in increased pathology in both the mouse and hamster models, causing weight loss in mice and enhanced viral replication and weight loss in the more susceptible hamster model, highlighting the pathological functions of Fc-enhancing mutations. These data point to the critical need for strategic Fc engineering for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew D Slein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - John Burke
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natalia A Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Chad Mire
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Anna Honko
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nadia Storm
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Pei Tong
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; and Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Teng Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; and Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Junrui Lin
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; and Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam Zuiani
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; and Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; and Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Boris D Juelg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jaap Goudsmit
- Departments of Epidemiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ralph Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Genetics, School of Medicine, and.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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26
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Chen Y, Zuiani A, Fischinger S, Mullur J, Atyeo C, Travers M, Lelis FJN, Pullen KM, Martin H, Tong P, Gautam A, Habibi S, Bensko J, Gakpo D, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Cai Y, Burke JS, Lin J, Lederer JA, Lam EC, Lavine CL, Seaman MS, Chen B, Schmidt AG, Balazs AB, Lauffenburger DA, Alter G, Wesemann DR. Quick COVID-19 Healers Sustain Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Production. Cell 2020; 183:1496-1507.e16. [PMID: 33171099 PMCID: PMC7608032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are key immune effectors that confer protection against pathogenic threats. The nature and longevity of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection are not well defined. We charted longitudinal antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in 92 subjects after symptomatic COVID-19. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 are unimodally distributed over a broad range, with symptom severity correlating directly with virus-specific antibody magnitude. Seventy-six subjects followed longitudinally to ∼100 days demonstrated marked heterogeneity in antibody duration dynamics. Virus-specific IgG decayed substantially in most individuals, whereas a distinct subset had stable or increasing antibody levels in the same time frame despite similar initial antibody magnitudes. These individuals with increasing responses recovered rapidly from symptomatic COVID-19 disease, harbored increased somatic mutations in virus-specific memory B cell antibody genes, and had persistent higher frequencies of previously activated CD4+ T cells. These findings illuminate an efficient immune phenotype that connects symptom clearance speed to differential antibody durability dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam Zuiani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jyotsna Mullur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Meghan Travers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Felipe J N Lelis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Krista M Pullen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hannah Martin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pei Tong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Avneesh Gautam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaghayegh Habibi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jillian Bensko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Deborah Gakpo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Yongfei Cai
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John S Burke
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Junrui Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James A Lederer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Christy L Lavine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bing Chen
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alejandro Benjamin Balazs
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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27
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Shrock E, Fujimura E, Kula T, Timms RT, Lee IH, Leng Y, Robinson ML, Sie BM, Li MZ, Chen Y, Logue J, Zuiani A, McCulloch D, Lelis FJN, Henson S, Monaco DR, Travers M, Habibi S, Clarke WA, Caturegli P, Laeyendecker O, Piechocka-Trocha A, Li JZ, Khatri A, Chu HY, Villani AC, Kays K, Goldberg MB, Hacohen N, Filbin MR, Yu XG, Walker BD, Wesemann DR, Larman HB, Lederer JA, Elledge SJ. Viral epitope profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals cross-reactivity and correlates of severity. Science 2020; 370:science.abd4250. [PMID: 32994364 PMCID: PMC7857405 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding humoral responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for improving diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. Deep serological profiling of 232 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and 190 pre-COVID-19 era controls using VirScan revealed more than 800 epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, including 10 epitopes likely recognized by neutralizing antibodies. Preexisting antibodies in controls recognized SARS-CoV-2 ORF1, whereas only COVID-19 patient antibodies primarily recognized spike protein and nucleoprotein. A machine learning model trained on VirScan data predicted SARS-CoV-2 exposure history with 99% sensitivity and 98% specificity; a rapid Luminex-based diagnostic was developed from the most discriminatory SARS-CoV-2 peptides. Individuals with more severe COVID-19 exhibited stronger and broader SARS-CoV-2 responses, weaker antibody responses to prior infections, and higher incidence of cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus 1, possibly influenced by demographic covariates. Among hospitalized patients, males produce stronger SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Shrock
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Fujimura
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Chemical Biology Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tomasz Kula
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard T. Timms
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I-Hsiu Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew L. Robinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon M. Sie
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mamie Z. Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuezhou Chen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Logue
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam Zuiani
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denise McCulloch
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Felipe J. N. Lelis
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Henson
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R. Monaco
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meghan Travers
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shaghayegh Habibi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William A. Clarke
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrizio Caturegli
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alicja Piechocka-Trocha
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashok Khatri
- Endocrine Unit and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen Y. Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alexandra-Chloé Villani
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyle Kays
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcia B. Goldberg
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R. Filbin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Congella, South Africa
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H. Benjamin Larman
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James A. Lederer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.,Corresponding author.
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28
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Johnson JA, Pearson JC, Kubiak DW, Dionne B, Little SE, Wesemann DR. Treatment of Chronic Granulomatous Disease-Related Pulmonary Aspergillus Infection in Late Pregnancy. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa447. [PMID: 33134418 PMCID: PMC7585321 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency syndrome that results in increased risk for bacterial and fungal infections, as well as inflammatory/autoimmune complications. While CGD historically has been associated with early death in childhood, the life expectancy and morbidity of patients with CGD have greatly improved. Many patients with CGD now survive well into adulthood, and data on adult cohorts of patients with CGD have been published. However, reports of pregnancy management, complications, and outcomes for patients with CGD are sparse. In addition, management of invasive fungal infections, including use of newer triazole antifungals, during pregnancy has not been well described. We report a case of fungal lung infection in a pregnant woman with CGD, diagnosed during her second trimester, which was treated with multiple antifungal agents, including more than 12 weeks of isavuconazole therapy, resulting in resolution of infection and delivery of a healthy newborn at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Johnson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J C Pearson
- Department of Pharmacy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D W Kubiak
- Department of Pharmacy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - B Dionne
- Department of Pharmacy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Health System Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S E Little
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D R Wesemann
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Roy V, Fischinger S, Atyeo C, Slein M, Loos C, Balazs A, Luedemann C, Astudillo MG, Yang D, Wesemann DR, Charles R, Lafrate AJ, Feldman J, Hauser B, Caradonna T, Miller TE, Murali MR, Baden L, Nilles E, Ryan E, Lauffenburger D, Beltran WG, Alter G. SARS-CoV-2-specific ELISA development. J Immunol Methods 2020; 484-485:112832. [PMID: 32780998 PMCID: PMC7414735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Critical to managing the spread of COVID-19 is the ability to diagnose infection and define the acquired immune response across the population. While genomic tests for the novel Several Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detect the presence of viral RNA for a limited time frame, when the virus is shed in the upper respiratory tract, tests able to define exposure and infection beyond this short window of detectable viral replication are urgently needed. Following infection, antibodies are generated within days, providing a durable read-out and archive of exposure and infection. Several antibody tests have emerged to diagnose SARS-CoV-2. Here we report on a qualified quantitative ELISA assay that displays all the necessary characteristics for high-throughput sample analysis. Collectively, this test offers a quantitative opportunity to define both exposure and levels of immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Matthew Slein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Carolin Loos
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Balazs
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Corinne Luedemann
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Michael Gerino Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Richelle Charles
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - A John Lafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Blake Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Tim Caradonna
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Mandakolathur R Murali
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Lindsey Baden
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Eric Nilles
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Edward Ryan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Wilfredo Garcia Beltran
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America.
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30
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Yu J, Tostanoski LH, Peter L, Mercado NB, McMahan K, Mahrokhian SH, Nkolola JP, Liu J, Li Z, Chandrashekar A, Martinez DR, Loos C, Atyeo C, Fischinger S, Burke JS, Slein MD, Chen Y, Zuiani A, Lelis FJN, Travers M, Habibi S, Pessaint L, Van Ry A, Blade K, Brown R, Cook A, Finneyfrock B, Dodson A, Teow E, Velasco J, Zahn R, Wegmann F, Bondzie EA, Dagotto G, Gebre MS, He X, Jacob-Dolan C, Kirilova M, Kordana N, Lin Z, Maxfield LF, Nampanya F, Nityanandam R, Ventura JD, Wan H, Cai Y, Chen B, Schmidt AG, Wesemann DR, Baric RS, Alter G, Andersen H, Lewis MG, Barouch DH. DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques. Science 2020; 369:806-811. [PMID: 32434945 PMCID: PMC7243363 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc6284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 817] [Impact Index Per Article: 204.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has made the development of a vaccine a top biomedical priority. In this study, we developed a series of DNA vaccine candidates expressing different forms of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and evaluated them in 35 rhesus macaques. Vaccinated animals developed humoral and cellular immune responses, including neutralizing antibody titers at levels comparable to those found in convalescent humans and macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2. After vaccination, all animals were challenged with SARS-CoV-2, and the vaccine encoding the full-length S protein resulted in >3.1 and >3.7 log10 reductions in median viral loads in bronchoalveolar lavage and nasal mucosa, respectively, as compared with viral loads in sham controls. Vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody titers correlated with protective efficacy, suggesting an immune correlate of protection. These data demonstrate vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/physiology
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/virology
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunologic Memory
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Mutant Proteins/chemistry
- Mutant Proteins/immunology
- Nasal Mucosa/virology
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Domains
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Load
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lisa H Tostanoski
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lauren Peter
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Noe B Mercado
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shant H Mahrokhian
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joseph P Nkolola
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zhenfeng Li
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Abishek Chandrashekar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Carolin Loos
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - John S Burke
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew D Slein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yuezhou Chen
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam Zuiani
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Felipe J N Lelis
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meghan Travers
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaghayegh Habibi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roland Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frank Wegmann
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Esther A Bondzie
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gabriel Dagotto
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Makda S Gebre
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xuan He
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Marinela Kirilova
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nicole Kordana
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zijin Lin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lori F Maxfield
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Felix Nampanya
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ramya Nityanandam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John D Ventura
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Huahua Wan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Bing Chen
- Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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31
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Khan WN, Bazile CA, Clark ES, Magee J, Boucher JC, Carlesso G, Morehouse C, Shrestha A, Umland O, Salyakina D, Wesemann DR, Kleiman E. Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and BAFF responsive maturation defines a novel B cell population undergoing extra-BM development. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.153.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Transitional type-1 (T1) cells are peripheral immature B cells known to populate the spleen (spl) after completing their BCR assembly in the bone marrow (BM). To advance the understanding of splenic T1 (CD19posCD24hiCD21neg) B cells, we addressed the heterogeneity and biology of these cells using flow cytometry combined with genetically modified mice. Most recent emigrant T1 cells were selected by excluding CD23pos and including CD93high (AA4.1) B cells termed T12123DN. Transcriptomic analysis identified RAG1 and 2 as signature genes for this B cell population. Further separation of T12123DN cells based on surface IgM expression revealed a previously undescribed cell subset with undetectable cell surface IgM (-IgMneg). The spl-IgMneg subsets expresses RAG1/2 and actively undergoes Igk gene rearrangement at levels comparable to BM pre-B cells. Upon in vitro exposure to BAFF or transplantation into immunodeficient hosts, spl-IgMneg cells can give rise to fully mature IgMposIgDpos B cells. Furthermore, BAFF-R and NF-kB pathways are required for their efficient maturation. Our findings suggest that the spl-T1 population encompasses a subset of B cells that resemble but are distinct from the developing B cells in the BM. These spl-IgMneg B cells may represent receptor editing B cells, and/or precursor B cells undergoing BCR assembly and selection in the periphery, possibly providing an opportunity for tolerance induction to tissue restricted self-antigens and microbiota-derived antigens.
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32
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Abstract
B cell receptor sequencing sheds light on how measles cripples the immune system long after recovery from clinical disease (see related Research Articles by Petrova et al. and Mina et al.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Cathryn R Nagler
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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34
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Ng J, Wright K, Alvarez M, Hunninghake GM, Wesemann DR. Rituximab Monotherapy for Common Variable Immune Deficiency-Associated Granulomatous-Lymphocytic Interstitial Lung Disease. Chest 2020; 155:e117-e121. [PMID: 31060706 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) can develop granulomatous-lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD), which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Treating GLILD is a significant challenge because it is rare and can be pathologically heterogeneous. Here we describe two cases of patients with CVID-associated GLILD with biopsies demonstrating loosely organized tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). Based on the pivotal role that B cells play in TLS initiation and maintenance, we hypothesized that using rituximab monotherapy for B-cell depletion alone would be sufficient for the disruption of the pathologic process underlying GLILD. These two cases demonstrate that adapting a strategy of B cell depletion monotherapy may be effective in TLS-associated conditions such as GLILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kyle Wright
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Maura Alvarez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gary M Hunninghake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Silver JN, Ashbaugh CD, Miles JJ, Wu H, Marecki GT, Hwang JK, Jiao JA, Abrams M, Sullivan EJ, Wesemann DR. Deployment of Transchromosomal Bovine for Personalized Antimicrobial Therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 66:1116-1119. [PMID: 29272362 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has provided safe and effective therapy for immunodeficient patients. This proof-of-principle study describes a novel approach to generate personalized IVIg for chronic, antibiotic-resistant infection in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared N Silver
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cameron D Ashbaugh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Hua Wu
- SAb Biotherapeutics Inc, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Gregory T Marecki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joyce K Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jin-An Jiao
- SAb Biotherapeutics Inc, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Mark Abrams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Gansner JM, Rahmani M, Jonsson AH, Fortin BM, Brimah I, Ellis M, Smeland-Wagman R, Li ZJ, Schenkel JM, Brenner MB, Yefidoff-Freedman R, Sloan SR, Berliner N, Issa NC, Baden LR, Longo DL, Wesemann DR, Neuberg D, Rao DA, Kaufman RM. Plateletpheresis-associated lymphopenia in frequent platelet donors. Blood 2019; 133:605-614. [PMID: 30429159 PMCID: PMC6367645 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-09-873125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 1 million apheresis platelet collections are performed annually in the United States. After 2 healthy plateletpheresis donors were incidentally found to have low CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts, we investigated whether plateletpheresis causes lymphopenia. We conducted a cross-sectional single-center study of platelet donors undergoing plateletpheresis with the Trima Accel, which removes leukocytes continuously with its leukoreduction system chamber. We recruited 3 groups of platelet donors based on the total number of plateletpheresis sessions in the prior 365 days: 1 or 2, 3 to 19, or 20 to 24. CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts were <200 cells per microliter in 0/20, 2/20, and 6/20 donors, respectively (P = .019), and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts were low in 0/20, 4/20, and 11/20 donors, respectively (P < .001). The leukoreduction system chamber's lymphocyte-extraction efficiency was ∼15% to 20% for all groups. Immunophenotyping showed decreases in naive CD4+ T-lymphocyte and T helper 17 (Th17) cell percentages, increases in CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory, Th1, and regulatory T cell percentages, and stable naive CD8+ and Th2 percentages across groups. T-cell receptor repertoire analyses showed similar clonal diversity in all groups. Donor screening questionnaires supported the good health of the donors, who tested negative at each donation for multiple pathogens, including HIV. Frequent plateletpheresis utilizing a leukoreduction system chamber is associated with CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell lymphopenia in healthy platelet donors. The mechanism may be repeated extraction of these cells during plateletpheresis. The cytopenias do not appear to be harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Gansner
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mahboubeh Rahmani
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - A Helena Jonsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhihan J Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Revital Yefidoff-Freedman
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Steven R Sloan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Nancy Berliner
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nicolas C Issa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Dan L Longo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richard M Kaufman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Chen Y, Chaudhary N, Yang N, Granato A, Turner JA, Howard SL, Devereaux C, Zuo T, Shrestha A, Goel RR, Neuberg D, Wesemann DR. Microbial symbionts regulate the primary Ig repertoire. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1397-1415. [PMID: 29588346 PMCID: PMC5940265 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic relationships help shape immune fitness. Chen et al. demonstrate that microbial symbionts influence host immunity by enriching frequencies of antibacterial specificities within the naive B cell receptor repertoire and that this may have consequences for mucosal and systemic immunity. The ability of immunoglobulin (Ig) to recognize pathogens is critical for optimal immune fitness. Early events that shape preimmune Ig repertoires, expressed on IgM+ IgD+ B cells as B cell receptors (BCRs), are poorly defined. Here, we studied germ-free mice and conventionalized littermates to explore the hypothesis that symbiotic microbes help shape the preimmune Ig repertoire. Ig-binding assays showed that exposure to conventional microbial symbionts enriched frequencies of antibacterial IgM+ IgD+ B cells in intestine and spleen. This enrichment affected follicular B cells, involving a diverse set of Ig-variable region gene segments, and was T cell–independent. Functionally, enrichment of microbe reactivity primed basal levels of small intestinal T cell–independent, symbiont-reactive IgA and enhanced systemic IgG responses to bacterial immunization. These results demonstrate that microbial symbionts influence host immunity by enriching frequencies of antibacterial specificities within preimmune B cell repertoires and that this may have consequences for mucosal and systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Neha Chaudhary
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nicole Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alessandra Granato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jacob A Turner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shannon L Howard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Colby Devereaux
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Teng Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Akritee Shrestha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rishi R Goel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Abstract
Somatic assembly of T cell receptor and B cell receptor (BCR) genes produces a vast diversity of lymphocyte antigen recognition capacity. The advent of efficient high-throughput sequencing of lymphocyte antigen receptor genes has recently generated unprecedented opportunities for exploration of adaptive immune responses. With these opportunities have come significant challenges in understanding the analysis techniques that most accurately reflect underlying biological phenomena. In this regard, sample preparation and sequence analysis techniques, which have largely been borrowed and adapted from other fields, continue to evolve. Here, we review current methods and challenges of library preparation, sequencing and statistical analysis of lymphocyte receptor repertoire studies. We discuss the general steps in the process of immune repertoire generation including sample preparation, platforms available for sequencing, processing of sequencing data, measurable features of the immune repertoire, and the statistical tools that can be used for analysis and interpretation of the data. Because BCR analysis harbors additional complexities, such as immunoglobulin (Ig) (i.e., antibody) gene somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination, the emphasis of this review is on Ig/BCR sequence analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Chaudhary
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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39
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Silver J, Zuo T, Chaudhary N, Kumari R, Tong P, Giguere S, Granato A, Donthula R, Devereaux C, Wesemann DR. Stochasticity enables BCR-independent germinal center initiation and antibody affinity maturation. J Exp Med 2017; 215:77-90. [PMID: 29247044 PMCID: PMC5748855 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two immunoglobulin (Ig) diversification mechanisms collaborate to provide protective humoral immunity. Combinatorial assembly of IgH and IgL V region exons from gene segments generates preimmune Ig repertoires, expressed as B cell receptors (BCRs). Secondary diversification occurs when Ig V regions undergo somatic hypermutation (SHM) and affinity-based selection toward antigen in activated germinal center (GC) B cells. Secondary diversification is thought to only ripen the antigen-binding affinity of Igs that already exist (i.e., cognate Igs) because of chance generation during preimmune Ig diversification. However, whether stochastic activation of noncognate B cells can generate new affinity to antigen in GCs is unclear. Using a mouse model whose knock-in BCR does not functionally engage with immunizing antigen, we found that chronic immunization induced antigen-specific serological responses with diverse SHM-mediated antibody affinity maturation pathways and divergent epitope targeting. Thus, intrinsic GC B cell flexibility allows for somatic, noncognate B cell evolution, permitting de novo antigen recognition and subsequent antibody affinity maturation without initial preimmune BCR engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Silver
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Teng Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Neha Chaudhary
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rupa Kumari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pei Tong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sophie Giguere
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alessandra Granato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rakesh Donthula
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Colby Devereaux
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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40
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Renz H, Adkins BD, Bartfeld S, Blumberg RS, Farber DL, Garssen J, Ghazal P, Hackam DJ, Marsland BJ, McCoy KD, Penders J, Prinz I, Verhasselt V, von Mutius E, Weiser JN, Wesemann DR, Hornef MW. The neonatal window of opportunity-early priming for life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:1212-1214. [PMID: 29247715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Johan Garssen
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ghazal
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - John Penders
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (Caphri) & NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Immo Prinz
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Valerie Verhasselt
- Family Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Chair in Human Lactology, School of Molecular Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Erika von Mutius
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
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41
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Wesemann DR, Granato A, Tong P, Zuo T, Chaudhary N, Han SS. IgH isotype-specific B cell receptor dosage regulates B cell fate. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.74.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) isotypes (e.g. IgM, IgG and IgE) are generated as secreted/soluble antibodies (sIg) or as membrane-bound (mIg) B cell receptors (BCR) through alternative RNA splicing. IgH isotype dictates soluble antibody function, but how mIg isotype influences B cell behavior is unclear. We examined IgH isotype-specific BCR function by engineering polyclonal Ighγ1/γ1 and Ighɛ/ɛ mice, which initially produce IgG1 or IgE from their respective native genomic configurations. Transcripts producing IgM, IgG1, and IgE are produced in an alternative splice form bias hierarchy, where mIgμ>mIgγ1>mIgɛ—influencing respective BCR densities and fitness for populating the periphery—a pattern replicated in activated and memory B cells from wild-type mice. Restrained B cell development from Ighγ1/γ1 and Ighɛ/ɛ mice was proportional to sIg/mIg ratios, and was rescued by enforced expression of the respective mIgs. In addition, enhanced BCR signaling by way of PTEN deletion in IgE B cells generated functional IgE memory responses from IgE memory B cells themselves, which are normally absent under normal conditions, indicating that weak signal strength normally restrains IgE responses. Thus, IgH isotype-specific mIg dosage regulates B cell fate by influencing quantitative baseline BCR signal strength.
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Gosmann C, Anahtar MN, Handley SA, Farcasanu M, Abu-Ali G, Bowman BA, Padavattan N, Desai C, Droit L, Moodley A, Dong M, Chen Y, Ismail N, Ndung'u T, Ghebremichael MS, Wesemann DR, Mitchell C, Dong KL, Huttenhower C, Walker BD, Virgin HW, Kwon DS. Lactobacillus-Deficient Cervicovaginal Bacterial Communities Are Associated with Increased HIV Acquisition in Young South African Women. Immunity 2017; 46:29-37. [PMID: 28087240 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevated inflammation in the female genital tract is associated with increased HIV risk. Cervicovaginal bacteria modulate genital inflammation; however, their role in HIV susceptibility has not been elucidated. In a prospective cohort of young, healthy South African women, we found that individuals with diverse genital bacterial communities dominated by anaerobes other than Gardnerella were at over 4-fold higher risk of acquiring HIV and had increased numbers of activated mucosal CD4+ T cells compared to those with Lactobacillus crispatus-dominant communities. We identified specific bacterial taxa linked with reduced (L. crispatus) or elevated (Prevotella, Sneathia, and other anaerobes) inflammation and HIV infection and found that high-risk bacteria increased numbers of activated genital CD4+ T cells in a murine model. Our results suggest that highly prevalent genital bacteria increase HIV risk by inducing mucosal HIV target cells. These findings might be leveraged to reduce HIV acquisition in women living in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gosmann
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melis N Anahtar
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Scott A Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mara Farcasanu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Galeb Abu-Ali
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brittany A Bowman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nikita Padavattan
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4001, South Africa
| | - Chandni Desai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lindsay Droit
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amber Moodley
- Females Rising through Education, Support, and Health, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4066, South Africa
| | - Mary Dong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Females Rising through Education, Support, and Health, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4066, South Africa
| | - Yuezhou Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nasreen Ismail
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4001, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4001, South Africa
| | - Musie S Ghebremichael
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline Mitchell
- Vincent Obstetrics & Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Krista L Dong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Females Rising through Education, Support, and Health, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4066, South Africa
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Douglas S Kwon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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43
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Ba Z, Hu J, Du Z, Lin SG, Wesemann DR, Alt FW. Abstract A033: Mechanisms that mediate intralocus and interlocus regulation of V(D)J recombination at immunoglobulin light chain loci. Cancer Immunol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.imm2016-a033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The N-terminal variable regions of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (IgH) and light (IgL) chains are involved in specific antigen binding and assembled from germline variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments through a somatic recombination reaction known as V(D)J recombination. V(D)J recombination is initiated by RAG endonuclease and completed by non-homologous DNA end-joining. V(D)J recombination is tightly regulated in the contexts of order, lineage, and allelic exclusion. For IgL this regulation additionally involves isotypic exclusion, in which most B cells express Ig molecules containing only one of the two IgL isotypes, κ and λ. Controlled V(D)J recombination is important beyond its role in generating diverse antibody repertoires against diverse antigens, since dysregulation of V(D)J recombination can not only underlie various immune disorders, but lead to oncogenic translocations that are frequently found in human B and T cell leukemias and lymphomas. Many of such translocations involve IgL chain loci. To provide new insights into mechanisms of chromosomal translocations involving IgL chain loci, we sought to investigate mechanisms of normal V(D)J recombination at IgL loci by developing and applying multiple new approaches. In this study, we employed high-throughput genome-wide translocation sequencing (HTGTS) to identify RAG activities at Igκ and Igλ loci in v-Abl transformed progenitor B (pro-B) line. Remarkably, we found such RAG activities were largely confined to unanticipated distinct chromatin topologically associated loop domains within Igκ and Igλ loci, adding a new layer of regulation of gene rearrangements at IgL loci. Furthermore, we developed a highly sensitive and unbiased assay, referred to as HTGTS repertoire sequencing (HTGTS-Rep-seq), to quantify Igκ and Igλ repertoires in mouse bone marrow precursor B (pre-B) and splenic B cell populations. HTGTS-Rep-seq detected diverse Igκ and Igλ VJ rearrangements involving individual functional Jκ and Jλ segments, respectively. Currently we are integrating such enormous Igκ and Igλ repertoire data with long-range chromatin interaction map data revealed by Hi-C and our recently developed high-resolution HTGTS chromosome conformation capture sequencing (HTGTS-3C-seq) methods to further address the mechanisms of gene rearrangement regulation by chromatin loop domains at these loci. In addition, to address the mechanisms of isotypic exclusion that has been debated, we generated germline mouse models harboring endogenously-generated Igκ deletions and a productively assembled IgH variable region exon by generating induced-pluripotent stems cells (iPSCs) from peripheral B cells. We then applied global nuclear run-on sequencing (GRO-seq) to bone marrow pre-B cells purified from iPSC-generated mice in a RAG-deficient background (which abrogates V(D)J recombination) to elucidate transcriptional features at Igκ and Igλ loci and specifically to reveal potential transcriptional alterations at Igλ in the context of Igκ deletion. Compared with Igκ-intact RAG-deficient pre-B cells, Igκ-deleted RAG-deficient pre-B cells showed remarkably increased transcription across the whole Igλ locus, indicating specific Igκ-deletion-triggered transcriptional activation at Igλ.
Citation Format: Zhaoqing Ba, Jiazhi Hu, Zhou Du, Sherry G. Lin, Duane R. Wesemann, Frederick W. Alt. Mechanisms that mediate intralocus and interlocus regulation of V(D)J recombination at immunoglobulin light chain loci [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; 2016 Sept 25-28; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A033.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Ba
- 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jiazhi Hu
- 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Zhou Du
- 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sherry G. Lin
- 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- 2Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Frederick W. Alt
- 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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44
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) E is the most tightly regulated of all Ig heavy chain (IgH) isotypes and plays a key role in atopic disease. The gene encoding for IgH in mature B cells consists of a variable region exon-assembled from component gene segments via V(D)J recombination during early B cell development-upstream of a set of IgH constant region CH exons. Upon activation by antigen in peripheral lymphoid organs, B cells can undergo IgH class switch recombination (CSR), a process in which the initially expressed IgH μ constant region exons (Cμ) are deleted and replaced by one of several sets of downstream CH exons (e.g., Cγ, Cε, and Cα). Activation of the IL-4 receptor on B cells, together with other signals, can lead to the replacement of Cμ with Cε resulting in CSR to IgE through a series of molecular events involving irreversible remodeling of the IgH locus. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of CSR and the unique features surrounding the generation of IgE-producing B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Tong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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45
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Granato A, Chen Y, Wesemann DR. Primary immunoglobulin repertoire development: time and space matter. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 33:126-31. [PMID: 25797714 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The primary immunoglobulin repertoire develops via opposing forces of expanding diversification balanced by contracting selection mechanisms. The resulting shape is essential for host health and immune fitness. While the molecular mechanisms of Ig diversification have largely been defined, selection forces shaping emerging Ig repertoires are poorly understood. During lifetime, human and mouse early B cell development occurs at distinct locations-beginning in fetal liver before transferring to bone marrow and spleen by the end of gestation. During an early life window of time, the murine gut lamina propria harbors developing immature B cells in proximity to intestinal contents such as commensal microbes and dietary antigens. Location and timing of early B cell development may thus endow neighboring antigens with primary repertoire-shaping capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Granato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuezhou Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Animals and many of their chronic microbial inhabitants form relationships of symbiotic mutualism, which occurs when coexisting life-forms derive mutual benefit from stable associations. While microorganisms receive a secure habitat and constant food source from vertebrate hosts, they are required for optimal immune system development and occupy niches otherwise abused by pathogens. Microbes have also been shown to provide vertebrate hosts with metabolic capabilities that enhance energy and nutrient uptake from the diet. The immune system plays a central role in the establishment and maintenance of host-microbe homeostasis, and B lineage cells play a key role in this regulation. Here, I reviewed the structure and function of the microbiota and the known mechanisms of how nonpathogenic microbes influence B cell biology and immunoglobulin repertoire development early in life. I also discuss what is known about how B lineage cells contribute to the process of shaping the composition of commensal/mutualistic microbe membership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane R Wesemann
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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47
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Abstract
B lymphocyte immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) is a process wherein initially expressed IgM switches to other IgH isotypes, such as IgA, IgE and IgG. Measurement of IgH CSR in vitro is a key method for the study of a number of biologic processes ranging from DNA recombination and repair to aspects of molecular and cellular immunology. In vitro CSR assay involves the flow cytometric measurement surface Ig expression on activated B cells. While measurement of IgA and IgG subclasses is straightforward, measurement of IgE by this method is problematic due to soluble IgE binding to FcεRII/CD23 expressed on the surface of activated B cells. Here we describe a unique procedure for accurate measurement of IgE-producing mouse B cells that have undergone CSR in culture. The method is based on trypsin-mediated cleavage of IgE-CD23 complexes on cell surfaces, allowing for detection of IgE-producing B lineage cells by cytoplasmic staining. This procedure offers a convenient solution for flow cytometric analysis of CSR to IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Gallagher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Akritee Shrestha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Jennifer M Magee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School;
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48
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Wesemann DR, Portuguese AJ, Meyers RM, Gallagher MP, Cluff-Jones K, Magee JM, Panchakshari RA, Rodig SJ, Kepler TB, Alt FW. Microbial colonization influences early B-lineage development in the gut lamina propria. Nature 2013; 501:112-5. [PMID: 23965619 PMCID: PMC3807868 DOI: 10.1038/nature12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The RAG1/RAG2 endonuclease (RAG) initiates the V(D)J recombination reaction that assembles immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) and light (IgL) chain variable region exons from germline gene segments to generate primary antibody repertoires. IgH V(D)J assembly occurs in progenitor (pro-) B cells followed by that of IgL in precursor (pre-) B cells. Expression of IgH μ and IgL (Igκ or Igλ) chains generates IgM, which is expressed on immature B cells as the B-cell antigen-binding receptor (BCR). Rag expression can continue in immature B cells, allowing continued Igκ V(D)J recombination that replaces the initial VκJκ exon with one that generates a new specificity. This 'receptor editing' process, which can also lead to Igλ V(D)J recombination and expression, provides a mechanism whereby antigen encounter at the Rag-expressing immature B-cell stage helps shape pre-immune BCR repertoires. As the major site of postnatal B-cell development, the bone marrow is the principal location of primary immunoglobulin repertoire diversification in mice. Here we report that early B-cell development also occurs within the mouse intestinal lamina propria (LP), where the associated V(D)J recombination/receptor editing processes modulate primary LP immunoglobulin repertoires. At weanling age in normally housed mice, the LP contains a population of Rag-expressing B-lineage cells that harbour intermediates indicative of ongoing V(D)J recombination and which contain cells with pro-B, pre-B and editing phenotypes. Consistent with LP-specific receptor editing, Rag-expressing LP B-lineage cells have similar VH repertoires, but significantly different Vκ repertoires, compared to those of Rag2-expressing bone marrow counterparts. Moreover, colonization of germ-free mice leads to an increased ratio of Igλ-expressing versus Igκ-expressing B cells specifically in the LP. We conclude that B-cell development occurs in the intestinal mucosa, where it is regulated by extracellular signals from commensal microbes that influence gut immunoglobulin repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane R Wesemann
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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49
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Callen E, Di Virgilio M, Kruhlak MJ, Nieto-Soler M, Wong N, Chen HT, Faryabi RB, Polato F, Santos M, Starnes LM, Wesemann DR, Lee JE, Tubbs A, Sleckman BP, Daniel JA, Ge K, Alt FW, Fernandez-Capetillo O, Nussenzweig MC, Nussenzweig A. 53BP1 mediates productive and mutagenic DNA repair through distinct phosphoprotein interactions. Cell 2013; 153:1266-80. [PMID: 23727112 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) protein 53BP1 protects DNA ends from excessive resection in G1, and thereby favors repair by nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) as opposed to homologous recombination (HR). During S phase, BRCA1 antagonizes 53BP1 to promote HR. The pro-NHEJ and antirecombinase functions of 53BP1 are mediated in part by RIF1, the only known factor that requires 53BP1 phosphorylation for its recruitment to double-strand breaks (DSBs). Here, we show that a 53BP1 phosphomutant, 53BP18A, comprising alanine substitutions of the eight most N-terminal S/TQ phosphorylation sites, mimics 53BP1 deficiency by restoring genome stability in BRCA1-deficient cells yet behaves like wild-type 53BP1 with respect to immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR). 53BP18A recruits RIF1 but fails to recruit the DDR protein PTIP to DSBs, and disruption of PTIP phenocopies 53BP18A. We conclude that 53BP1 promotes productive CSR and suppresses mutagenic DNA repair through distinct phosphodependent interactions with RIF1 and PTIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Callen
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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50
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Wesemann DR, Magee JM, Boboila C, Calado DP, Gallagher MP, Portuguese AJ, Manis JP, Zhou X, Recher M, Rajewsky K, Notarangelo LD, Alt FW. Immature B cells preferentially switch to IgE with increased direct Sμ to Sε recombination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:2733-46. [PMID: 22143888 PMCID: PMC3244039 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To be added. Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class-switch recombination (CSR) replaces initially expressed Cμ (IgM) constant regions (CH) exons with downstream CH exons. Stimulation of B cells with anti-CD40 plus interleukin-4 induces CSR from Cμ to Cγ1 (IgG1) and Cε (IgE), the latter of which contributes to the pathogenesis of atopic diseases. Although Cε CSR can occur directly from Cμ, most mature peripheral B cells undergo CSR to Cε indirectly, namely from Cμ to Cγ1, and subsequently to Cε. Physiological mechanisms that influence CSR to Cγ1 versus Cε are incompletely understood. In this study, we report a role for B cell developmental maturity in IgE CSR. Based in part on a novel flow cytometric IgE CSR assay, we show that immature B cells preferentially switch to IgE versus IgG1 through a mechanism involving increased direct CSR from Cμ to Cε. Our findings suggest that IgE dysregulation in certain immunodeficiencies may be related to impaired B cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane R Wesemann
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Immune Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, MA 02115, USA
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