101
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Yang F, Xiao P, Qu CX, Liu Q, Wang LY, Liu ZX, He QT, Liu C, Xu JY, Li RR, Li MJ, Li Q, Guo XZ, Yang ZY, He DF, Yi F, Ruan K, Shen YM, Yu X, Sun JP, Wang J. Allosteric mechanisms underlie GPCR signaling to SH3-domain proteins through arrestin. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 14:876-886. [PMID: 30120361 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Signals from 800 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to many SH3 domain-containing proteins (SH3-CPs) regulate important physiological functions. These GPCRs may share a common pathway by signaling to SH3-CPs via agonist-dependent arrestin recruitment rather than through direct interactions. In the present study, 19F-NMR and cellular studies revealed that downstream of GPCR activation engagement of the receptor-phospho-tail with arrestin allosterically regulates the specific conformational states and functional outcomes of remote β-arrestin 1 proline regions (PRs). The observed NMR chemical shifts of arrestin PRs were consistent with the intrinsic efficacy and specificity of SH3 domain recruitment, which was controlled by defined propagation pathways. Moreover, in vitro reconstitution experiments and biophysical results showed that the receptor-arrestin complex promoted SRC kinase activity through an allosteric mechanism. Thus, allosteric regulation of the conformational states of β-arrestin 1 PRs by GPCRs and the allosteric activation of downstream effectors by arrestin are two important mechanisms underlying GPCR-to-SH3-CP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Chaoyang district, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Shandong, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chang-Xiu Qu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Chaoyang district, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Shandong, China
| | - Liu-Yang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zhi-Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qing-Tao He
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Ye Xu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Rui-Rui Li
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meng-Jing Li
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Shandong, China
| | - Xu-Zhen Guo
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Chaoyang district, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Ya Yang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Fang He
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fan Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ke Ruan
- Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui, China
| | - Yue-Mao Shen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Shandong, China
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiangyun Wang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Chaoyang district, Beijing, China.
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102
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Mechanisms of signalling and biased agonism in G protein-coupled receptors. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:638-653. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-018-0049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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103
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Abstract
Gonadotropin receptors include the follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), both belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily and are essential to reproduction. FSHR is activated by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) while LHCGR is activated by either luteinizing hormone (LH) or choriogonadotropin (CG). Upon ligand binding, gonadotropin receptors undergo conformational changes that lead to the activation of the heterotrimeric G protein, resulting in the production of different second messengers. Gonadotropin receptors can also recruit and bind β-arrestins. This particular class of scaffold proteins were initially identified to mediate GPCRs desensitization and recycling, but it is now well established that β-arrestins can also initiate Gs-independent signaling by assembling signaling modules. Furthermore, new advances in structural biology and biophysical techniques have revealed novel activation mechanisms allowing β-arrestins and G proteins to control signaling in time and space. The ability of different ligands to preferentially elicit G- or β-arrestin-mediated signaling is known as functional selectivity or biased signaling. This new concept has switched the view of pharmacology efficacy from monodimensional to multidimensional. Biased signaling offers the possibility to separate therapeutic benefits of a drug from its adverse effects. The proof of concept that gonadotropin receptors can be subjected to biased signaling is now established. The challenge will now be the design of molecules that can specifically activate beneficial signaling pathway at gonadotropin receptors while reducing or abolishing those leading to side effects. Such strategy could for instance lead to improved treatments for infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Reiter
- PCR, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France -
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104
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Structural insights into G-protein-coupled receptor allostery. Nature 2018; 559:45-53. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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105
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Abstract
β-arrestin1 (or arrestin2) and β-arrestin2 (or arrestin3) are ubiquitously expressed cytosolic adaptor proteins that were originally discovered for their inhibitory role in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling through heterotrimeric G proteins. However, further biochemical characterization revealed that β-arrestins do not just "block" the activated GPCRs, but trigger endocytosis and kinase activation leading to specific signaling pathways that can be localized on endosomes. The signaling pathways initiated by β-arrestins were also found to be independent of G protein activation by GPCRs. The discovery of ligands that blocked G protein activation but promoted β-arrestin binding, or vice-versa, suggested the exciting possibility of selectively activating intracellular signaling pathways. In addition, it is becoming increasingly evident that β-arrestin-dependent signaling is extremely diverse and provokes distinct cellular responses through different GPCRs even when the same effector kinase is involved. In this review, we summarize various signaling pathways mediated by β-arrestins and highlight the physiologic effects of β-arrestin-dependent signaling.
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106
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Latorraca NR, Wang JK, Bauer B, Townshend RJL, Hollingsworth SA, Olivieri JE, Xu HE, Sommer ME, Dror RO. Molecular mechanism of GPCR-mediated arrestin activation. Nature 2018; 557:452-456. [PMID: 29720655 PMCID: PMC6294333 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite intense interest in discovering drugs that cause G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to selectively stimulate or block arrestin signalling, the structural mechanism of receptor-mediated arrestin activation remains unclear1,2. Here we reveal this mechanism through extensive atomic-level simulations of arrestin. We find that the receptor's transmembrane core and cytoplasmic tail-which bind distinct surfaces on arrestin-can each independently stimulate arrestin activation. We confirm this unanticipated role of the receptor core, and the allosteric coupling between these distant surfaces of arrestin, using site-directed fluorescence spectroscopy. The effect of the receptor core on arrestin conformation is mediated primarily by interactions of the intracellular loops of the receptor with the arrestin body, rather than the marked finger-loop rearrangement that is observed upon receptor binding. In the absence of a receptor, arrestin frequently adopts active conformations when its own C-terminal tail is disengaged, which may explain why certain arrestins remain active long after receptor dissociation. Our results, which suggest that diverse receptor binding modes can activate arrestin, provide a structural foundation for the design of functionally selective ('biased') GPCR-targeted ligands with desired effects on arrestin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi R Latorraca
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason K Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian Bauer
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Scott A Hollingsworth
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julia E Olivieri
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Martha E Sommer
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ron O Dror
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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107
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Eichel K, Jullié D, Barsi-Rhyne B, Latorraca NR, Masureel M, Sibarita JB, Dror RO, von Zastrow M. Catalytic activation of β-arrestin by GPCRs. Nature 2018; 557:381-386. [PMID: 29720660 PMCID: PMC6058965 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
β-arrestins are critical regulator and transducer proteins for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). β-arrestin is widely believed to be activated by forming a stable and stoichiometric GPCR-β-arrestin scaffold complex, which requires and is driven by the phosphorylated tail of the GPCR. Here we demonstrate a distinct and additional mechanism of β-arrestin activation that does not require stable GPCR-β-arrestin scaffolding or the GPCR tail. Instead, it occurs through transient engagement of the GPCR core, which destabilizes a conserved inter-domain charge network in β-arrestin. This promotes capture of β-arrestin at the plasma membrane and its accumulation in clathrin-coated endocytic structures (CCSs) after dissociation from the GPCR, requiring a series of interactions with membrane phosphoinositides and CCS-lattice proteins. β-arrestin clustering in CCSs in the absence of the upstream activating GPCR is associated with a β-arrestin-dependent component of the cellular ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) response. These results delineate a discrete mechanism of cellular β-arrestin function that is activated catalytically by GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie Eichel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Damien Jullié
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Barsi-Rhyne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Naomi R Latorraca
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthieu Masureel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Sibarita
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ron O Dror
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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108
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Hanyaloglu AC. Advances in Membrane Trafficking and Endosomal Signaling of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 339:93-131. [PMID: 29776606 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The integration of GPCR signaling with membrane trafficking, as a single orchestrated system, is a theme increasingly evident with the growing reports of GPCR endosomal signaling. Once viewed as a mechanism to regulate cell surface heterotrimeric G protein signaling, the endocytic trafficking system is complex, highly compartmentalized, yet deeply interconnected with cell signaling. The organization of receptors into distinct plasma membrane signalosomes, biochemically distinct endosomal populations, endosomal microdomains, and its communication with distinct subcellular organelles such as the Golgi provides multiple unique signaling platforms that are critical for specifying receptor function physiologically and pathophysiologically. In this chapter I discuss our emerging understanding in the endocytic trafficking systems employed by GPCRs and their novel roles in spatial control of signaling. Given the extensive roles that GPCRs play in vivo, these evolving models are starting to provide mechanistic understanding of distinct diseases and provide novel therapeutic avenues that are proving to be viable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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109
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Wang H, Deng QW, Peng AN, Xing FL, Zuo L, Li S, Gu ZT, Yan FL. β-arrestin2 functions as a key regulator in the sympathetic-triggered immunodepression after stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:102. [PMID: 29636059 PMCID: PMC5894164 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke-induced immunodeficiency syndrome (SIDS) is regarded as a protective mechanism for secondary inflammatory injury as well as a contributor to infection complications. Although stroke-induced hyperactivation of the sympathetic system is proved to facilitate SIDS, the involved endogenous factors and pathways are largely elusive. In this study, we aim to investigate the function of beta-arrestin-2 (ARRB2) in the sympathetic-mediated SIDS. Methods Splenic ARRB2 expression and the sympathetic system activity were detected after establishing transient models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). In addition, a correlation between ARRB2 expression and the sympathetic system activity was analyzed using a linear correlation analysis. Any SIDS reflected in monocyte dysfunction was investigated by measuring inflammatory cytokine secretion and neurological deficit scores and infarct volume were tested to assess neurological outcome. Further, ARRB2 expression in the monocytes was knocked down in vitro by siRNAs. Following the stimulation of noradrenaline and lipopolysaccharide, cytokine secretion and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway were evaluated to gain insight into the mechanisms related to the contribution of ARRB2 to adrenergic-induced monocyte dysfunction. Results Splenic ARRB2 expression was significantly increased after stroke and also showed a significant positive correlation with the sympathetic system activity. Stroke-induced monocyte dysfunction resulted in an increase of the interleukin-10 (IL-10) level as well as a decrease of the interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels. Also, blockade of adrenergic-activity significantly reversed these cytokine levels, and blockade of adrenergic-activity improved stroke-induced neurological results. However, the improved neurological results had no significant correlation with ARRB2 expression. Furthermore, the in vitro results showed that the deficiency of ARRB2 dramatically repealed adrenergic-induced monocyte dysfunction and the inhibition of NF-κB signaling phosphorylation activity. Conclusions ARRB2 is implicated in the sympathetic-triggered SIDS, in particular, monocyte dysfunction after stroke. Accordingly, ARRB2 may be a promising therapeutic target for the immunological management of stroke in a clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Wen Deng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Ni Peng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Lan Xing
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Tian Gu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Ling Yan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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110
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Serfling R, Seidel L, Böttke T, Coin I. Optimizing the Genetic Incorporation of Chemical Probes into GPCRs for Photo-crosslinking Mapping and Bioorthogonal Chemistry in Live Mammalian Cells. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29683449 DOI: 10.3791/57069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) via amber stop codon suppression is a powerful technique to install artificial probes and reactive moieties onto proteins directly in the live cell. Each ncAA is incorporated by a dedicated orthogonal suppressor-tRNA/amino-acyl-tRNA-synthetase (AARS) pair that is imported into the host organism. The incorporation efficiency of different ncAAs can greatly differ, and be unsatisfactory in some cases. Orthogonal pairs can be improved by manipulating either the AARS or the tRNA. However, directed evolution of tRNA or AARS using large libraries and dead/alive selection methods are not feasible in mammalian cells. Here, a facile and robust fluorescence-based assay to evaluate the efficiency of orthogonal pairs in mammalian cells is presented. The assay allows screening tens to hundreds of AARS/tRNA variants with a moderate effort and within a reasonable time. Use of this assay to generate new tRNAs that significantly improve the efficiency of the pyrrolysine orthogonal system is described, along with the application of ncAAs to the study of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are challenging objects for ncAA mutagenesis. First, by systematically incorporating a photo-crosslinking ncAA throughout the extracellular surface of a receptor, binding sites of different ligands on the intact receptor are mapped directly in the live cell. Second, by incorporating last-generation ncAAs into a GPCR, ultrafast catalyst-free receptor labeling with a fluorescent dye is demonstrated, which exploits bioorthogonal strain-promoted inverse Diels Alder cycloaddition (SPIEDAC) on the live cell. As ncAAs can be generally applied to any protein independently on its size, the method is of general interest for a number of applications. In addition, ncAA incorporation does not require any special equipment and is easily performed in standard biochemistry labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Serfling
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig
| | - Lisa Seidel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig
| | - Thore Böttke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig
| | - Irene Coin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig;
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111
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Tóth AD, Turu G, Hunyady L, Balla A. Novel mechanisms of G-protein-coupled receptors functions: AT 1 angiotensin receptor acts as a signaling hub and focal point of receptor cross-talk. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32:69-82. [PMID: 29678287 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AT1 angiotensin receptor (AT1R), a prototypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is the main receptor, which mediates the effects of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). AT1R plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure and salt-water homeostasis, and in the development of pathological conditions, such as hypertension, heart failure, cardiovascular remodeling, renal fibrosis, inflammation, and metabolic disorders. Stimulation of AT1R leads to pleiotropic signal transduction pathways generating arrays of complex cellular responses. Growing amount of evidence shows that AT1R is a versatile GPCR, which has multiple unique faces with distinct conformations and signaling properties providing new opportunities for functionally selective pharmacological targeting of the receptor. Biased ligands of AT1R have been developed to selectively activate the β-arrestin pathway, which may have therapeutic benefits compared to the conventional angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. In this review, we provide a summary about the most recent findings and novel aspects of the AT1R function, signaling, regulation, dimerization or oligomerization and its cross-talk with other receptors, including epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, adrenergic receptors and CB1 cannabinoid receptor. Better understanding of the mechanisms and structural aspects of AT1R activation and cross-talk can lead to the development of novel type of drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- András D Tóth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Turu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Hunyady
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - András Balla
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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112
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Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV, Uversky VN. Arrestins: structural disorder creates rich functionality. Protein Cell 2018; 9:986-1003. [PMID: 29453740 PMCID: PMC6251804 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrestins are soluble relatively small 44–46 kDa proteins that specifically bind hundreds of active phosphorylated GPCRs and dozens of non-receptor partners. There are binding partners that demonstrate preference for each of the known arrestin conformations: free, receptor-bound, and microtubule-bound. Recent evidence suggests that conformational flexibility in every functional state is the defining characteristic of arrestins. Flexibility, or plasticity, of proteins is often described as structural disorder, in contrast to the fixed conformational order observed in high-resolution crystal structures. However, protein-protein interactions often involve highly flexible elements that can assume many distinct conformations upon binding to different partners. Existing evidence suggests that arrestins are no exception to this rule: their flexibility is necessary for functional versatility. The data on arrestins and many other multi-functional proteins indicate that in many cases, “order” might be artificially imposed by highly non-physiological crystallization conditions and/or crystal packing forces. In contrast, conformational flexibility (and its extreme case, intrinsic disorder) is a more natural state of proteins, representing true biological order that underlies their physiologically relevant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.,Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
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113
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Eichel K, von Zastrow M. Subcellular Organization of GPCR Signaling. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:200-208. [PMID: 29478570 PMCID: PMC5830169 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a large and diverse class of signal-transducing receptors that undergo dynamic and isoform-specific membrane trafficking. GPCRs thus have an inherent potential to initiate or regulate signaling reactions from multiple membrane locations. This review discusses emerging insights into the subcellular organization of GPCR function in mammalian cells, focusing on signaling transduced by heterotrimeric G proteins and β-arrestins. We summarize recent evidence indicating that GPCR-mediated activation of G proteins occurs not only from the plasma membrane (PM) but also from endosomes and Golgi membranes and that β-arrestin-dependent signaling can be transduced from the PM by β-arrestin trafficking to clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) after dissociation from a ligand-activated GPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie Eichel
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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114
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Lack of beta-arrestin signaling in the absence of active G proteins. Nat Commun 2018; 9:341. [PMID: 29362459 PMCID: PMC5780443 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-independent, arrestin-dependent signaling is a paradigm that broadens the signaling scope of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) beyond G proteins for numerous biological processes. However, arrestin signaling in the collective absence of functional G proteins has never been demonstrated. Here we achieve a state of “zero functional G” at the cellular level using HEK293 cells depleted by CRISPR/Cas9 technology of the Gs/q/12 families of Gα proteins, along with pertussis toxin-mediated inactivation of Gi/o. Together with HEK293 cells lacking β-arrestins (“zero arrestin”), we systematically dissect G protein- from arrestin-driven signaling outcomes for a broad set of GPCRs. We use biochemical, biophysical, label-free whole-cell biosensing and ERK phosphorylation to identify four salient features for all receptors at “zero functional G”: arrestin recruitment and internalization, but—unexpectedly—complete failure to activate ERK and whole-cell responses. These findings change our understanding of how GPCRs function and in particular of how they activate ERK1/2. Arrestins terminate signaling from GPCRs, but several lines of evidence suggest that they are also able to transduce signals independently of G proteins. Here, the authors systematically ablate G proteins in cell lines, and show that arrestins are unable to act as genuine signal initiators.
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115
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Unique Roles of β-Arrestin in GPCR Trafficking Revealed by Photoinducible Dimerizers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:677. [PMID: 29330504 PMCID: PMC5766490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) controls their localization and degradation, which affects a cell's ability to adapt to extracellular stimuli. Although the perturbation of trafficking induces important diseases, these trafficking mechanisms are poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrate an optogenetic method using an optical dimerizer, cryptochrome (CRY) and its partner protein (CIB), to analyze the trafficking mechanisms of GPCRs and their regulatory proteins. Temporally controlling the interaction between β-arrestin and β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) reveals that the duration of the β-arrestin-ADRB2 interaction determines the trafficking pathway of ADRB2. Remarkably, the phosphorylation of ADRB2 by G protein-coupled receptor kinases is unnecessary to trigger clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and β-arrestin interacting with unphosphorylated ADRB2 fails to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, in contrast to the ADRB2 agonist isoproterenol. Temporal control of β-arrestin-GPCR interactions will enable the investigation of the unique roles of β-arrestin and the mechanism by which it regulates β-arrestin-specific trafficking pathways of different GPCRs.
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116
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of receptors in the human genome and some of the most common drug targets. It is now well established that GPCRs can signal through multiple transducers, including heterotrimeric G proteins, GPCR kinases and β-arrestins. While these signalling pathways can be activated or blocked by 'balanced' agonists or antagonists, they can also be selectively activated in a 'biased' response. Biased responses can be induced by biased ligands, biased receptors or system bias, any of which can result in preferential signalling through G proteins or β-arrestins. At many GPCRs, signalling events mediated by G proteins and β-arrestins have been shown to have distinct biochemical and physiological actions from one another, and an accurate evaluation of biased signalling from pharmacology through physiology is crucial for preclinical drug development. Recent structural studies have provided snapshots of GPCR-transducer complexes, which should aid in the structure-based design of novel biased therapies. Our understanding of GPCRs has evolved from that of two-state, on-and-off switches to that of multistate allosteric microprocessors, in which biased ligands transmit distinct structural information that is processed into distinct biological outputs. The development of biased ligands as therapeutics heralds an era of increased drug efficacy with reduced drug side effects.
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117
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Jung SR, Hille B. Optical approaches for visualization of arrestin binding to muscarinic receptor. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 149:1-18. [PMID: 30616813 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptors (GPCRs) mediate responses to hormones, metabolites, lipids, and neurotransmitters at the cell membrane, and so they are prominent drug targets. Although many structural, biochemical, cell biological, and biophysical studies made remarkable progress to understand mechanisms of GPCR signaling, there still are many unanswered questions about arrestin-dependent GPCR signaling. In this chapter, we focus on optical assays to see muscarinic receptor-arrestin interactions with ensemble FRET and single-molecule TIRF imaging in live cells and finally to integrate the information to simulate hypothesized steps in Virtual Cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bertil Hille
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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118
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Tréfier A, Musnier A, Landomiel F, Bourquard T, Boulo T, Ayoub MA, León K, Bruneau G, Chevalier M, Durand G, Blache MC, Inoue A, Fontaine J, Gauthier C, Tesseraud S, Reiter E, Poupon A, Crépieux P. G protein-dependent signaling triggers a β-arrestin-scaffolded p70S6K/ rpS6 module that controls 5'TOP mRNA translation. FASEB J 2018; 32:1154-1169. [PMID: 29084767 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700763r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many interaction partners of β-arrestins intervene in the control of mRNA translation. However, how β-arrestins regulate this cellular process has been poorly explored. In this study, we show that β-arrestins constitutively assemble a p70S6K/ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) complex in HEK293 cells and in primary Sertoli cells of the testis. We demonstrate that this interaction is direct, and experimentally validate the interaction interface between β-arrestin 1 and p70S6K predicted by our docking algorithm. Like most GPCRs, the biological function of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) is transduced by G proteins and β-arrestins. Upon follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulation, activation of G protein-dependent signaling enhances p70S6K activity within the β-arrestin/p70S6K/rpS6 preassembled complex, which is not recruited to the FSHR. In agreement, FSH-induced rpS6 phosphorylation within the β-arrestin scaffold was decreased in cells depleted of Gαs. Integration of the cooperative action of β-arrestin and G proteins led to the translation of 5' oligopyrimidine track mRNA with high efficacy within minutes of FSH input. Hence, this work highlights new relationships between G proteins and β-arrestins when acting cooperatively on a common signaling pathway, contrasting with their previously shown parallel action on the ERK MAP kinase pathway. In addition, this study provides insights into how GPCR can exert trophic effects in the cell.-Tréfier, A., Musnier, A., Landomiel, F., Bourquard, T., Boulo, T., Ayoub, M. A., León, K., Bruneau, G., Chevalier, M., Durand, G., Blache, M.-C., Inoue, A., Fontaine, J., Gauthier, C., Tesseraud, S., Reiter, E., Poupon, A., Crépieux, P. G protein-dependent signaling triggers a β-arrestin-scaffolded p70S6K/ rpS6 module that controls 5'TOP mRNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Tréfier
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS) Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Astrid Musnier
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS) Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Flavie Landomiel
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS) Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Thomas Bourquard
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS) Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Thomas Boulo
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS) Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS) Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France.,Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kelly León
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS) Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Gilles Bruneau
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS) Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Manon Chevalier
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS) Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Guillaume Durand
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS) Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Marie-Claire Blache
- Plateau d'Imagerie Cellulaire (PIC), Unité Mixte de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Joël Fontaine
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS) Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Christophe Gauthier
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS) Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Sophie Tesseraud
- Metabolism of Birds, Quality and Adaptation (MOQA) Group, Unité de Recherches 83, Unité de Recherches Avicoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France
| | - Eric Reiter
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS) Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Anne Poupon
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS) Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Crépieux
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS) Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
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119
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Li T, Yu B, Liu Z, Li J, Ma M, Wang Y, Zhu M, Yin H, Wang X, Fu Y, Yu F, Wang X, Fang X, Sun J, Kong W. Homocysteine directly interacts and activates the angiotensin II type I receptor to aggravate vascular injury. Nat Commun 2018; 9:11. [PMID: 29296021 PMCID: PMC5750214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism underlying HHcy-aggravated vascular injury remains unclear. Here we show that the aggravation of abdominal aortic aneurysm by HHcy is abolished in mice with genetic deletion of the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor and in mice treated with an AT1 blocker. We find that homocysteine directly activates AT1 receptor signalling. Homocysteine displaces angiotensin II and limits its binding to AT1 receptor. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer analysis reveals distinct conformational changes of AT1 receptor upon binding to angiotensin II and homocysteine. Molecular dynamics and site-directed mutagenesis experiments suggest that homocysteine regulates the conformation of the AT1 receptor both orthosterically and allosterically by forming a salt bridge and a disulfide bond with its Arg167 and Cys289 residues, respectively. Together, these findings suggest that strategies aimed at blocking the AT1 receptor may mitigate HHcy-associated aneurysmal vascular injuries. High homocysteine plasma levels are associated with cardiovascular diseases. Here, Li and colleagues find that homocysteine aggravates vascular injury by direct binding to the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), identifying AT1R inhibition as a potential strategy to counteract the deleterious vascular effects of hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuoyi Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China.,Capital Normal University High School, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, 19 B, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingliang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yingbao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Mingjiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, 19 B, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jinpeng Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China. .,School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China.
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120
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Hilger D, Masureel M, Kobilka BK. Structure and dynamics of GPCR signaling complexes. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:4-12. [PMID: 29323277 PMCID: PMC6535338 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-017-0011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) relay numerous extracellular signals by triggering intracellular signaling through coupling with G proteins and arrestins. Recent breakthroughs in the structural determination of GPCRs and GPCR-transducer complexes represent important steps toward deciphering GPCR signal transduction at a molecular level. A full understanding of the molecular basis of GPCR-mediated signaling requires elucidation of the dynamics of receptors and their transducer complexes as well as their energy landscapes and conformational transition rates. Here, we summarize current insights into the structural plasticity of GPCR-G-protein and GPCR-arrestin complexes that underlies the regulation of the receptor's intracellular signaling profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hilger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthieu Masureel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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121
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Peterson YK, Luttrell LM. The Diverse Roles of Arrestin Scaffolds in G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2017. [PMID: 28626043 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual/β-arrestins, a small family of proteins originally described for their role in the desensitization and intracellular trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), have emerged as key regulators of multiple signaling pathways. Evolutionarily related to a larger group of regulatory scaffolds that share a common arrestin fold, the visual/β-arrestins acquired the capacity to detect and bind activated GPCRs on the plasma membrane, which enables them to control GPCR desensitization, internalization, and intracellular trafficking. By acting as scaffolds that bind key pathway intermediates, visual/β-arrestins both influence the tonic level of pathway activity in cells and, in some cases, serve as ligand-regulated scaffolds for GPCR-mediated signaling. Growing evidence supports the physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of arrestins and underscores their potential as therapeutic targets. Circumventing arrestin-dependent GPCR desensitization may alleviate the problem of tachyphylaxis to drugs that target GPCRs, and find application in the management of chronic pain, asthma, and psychiatric illness. As signaling scaffolds, arrestins are also central regulators of pathways controlling cell growth, migration, and survival, suggesting that manipulating their scaffolding functions may be beneficial in inflammatory diseases, fibrosis, and cancer. In this review we examine the structure-function relationships that enable arrestins to perform their diverse roles, addressing arrestin structure at the molecular level, the relationship between arrestin conformation and function, and sites of interaction between arrestins, GPCRs, and nonreceptor-binding partners. We conclude with a discussion of arrestins as therapeutic targets and the settings in which manipulating arrestin function might be of clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri K Peterson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (Y.K.P.), and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (L.M.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (L.M.L.)
| | - Louis M Luttrell
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (Y.K.P.), and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (L.M.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (L.M.L.)
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122
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Wang D, Yu H, Liu X, Liu J, Song C. The orientation and stability of the GPCR-Arrestin complex in a lipid bilayer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16985. [PMID: 29209002 PMCID: PMC5716996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a large family of membrane proteins that plays a key role in transmembrane signal transduction and draw wide attention since it was discovered. Arrestin is a small family of proteins which can bind to GPCRs, block G protein interactions and redirect signaling to G-protein-independent pathways. The detailed mechanism of how arrestin interacts with GPCR remains elusive. Here, we conducted molecular dynamics simulations with coarse-grained (CG) and all-atom (AA) models to study the complex structure formed by arrestin and rhodopsin, a prototypical GPCR, in a POPC bilayer. Our results indicate that the formation of the complex has a significant impact on arrestin which is tightly anchored onto the bilayer surface, while has a minor effect on the orientation of rhodopsin in the lipid bilayer. The formation of the complex induces an internal change of conformation and flexibility in both rhodopsin and arrestin, mainly at the binding interface. Further investigation on the interaction interface identified the hydrogen bond network, especially the long-lived hydrogen bonds, and the key residues at the contact interface, which are responsible for stabilizing the complex. These results help us to better understand how rhodopsin interacts with arrestin on membranes, and thereby shed lights on arrestin-mediated signal transduction through GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Wang
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.,Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jianqiang Liu
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Chen Song
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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123
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Downregulation of a GPCR by β-Arrestin2-Mediated Switch from an Endosomal to a TGN Recycling Pathway. Cell Rep 2017; 17:2966-2978. [PMID: 27974210 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone involved in nutrient homeostasis. GIP receptor (GIPR) is constitutively internalized and returned to the plasma membrane, atypical behavior for a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). GIP promotes GIPR downregulation from the plasma membrane by inhibiting recycling without affecting internalization. This transient desensitization is achieved by altered intracellular trafficking of activated GIPR. GIP stimulation induces a switch in GIPR recycling from a rapid endosomal to a slow trans-Golgi network (TGN) pathway. GPCR kinases and β-arrestin2 are required for this switch in recycling. A coding sequence variant of GIPR, which has been associated with metabolic alterations, has altered post-activation trafficking characterized by enhanced downregulation and prolonged desensitization. Downregulation of the variant requires β-arrestin2 targeting to the TGN but is independent of GPCR kinases. The single amino acid substitution in the variant biases the receptor to promote GIP-stimulated β-arrestin2 recruitment without receptor phosphorylation, thereby enhancing downregulation.
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124
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Kauk M, Hoffmann C. Intramolecular and Intermolecular FRET Sensors for GPCRs - Monitoring Conformational Changes and Beyond. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 39:123-135. [PMID: 29180026 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Within the past decade, a large increase in structural knowledge from crystallographic studies has significantly fostered our understanding of the structural biology of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, information on dynamic events upon receptor activation or deactivation is not yet readily accessed by these structural approaches. GPCR-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer or bioluminescence resonance energy transfer sensors or sensors for interacting proteins (e.g., G proteins or arrestins) can in part cover this gap. The principal design of such sensors was reported 15 years ago. Since then, sensors for almost 20 different GPCRs have been designed. If used with necessary controls and cautious interpretation, such sensors can contribute significantly to our understanding of the basic mechanisms of GPCR function and beyond. In this review, we will discuss the recent developments in this area of GPCR dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kauk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB - Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll Straße 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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125
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Tóth AD, Prokop S, Gyombolai P, Várnai P, Balla A, Gurevich VV, Hunyady L, Turu G. Heterologous phosphorylation-induced formation of a stability lock permits regulation of inactive receptors by β-arrestins. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:876-892. [PMID: 29146594 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.813139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Arrestins are key regulators and signal transducers of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The interaction between receptors and β-arrestins is generally believed to require both receptor activity and phosphorylation by GPCR kinases. In this study, we investigated whether β-arrestins are able to bind second messenger kinase-phosphorylated, but inactive receptors as well. Because heterologous phosphorylation is a common phenomenon among GPCRs, this mode of β-arrestin activation may represent a novel mechanism of signal transduction and receptor cross-talk. Here we demonstrate that activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by phorbol myristate acetate, Gq/11-coupled GPCR, or epidermal growth factor receptor stimulation promotes β-arrestin2 recruitment to unliganded AT1 angiotensin receptor (AT1R). We found that this interaction depends on the stability lock, a structure responsible for the sustained binding between GPCRs and β-arrestins, formed by phosphorylated serine-threonine clusters in the receptor's C terminus and two conserved phosphate-binding lysines in the β-arrestin2 N-domain. Using improved FlAsH-based serine-threonine clusters β-arrestin2 conformational biosensors, we also show that the stability lock not only stabilizes the receptor-β-arrestin interaction, but also governs the structural rearrangements within β-arrestins. Furthermore, we found that β-arrestin2 binds to PKC-phosphorylated AT1R in a distinct active conformation, which triggers MAPK recruitment and receptor internalization. Our results provide new insights into the activation of β-arrestins and reveal their novel role in receptor cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- András D Tóth
- From the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary
| | - Susanne Prokop
- From the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary
| | - Pál Gyombolai
- From the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary.,the MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary, and
| | - Péter Várnai
- From the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary.,the MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary, and
| | - András Balla
- From the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary.,the MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary, and
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- the Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - László Hunyady
- From the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary, .,the MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary, and
| | - Gábor Turu
- From the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary.,the MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary, and
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126
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Kono M, Conlon EG, Lux SY, Yanagida K, Hla T, Proia RL. Bioluminescence imaging of G protein-coupled receptor activation in living mice. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1163. [PMID: 29079828 PMCID: PMC5660082 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), a superfamily of cell-surface receptors involved in virtually all physiological processes, are the major target class for approved drugs. Imaging GPCR activation in real time in living animals would provide a powerful way to study their role in biology and disease. Here, we describe a mouse model that enables the bioluminescent detection of GPCR activation in real time by utilizing the clinically important GPCR, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1). A synthetic S1P1 signaling pathway, designed to report the interaction between S1P1 and β-arrestin2 via the firefly split luciferase fragment complementation system, is genetically encoded in these mice. Upon receptor activation and subsequent β-arrestin2 recruitment, an active luciferase enzyme complex is produced, which can be detected by in vivo bioluminescence imaging. This imaging strategy reveals the dynamics and spatial specificity of S1P1 activation in normal and pathophysiologic contexts in vivo and can be applied to other GPCRs. G protein-coupled receptors are involved in numerous physiological functions, thus, they represent potential pharmaceutical targets. Here Kono et al. describe a new mouse model to image GPCR activation in real-time by exploiting firefly split luciferase fragment complementation that can be detected by bioluminescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kono
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Conlon
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Samantha Y Lux
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Keisuke Yanagida
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard L Proia
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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127
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Grundmann M, Kostenis E. Temporal Bias: Time-Encoded Dynamic GPCR Signaling. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:1110-1124. [PMID: 29074251 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that cells can time-encode signals for secure transport and perception of information, and it appears that this dynamic signaling is a common principle of nature to code information in time. G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling networks are no exception as their composition and signal transduction appear temporally flexible. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which GPCRs code biological information in time to create 'temporal bias.' We highlight dynamic signaling patterns from the second messenger to the receptor-ligand level and shed light on the dynamics of G-protein cycles, the kinetics of ligand-receptor interaction, and the occurrence of distinct signaling waves within the cell. A dynamic feature such as temporal bias adds to the complexity of GPCR signaling bias and gives rise to the question whether this trait could be exploited to gain control over time-encoded cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Grundmann
- Molecular-, Cellular- and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Kidney Disease Research, Bayer Pharma AG, Aprather Weg 18a, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular-, Cellular- and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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128
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Discovery of new GPCR ligands to illuminate new biology. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:1143-1151. [PMID: 29045379 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although a plurality of drugs target G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), most have emerged from classical medicinal chemistry and pharmacology programs and resemble one another structurally and functionally. Though effective, these drugs are often promiscuous. With the realization that GPCRs signal via multiple pathways, and with the emergence of crystal structures for this family of proteins, there is an opportunity to target GPCRs with new chemotypes and confer new signaling modalities. We consider structure-based and physical screening methods that have led to the discovery of new reagents, focusing particularly on the former. We illustrate their use against previously untargeted or orphan GPCRs, against allosteric sites, and against classical orthosteric sites that selectively activate one downstream pathway over others. The ligands that emerge are often chemically novel, which can lead to new biological effects.
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129
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A kinetic view of GPCR allostery and biased agonism. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:929-937. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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130
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Inda C, Armando NG, Dos Santos Claro PA, Silberstein S. Endocrinology and the brain: corticotropin-releasing hormone signaling. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:R99-R120. [PMID: 28710078 PMCID: PMC5551434 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a key player of basal and stress-activated responses in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and in extrahypothalamic circuits, where it functions as a neuromodulator to orchestrate humoral and behavioral adaptive responses to stress. This review describes molecular components and cellular mechanisms involved in CRH signaling downstream of its G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) CRHR1 and CRHR2 and summarizes recent findings that challenge the classical view of GPCR signaling and impact on our understanding of CRHRs function. Special emphasis is placed on recent studies of CRH signaling that revealed new mechanistic aspects of cAMP generation and ERK1/2 activation in physiologically relevant contexts of the neurohormone action. In addition, we present an overview of the pathophysiological role of the CRH system, which highlights the need for a precise definition of CRHRs signaling at molecular level to identify novel targets for pharmacological intervention in neuroendocrine tissues and specific brain areas involved in CRH-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Inda
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos Aires, Argentina
- DFBMCFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia G Armando
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula A Dos Santos Claro
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Silberstein
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos Aires, Argentina
- DFBMCFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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131
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Bahouth SW, Nooh MM. Barcoding of GPCR trafficking and signaling through the various trafficking roadmaps by compartmentalized signaling networks. Cell Signal 2017; 36:42-55. [PMID: 28449947 PMCID: PMC5512170 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Proper signaling by G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) is dependent on the specific repertoire of transducing, enzymatic and regulatory kinases and phosphatases that shape its signaling output. Activation and signaling of the GPCR through its cognate G protein is impacted by G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)-imprinted "barcodes" that recruit β-arrestins to regulate subsequent desensitization, biased signaling and endocytosis of the GPCR. The outcome of agonist-internalized GPCR in endosomes is also regulated by sequence motifs or "barcodes" within the GPCR that mediate its recycling to the plasma membrane or retention and eventual degradation as well as its subsequent signaling in endosomes. Given the vast number of diverse sequences in GPCR, several trafficking mechanisms for endosomal GPCR have been described. The majority of recycling GPCR, are sorted out of endosomes in a "sequence-dependent pathway" anchored around a type-1 PDZ-binding module found in their C-tails. For a subset of these GPCR, a second "barcode" imprinted onto specific GPCR serine/threonine residues by compartmentalized kinase networks was required for their efficient recycling through the "sequence-dependent pathway". Mutating the serine/threonine residues involved, produced dramatic effects on GPCR trafficking, indicating that they played a major role in setting the trafficking itinerary of these GPCR. While endosomal SNX27, retromer/WASH complexes and actin were required for efficient sorting and budding of all these GPCR, additional proteins were required for GPCR sorting via the second "barcode". Here we will review recent developments in GPCR trafficking in general and the human β1-adrenergic receptor in particular across the various trafficking roadmaps. In addition, we will discuss the role of GPCR trafficking in regulating endosomal GPCR signaling, which promote biochemical and physiological effects that are distinct from those generated by the GPCR signal transduction pathway in membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman W Bahouth
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, 71 S. Manassas, Memphis, TN 38103, USA.
| | - Mohammed M Nooh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
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132
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Abstract
The Reggio group has constructed computer models of the inactive and G-protein-activated states of the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, as well as, several orphan receptors that recognize a subset of cannabinoid compounds, including GPR55 and GPR18. These models have been used to design ligands, mutations, and covalent labeling studies. The resultant second-generation models have been used to design ligands with improved affinity, efficacy, and subtype selectivity. Herein, we provide a guide for the development of GPCR models using the most recent orphan receptor studied in our lab, GPR3. GPR3 is an orphan receptor that belongs to the Class A family of G-protein-coupled receptors. It shares high sequence similarity with GPR6, GPR12, the lysophospholipid receptors, and the cannabinoid receptors. GPR3 is predominantly expressed in mammalian brain and oocytes and it is known as a Gαs-coupled receptor activated constitutively in cells. GPR3 represents a possible target for the treatment of different pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, oocyte maturation, or neuropathic pain. However, the lack of potent and selective GPR3 ligands is delaying the exploitation of this promising therapeutic target. In this context, we aim to develop a homology model that helps us to elucidate the structural determinants governing ligand-receptor interactions at GPR3. In this chapter, we detail the methods and rationale behind the construction of the GPR3 active-and inactive-state models. These homology models will enable the rational design of novel ligands, which may serve as research tools for further understanding of the biological role of GPR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States.
| | - Dow P Hurst
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Patricia H Reggio
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
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133
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Reiter E, Ayoub MA, Pellissier LP, Landomiel F, Musnier A, Tréfier A, Gandia J, De Pascali F, Tahir S, Yvinec R, Bruneau G, Poupon A, Crépieux P. β-arrestin signalling and bias in hormone-responsive GPCRs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 449:28-41. [PMID: 28174117 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play crucial roles in the ability of target organs to respond to hormonal cues. GPCRs' activation mechanisms have long been considered as a two-state process connecting the agonist-bound receptor to heterotrimeric G proteins. This view is now challenged as mounting evidence point to GPCRs being connected to large arrays of transduction mechanisms involving heterotrimeric G proteins as well as other players. Amongst the G protein-independent transduction mechanisms, those elicited by β-arrestins upon their recruitment to the active receptors are by far the best characterized and apply to most GPCRs. These concepts, in conjunction with remarkable advances made in the field of GPCR structural biology and biophysics, have supported the notion of ligand-selective signalling also known as pharmacological bias. Interestingly, recent reports have opened intriguing prospects to the way β-arrestins control GPCR-mediated signalling in space and time within the cells. In the present paper, we review the existing evidence linking endocrine-related GPCRs to β-arrestin recruitement, signalling, pathophysiological implications and selective activation by biased ligands and/or receptor modifications. Emerging concepts surrounding β-arrestin-mediated transduction are discussed in the light of the peculiarities of endocrine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Reiter
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France; LE STUDIUM(®) Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, 45000, Orléans, France; Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Flavie Landomiel
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Astrid Musnier
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Aurélie Tréfier
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jorge Gandia
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Shifa Tahir
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Romain Yvinec
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Gilles Bruneau
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anne Poupon
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Crépieux
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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134
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Muscarinic receptor regulates extracellular signal regulated kinase by two modes of arrestin binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5579-E5588. [PMID: 28652372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700331114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding of agonists to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activates heterotrimeric G proteins and downstream signaling. Agonist-bound GPCRs are then phosphorylated by protein kinases and bound by arrestin to trigger desensitization and endocytosis. Arrestin plays another important signaling function. It recruits and regulates activity of an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade. However, molecular details and timing of ERK activation remain fundamental unanswered questions that limit understanding of how arrestin-dependent GPCR signaling controls cell functions. Here we validate and model a system that tracks the dynamics of interactions of arrestin with receptors and of ERK activation using optical reporters. Our intermolecular FRET measurements in living cells are consistent with β-arrestin binding to M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1Rs) in two different binding modes, transient and stable. The stable mode persists for minutes after agonist removal. The choice of mode is governed by phosphorylation on key residues in the third intracellular loop of the receptor. We detect a similar intramolecular conformational change in arrestin in either binding mode. It develops within seconds of arrestin binding to the M1 receptor, and it reverses within seconds of arrestin unbinding from the transient binding mode. Furthermore, we observed that, when stably bound to phosphorylated M1R, β-arrestin scaffolds and activates MEK-dependent ERK. In contrast, when transiently bound, β-arrestin reduces ERK activity via recruitment of a protein phosphatase. All this ERK signaling develops at the plasma membrane. In this scaffolding hypothesis, a shifting balance between the two arrestin binding modes determines the degree of ERK activation at the membrane.
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135
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Ranjan R, Dwivedi H, Baidya M, Kumar M, Shukla AK. Novel Structural Insights into GPCR-β-Arrestin Interaction and Signaling. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:851-862. [PMID: 28651823 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are major signal recognition and transmission units in the plasma membrane. The interaction of activated and phosphorylated GPCRs with the multifunctional adaptor proteins β-arrestins (βarrs) is crucial for regulation of their signaling and functional outcomes. Over the past few years, a range of structural, biochemical, and cellular studies have revealed novel insights into GPCR-βarr interaction and signaling. Some of these findings have come as a surprise and therefore have the potential to significantly refine the conceptual framework of the GPCR-βarr system. Here we discuss these recent advances with particular emphasis on biphasic GPCR-βarr interaction, the formation of GPCR-G-protein-βarr supercomplexes, and receptor-specific conformational signatures in βarrs. We also underline the emerging research areas that are likely to be at the center stage of investigations in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Ranjan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Hemlata Dwivedi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Mithu Baidya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India.
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136
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Using nanoBRET and CRISPR/Cas9 to monitor proximity to a genome-edited protein in real-time. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3187. [PMID: 28600500 PMCID: PMC5466623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) has been a vital tool for understanding G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) function. It has been used to investigate GPCR-protein and/or -ligand interactions as well as GPCR oligomerisation. However the utility of BRET is limited by the requirement that the fusion proteins, and in particular the donor, need to be exogenously expressed. To address this, we have used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-directed repair to generate protein-Nanoluciferase (Nluc) fusions under endogenous promotion, thus allowing investigation of proximity between the genome-edited protein and an exogenously expressed protein by BRET. Here we report BRET monitoring of GPCR-mediated β-arrestin2 recruitment and internalisation where the donor luciferase was under endogenous promotion, in live cells and in real time. We have investigated the utility of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to create genome-edited fusion proteins that can be used as BRET donors and propose that this strategy can be used to overcome the need for exogenous donor expression.
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137
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Scheerer P, Sommer ME. Structural mechanism of arrestin activation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 45:160-169. [PMID: 28600951 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The large and multifunctional family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are regulated by a small family of structurally conserved arrestin proteins. In order to bind an active GPCR, arrestin must first be activated by interaction with the phosphorylated receptor C-terminus. Recent years have witnessed major developments in high-resolution crystal structures of pre-active arrestins and arrestin or arrestin-derived peptides in complex with an active GPCR. Although each structure individually offers only a limited snapshot, taken together and interpreted in light of recent complementary functional data, they offer valuable insight into how arrestin is activated by and couples to a phosphorylated active GPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Scheerer
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Group Protein X-ray Crystallography & Signal Transduction, Germany.
| | - Martha E Sommer
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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138
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Luttrell LM, Maudsley S, Gesty-Palmer D. Translating in vitro ligand bias into in vivo efficacy. Cell Signal 2017; 41:46-55. [PMID: 28495495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly apparent that ligand structure influences both the efficiency with which G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) engage their downstream effectors and the manner in which they are activated. Thus, 'biased' agonists, synthetic ligands whose intrinsic efficacy differs from the native ligand, afford a strategy for manipulating GPCR signaling in ways that promote beneficial signals while blocking potentially deleterious ones. Still, there are significant challenges in relating in vitro ligand efficacy, which is typically measured in heterologous expression systems, to the biological response in vivo, where the ligand is acting on natively expressed receptors and in the presence of the endogenous ligand. This is particularly true of arrestin pathway-selective 'biased' agonists. The type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R) is a case in point. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the principal physiological regulator of calcium homeostasis, and PTH1R expressed on cells of the osteoblast lineage are an established therapeutic target in osteoporosis. In vitro, PTH1R signaling is highly sensitive to ligand structure, and PTH analogs that affect the selectivity/kinetics of G protein coupling or that engage arrestin-dependent signaling mechanisms without activating heterotrimeric G proteins have been identified. In vivo, intermittent administration of conventional PTH analogs accelerates the rate of osteoblastic bone formation, largely through known cAMP-dependent mechanisms. Paradoxically, both intermittent and continuous administration of an arrestin pathway-selective PTH analog, which in vivo would be expected to antagonize endogenous PTH1R-cAMP signaling, also increases bone mass. Transcriptomic analysis of tissue from treated animals suggests that conventional and arrestin pathway-selective PTH1R ligands act in largely different ways, with the latter principally affecting pathways involved in the regulation of cell cycle, survival, and migration/cytoskeletal dynamics. Such multi-dimensional in vitro and in vivo analyses of ligand bias may provide insights into the physiological roles of non-canonical arrestin-mediated signaling pathways in vivo, and provide a conceptual framework for translating arrestin pathway-selective ligands into viable therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis M Luttrell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Medical Genetics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Research Service of the Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA.
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, Laboratory of Neurogenetics-Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Diane Gesty-Palmer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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139
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Hinz L, Ahles A, Ruprecht B, Küster B, Engelhardt S. Two serines in the distal C-terminus of the human ß1-adrenoceptor determine ß-arrestin2 recruitment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176450. [PMID: 28472170 PMCID: PMC5417508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) undergo phosphorylation at several intracellular residues by G protein-coupled receptor kinases. The resulting phosphorylation pattern triggers arrestin recruitment and receptor desensitization. The exact sites of phosphorylation and their function remained largely unknown for the human β1-adrenoceptor (ADRB1), a key GPCR in adrenergic signal transduction and the target of widely used drugs such as β-blockers. The present study aimed to identify the intracellular phosphorylation sites in the ADRB1 and to delineate their function. The human ADRB1 was expressed in HEK293 cells and its phosphorylation pattern was determined by mass spectrometric analysis before and after stimulation with a receptor agonist. We identified a total of eight phosphorylation sites in the receptor's third intracellular loop and C-terminus. Analyzing the functional relevance of individual sites using phosphosite-deficient receptor mutants we found phosphorylation of the ADRB1 at Ser461/Ser462 in the distal part of the C-terminus to determine β-arrestin2 recruitment and receptor internalization. Our data reveal the phosphorylation pattern of the human ADRB1 and the site that mediates recruitment of β-arrestin2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hinz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Ahles
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (AA); (SE)
| | - Benjamin Ruprecht
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Center for Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Küster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Center for Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Freising, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Bavarian Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Center, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Engelhardt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (AA); (SE)
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140
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Human Luteinizing Hormone and Chorionic Gonadotropin Display Biased Agonism at the LH and LH/CG Receptors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:940. [PMID: 28424471 PMCID: PMC5430435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human luteinizing hormone (LH) and chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) have been considered biologically equivalent because of their structural similarities and their binding to the same receptor; the LH/CGR. However, accumulating evidence suggest that LH/CGR differentially responds to the two hormones triggering differential intracellular signaling and steroidogenesis. The mechanistic basis of such differential responses remains mostly unknown. Here, we compared the abilities of recombinant rhLH and rhCG to elicit cAMP, β-arrestin 2 activation, and steroidogenesis in HEK293 cells and mouse Leydig tumor cells (mLTC-1). For this, BRET and FRET technologies were used allowing quantitative analyses of hormone activities in real-time and in living cells. Our data indicate that rhLH and rhCG differentially promote cell responses mediated by LH/CGR revealing interesting divergences in their potencies, efficacies and kinetics: rhCG was more potent than rhLH in both HEK293 and mLTC-1 cells. Interestingly, partial effects of rhLH were found on β-arrestin recruitment and on progesterone production compared to rhCG. Such a link was further supported by knockdown experiments. These pharmacological differences demonstrate that rhLH and rhCG act as natural biased agonists. The discovery of novel mechanisms associated with gonadotropin-specific action may ultimately help improve and personalize assisted reproduction technologies.
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141
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Geubelle P, Gilissen J, Dilly S, Poma L, Dupuis N, Laschet C, Abboud D, Inoue A, Jouret F, Pirotte B, Hanson J. Identification and pharmacological characterization of succinate receptor agonists. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:796-808. [PMID: 28160606 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The succinate receptor (formerly GPR91 or SUCNR1) is described as a metabolic sensor that may be involved in homeostasis. Notwithstanding its implication in important (patho)physiological processes, the function of succinate receptors has remained ill-defined because no pharmacological tools were available. We report on the discovery of the first family of potent synthetic agonists. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We screened a library of succinate analogues and analysed their activity on succinate receptors. Also, we modelled a pharmacophore and a binding site for this receptor. New agonists were identified based on the information provided by these two approaches. Their activity was studied in various bioassays, including measurement of cAMP levels, [Ca2+ ]i mobilization, TGF-α shedding and recruitment of arrestin 3. The in vivo effects of activating succinate receptors with these new agonists was evaluated on rat BP. KEY RESULTS We identified cis-epoxysuccinic acid and cis-1,2-cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid as agonists with an efficacy similar to that of succinic acid. Interestingly, cis-epoxysuccinic acid was 10- to 20-fold more potent than succinic acid on succinate receptors. For example, cis-epoxysuccinic acid reduced cAMP levels with a pEC50 = 5.57 ± 0.02 (EC50 = 2.7 μM), compared with succinate pEC50 = 4.54 ± 0.08 (EC50 = 29 μM). The rank order of potency of the three agonists was the same in all in vitro assays. Both cis-epoxysuccinic and cis-1,2-cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid were as potent as succinate in increasing rat BP. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We describe new agonists at succinate receptors that should facilitate further research on this understudied receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Geubelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Julie Gilissen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Dilly
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular Modelling for (Bio)molecule Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes and Nano-objects, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Laurence Poma
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nadine Dupuis
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Céline Laschet
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dayana Abboud
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - François Jouret
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Pirotte
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Julien Hanson
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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142
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Furness SGB, Wootten D, Sexton PM. What determines the magnitude of cellular response for activation of G protein-coupled receptors? Cell Cycle 2017; 16:392-394. [PMID: 28055294 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1271634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian G B Furness
- a Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology , Monash University , Parkville , 3052 VIC , Australia
| | - Denise Wootten
- a Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology , Monash University , Parkville , 3052 VIC , Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- a Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology , Monash University , Parkville , 3052 VIC , Australia
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143
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Pavlos NJ, Friedman PA. GPCR Signaling and Trafficking: The Long and Short of It. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:213-226. [PMID: 27889227 PMCID: PMC5326587 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Emerging findings disclose unexpected components of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling and cell biology. Select GPCRs exhibit classical signaling, that is restricted to cell membranes, as well as newly described persistent signaling that depends on internalization of the GPCR bound to β-arrestins. Termination of non-canonical endosomal signaling requires intraluminal acidification and sophisticated protein trafficking machineries. Recent studies reveal the structural determinants of the trafficking chaperones. This review summarizes advances in GPCR signaling and trafficking with a focus on the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR) as a prototype, and on the actin-sorting nexin 27 (SNX27)-retromer tubule (ASRT) complex, an endosomal sorting hub responsible for recycling and preservation of cell surface receptors. The findings are integrated into a model of PTHR trafficking with implications for signal transduction, bone growth, and mineral ion metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Pavlos
- Cellular Orthopaedic Laboratory, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Peter A Friedman
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Structural Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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144
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Yang Z, Yang F, Zhang D, Liu Z, Lin A, Liu C, Xiao P, Yu X, Sun JP. Phosphorylation of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: From the Barcode Hypothesis to the Flute Model. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:201-210. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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145
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Devost D, Sleno R, Pétrin D, Zhang A, Shinjo Y, Okde R, Aoki J, Inoue A, Hébert TE. Conformational Profiling of the AT1 Angiotensin II Receptor Reflects Biased Agonism, G Protein Coupling, and Cellular Context. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5443-5456. [PMID: 28213525 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.763854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the design and use of G protein-coupled receptor-based biosensors to monitor ligand-mediated conformational changes in receptors in intact cells. These biosensors use bioluminescence resonance energy transfer with Renilla luciferase (RlucII) as an energy donor, placed at the distal end of the receptor C-tail, and the small fluorescent molecule FlAsH as an energy acceptor, its binding site inserted at different positions throughout the intracellular loops and C-terminal tail of the angiotensin II type I receptor. We verified that the modifications did not compromise receptor localization or function before proceeding further. Our biosensors were able to capture effects of both canonical and biased ligands, even to the extent of discriminating between different biased ligands. Using a combination of G protein inhibitors and HEK 293 cell lines that were CRISPR/Cas9-engineered to delete Gαq, Gα11, Gα12, and Gα13 or β-arrestins, we showed that Gαq and Gα11 are required for functional responses in conformational sensors in ICL3 but not ICL2. Loss of β-arrestin did not alter biased ligand effects on ICL2P2. We also demonstrate that such biosensors are portable between different cell types and yield context-dependent readouts of G protein-coupled receptor conformation. Our study provides mechanistic insights into signaling events that depend on either G proteins or β-arrestin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Devost
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Rory Sleno
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Darlaine Pétrin
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Alice Zhang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yuji Shinjo
- the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Rakan Okde
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Junken Aoki
- the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.,the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan, and
| | - Asuka Inoue
- the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.,the Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Terence E Hébert
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada,
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146
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SUMO regulates the activity of Smoothened and Costal-2 in Drosophila Hedgehog signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42749. [PMID: 28195188 PMCID: PMC5307382 DOI: 10.1038/srep42749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, the GPCR-family protein Smoothened (Smo) acts as a signal transducer that is regulated by phosphorylation and ubiquitination, which ultimately change the cell surface accumulation of Smo. However, it is not clear whether Smo is regulated by other post-translational modifications, such as sumoylation. Here, we demonstrate that knockdown of the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) pathway components Ubc9 (a SUMO-conjugating enzyme E2), PIAS (a SUMO-protein ligase E3), and Smt3 (the SUMO isoform in Drosophila) by RNAi prevents Smo accumulation and alters Smo activity in the wing. We further show that Hh-induced-sumoylation stabilizes Smo, whereas desumoylation by Ulp1 destabilizes Smo in a phosphorylation independent manner. Mechanistically, we discover that excessive Krz, the Drosophila β-arrestin 2, inhibits Smo sumoylation and prevents Smo accumulation through Krz regulatory domain. Krz likely facilitates the interaction between Smo and Ulp1 because knockdown of Krz by RNAi attenuates Smo-Ulp1 interaction. Finally, we provide evidence that Cos2 is also sumoylated, which counteracts its inhibitory role on Smo accumulation in the wing. Taken together, we have uncovered a novel mechanism for Smo activation by sumoylation that is regulated by Hh and Smo interacting proteins.
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147
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Weinberg ZY, Zajac AS, Phan T, Shiwarski DJ, Puthenveedu MA. Sequence-Specific Regulation of Endocytic Lifetimes Modulates Arrestin-Mediated Signaling at the µ Opioid Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 91:416-427. [PMID: 28153854 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.106633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional selectivity at the µ opioid receptor (µR), a prototypical G-protein-coupled receptor that is a physiologically relevant target for endogenous opioid neurotransmitters and analgesics, has been a major focus for drug discovery in the recent past. Functional selectivity is a cumulative effect of the magnitudes of individual signaling pathways, e.g., the Gαi-mediated and the arrestin-mediated pathways for µR. The present work tested the hypothesis that lifetimes of agonist-induced receptor-arrestin clusters at the cell surface control the magnitude of arrestin signaling, and therefore functional selectivity, at µR. We show that endomorphin-2 (EM2), an arrestin-biased ligand for µR, lengthens surface lifetimes of receptor-arrestin clusters significantly compared with morphine. The lengthening of lifetimes required two specific leucines on the C-terminal tail of µR. Mutation of these leucines to alanines decreased the magnitude of arrestin-mediated signaling by EM2 without affecting G-protein signaling, suggesting that lengthened endocytic lifetimes were required for arrestin-biased signaling by EM2. Lengthening surface lifetimes by pharmacologically slowing endocytosis was sufficient to increase arrestin-mediated signaling by both EM2 and the clinically relevant agonist morphine. Our findings show that distinct ligands can leverage specific sequence elements on µR to regulate receptor endocytic lifetimes and the magnitude of arrestin-mediated signaling, and implicate these sequences as important determinants of functional selectivity in the opioid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Y Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda S Zajac
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tiffany Phan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J Shiwarski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Manojkumar A Puthenveedu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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148
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Crépieux P, Poupon A, Langonné-Gallay N, Reiter E, Delgado J, Schaefer MH, Bourquard T, Serrano L, Kiel C. A Comprehensive View of the β-Arrestinome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:32. [PMID: 28321204 PMCID: PMC5337525 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane receptors critically involved in sensing the environment and orchestrating physiological processes. As such, they transduce extracellular signals such as hormone, neurotransmitters, ions, and light into an integrated cell response. The intracellular trafficking, internalization, and signaling ability of ligand-activated GPCRs are controlled by arrestins, adaptor proteins that they interact with upon ligand binding. β-arrestins 1 and 2 in particular are now considered as hub proteins assembling multiprotein complexes to regulate receptor fate and transduce diversified cell responses. While more than 400 β-arrestin interaction partners have been identified so far, much remains to be learnt on how discrimination between so many binding partners is accomplished. Here, we gathered the interacting partners of β-arrestins through database mining and manual curation of the literature to map the β-arrestin interactome (β-arrestinome). We discussed several parameters that determine compatible (AND) or mutually exclusive (XOR) binding of β-arrestin interactors, such as structural constraints, intracellular abundance, or binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Crépieux
- INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- «Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS)» Group, CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
- *Correspondence: Pascale Crépieux,
| | - Anne Poupon
- INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- «Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS)» Group, CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Nathalie Langonné-Gallay
- INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- «Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS)» Group, CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Eric Reiter
- INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- «Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS)» Group, CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Javier Delgado
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin H. Schaefer
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Bourquard
- INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- «Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems (BIOS)» Group, CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Luis Serrano
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christina Kiel
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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149
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Foster SR, Bräuner-Osborne H. Investigating Internalization and Intracellular Trafficking of GPCRs: New Techniques and Real-Time Experimental Approaches. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 245:41-61. [PMID: 29018878 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability to regulate the interaction between cells and their extracellular environment is essential for the maintenance of appropriate physiological function. For G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), this regulation occurs through multiple mechanisms that provide spatial and temporal control for signal transduction. One of the major mechanisms for GPCR regulation involves their endocytic trafficking, which serves to internalize the receptors from the plasma membrane and thereby attenuate G protein-dependent signaling. However, there is accumulating evidence to suggest that GPCRs can signal independently of G proteins, as well as from intracellular compartments including endosomes. It is in this context that receptor internalization and intracellular trafficking have attracted renewed interest within the GPCR field. In this chapter, we will review the current understanding and methodologies that have been used to investigate internalization and intracellular signaling of GPCRs, with a particular focus on emerging real-time techniques. These recent developments have improved our understanding of the complexities of GPCR internalization and intracellular signaling and suggest that the broader biological relevance and potential therapeutic implications of these processes remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Foster
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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150
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Kumari P, Srivastava A, Banerjee R, Ghosh E, Gupta P, Ranjan R, Chen X, Gupta B, Gupta C, Jaiman D, Shukla AK. Functional competence of a partially engaged GPCR-β-arrestin complex. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13416. [PMID: 27827372 PMCID: PMC5105198 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
G Protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of cell surface receptors and drug targets. GPCR signalling and desensitization is critically regulated by β-arrestins (βarr). GPCR-βarr interaction is biphasic where the phosphorylated carboxyl terminus of GPCRs docks to the N-domain of βarr first and then seven transmembrane core of the receptor engages with βarr. It is currently unknown whether fully engaged GPCR-βarr complex is essential for functional outcomes or partially engaged complex can also be functionally competent. Here we assemble partially and fully engaged complexes of a chimeric β2V2R with βarr1, and discover that the core interaction is dispensable for receptor endocytosis, ERK MAP kinase binding and activation. Furthermore, we observe that carvedilol, a βarr biased ligand, does not promote detectable engagement between βarr1 and the receptor core. These findings uncover a previously unknown aspect of GPCR-βarr interaction and provide novel insights into GPCR signalling and regulatory paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punita Kumari
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ashish Srivastava
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ramanuj Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Eshan Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Pragya Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ravi Ranjan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Bhagyashri Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Charu Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Deepika Jaiman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Arun K. Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
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