101
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Liao C, May V, Li J. PAC1 Receptors: Shapeshifters in Motion. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:331-339. [PMID: 30074173 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Shapeshifters, in common mythology, are entities that can undergo multiple physical transformations. As our understanding of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has accelerated and been refined over the last two decades, we now understand that GPCRs are not static proteins, but rather dynamic structures capable of moving from one posture to the next, and adopting unique functional characteristics at each transition. This model of GPCR dynamics underlies our current understanding of biased agonism-how different ligands to the same receptor can generate different intracellular signals-and constitutive receptor activity, or the level of unbound basal receptor signaling that can be attenuated by inverse agonists. From information derived from related class B receptors, we have recently modeled the structure and molecular dynamics of the full-length pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP, Adcyap1)-selective PAC1 receptor (PAC1R, Adcyap1r1). The class B receptors are different from the class A GPCRs in part from the presence of a large extracellular domain (ECD); the transitions of the ECD along with the dynamics of the transmembrane domains (TMD or 7TM) of the PAC1R describes a series of open- and closed-state conformations that appear to identify the mechanisms for receptor activation. The PAC1R shapeshifts also have the ability of delineating the mechanisms and the design of reagents that may direct biased agonism (or antagonism) for potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Discovery Hall, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Discovery Hall, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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102
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Keri D, Barth P. Reprogramming G protein coupled receptor structure and function. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 51:187-194. [PMID: 30055347 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prominence of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in human physiology and disease has resulted in their intense study in various fields of research ranging from neuroscience to structural biology. With over 800 members in the human genome and their involvement in a myriad of diseases, GPCRs are the single largest family of drug targets, and an ever-present interest exists in further drug discovery and structural characterization efforts. However, low GPCR expression and stability outside the natural lipid environments have challenged these efforts. In vivo functional studies of GPCR signaling are complicated not only by the need for specific spatiotemporal activation, but also by downstream effector promiscuity. In this review, we summarize the present and emerging GPCR engineering methods that have been employed to overcome the challenges involved in receptor characterization, and to better understand the functional role of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Keri
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Barth
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne Branch, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland; Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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103
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Zhang Q, Zhou M, Zhao L, Jiang H, Yang H. Dynamic States of the Ligand-Free Class A G Protein-Coupled Receptor Extracellular Side. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4767-4775. [PMID: 29999306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) make up the largest family of drug targets. The second extracellular loop (ECL2) and extracellular end of the third transmembrane helix (TM3) are basic structural elements of the GPCR ligand binding site. Currently, the disulfide bond between the two conserved cysteines in the ECL2 and TM3 is considered to be a basic GPCR structural feature. This disulfide bond has a significant effect on receptor dynamics and ligand binding. Here, molecular dynamics simulations and experimental results show that the two cysteines are distant from one another in the highest-population conformational state of ligand-free class A GPCRs and do not form a disulfide bond, indicating that the dynamics of the GPCR extracellular side are different from our conventional understanding. These surprising dynamics should have important effects on the drug binding process. On the basis of the two distinct ligand-free states, we suggest two kinetic processes for binding of ligands to GPCRs. These results challenge our commonly held beliefs regarding both GPCR structural features and ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiansen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Mang Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Lifen Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Huaiyu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
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104
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Tan L, Yan W, McCorvy JD, Cheng J. Biased Ligands of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Structure-Functional Selectivity Relationships (SFSRs) and Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9841-9878. [PMID: 29939744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signal through both G-protein-dependent and G-protein-independent pathways, and β-arrestin recruitment is the most recognized one of the latter. Biased ligands selective for either pathway are expected to regulate biological functions of GPCRs in a more precise way, therefore providing new drug molecules with superior efficacy and/or reduced side effects. During the past decade, biased ligands have been discovered and developed for many GPCRs, such as the μ opioid receptor, the angiotensin II receptor type 1, the dopamine D2 receptor, and many others. In this Perspective, recent advances in this field are reviewed by discussing the structure-functional selectivity relationships (SFSRs) of GPCR biased ligands and the therapeutic potential of these molecules. Further understanding of the biological functions associated with each signaling pathway and structural basis for biased signaling will facilitate future drug design in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tan
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong District, Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Wenzhong Yan
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong District, Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - John D McCorvy
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy , Medical College of Wisconsin , 8701 W. Watertown Plank Road , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53226 , United States
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong District, Shanghai 201210 , China
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105
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Stenkamp RE. Identifying G protein-coupled receptor dimers from crystal packings. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 74:655-670. [PMID: 29968675 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318008136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dimers of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are believed to be important for signaling with their associated G proteins. Low-resolution electron microscopy has shown rhodopsin dimers in native retinal membranes, and CXCR4 dimers have been found in several different crystal structures. Evidence for dimers of other GPCRs is more indirect. An alternative to computational modeling studies is to search for parallel dimers in the packing environments of the reported crystal structures of GPCRs. Two major structural types of GPCR dimers exist (as predicted by others), but there is considerable structural variation within each cluster. The different structural variants described here might reflect different functional properties and should provide a range of model structures for computational and experimental examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E Stenkamp
- Departments of Biological Structure and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Structure Center, University of Washington, Box 357420, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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106
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Oddo A, Mortensen S, Thøgersen H, De Maria L, Hennen S, McGuire JN, Kofoed J, Linderoth L, Reedtz-Runge S. α-Helix or β-Turn? An Investigation into N-Terminally Constrained Analogues of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) and Exendin-4. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4148-4154. [PMID: 29877701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptide agonists acting on the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) promote glucose-dependent insulin release and therefore represent important therapeutic agents for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Previous data indicated that an N-terminal type II β-turn motif might be an important feature for agonists acting on the GLP-1R. In contrast, recent publications reporting the structure of the full-length GLP-1R have shown the N-terminus of receptor-bound agonists in an α-helical conformation. To reconcile these conflicting results, we prepared N-terminally constrained analogues of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and exendin-4 and evaluated their receptor affinity and functionality in vitro; we then examined their crystal structures in complex with the extracellular domain of the GLP-1R and used molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations for further investigations. We report that the peptides' N-termini in all determined crystal structures adopted a type II β-turn conformation, but in vitro potency varied several thousand-fold across the series. Potency correlated better with α-helicity in our computational model, although we have found that the energy barrier between the two mentioned conformations is low in our most potent analogues and the flexibility of the N-terminus is highlighted by the dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Oddo
- Global Research , Novo Nordisk A/S , Novo Nordisk Park , 2760 Måløv , Denmark
| | - Sofia Mortensen
- Global Research , Novo Nordisk A/S , Novo Nordisk Park , 2760 Måløv , Denmark
| | - Henning Thøgersen
- Global Research , Novo Nordisk A/S , Novo Nordisk Park , 2760 Måløv , Denmark
| | - Leonardo De Maria
- Global Research , Novo Nordisk A/S , Novo Nordisk Park , 2760 Måløv , Denmark
| | - Stephanie Hennen
- Global Research , Novo Nordisk A/S , Novo Nordisk Park , 2760 Måløv , Denmark
| | - James N McGuire
- Global Research , Novo Nordisk A/S , Novo Nordisk Park , 2760 Måløv , Denmark
| | - Jacob Kofoed
- Global Research , Novo Nordisk A/S , Novo Nordisk Park , 2760 Måløv , Denmark
| | - Lars Linderoth
- Global Research , Novo Nordisk A/S , Novo Nordisk Park , 2760 Måløv , Denmark
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107
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Evers A, Bossart M, Pfeiffer-Marek S, Elvert R, Schreuder H, Kurz M, Stengelin S, Lorenz M, Herling A, Konkar A, Lukasczyk U, Pfenninger A, Lorenz K, Haack T, Kadereit D, Wagner M. Dual Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)/Glucagon Receptor Agonists Specifically Optimized for Multidose Formulations. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5580-5593. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Evers
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Bossart
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefania Pfeiffer-Marek
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf Elvert
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Herman Schreuder
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Kurz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Siegfried Stengelin
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Lorenz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Herling
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anish Konkar
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lukasczyk
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Pfenninger
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katrin Lorenz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Torsten Haack
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dieter Kadereit
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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108
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Valeur E, Jimonet P. New Modalities, Technologies, and Partnerships in Probe and Lead Generation: Enabling a Mode-of-Action Centric Paradigm. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9004-9029. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Valeur
- Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Patrick Jimonet
- External Innovation Drug Discovery, Global Business Development & Licensing, Sanofi, 13 quai Jules Guesde, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
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109
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Structure of the glucagon receptor in complex with a glucagon analogue. Nature 2018; 553:106-110. [PMID: 29300013 DOI: 10.1038/nature25153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Class B G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which consist of an extracellular domain (ECD) and a transmembrane domain (TMD), respond to secretin peptides to play a key part in hormonal homeostasis, and are important therapeutic targets for a variety of diseases. Previous work has suggested that peptide ligands bind to class B GPCRs according to a two-domain binding model, in which the C-terminal region of the peptide targets the ECD and the N-terminal region of the peptide binds to the TMD binding pocket. Recently, three structures of class B GPCRs in complex with peptide ligands have been solved. These structures provide essential insights into peptide ligand recognition by class B GPCRs. However, owing to resolution limitations, the specific molecular interactions for peptide binding to class B GPCRs remain ambiguous. Moreover, these previously solved structures have different ECD conformations relative to the TMD, which introduces questions regarding inter-domain conformational flexibility and the changes required for receptor activation. Here we report the 3.0 Å-resolution crystal structure of the full-length human glucagon receptor (GCGR) in complex with a glucagon analogue and partial agonist, NNC1702. This structure provides molecular details of the interactions between GCGR and the peptide ligand. It reveals a marked change in the relative orientation between the ECD and TMD of GCGR compared to the previously solved structure of the inactive GCGR-NNC0640-mAb1 complex. Notably, the stalk region and the first extracellular loop undergo major conformational changes in secondary structure during peptide binding, forming key interactions with the peptide. We further propose a dual-binding-site trigger model for GCGR activation-which requires conformational changes of the stalk, first extracellular loop and TMD-that extends our understanding of the previously established two-domain peptide-binding model of class B GPCRs.
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110
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Lei S, Clydesdale L, Dai A, Cai X, Feng Y, Yang D, Liang YL, Koole C, Zhao P, Coudrat T, Christopoulos A, Wang MW, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Two distinct domains of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor control peptide-mediated biased agonism. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9370-9387. [PMID: 29717000 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be differentially activated by ligands to generate multiple and distinct downstream signaling profiles, a phenomenon termed biased agonism. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B GPCR and a key drug target for managing metabolic disorders; however, its peptide agonists display biased signaling that affects their relative efficacies. In this study, we combined mutagenesis experiments and mapping of surface mutations onto recently described GLP-1R structures, which revealed two major domains in the GLP-1/GLP-1R/Gs protein active structure that are differentially important for both receptor quiescence and ligand-specific initiation and propagation of biased agonism. Changes to the conformation of transmembrane helix (TM) 5 and TM 6 and reordering of extracellular loop 2 were essential for the propagation of signaling linked to cAMP formation and intracellular calcium mobilization, whereas ordering and packing of residues in TMs 1 and 7 were critical for extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK) activity. On the basis of these findings, we propose a model of distinct peptide-receptor interactions that selectively control how these different signaling pathways are engaged. This work provides important structural insight into class B GPCR activation and biased agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Lei
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,the School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Lachlan Clydesdale
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Antao Dai
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Feng
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Lynn Liang
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cassandra Koole
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Peishen Zhao
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas Coudrat
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China, .,the School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China, and.,the School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Denise Wootten
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, .,the School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, .,the School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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111
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Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) released from gut enteroendocrine cells controls meal-related glycemic excursions through augmentation of insulin and inhibition of glucagon secretion. GLP-1 also inhibits gastric emptying and food intake, actions maximizing nutrient absorption while limiting weight gain. Here I review the circuits engaged by endogenous versus pharmacological GLP-1 action, highlighting key GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R)-positive cell types and pathways transducing metabolic and non-glycemic GLP-1 signals. The role(s) of GLP-1 in the benefits and side effects associated with bariatric surgery are discussed and actions of GLP-1 controlling islet function, appetite, inflammation, and cardiovascular pathophysiology are highlighted. Refinement of the risk-versus-benefit profile of GLP-1-based therapies for the treatment of diabetes and obesity has stimulated development of orally bioavailable agonists, allosteric modulators, and unimolecular multi-agonists, all targeting the GLP-1R. This review highlights established and emerging concepts, unanswered questions, and future challenges for development and optimization of GLP-1R agonists in the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Mailbox 39, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
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112
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Chemical Diversity in the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Superfamily. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:494-512. [PMID: 29576399 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell signaling transmembrane proteins that can be modulated by a plethora of chemical compounds. Systematic cheminformatics analysis of structurally and pharmacologically characterized GPCR ligands shows that cocrystallized GPCR ligands cover a significant part of chemical ligand space, despite their limited number. Many GPCR ligands and substructures interact with multiple receptors, providing a basis for polypharmacological ligand design. Experimentally determined GPCR structures represent a variety of binding sites and receptor-ligand interactions that can be translated to chemically similar ligands for which structural data are lacking. This integration of structural, pharmacological, and chemical information on GPCR-ligand interactions enables the extension of the structural GPCR-ligand interactome and the structure-based design of novel modulators of GPCR function.
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113
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Cao C, Zhang H, Yang Z, Wu B. Peptide recognition, signaling and modulation of class B G protein-coupled receptors. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 51:53-60. [PMID: 29567494 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets in many human diseases, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration. Peptide hormones bind to these receptors through interactions with both the extracellular domain and transmembrane domain. Despite remarkable advances in structural studies of GPCRs, structural characterization of the full-length class B receptors remains extremely challenging due to their conformational complexity. The recently solved structures of class B GPCRs reveal the structural basis of peptide ligand recognition and modulation mechanisms of small molecule allosteric modulators. Furthermore, these structures provide essential insights into molecular mechanisms of class B GPCR signal transduction and modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenlin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Beili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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114
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Brancaccio D, Diana D, Di Maro S, Di Leva FS, Tomassi S, Fattorusso R, Russo L, Scala S, Trotta AM, Portella L, Novellino E, Marinelli L, Carotenuto A. Ligand-Based NMR Study of C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 4 (CXCR4)–Ligand Interactions on Living Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Brancaccio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Donatella Diana
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, C.N.R., 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Di Maro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Tomassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Roberto Fattorusso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Luigi Russo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Stefania Scala
- Molecular Immunology and Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS-Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Trotta
- Molecular Immunology and Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS-Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Portella
- Molecular Immunology and Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS-Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Carotenuto
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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115
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Gómez Santiago C, Paci E, Donnelly D. A mechanism for agonist activation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor through modelling & molecular dynamics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 498:359-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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116
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Liang YL, Khoshouei M, Glukhova A, Furness SGB, Zhao P, Clydesdale L, Koole C, Truong TT, Thal DM, Lei S, Radjainia M, Danev R, Baumeister W, Wang MW, Miller LJ, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM, Wootten D. Phase-plate cryo-EM structure of a biased agonist-bound human GLP-1 receptor-Gs complex. Nature 2018; 555:121-125. [PMID: 29466332 DOI: 10.1038/nature25773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The class B glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) G protein-coupled receptor is a major target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Endogenous and mimetic GLP-1 peptides exhibit biased agonism-a difference in functional selectivity-that may provide improved therapeutic outcomes. Here we describe the structure of the human GLP-1 receptor in complex with the G protein-biased peptide exendin-P5 and a Gαs heterotrimer, determined at a global resolution of 3.3 Å. At the extracellular surface, the organization of extracellular loop 3 and proximal transmembrane segments differs between our exendin-P5-bound structure and previous GLP-1-bound GLP-1 receptor structure. At the intracellular face, there was a six-degree difference in the angle of the Gαs-α5 helix engagement between structures, which was propagated across the G protein heterotrimer. In addition, the structures differed in the rate and extent of conformational reorganization of the Gαs protein. Our structure provides insights into the molecular basis of biased agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lynn Liang
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maryam Khoshouei
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alisa Glukhova
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peishen Zhao
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lachlan Clydesdale
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tin T Truong
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Thal
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Saifei Lei
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mazdak Radjainia
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,FEI, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Radostin Danev
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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117
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Garelja ML, Walker CA, Siow A, Yang SH, Harris PWR, Brimble MA, Watkins HA, Gingell JJ, Hay DL. Receptor Activity Modifying Proteins Have Limited Effects on the Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptor Calcitonin Receptor-Like Receptor Stalk. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1410-1422. [PMID: 29388762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that forms the basis of three pharmacologically distinct receptors, the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor, and two adrenomedullin (AM) receptors. These three receptors are created by CLR interacting with three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). Class B GPCRs have an N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD) and transmembrane bundle that are both important for binding endogenous ligands. These two domains are joined together by a stretch of amino acids that is referred to as the "stalk". Studies of other class B GPCRs suggest that the stalk may act as hinge, allowing the ECD to adopt multiple conformations. It is unclear what the role of the stalk is within CLR and whether RAMPs can influence its function. Therefore, this study investigated the role of this region using an alanine scan. Effects of mutations were measured with all three RAMPs through cell surface expression, cAMP production and, in select cases, radioligand binding and total cell expression assays. Most mutants did not affect expression or cAMP signaling. CLR C127A, N140A, F142A, and L144A impaired cell surface expression with all three RAMPs. T125A decreased the potency of all peptides at all receptors. N128A, V135A, and L139A showed ligand-dependent effects. While the stalk appears to play a role in CLR function, the effect of RAMPs on this region seems limited, in contrast to their effects on the structure of CLR in other receptor regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Garelja
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Christina A Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Siow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Sung H Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland , 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Harriet A Watkins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Joseph J Gingell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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118
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Omotuyi OI, Nash O, Inyang OK, Ogidigo J, Enejoh O, Okpalefe O, Hamada T. Flavonoid-rich extract of Chromolaena odorata modulate circulating GLP-1 in Wistar rats: computational evaluation of TGR5 involvement. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:124. [PMID: 29450114 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromolaena odorata is a major bio-resource in folkloric treatment of diabetes. In the present study, its anti-diabetic component and underlying mechanism were investigated. A library containing 140 phytocompounds previously characterized from C. odorata was generated and docked (Autodock Vina) into homology models of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4, Takeda-G-protein-receptor-5 (TGR5), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor, renal sodium dependent glucose transporter (SGLUT)-1/2 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins 1&2. GLP-1 gene (RT-PCR) modulation and its release (EIA) by C. odorata were confirmed in vivo. From the docking result above, TGR5 was identified as a major target for two key C. odorata flavonoids (5,7-dihydroxy-6-4-dimethoxyflavanone and homoesperetin-7-rutinoside); sodium taurocholate and C. odorata powder included into the diet of the animals both raised the intestinal GLP-1 expression versus control (p < 0.05); When treated with flavonoid-rich extract of C. odorata (CoF) or malvidin, circulating GLP-1 increased by 130.7% in malvidin-treated subjects (0 vs. 45 min). CoF treatment also resulted in 128.5 and 275% increase for 10 and 30 mg/kg b.w., respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study support that C. odorata flavonoids may modulate the expression of GLP-1 and its release via TGR5. This finding may underscore its anti-diabetic potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaposi Idowu Omotuyi
- 1Center for Bio-Computing and Drug Development, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Oyekanmi Nash
- Phytomedicine Research Group, Center for Genomics Research and Innovation, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Olumide Kayode Inyang
- 1Center for Bio-Computing and Drug Development, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Joyce Ogidigo
- Phytomedicine Research Group, Center for Genomics Research and Innovation, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ojochenemi Enejoh
- Phytomedicine Research Group, Center for Genomics Research and Innovation, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Okiemute Okpalefe
- Phytomedicine Research Group, Center for Genomics Research and Innovation, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- 3Advanced Computing Centre, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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119
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Gasbjerg LS, Gabe MBN, Hartmann B, Christensen MB, Knop FK, Holst JJ, Rosenkilde MM. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor antagonists as anti-diabetic agents. Peptides 2018; 100:173-181. [PMID: 29412817 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an intestinal hormone with a broad range of physiological actions. In the postprandial state, the hormone stimulates insulin secretion and during eu- and hypoglycemia, it stimulates glucagon secretion. In addition, GIP increases triacylglycerol (TAG) uptake in adipose tissue and decreases bone resorption. However, the importance of these actions in humans are not clearly understood as a specific GIP receptor (GIPR) antagonist - an essential tool to study GIP physiology - has been missing. Several different GIPR antagonists have been identified comprising both peptides, vaccines against GIP, GIP antibodies or antibodies against the GIPR. However, most of these have only been tested in rodents. In vitro, N- and C-terminally truncated GIP variants are potent and efficacious GIPR antagonists. Recently, GIP(3-30)NH2, a naturally occurring peptide, was shown to block the GIPR in humans and decrease GIP-induced insulin secretion as well as adipose tissue blood flow and TAG uptake. So far, there are no studies with a GIPR antagonist in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but because the elevations in fasting plasma glucagon and paradoxical postprandial glucagon excursions, seen in patients with T2D, are aggravated by GIP, a GIPR antagonist could partly alleviate this and possibly improve the fasting and postprandial glycemia. Since the majority of patients with T2D are overweight, inhibition of GIP-induced fat deposition may be beneficial as well. Here we summarize the studies of GIPR antagonists and discuss the therapeutic potential of the GIP system in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lærke Smidt Gasbjerg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - Maria Buur Nordskov Gabe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bring Christensen
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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120
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Jones B, Bloom SR, Buenaventura T, Tomas A, Rutter GA. Control of insulin secretion by GLP-1. Peptides 2018; 100:75-84. [PMID: 29412835 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of insulin secretion by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and other gut-derived peptides is central to the incretin response to ingesting nutriments. Analogues of GLP-1, and inhibitors of its breakdown, have found widespread clinical use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. The release of these peptides underlies the improvements in glycaemic control and disease remission after bariatric surgery. Given therapeutically, GLP-1 analogues can lead to side effects including nausea, which limit dosage. Greater understanding of the interactions between the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and both the endogenous and artificial ligands therefore holds promise to provide more efficacious compounds. Here, we discuss recent findings concerning the signalling and trafficking of the GLP-1R in pancreatic beta cells. Leveraging "bias" at the receptor towards cAMP generation versus the recruitment of β-arrestins and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) activation may allow the development of new analogues with significantly improved clinical efficacy. We describe how, unexpectedly, relatively low-affinity agonists, which prompt less receptor internalisation than the parent compound, provoke greater insulin secretion and consequent improvements in glycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Teresa Buenaventura
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics & Imperial Consortium for Islet Biology and Diabetes, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics & Imperial Consortium for Islet Biology and Diabetes, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics & Imperial Consortium for Islet Biology and Diabetes, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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121
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Brown DG, Brown GA, Centrella P, Certel K, Cooke RM, Cuozzo JW, Dekker N, Dumelin CE, Ferguson A, Fiez-Vandal C, Geschwindner S, Guié MA, Habeshian S, Keefe AD, Schlenker O, Sigel EA, Snijder A, Soutter HT, Sundström L, Troast DM, Wiggin G, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Clark MA. Agonists and Antagonists of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Discovered within a DNA-Encoded Chemical Library Using Mutational Stabilization of the Target. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 23:429-436. [DOI: 10.1177/2472555217749847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of ligands via affinity-mediated selection of DNA-encoded chemical libraries is driven by the quality and concentration of the protein target. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and other membrane-bound targets can be difficult to isolate in their functional state and at high concentrations, and therefore have been challenging for affinity-mediated selection. Here, we report a successful selection campaign against protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). Using a thermo-stabilized mutant of PAR2, we conducted affinity selection using our >100-billion-compound DNA-encoded library. We observed a number of putative ligands enriched upon selection, and subsequent cellular profiling revealed these ligands to comprise both agonists and antagonists. The agonist series shared structural similarity with known agonists. The antagonists were shown to bind in a novel allosteric binding site on the PAR2 protein. This report serves to demonstrate that cell-free affinity selection against GPCRs can be achieved with mutant stabilized protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean G. Brown
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Giles A. Brown
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Kaan Certel
- X-Chem Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA, USA
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert M. Cooke
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Niek Dekker
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christoph E. Dumelin
- X-Chem Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA, USA
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Ferguson
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Waltham, MA, USA
- X-Chem, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | - Stefan Geschwindner
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Sevan Habeshian
- X-Chem Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA, USA
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Oliver Schlenker
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Arjan Snijder
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Linda Sundström
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Dawn M. Troast
- X-Chem Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA, USA
- Morphic Therapeutic, Waltham, MA
| | - Giselle Wiggin
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jing Zhang
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Waltham, MA, USA
- Entasis Therapeutics, Waltham, MA
| | - Ying Zhang
- X-Chem Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA, USA
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122
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Riddy DM, Delerive P, Summers RJ, Sexton PM, Langmead CJ. G Protein–Coupled Receptors Targeting Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 70:39-67. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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123
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Hay DL, Garelja ML, Poyner DR, Walker CS. Update on the pharmacology of calcitonin/CGRP family of peptides: IUPHAR Review 25. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:3-17. [PMID: 29059473 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcitonin/CGRP family of peptides includes calcitonin, α and β CGRP, amylin, adrenomedullin (AM) and adrenomedullin 2/intermedin (AM2/IMD). Their receptors consist of one of two GPCRs, the calcitonin receptor (CTR) or the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR). Further diversity arises from heterodimerization of these GPCRs with one of three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). This gives the CGRP receptor (CLR/RAMP1), the AM1 and AM2 receptors (CLR/RAMP2 or RAMP3) and the AMY1, AMY2 and AMY3 receptors (CTR/RAMPs1-3 complexes, respectively). Apart from the CGRP receptor, there are only peptide antagonists widely available for these receptors, and these have limited selectivity, thus defining the function of each receptor in vivo remains challenging. Further challenges arise from the probable co-expression of CTR with the CTR/RAMP complexes and species-dependent splice variants of the CTR (CT(a) and CT(b) ). Furthermore, the AMY1(a) receptor is activated equally well by both amylin and CGRP, and the preferred receptor for AM2/IMD has been unclear. However, there are clear therapeutic rationales for developing agents against the various receptors for these peptides. For example, many agents targeting the CGRP system are in clinical trials, and pramlintide, an amylin analogue, is an approved therapy for insulin-requiring diabetes. This review provides an update on the pharmacology of the calcitonin family of peptides by members of the corresponding subcommittee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael L Garelja
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David R Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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124
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Extending the Structural View of Class B GPCRs. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:946-960. [PMID: 29132948 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The secretin-like class B family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key players in hormonal homeostasis. Recent structures of various receptors in complex with a variety of orthosteric and allosteric ligands provide fundamental new insights into the function and mechanism of class B GPCRs, including: (i) ligand-induced changes in the relative orientation of the extracellular and transmembrane receptor domains; (ii) intramolecular interaction networks that stabilize conformational changes to accommodate intracellular G protein binding; and (iii) allosteric modulation of receptor activation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the structural, biochemical, and pharmacological data on class B GPCRs for understanding ligand-receptor interaction and modulation mechanisms and assessing the potential implications for drug discovery for the secretin-like GPCR family.
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125
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Bruzzoni-Giovanelli H, Alezra V, Wolff N, Dong CZ, Tuffery P, Rebollo A. Interfering peptides targeting protein-protein interactions: the next generation of drugs? Drug Discov Today 2017; 23:272-285. [PMID: 29097277 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are well recognized as promising therapeutic targets. Consequently, interfering peptides (IPs) - natural or synthetic peptides capable of interfering with PPIs - are receiving increasing attention. Given their physicochemical characteristics, IPs seem better suited than small molecules to interfere with the large surfaces implicated in PPIs. Progress on peptide administration, stability, biodelivery and safety are also encouraging the interest in peptide drug development. The concept of IPs has been validated for several PPIs, generating great expectations for their therapeutic potential. Here, we describe approaches and methods useful for IPs identification and in silico, physicochemical and biological-based strategies for their design and optimization. Selected promising in-vivo-validated examples are described and advantages, limitations and potential of IPs as therapeutic tools are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heriberto Bruzzoni-Giovanelli
- Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; UMRS 1160 Inserm, Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1427 Inserm/AP-HP Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Valerie Alezra
- Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire de Méthodologie, Synthèse et Molécules Thérapeutiques, ICMMO, UMR 8182, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Wolff
- Unité de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire des Biomolécules, CNRS, UMR 3528, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Chang-Zhi Dong
- Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Tuffery
- Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Inserm UMR-S 973, RPBS, Paris, France
| | - Angelita Rebollo
- CIMI Paris, UPMC, Inserm U1135, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France.
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126
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Cheloha RW, Chen B, Kumar NN, Watanabe T, Thorne RG, Li L, Gardella TJ, Gellman SH. Development of Potent, Protease-Resistant Agonists of the Parathyroid Hormone Receptor with Broad β Residue Distribution. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8816-8833. [PMID: 29064243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHR1) is a member of the B-family of GPCRs; these receptors are activated by long polypeptide hormones and constitute targets of drug development efforts. Parathyroid hormone (PTH, 84 residues) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP, 141 residues) are natural agonists of PTHR1, and an N-terminal fragment of PTH, PTH(1-34), is used clinically to treat osteoporosis. Conventional peptides in the 20-40-mer length range are rapidly degraded by proteases, which may limit their biomedical utility. We have used the PTHR1-ligand system to explore the impact of broadly distributed replacement of α-amino acid residues with β-amino acid residues on susceptibility to proteolysis and agonist activity. This effort led us to identify new PTHR1 agonists that contain α → β replacements throughout their sequences, manifest potent agonist activity in cellular assays, and display remarkable resistance to proteolysis, in cases remaining active after extended exposure to simulated gastric fluid. The strategy we have employed suggests a path toward identifying protease-resistant agonists of other B-family GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross W Cheloha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Bingming Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Niyanta N Kumar
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Tomoyuki Watanabe
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Robert G Thorne
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Clinical Neuroengineering Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison Biomedical Engineering , Engineering Centers Building, Room 2120, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Neuroscience Training Program & Center for Neuroscience, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research II , Rooms 9531 and 9533, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Training Program, UW Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Thomas J Gardella
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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127
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are critical regulators of human physiology and make up the largest single class of therapeutic drug targets. Although GPCRs regulate highly diverse physiology, they share a common signaling mechanism whereby extracellular stimuli induce conformational changes in the receptor that enable activation of heterotrimeric G proteins and other intracellular effectors. Advances in GPCR structural biology have made it possible to examine ligand-induced GPCR activation at an unprecedented level of detail. Here, we review the structural basis for family A GPCR activation, with a focus on GPCRs for which structures are available in both active or active-like states and inactive states. Crystallographic and other biophysical data show how chemically diverse ligands stabilize highly conserved conformational changes on the intracellular side of the receptors, allowing many different extracellular stimuli to utilize shared downstream signaling molecules. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges in understanding GPCR activation and signaling and highlight new technologies that may allow unanswered questions to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashish Manglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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128
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Hausch F. Typ‐B‐GPCR‐Strukturen verdeutlichen Aktivierungsmechanismus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hausch
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Technische Universität Darmstadt 64289 Darmstadt Deutschland
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129
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Ramil CP, Dong M, An P, Lewandowski TM, Yu Z, Miller LJ, Lin Q. Spirohexene-Tetrazine Ligation Enables Bioorthogonal Labeling of Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Live Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13376-13386. [PMID: 28876923 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A new bioorthogonal reactant pair, spiro[2.3]hex-1-ene (Sph) and 3,6-di(2-pyridyl)-s-tetrazine (DpTz), for the strain-promoted inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition, that is, tetrazine ligation, is reported. As compared to the previously reported strained alkenes such as trans-cyclooctene (TCO) and 1,3-disubstituted cyclopropene, Sph exhibits balanced reactivity and stability in tetrazine ligation with the protein substrates. A lysine derivative of Sph, SphK, was site-selectively incorporated into the extracellular loop regions (ECLs) of GCGR and GLP-1R, two members of class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in mammalian cells with the incorporation efficiency dependent on the location. Subsequent bioorthogonal reactions with the fluorophore-conjugated DpTz reagents afforded the fluorescently labeled GCGR and GLP-1R ECL mutants with labeling yield as high as 68%. A multitude of functional assays were performed with these GPCR mutants, including ligand binding, ligand-induced receptor internalization, and ligand-stimulated intracellular cAMP accumulation. Several positions in the ECL3s of GCGR and GLP-1R were identified that tolerate SphK mutagenesis and subsequent bioorthogonal labeling. The generation of functional, fluorescently labeled ECL3 mutants of GCGR and GLP-1R should allow biophysical studies of conformation dynamics of this important class of GPCRs in their native environment in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo P Ramil
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Maoqing Dong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic , Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Peng An
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Tracey M Lewandowski
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Zhipeng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic , Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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130
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Anfinogenova Y, Grakova EV, Shvedova M, Kopieva KV, Teplyakov AT, Popov SV. Interdisciplinary approach to compensation of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients with chronic heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2017; 23:481-497. [PMID: 28849410 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-017-9647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease requiring lifelong control with hypoglycemic agents that must demonstrate excellent efficacy and safety profiles. In patients taking glucose-lowering drugs, hypoglycemia is a common cause of death associated with arrhythmias, increased thrombus formation, and specific effects of catecholamines due to sympathoadrenal activation. Focus is now shifting from merely glycemic control to multifactorial approach. In the context of individual drugs and classes, this article reviews interdisciplinary strategies evaluating metabolic effects of drugs for treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF) which can mask characteristic hypoglycemia symptoms. Hypoglycemia unawareness and cardiac autonomic neuropathy are discussed. Data suggesting that hypoglycemia modulates immune response are reviewed. The potential role of gut microbiota in improving health of patients with diabetes and CHF is emphasized. Reports stating that nondiabetic CHF patients can have life-threatening hypoglycemia associated with imbalance of thyroid hormones are discussed. Regular glycemic control based on HbA1c measurements and adequate pharmacotherapy remain the priorities in diabetes management. New antihyperglycemic drugs with safer profiles should be preferred in vulnerable CHF patients. Multidrug interactions must be considered. Emerging therapies with reduced hypoglycemia risk, telemedicine, sensor technologies, and genetic testing predicting hypoglycemia risk may help solving the challenges of hypoglycemia in CHF patients with diabetes. Interdisciplinary work may involve cardiologists, diabetologists/endocrinologists, immunologists, gastroenterologists, microbiologists, nutritionists, imaging specialists, geneticists, telemedicine experts, and other relevant specialists. This review emphasizes that systematic knowledge on pathophysiology of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients with CHF is largely lacking and the gaps in our understanding require further discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Anfinogenova
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 111-a Kievskaya Street, Tomsk, Russia, 634012. .,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, Russia, 634050.
| | - Elena V Grakova
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 111-a Kievskaya Street, Tomsk, Russia, 634012
| | - Maria Shvedova
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CVRC), Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Kristina V Kopieva
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 111-a Kievskaya Street, Tomsk, Russia, 634012
| | - Alexander T Teplyakov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 111-a Kievskaya Street, Tomsk, Russia, 634012
| | - Sergey V Popov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 111-a Kievskaya Street, Tomsk, Russia, 634012
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131
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Bukrinski JT, Sønderby P, Antunes F, Andersen B, Schmidt EGW, Peters GHJ, Harris P. Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Conjugated to Recombinant Human Serum Albumin Variants with Modified Neonatal Fc Receptor Binding Properties. Impact on Molecular Structure and Half-Life. Biochemistry 2017; 56:4860-4870. [PMID: 28799326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a small incretin hormone stimulated by food intake, resulting in an amplification of the insulin response. Though GLP-1 is interesting as a drug candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, its short plasma half-life of <3 min limits its clinical use. A strategy for extending the half-life of GLP-1 utilizes the long half-life of human serum albumin (HSA) by combining the two via chemical conjugation or genetic fusion. HSA has a plasma half-life of around 21 days because of its interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) expressed in endothelial cells of blood vessels, which rescues circulating HSA from lysosomal degradation. We have conjugated GLP-1 to C34 of native sequence recombinant HSA (rHSA) and two rHSA variants, one with increased and one with decreased binding affinity for human FcRn. We have investigated the impact of conjugation on FcRn binding affinities, GLP-1 potency, and pharmacokinetics, combined with the solution structure of the rHSA variants and GLP-1-albumin conjugates. The solution structures, determined by small-angle X-ray scattering, show the GLP-1 pointing away from the surface of rHSA. Combining the solution structures with the available structural information about the FcRn and GLP-1 receptor obtained from X-ray crystallography, we can explain the observed in vitro and in vivo behavior. We conclude that the conjugation of GLP-1 to rHSA does not affect the interaction between rHSA and FcRn, while the observed decrease in the potency of GLP-1 can be explained by a steric hindrance of binding of GLP-1 to its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pernille Sønderby
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Filipa Antunes
- Albumedix Ltd. , Castle Court, 59 Castle Boulevard, Nottingham NG7 1FD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Günther H J Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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132
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Hausch F. Cryo‐EM Structures of Class B GPCR Reveal the Activation Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12412-12414. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hausch
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Technical University Darmstadt 64289 Darmstadt Germany
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133
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Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/nature22800.
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134
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Abstract
The macromolecular mechanics of GLP-1 with its cell surface receptor came into focus as two landmark publications recently published in Nature collectively herald advancement in structure-based design for a receptor class of great therapeutic importance (Jazayeri et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Mayer
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, Indianapolis, IN 46241, United States
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Richard D DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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135
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136
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Structure and Function of Peptide-Binding G Protein-Coupled Receptors. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2726-2745. [PMID: 28705763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors and are important human drug targets. Of the 826 human GPCRs, 118 of them recognize endogenous peptide or protein ligands, and 30 of the 118 are targeted by approved drug molecules, including the very high-profile class B glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor. In this review, we analyze the 21 experimentally determined three-dimensional structures of the known peptide-binding GPCRs in relation to the endogenous peptides and drug molecules that modulate their cell signaling processes. Our integrated analyses reveal that half of the marketed drugs and most of the drugs in clinical trials that interact with peptide GPCRs are small molecules with a wide range of binding modes distinct from those of large peptide ligands. As we continue to collect additional data on these receptors from orthogonal approaches, including nuclear magnetic resonance and electron microscopy, we are beginning to understand how these receptors interact with their ligands at the molecular level and how improving the pharmacology of GPCR signal transduction requires us to study these receptors using multiple biophysical techniques.
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137
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Woolley MJ, Reynolds CA, Simms J, Walker CS, Mobarec JC, Garelja ML, Conner AC, Poyner DR, Hay DL. Receptor activity-modifying protein dependent and independent activation mechanisms in the coupling of calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin receptors to Gs. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 142:96-110. [PMID: 28705698 PMCID: PMC5609567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or adrenomedullin (AM) receptors are heteromers of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), a class B G protein-coupled receptor, and one of three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). How CGRP and AM activate CLR and how this process is modulated by RAMPs is unclear. We have defined how CGRP and AM induce Gs-coupling in CLR-RAMP heteromers by measuring the effect of targeted mutagenesis in the CLR transmembrane domain on cAMP production, modeling the active state conformations of CGRP and AM receptors in complex with the Gs C-terminus and conducting molecular dynamics simulations in an explicitly hydrated lipidic bilayer. The largest effects on receptor signaling were seen with H295A5.40b, I298A5.43b, L302A5.47b, N305A5.50b, L345A6.49b and E348A6.52b, F349A6.53b and H374A7.47b (class B numbering in superscript). Many of these residues are likely to form part of a group in close proximity to the peptide binding site and link to a network of hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues, which undergo rearrangements to facilitate Gs binding. Residues closer to the extracellular loops displayed more pronounced RAMP or ligand-dependent effects. Mutation of H3747.47b to alanine increased AM potency 100-fold in the CGRP receptor. The molecular dynamics simulation showed that TM5 and TM6 pivoted around TM3. The data suggest that hydrophobic interactions are more important for CLR activation than other class B GPCRs, providing new insights into the mechanisms of activation of this class of receptor. Furthermore the data may aid in the understanding of how RAMPs modulate the signaling of other class B GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Woolley
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - John Simms
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Juan Carlos Mobarec
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Michael L Garelja
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alex C Conner
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - David R Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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