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Leon Guerrero CR, Pathak S, Grange DK, Singh GK, Nichols CG, Lee JM, Vo KD. Neurologic and neuroimaging manifestations of Cantú syndrome: A case series. Neurology 2016; 87:270-6. [PMID: 27316244 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the neurologic and neuroimaging manifestations associated with Cantú syndrome. METHODS We evaluated 10 patients with genetically confirmed Cantú syndrome. All adult patients, and pediatric patients who were able to cooperate and complete the studies, underwent neuroimaging, including vascular imaging. A salient neurologic history and examination was obtained for all patients. RESULTS We observed diffusely dilated and tortuous cerebral blood vessels in all patients who underwent vascular imaging. White matter changes were observed in all patients who completed an MRI brain study. Two patients had a persistent trigeminal artery. One patient had an occluded right middle cerebral artery. One patient had transient white matter changes suggestive of posterior reversible encephalopathic syndrome. Four patients had migraines with one patient having complicated migraines. Seizures were seen in early life but infrequent. The majority of patients had mild developmental delays and one patient had a diagnosis of autism. CONCLUSIONS Cantú syndrome is associated with various neurologic manifestations, particularly cerebrovascular findings including dilated and tortuous cerebral vessels, white matter changes, and persistent fetal circulation. Involvement of the KATP SUR2/Kir6.1 subtype potentially plays an important role in the neurologic manifestations of Cantú syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Leon Guerrero
- From George Washington University (C.R.L.G.), Washington, DC; and Washington University School of Medicine (S.P., D.K.G., G.K.S., C.G.N., J.-M.L., K.D.V.), St. Louis, MO
| | - Sheel Pathak
- From George Washington University (C.R.L.G.), Washington, DC; and Washington University School of Medicine (S.P., D.K.G., G.K.S., C.G.N., J.-M.L., K.D.V.), St. Louis, MO
| | - Dorothy K Grange
- From George Washington University (C.R.L.G.), Washington, DC; and Washington University School of Medicine (S.P., D.K.G., G.K.S., C.G.N., J.-M.L., K.D.V.), St. Louis, MO
| | - Gautam K Singh
- From George Washington University (C.R.L.G.), Washington, DC; and Washington University School of Medicine (S.P., D.K.G., G.K.S., C.G.N., J.-M.L., K.D.V.), St. Louis, MO
| | - Colin G Nichols
- From George Washington University (C.R.L.G.), Washington, DC; and Washington University School of Medicine (S.P., D.K.G., G.K.S., C.G.N., J.-M.L., K.D.V.), St. Louis, MO
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- From George Washington University (C.R.L.G.), Washington, DC; and Washington University School of Medicine (S.P., D.K.G., G.K.S., C.G.N., J.-M.L., K.D.V.), St. Louis, MO.
| | - Katie D Vo
- From George Washington University (C.R.L.G.), Washington, DC; and Washington University School of Medicine (S.P., D.K.G., G.K.S., C.G.N., J.-M.L., K.D.V.), St. Louis, MO.
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102
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K(ATP) channel gain-of-function leads to increased myocardial L-type Ca(2+) current and contractility in Cantu syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6773-8. [PMID: 27247394 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606465113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cantu syndrome (CS) is caused by gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in genes encoding pore-forming (Kir6.1, KCNJ8) and accessory (SUR2, ABCC9) KATP channel subunits. We show that patients with CS, as well as mice with constitutive (cGOF) or tamoxifen-induced (icGOF) cardiac-specific Kir6.1 GOF subunit expression, have enlarged hearts, with increased ejection fraction and increased contractility. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings from cGOF or icGOF ventricular myocytes (VM) show increased basal L-type Ca(2+) current (LTCC), comparable to that seen in WT VM treated with isoproterenol. Mice with vascular-specific expression (vGOF) show left ventricular dilation as well as less-markedly increased LTCC. Increased LTCC in KATP GOF models is paralleled by changes in phosphorylation of the pore-forming α1 subunit of the cardiac voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.2 at Ser1928, suggesting enhanced protein kinase activity as a potential link between increased KATP current and CS cardiac pathophysiology.
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103
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Tricarico D, Selvaggi M, Passantino G, De Palo P, Dario C, Centoducati P, Tateo A, Curci A, Maqoud F, Mele A, Camerino GM, Liantonio A, Imbrici P, Zizzo N. ATP Sensitive Potassium Channels in the Skeletal Muscle Function: Involvement of the KCNJ11(Kir6.2) Gene in the Determination of Mechanical Warner Bratzer Shear Force. Front Physiol 2016; 7:167. [PMID: 27242541 PMCID: PMC4862255 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-sensitive K+-channels (KATP) are distributed in the tissues coupling metabolism with K+ ions efflux. KATP subunits are encoded by KCNJ8 (Kir6.1), KCNJ11 (Kir6.2), ABCC8 (SUR1), and ABCC9 (SUR2) genes, alternative RNA splicing give rise to SUR variants that confer distinct physiological properties on the channel. An high expression/activity of the sarco-KATP channel is observed in various rat fast-twitch muscles, characterized by elevated muscle strength, while a low expression/activity is observed in the slow-twitch muscles characterized by reduced strength and frailty. Down-regulation of the KATP subunits of fast-twitch fibers is found in conditions characterized by weakness and frailty. KCNJ11 gene knockout mice have reduced glycogen, lean phenotype, lower body fat, and weakness. KATP channel is also a sensor of muscle atrophy. The KCNJ11 gene is located on BTA15, close to a QTL for meat tenderness, it has also a role in glycogen storage, a key mechanism of the postmortem transformation of muscle into meat. The role of KCNJ11 gene in muscle function may underlie an effect of KCNJ11 genotypes on meat tenderness, as recently reported. The fiber phenotype and genotype are important in livestock production science. Quantitative traits including meat production and quality are influenced both by environment and genes. Molecular markers can play an important role in the genetic improvement of animals through breeding strategies. Many factors influence the muscle Warner-Bratzler shear force including breed, age, feeding, the biochemical, and functional parameters. The role of KCNJ11gene and related genes on muscle tenderness will be discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Tricarico
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Selvaggi
- Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale De Palo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Cataldo Dario
- Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Tateo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Curci
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Fatima Maqoud
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy; Faculty of Science, Chouaib Doukkali UniversityEl Jadida, Morocco
| | - Antonietta Mele
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Giulia M Camerino
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Liantonio
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Imbrici
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
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104
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The shifting landscape of KATP channelopathies and the need for 'sharper' therapeutics. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:789-802. [PMID: 27161588 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels play fundamental roles in the regulation of endocrine, neural and cardiovascular function. Small-molecule inhibitors (e.g., sulfonylurea drugs) or activators (e.g., diazoxide) acting on SUR1 or SUR2 have been used clinically for decades to manage the inappropriate secretion of insulin in patients with Type 2 diabetes, hyperinsulinism and intractable hypertension. More recently, the discovery of rare disease-causing mutations in KATP channel-encoding genes has highlighted the need for new therapeutics for the treatment of certain forms of neonatal diabetes mellitus, congenital hyperinsulinism and Cantu syndrome. Here, we provide a high-level overview of the pathophysiology of these diseases and discuss the development of a flexible high-throughput screening platform to enable the development of new classes of KATP channel modulators.
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105
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Roy Chowdhury U, Dosa PI, Fautsch MP. ATP sensitive potassium channel openers: A new class of ocular hypotensive agents. Exp Eye Res 2016; 158:85-93. [PMID: 27130546 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ATP sensitive potassium (KATP) channels connect the metabolic and energetic state of cells due to their sensitivity to ATP and ADP concentrations. KATP channels have been identified in multiple tissues and organs of the body including heart, pancreas, vascular smooth muscles and skeletal muscles. These channels are obligatory hetero-octamers and contain four sulfonylurea (SUR) and four potassium inward rectifier (Kir) subunits. Based on the particular type of SUR and Kir present, there are several tissue specific subtypes of KATP channels, each with their own unique set of functions. Recently, KATP channels have been reported in human and mouse ocular tissues. In ex vivo and in vivo model systems, KATP channel openers showed significant ocular hypotensive properties with no appearance of toxic side effects. Additionally, when used in conjunction with known intraocular pressure lowering drugs, an additive effect on IOP reduction was observed. These KATP channel openers have also been reported to protect the retinal ganglion cells during ischemic stress and glutamate induced toxicity suggesting a neuroprotective property for this drug class. Medications that are currently used for treating ocular hypertensive diseases like glaucoma do not directly protect the affected retinal cells, are sometimes ineffective and may show significant side effects. In light of this, KATP channel openers with both ocular hypotensive and neuroprotective properties, have the potential to develop into a new class of glaucoma therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttio Roy Chowdhury
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
| | - Peter I Dosa
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States.
| | - Michael P Fautsch
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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106
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Nichols CG. Adenosine Triphosphate-Sensitive Potassium Currents in Heart Disease and Cardioprotection. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2016; 8:323-35. [PMID: 27261824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The subunit makeup of the family of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) channels is more complex and labile than thought. The growing association of Kir6.1 and SUR2 variants with specific cardiovascular electrical and contractile derangements and the clear association with Cantu syndrome establish the importance of appropriate activity in normal function of the heart and vasculature. Further studies of such patients will reveal new mutations in KATP subunits and perhaps in proteins that regulate KATP synthesis, trafficking, or location, all of which may ultimately benefit therapeutically from the unique pharmacology of KATP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Nichols
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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107
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Afifi HH, Abdel-Hamid MS, Eid MM, Mostafa IS, Abdel-Salam GMH. De Novo Mutation in ABCC9 Causes Hypertrichosis Acromegaloid Facial Features Disorder. Pediatr Dermatol 2016; 33:e109-13. [PMID: 26871653 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 13-year-old Egyptian girl with generalized hypertrichosis, gingival hyperplasia, coarse facial appearance, no cardiovascular or skeletal anomalies, keloid formation, and multiple labial frenula was referred to our clinic for counseling. Molecular analysis of the ABCC9 gene showed a de novo missense mutation located in exon 27, which has been described previously with Cantu syndrome. An overlap between Cantu syndrome, acromegaloid facial syndrome, and hypertrichosis acromegaloid facial features disorder is apparent at the phenotypic and molecular levels. The patient reported here gives further evidence that these syndromes are an expression of the ABCC9-related disorders, ranging from hypertrichosis and acromegaloid facies to the severe end of Cantu syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan H Afifi
- Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Maha M Eid
- Human Cytogenetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Inas S Mostafa
- Orodental Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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108
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Abstract
KATP channels are integral to the functions of many cells and tissues. The use of electrophysiological methods has allowed for a detailed characterization of KATP channels in terms of their biophysical properties, nucleotide sensitivities, and modification by pharmacological compounds. However, even though they were first described almost 25 years ago (Noma 1983, Trube and Hescheler 1984), the physiological and pathophysiological roles of these channels, and their regulation by complex biological systems, are only now emerging for many tissues. Even in tissues where their roles have been best defined, there are still many unanswered questions. This review aims to summarize the properties, molecular composition, and pharmacology of KATP channels in various cardiovascular components (atria, specialized conduction system, ventricles, smooth muscle, endothelium, and mitochondria). We will summarize the lessons learned from available genetic mouse models and address the known roles of KATP channels in cardiovascular pathologies and how genetic variation in KATP channel genes contribute to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique N Foster
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - William A Coetzee
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
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109
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Bottillo I, D'Angelantonio D, Caputo V, Paiardini A, Lipari M, De Bernardo C, Giannarelli D, Pizzuti A, Majore S, Castori M, Zachara E, Re F, Grammatico P. Molecular analysis of sarcomeric and non-sarcomeric genes in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Gene 2016; 577:227-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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110
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Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Canine Family Trio Reveals a FAM83G Variant Associated with Hereditary Footpad Hyperkeratosis. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:521-7. [PMID: 26747202 PMCID: PMC4777115 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.025643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over 250 Mendelian traits and disorders, caused by rare alleles have been mapped in the canine genome. Although each disease is rare in the dog as a species, they are collectively common and have major impact on canine health. With SNP-based genotyping arrays, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have proven to be a powerful method to map the genomic region of interest when 10–20 cases and 10–20 controls are available. However, to identify the genetic variant in associated regions, fine-mapping and targeted resequencing is required. Here we present a new approach using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of a family trio without prior GWAS. As a proof-of-concept, we chose an autosomal recessive disease known as hereditary footpad hyperkeratosis (HFH) in Kromfohrländer dogs. To our knowledge, this is the first time this family trio WGS-approach has been used successfully to identify a genetic variant that perfectly segregates with a canine disorder. The sequencing of three Kromfohrländer dogs from a family trio (an affected offspring and both its healthy parents) resulted in an average genome coverage of 9.2X per individual. After applying stringent filtering criteria for candidate causative coding variants, 527 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 15 indels were found to be homozygous in the affected offspring and heterozygous in the parents. Using the computer software packages ANNOVAR and SIFT to functionally annotate coding sequence differences, and to predict their functional effect, resulted in seven candidate variants located in six different genes. Of these, only FAM83G:c155G > C (p.R52P) was found to be concordant in eight additional cases, and 16 healthy Kromfohrländer dogs.
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111
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Brandenburg S, Arakel EC, Schwappach B, Lehnart SE. The molecular and functional identities of atrial cardiomyocytes in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:1882-93. [PMID: 26620800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atrial cardiomyocytes are essential for fluid homeostasis, ventricular filling, and survival, yet their cell biology and physiology are incompletely understood. It has become clear that the cell fate of atrial cardiomyocytes depends significantly on transcription programs that might control thousands of differentially expressed genes. Atrial muscle membranes propagate action potentials and activate myofilament force generation, producing overall faster contractions than ventricular muscles. While atria-specific excitation and contractility depend critically on intracellular Ca(2+) signalling, voltage-dependent L-type Ca(2+) channels and ryanodine receptor Ca(2+) release channels are each expressed at high levels similar to ventricles. However, intracellular Ca(2+) transients in atrial cardiomyocytes are markedly heterogeneous and fundamentally different from ventricular cardiomyocytes. In addition, differential atria-specific K(+) channel expression and trafficking confer unique electrophysiological and metabolic properties. Because diseased atria have the propensity to perpetuate fast arrhythmias, we discuss our understanding about the cell-specific mechanisms that lead to metabolic and/or mitochondrial dysfunction in atrial fibrillation. Interestingly, recent work identified potential atria-specific mechanisms that lead to early contractile dysfunction and metabolic remodelling, suggesting highly interdependent metabolic, electrical, and contractile pathomechanisms. Hence, the objective of this review is to provide an integrated model of atrial cardiomyocytes, from tissue-specific cell properties, intracellular metabolism, and excitation-contraction (EC) coupling to early pathological changes, in particular metabolic dysfunction and tissue remodelling due to atrial fibrillation and aging. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Brandenburg
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiology & Pulmonology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eric C Arakel
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Blanche Schwappach
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephan E Lehnart
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiology & Pulmonology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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112
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Levin MD, Zhang H, Uchida K, Grange DK, Singh GK, Nichols CG. Electrophysiologic consequences of KATP gain of function in the heart: Conduction abnormalities in Cantu syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12:2316-24. [PMID: 26142302 PMCID: PMC4624040 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in the KATP channel subunits Kir6.1 and SUR2 cause Cantu syndrome (CS), a disease characterized by multiple cardiovascular abnormalities. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to better determine the electrophysiologic consequences of such GOF mutations in the heart. METHODS We generated transgenic mice (Kir6.1-GOF) expressing ATP-insensitive Kir6.1[G343D] subunits under α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) promoter control, to target gene expression specifically in cardiomyocytes, and performed patch-clamp experiments on isolated ventricular myocytes and invasive electrophysiology on anesthetized mice. RESULTS In Kir6.1-GOF ventricular myocytes, KATP channels showed decreased ATP sensitivity but no significant change in current density. Ambulatory ECG recordings on Kir6.1-GOF mice revealed AV nodal conduction abnormalities and junctional rhythm. Invasive electrophysiologic analyses revealed slowing of conduction and conduction failure through the AV node but no increase in susceptibility to atrial or ventricular ectopic activity. Surface ECGs recorded from CS patients also demonstrated first-degree AV block and fascicular block. CONCLUSION The primary electrophysiologic consequence of cardiac KATP GOF is on the conduction system, particularly the AV node, resulting in conduction abnormalities in CS patients who carry KATP GOF mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Levin
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Keita Uchida
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Dorothy K Grange
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gautam K Singh
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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113
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Nelson PT, Jicha GA, Wang WX, Ighodaro E, Artiushin S, Nichols CG, Fardo DW. ABCC9/SUR2 in the brain: Implications for hippocampal sclerosis of aging and a potential therapeutic target. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:111-25. [PMID: 26226329 PMCID: PMC4661124 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ABCC9 gene and its polypeptide product, SUR2, are increasingly implicated in human neurologic disease, including prevalent diseases of the aged brain. SUR2 proteins are a component of the ATP-sensitive potassium ("KATP") channel, a metabolic sensor for stress and/or hypoxia that has been shown to change in aging. The KATP channel also helps regulate the neurovascular unit. Most brain cell types express SUR2, including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, vascular smooth muscle, pericytes, and endothelial cells. Thus it is not surprising that ABCC9 gene variants are associated with risk for human brain diseases. For example, Cantu syndrome is a result of ABCC9 mutations; we discuss neurologic manifestations of this genetic syndrome. More common brain disorders linked to ABCC9 gene variants include hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging), sleep disorders, and depression. HS-Aging is a prevalent neurological disease with pathologic features of both neurodegenerative (aberrant TDP-43) and cerebrovascular (arteriolosclerosis) disease. As to potential therapeutic intervention, the human pharmacopeia features both SUR2 agonists and antagonists, so ABCC9/SUR2 may provide a "druggable target", relevant perhaps to both HS-Aging and Alzheimer's disease. We conclude that more work is required to better understand the roles of ABCC9/SUR2 in the human brain during health and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; University of Kentucky, Department of Pathology, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; University of Kentucky, Department of Neurology, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Wang-Xia Wang
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Eseosa Ighodaro
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sergey Artiushin
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David W Fardo
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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114
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Viluma A, Sayyab S, Mikko S, Andersson G, Bergström TF. Evaluation of whole-genome sequencing of four Chinese crested dogs for variant detection using the ion proton system. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2015; 2:16. [PMID: 26457193 PMCID: PMC4599337 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-015-0029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Next generation sequencing (NGS) has traditionally been performed by large genome centers, but in recent years, the costs for whole-genome sequencing (WGS) have decreased substantially. With the introduction of smaller and less expensive “desktop” systems, NGS is now moving into the general laboratory. To evaluate the Ion Proton system for WGS we sequenced four Chinese Crested dogs and analyzed the data quality in terms of genome and exome coverage, the number of detected single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertions and deletions (INDELs) and the genotype concordance with the Illumina HD canine SNP array. For each of the four dogs, a 200 bp fragment library was constructed from genomic DNA and sequenced on two Ion PI chips per dog to reach mean coverage of 6–8x of the canine genome (genome size ≈ 2.4 Gb). Results On average, each Ion PI chip yielded approximately 73.3 million reads with a mean read length of 130 bp (~9.5 Gb sequence data) of which 98.5 % could be aligned to the canine reference genome (CanFam3.1). By sequencing a single dog using one fragment library and two Ion PI chips, on average 80 % of the genome and 77 % exome was covered by at least four reads. After removing duplicate reads (20.7 %) the mean coverage across the whole genome was 6x. Using sequence data from all four individuals (four fragment libraries and eight Ion PI chips) the genome and exome coverage could be further increased to 97.2 and 94.3 %, respectively. We detected 4.83 million unique SNPs and 6.10 million unique INDEL positions across all individuals. A comparison between SNP genotypes detected with the WGS and the 170 K Illumina HD canine SNP array showed 90 % concordance. Conclusions We have evaluated whole-genome sequencing on the Ion Proton system for genetic variant detection in four Chinese crested dogs. Even though INDEL calling with Ion Proton data is challenging due to specific platform errors, in case of SNP calling it can serve as an alternative to other next-generation sequencing platforms and SNP genotyping arrays, in studies aiming to identify causative mutations for rare monogenic diseases. In addition, we have identified new genetic variants of the Chinese Crested dog that will contribute to further whole-genome sequencing studies aimed to identify mutations associated with monogenic diseases with autosomal recessive inheritance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40575-015-0029-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Viluma
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shumaila Sayyab
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofia Mikko
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas F Bergström
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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115
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Pezzani L, Milani D, Tadini G. Intellectual Disability: When the Hypertrichosis Is a Clue. J Pediatr Genet 2015; 4:154-8. [PMID: 27617126 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1564442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The skin and the central and peripheral nervous system both derive from the ectoderm ridge. Therefore, several syndromes characterized by the presence of intellectual disability (ID) can be associated with specific congenital cutaneous manifestations. In this review, we list some of the most frequent diseases characterized by the presence of ID associated with hirsutism, which might be an incentive for the clinicians to pay attention to the ectodermal annexes in patients with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Pezzani
- Pathology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Milani
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tadini
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Unit of Dermatology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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116
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Newfield RS. Topical sulfonylurea as a novel therapy for hypertrichosis secondary to diazoxide, and potentially for other conditions with excess hair growth. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:969-71. [PMID: 26392140 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that a topical application of a sulfonylurea drug, which can inhibit the ATP-sensitive potassium-gated channels (Kir6.X/SUR) present in human hair bulb tissues, will inhibit hair growth in a targeted manner. Diazoxide is used to treat severe hypoglycemia due to hyperinsulinism of infancy. However, this often results in hypertrichosis that can be severe enough to prevent its use. Diazoxide blocks insulin release from the pancreas by opening the SUR1/Kir6.2 channels in ß-cells. Diazoxide can also act on two potassium-gated channels in the skin that affect hair growth, namely SUR1/Kir6.2 and SUR2B/Kir6.1, thus causing hypertrichosis. It is proposed that a topical sulfonylurea will inhibit the excessive hair growth due to diazoxide, but will not impact the beneficial effects of diazoxide on beta cells. This approach can also be applied to rare cases of Cantú syndrome, caused by mutations in ABCC9 (coding for SUR2) or in KCNJ8 (coding for Kir6.1) that is characterized by congenital hypertrichosis. More importantly, this approach may also be effective in treating other forms of hypertrichosis or hirsutism, that are quite common, yet very distressing to patients worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron S Newfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, 3020 Children's Way, MC 5103, San Diego, CA 92123, United States.
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117
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Nelson PT, Wang WX, Wilfred BR, Wei A, Dimayuga J, Huang Q, Ighodaro E, Artiushin S, Fardo DW. Novel human ABCC9/SUR2 brain-expressed transcripts and an eQTL relevant to hippocampal sclerosis of aging. J Neurochem 2015; 134:1026-39. [PMID: 26115089 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ABCC9 genetic polymorphisms are associated with increased risk for various human diseases including hippocampal sclerosis of aging. The main goals of this study were 1 > to detect the ABCC9 variants and define the specific 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) for each variant in human brain, and 2 > to determine whether a polymorphism (rs704180) associated with risk for hippocampal sclerosis of aging pathology is also associated with variation in ABCC9 transcript expression and/or splicing. Rapid amplification of ABCC9 cDNA ends (3'RACE) provided evidence of novel 3' UTR portions of ABCC9 in human brain. In silico and experimental studies were performed focusing on the single nucleotide polymorphism, rs704180. Analyses from multiple databases, focusing on rs704180 only, indicated that this risk allele is a local expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL). Analyses of RNA from human brains showed increased ABCC9 transcript levels in individuals with the risk genotype, corresponding with enrichment for a shorter 3' UTR which may be more stable than variants with the longer 3' UTR. MicroRNA transfection experiments yielded results compatible with the hypothesis that miR-30c causes down-regulation of SUR2 transcripts with the longer 3' UTR. Thus we report evidence of complex ABCC9 genetic regulation in brain, which may be of direct relevance to human disease. ABCC9 gene variants are associated with increased risk for hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging--a prevalent brain disease with symptoms that mimic Alzheimer's disease). We describe novel ABCC9 variants in human brain, corresponding to altered 3'UTR length, which could lead to targeting by miR-30c. We also determined that the HS-Aging risk mutation is associated with variation in ABCC9 transcript expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Wang-Xia Wang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Bernard R Wilfred
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Angela Wei
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - James Dimayuga
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Qingwei Huang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Eseosa Ighodaro
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sergey Artiushin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - David W Fardo
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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118
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Zhang F, Cui J, Lv B, Yu B. Nicorandil protects mesenchymal stem cells against hypoxia and serum deprivation-induced apoptosis. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:415-23. [PMID: 26035532 PMCID: PMC4501655 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicorandil, an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel opener, has been shown to exert a significant protective effect against ischemic heart injury. In the present study, we investigated the anti-apoptotic effects of nicorandil on rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) subjected to hypoxia and serum deprivation (H/SD), as well as the potential underlying mechanisms. Apoptosis was induced in the MSCs by exposure to H/SD, and the apoptotic rates and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were determined by flow cytometry. The mitochondrial inner membrane potential was measured using the membrane-permeable dye, JC-1. Western blot analysis was used to measure the levels of Akt, Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c and cleaved caspase-3. The cell proliferative ability was assessed using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay. The results revealed that H/SD-induced apoptosis was significantly attenuated by treatment with nicorandil in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, nicorandil markedly reduced the levels of ROS which were induced by exposure to H/SD, and increased the stability of mitochondrial membrane potential and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, while it concomitantly decreased the H/SD-induced cleavage of caspase-3 and the release of cytochrome c. Treatment with the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002, abolished the beneficial effects of nicorandil on the MSCs. In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicate that nicorandil exerts protective effects against MSC apoptosis induced by H/SD and that these effects are mediated through the PI3K/Akt, mitochondrial and ROS signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Zhang
- Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P.R. China
| | - Jinjin Cui
- Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P.R. China
| | - Bo Lv
- Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yu
- Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P.R. China
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119
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Ween MP, Armstrong MA, Oehler MK, Ricciardelli C. The role of ABC transporters in ovarian cancer progression and chemoresistance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 96:220-56. [PMID: 26100653 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 80% of ovarian cancer patients develop chemoresistance which results in a lethal course of the disease. A well-established cause of chemoresistance involves the family of ATP-binding cassette transporters, or ABC transporters that transport a wide range of substrates including metabolic products, nutrients, lipids, and drugs across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. Expressions of various ABC transporters, shown to reduce the intracellular accumulation of chemotherapy drugs, are increased following chemotherapy and impact on ovarian cancer survival. Although clinical trials to date using ABC transporter inhibitors have been disappointing, ABC transporter inhibition remains an attractive potential adjuvant to chemotherapy. A greater understanding of their physiological functions and role in ovarian cancer chemoresistance will be important for the development of more effective targeted therapies. This article will review the role of the ABC transporter family in ovarian cancer progression and chemoresistance as well as the clinical attempts used to date to reverse chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ween
- Lung Research, Hanson Institute and Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide
| | - M A Armstrong
- Data Management and Analysis Centre, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - M K Oehler
- Gynaecological Oncology Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia; School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - C Ricciardelli
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Australia.
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120
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Zhou Q, Chen PC, Devaraneni PK, Martin GM, Olson EM, Shyng SL. Carbamazepine inhibits ATP-sensitive potassium channel activity by disrupting channel response to MgADP. Channels (Austin) 2015; 8:376-82. [PMID: 24849284 DOI: 10.4161/chan.29117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In pancreatic β-cells, K(ATP) channels consisting of Kir6.2 and SUR1 couple cell metabolism to membrane excitability and regulate insulin secretion. Sulfonylureas, insulin secretagogues used to treat type II diabetes, inhibit K(ATP) channel activity primarily by abolishing the stimulatory effect of MgADP endowed by SUR1. In addition, sulfonylureas have been shown to function as pharmacological chaperones to correct channel biogenesis and trafficking defects. Recently, we reported that carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant known to inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels, has profound effects on K(ATP) channels. Like sulfonylureas, carbamazepine corrects trafficking defects in channels bearing mutations in the first transmembrane domain of SUR1. Moreover, carbamazepine inhibits the activity of K(ATP) channels such that rescued mutant channels are unable to open when the intracellular ATP/ADP ratio is lowered by metabolic inhibition. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which carbamazepine inhibits K(ATP) channel activity. We show that carbamazepine specifically blocks channel response to MgADP. This gating effect resembles that of sulfonylureas. Our results reveal striking similarities between carbamazepine and sulfonylureas in their effects on K(ATP) channel biogenesis and gating and suggest that the 2 classes of drugs may act via a converging mechanism.
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121
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Kortüm F, Caputo V, Bauer CK, Stella L, Ciolfi A, Alawi M, Bocchinfuso G, Flex E, Paolacci S, Dentici ML, Grammatico P, Korenke GC, Leuzzi V, Mowat D, Nair LDV, Nguyen TTM, Thierry P, White SM, Dallapiccola B, Pizzuti A, Campeau PM, Tartaglia M, Kutsche K. Mutations in KCNH1 and ATP6V1B2 cause Zimmermann-Laband syndrome. Nat Genet 2015; 47:661-7. [DOI: 10.1038/ng.3282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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122
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Bloss CS, Zeeland AASV, Topol SE, Darst BF, Boeldt DL, Erikson GA, Bethel KJ, Bjork RL, Friedman JR, Hwynn N, Patay BA, Pockros PJ, Scott ER, Simon RA, Williams GW, Schork NJ, Topol EJ, Torkamani A. A genome sequencing program for novel undiagnosed diseases. Genet Med 2015; 17:995-1001. [PMID: 25790160 PMCID: PMC4575596 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Scripps Idiopathic Diseases of Man (IDIOM) study aims to discover novel gene-disease relationships and provide molecular genetic diagnosis and treatment guidance for individuals with novel diseases using genome sequencing integrated with clinical assessment and multidisciplinary case review. Here we describe the operational protocol and initial results of the IDIOM study. METHODS A total of 121 cases underwent first-tier review by the principal investigators to determine whether the primary inclusion criteria were satisfied, 59 (48.8%) underwent second-tier review by our clinician-scientist review panel, and 17 patients (14.0%) and their family members were enrolled. RESULTS 60% of cases resulted in a plausible molecular diagnosis, and 18% of cases resulted in a confirmed molecular diagnosis. Two of three confirmed cases led to the identification of novel gene-disease relationships. In the third confirmed case a previously described but unrecognized disease was revealed. In all three confirmed cases a new clinical management strategy was initiated based on the genetic findings. CONCLUSION Genome sequencing provides tangible clinical benefit for individuals with idiopathic genetic disease, not only in the context of molecular genetic diagnosis of known rare conditions but also in cases where prior clinical information regarding a new genetic disorder is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinnamon S Bloss
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Health, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Sarah E Topol
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Health, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Burcu F Darst
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Health, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Debra L Boeldt
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Health, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Galina A Erikson
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Health, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kelly J Bethel
- Division of Pathology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Jennifer R Friedman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nelson Hwynn
- Division of Neurology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Bradley A Patay
- Division of Internal Medicine, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Paul J Pockros
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Erick R Scott
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Health, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ronald A Simon
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Gary W Williams
- Division of Rheumatology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nicholas J Schork
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Health, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eric J Topol
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Health, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ali Torkamani
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Health, San Diego, California, USA.,Cypher Genomics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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123
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Vrijenhoek T, Kraaijeveld K, Elferink M, de Ligt J, Kranendonk E, Santen G, Nijman IJ, Butler D, Claes G, Costessi A, Dorlijn W, van Eyndhoven W, Halley DJJ, van den Hout MCGN, van Hove S, Johansson LF, Jongbloed JDH, Kamps R, Kockx CEM, de Koning B, Kriek M, Lekanne Dit Deprez R, Lunstroo H, Mannens M, Mook OR, Nelen M, Ploem C, Rijnen M, Saris JJ, Sinke R, Sistermans E, van Slegtenhorst M, Sleutels F, van der Stoep N, van Tienhoven M, Vermaat M, Vogel M, Waisfisz Q, Marjan Weiss J, van den Wijngaard A, van Workum W, Ijntema H, van der Zwaag B, van IJcken WFJ, den Dunnen J, Veltman JA, Hennekam R, Cuppen E. Next-generation sequencing-based genome diagnostics across clinical genetics centers: implementation choices and their effects. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 23:1142-50. [PMID: 25626705 PMCID: PMC4538197 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementation of next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) technology into routine diagnostic genome care requires strategic choices. Instead of theoretical discussions on the consequences of such choices, we compared NGS-based diagnostic practices in eight clinical genetic centers in the Netherlands, based on genetic testing of nine pre-selected patients with cardiomyopathy. We highlight critical implementation choices, including the specific contributions of laboratory and medical specialists, bioinformaticians and researchers to diagnostic genome care, and how these affect interpretation and reporting of variants. Reported pathogenic mutations were consistent for all but one patient. Of the two centers that were inconsistent in their diagnosis, one reported to have found 'no causal variant', thereby underdiagnosing this patient. The other provided an alternative diagnosis, identifying another variant as causal than the other centers. Ethical and legal analysis showed that informed consent procedures in all centers were generally adequate for diagnostic NGS applications that target a limited set of genes, but not for exome- and genome-based diagnosis. We propose changes to further improve and align these procedures, taking into account the blurring boundary between diagnostics and research, and specific counseling options for exome- and genome-based diagnostics. We conclude that alternative diagnoses may infer a certain level of 'greediness' to come to a positive diagnosis in interpreting sequencing results. Moreover, there is an increasing interdependence of clinic, diagnostics and research departments for comprehensive diagnostic genome care. Therefore, we invite clinical geneticists, physicians, researchers, bioinformatics experts and patients to reconsider their role and position in future diagnostic genome care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Vrijenhoek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ken Kraaijeveld
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Elferink
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joep de Ligt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elcke Kranendonk
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Santen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Isaac J Nijman
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Godelieve Claes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim Dorlijn
- Agilent Technologies Netherlands B.V., Amstelveen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dicky J J Halley
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lennart F Johansson
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan D H Jongbloed
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Kamps
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christel E M Kockx
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart de Koning
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kriek
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Lekanne Dit Deprez
- Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Mannens
- Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf R Mook
- Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Nelen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Corrette Ploem
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Rijnen
- Life Technologies Europe B.V., Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Saris
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Sinke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Sistermans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frank Sleutels
- Center for Biomics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke van der Stoep
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martijn Vermaat
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Vogel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Quinten Waisfisz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Marjan Weiss
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur van den Wijngaard
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Helger Ijntema
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van der Zwaag
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan den Dunnen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joris A Veltman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Raoul Hennekam
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2] Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Xiong Q, Cao Q, Zhou Q, Xie J, Shen Y, Wan R, Yu J, Yan S, Marian AJ, Hong K. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy in a patient with a rare loss-of-function KCNQ1 mutation. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:e001526. [PMID: 25616976 PMCID: PMC4330077 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a common manifestation of advanced cardiomyopathies. In a subset of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, VT is the initial and the cardinal manifestation of the disease. The molecular genetic basis of this subset of dilated cardiomyopathy is largely unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified 10 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy who presented with VT and sequenced 14 common causal genes for cardiomyopathies and arrhythmias. Functional studies included cellular patch clamp, confocal microscopy, and immunoblotting. We identified nonsynonymous variants in 4 patients, including a rare missense p.R397Q mutation in the KCNQ1 gene in a 60-year-old man who presented with incessant VT and had mild cardiac dysfunction. The p.R397Q mutation was absent in an ethnically matched control group, affected a conserved amino acid, and was predicted by multiple algorithms to be pathogenic. Co-expression of the mutant KCNQ1 with its partner unit KCNE1 was associated with reduced tail current density of slowly activating delayed rectifier K(+) current (IKs). The mutation reduced membrane localization of the protein. CONCLUSIONS Dilated cardiomyopathy with an initial presentation of VT may be a forme fruste of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in genes encoding the ion channels. The findings implicate KCNQ1 as a possible causal gene for arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinmei Xiong
- Cardiovascular Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China (Q.X., Q.Z., Y.S., J.Y., S.Y., K.H.)
| | - Qing Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China (Q.C., J.X., R.W., K.H.)
| | - Qiongqiong Zhou
- Cardiovascular Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China (Q.X., Q.Z., Y.S., J.Y., S.Y., K.H.)
| | - Jinyan Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China (Q.C., J.X., R.W., K.H.)
| | - Yang Shen
- Cardiovascular Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China (Q.X., Q.Z., Y.S., J.Y., S.Y., K.H.)
| | - Rong Wan
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China (Q.C., J.X., R.W., K.H.)
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Cardiovascular Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China (Q.X., Q.Z., Y.S., J.Y., S.Y., K.H.)
| | - Sujuan Yan
- Cardiovascular Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China (Q.X., Q.Z., Y.S., J.Y., S.Y., K.H.)
| | - Ali J Marian
- Center for Cardiovascular Genetics at The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston and Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX (A.J.M.)
| | - Kui Hong
- Cardiovascular Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China (Q.X., Q.Z., Y.S., J.Y., S.Y., K.H.) The Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China (Q.C., J.X., R.W., K.H.)
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125
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Haghvirdizadeh P, Mohamed Z, Abdullah NA, Haghvirdizadeh P, Haerian MS, Haerian BS. KCNJ11: Genetic Polymorphisms and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:908152. [PMID: 26448950 PMCID: PMC4584059 DOI: 10.1155/2015/908152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major worldwide health problem and its prevalence has been rapidly increasing in the last century. It is caused by defects in insulin secretion or insulin action or both, leading to hyperglycemia. Of the various types of DM, type 2 occurs most frequently. Multiple genes and their interactions are involved in the insulin secretion pathway. Insulin secretion is mediated through the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel in pancreatic beta cells. This channel is a heteromeric protein, composed of four inward-rectifier potassium ion channel (Kir6.2) tetramers, which form the pore of the KATP channel, as well as sulfonylurea receptor 1 subunits surrounding the pore. Kir6.2 is encoded by the potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 11 (KCNJ11) gene, a member of the potassium channel genes. Numerous studies have reported the involvement of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the KCNJ11 gene and their interactions in the susceptibility to DM. This review discusses the current evidence for the contribution of common KCNJ11 genetic variants to the development of DM. Future studies should concentrate on understanding the exact role played by these risk variants in the development of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polin Haghvirdizadeh
- Pharmacogenomics Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zahurin Mohamed
- Pharmacogenomics Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azizan Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Monir Sadat Haerian
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran
- Food and Drug Control Reference Labs Center (FDCRLC), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran 131456-8784, Iran
| | - Batoul Sadat Haerian
- Pharmacogenomics Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Batoul Sadat Haerian:
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126
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Tinker A, Aziz Q, Thomas A. The role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in cellular function and protection in the cardiovascular system. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:12-23. [PMID: 24102106 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K(ATP)) are widely distributed and present in a number of tissues including muscle, pancreatic beta cells and the brain. Their activity is regulated by adenine nucleotides, characteristically being activated by falling ATP and rising ADP levels. Thus, they link cellular metabolism with membrane excitability. Recent studies using genetically modified mice and genomic studies in patients have implicated K(ATP) channels in a number of physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we focus on their role in cellular function and protection particularly in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tinker
- William Harvey Heart Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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127
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Dual response of the KATP channels to staurosporine: a novel role of SUR2B, SUR1 and Kir6.2 subunits in the regulation of the atrophy in different skeletal muscle phenotypes. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:266-75. [PMID: 24998494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated on the role of the genes encoding for the ATP-sensitive K(+)-channel (KATP) subunits (SUR1-2A/B, Kir6.2) in the atrophy induced "in vitro" by staurosporine (STS) in different skeletal muscle phenotypes of mouse. Patch-clamp and gene expression experiments showed that the expression/activity of the sarcolemma KATP channel subunits was higher in the fast-twitch than in the slow-twitch fibers. After 1 to 3h of incubation time, the STS (2.14×10(-6)M) treatment enhanced the expression/activity of the SUR2B, SUR1 and Kir6.2 subunit genes, but not SUR2A, in the slow-twitch muscle fibers, induced the caspase-3-9, Atrogin-1 and Murf-1 gene expression without affecting protein content. After 3 to 6h, the STS-related atrophy markedly down-regulated the SUR2B, SUR1 and Kir6.2 genes reducing the KATP currents and reduced the protein content/muscle weight ratio of the slow-twitch muscle by -36.4±6% (p<0.05). After 6 to 24h, no additional changes of the SUR1-2B and Kir6.2 gene expression and muscle protein were observed. In the fast-twitch muscles, STS mildly affected the atrophic genes and protein content, but potentiated the KATP currents down-regulating the Bnip-3 gene. Diazoxide (250-500×10(-6)M), a SUR1-2B/Kir6.2 channel opener, prevented the protein loss induced by STS in the slow-twitch muscle after 6h showing an EC50 of 1.35×10(-7)M and Emax of 75%, down-regulated the caspase-9 gene and enhanced the KATP currents. The enhanced expression/activity of the SUR2B, SUR1 and Kir6.2 genes are cytoprotective against STS-induced atrophy in the slow-twitch muscle; their reduced expression/activity is associated with proteolysis and atrophy in skeletal muscle.
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128
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Wiegerinck CL, Janecke AR, Schneeberger K, Vogel GF, van Haaften-Visser DY, Escher JC, Adam R, Thöni CE, Pfaller K, Jordan AJ, Weis CA, Nijman IJ, Monroe GR, van Hasselt PM, Cutz E, Klumperman J, Clevers H, Nieuwenhuis EES, Houwen RHJ, van Haaften G, Hess MW, Huber LA, Stapelbroek JM, Müller T, Middendorp S. Loss of syntaxin 3 causes variant microvillus inclusion disease. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:65-68.e10. [PMID: 24726755 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a disorder of intestinal epithelial differentiation characterized by life-threatening intractable diarrhea. MVID can be diagnosed based on loss of microvilli, microvillus inclusions, and accumulation of subapical vesicles. Most patients with MVID have mutations in myosin Vb that cause defects in recycling of apical vesicles. Whole-exome sequencing of DNA from patients with variant MVID showed homozygous truncating mutations in syntaxin 3 (STX3). STX3 is an apical receptor involved in membrane fusion of apical vesicles in enterocytes. Patient-derived organoid cultures and overexpression of truncated STX3 in Caco-2 cells recapitulated most characteristics of variant MVID. We conclude that loss of STX3 function causes variant MVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Wiegerinck
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas R Janecke
- Division of Human Genetics, Biocenter Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatrics I, Biocenter Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kerstin Schneeberger
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Georg F Vogel
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Désirée Y van Haaften-Visser
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna C Escher
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rüdiger Adam
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Centre, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cornelia E Thöni
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pathology, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kristian Pfaller
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander J Jordan
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Centre, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cleo-Aron Weis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Isaac J Nijman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Glen R Monroe
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Hasselt
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ernest Cutz
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edward E S Nieuwenhuis
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick H J Houwen
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Haaften
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael W Hess
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas A Huber
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janneke M Stapelbroek
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Pediatrics I, Biocenter Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Sabine Middendorp
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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129
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Longoni M, Marangi G, Zollino M. Utility and Challenges of Next Generation Sequencing in Pediatric Disorders. CURRENT PEDIATRICS REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40124-014-0039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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130
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DeStefano GM, Kurban M, Anyane-Yeboa K, Dall'Armi C, Di Paolo G, Feenstra H, Silverberg N, Rohena L, López-Cepeda LD, Jobanputra V, Fantauzzo KA, Kiuru M, Tadin-Strapps M, Sobrino A, Vitebsky A, Warburton D, Levy B, Salas-Alanis JC, Christiano AM. Mutations in the cholesterol transporter gene ABCA5 are associated with excessive hair overgrowth. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004333. [PMID: 24831815 PMCID: PMC4022463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited hypertrichoses are rare syndromes characterized by excessive hair growth that does not result from androgen stimulation, and are often associated with additional congenital abnormalities. In this study, we investigated the genetic defect in a case of autosomal recessive congenital generalized hypertrichosis terminalis (CGHT) (OMIM135400) using whole-exome sequencing. We identified a single base pair substitution in the 5' donor splice site of intron 32 in the ABC lipid transporter gene ABCA5 that leads to aberrant splicing of the transcript and a decrease in protein levels throughout patient hair follicles. The homozygous recessive disruption of ABCA5 leads to reduced lysosome function, which results in an accumulation of autophagosomes, autophagosomal cargos as well as increased endolysosomal cholesterol in CGHT keratinocytes. In an unrelated sporadic case of CGHT, we identified a 1.3 Mb cryptic deletion of chr17q24.2-q24.3 encompassing ABCA5 and found that ABCA5 levels are dramatically reduced throughout patient hair follicles. Collectively, our findings support ABCA5 as a gene underlying the CGHT phenotype and suggest a novel, previously unrecognized role for this gene in regulating hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. DeStefano
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mazen Kurban
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kwame Anyane-Yeboa
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Claudia Dall'Armi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Heather Feenstra
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nanette Silverberg
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Luis Rohena
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Vaidehi Jobanputra
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Fantauzzo
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maija Kiuru
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marija Tadin-Strapps
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Antonio Sobrino
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anna Vitebsky
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Warburton
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brynn Levy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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131
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Cooper PE, Reutter H, Woelfle J, Engels H, Grange DK, van Haaften G, van Bon BW, Hoischen A, Nichols CG. Cantú syndrome resulting from activating mutation in the KCNJ8 gene. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:809-13. [PMID: 24700710 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP ) channels, composed of inward-rectifying potassium channel subunits (Kir6.1 and Kir6.2, encoded by KCNJ8 and KCNJ11, respectively) and regulatory sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1 and SUR2, encoded by ABCC8 and ABCC9, respectively), couple metabolism to excitability in multiple tissues. Mutations in ABCC9 cause Cantú syndrome (CS), a distinct multiorgan disease, potentially via enhanced KATP channel activity. We screened KCNJ8 in an ABCC9 mutation-negative patient who also exhibited clinical hallmarks of CS (hypertrichosis, macrosomia, macrocephaly, coarse facial appearance, cardiomegaly, and skeletal abnormalities). We identified a de novo missense mutation encoding Kir6.1[p.Cys176Ser] in the patient. Kir6.1[p.Cys176Ser] channels exhibited markedly higher activity than wild-type channels, as a result of reduced ATP sensitivity, whether coexpressed with SUR1 or SUR2A subunits. Our results identify a novel causal gene in CS, but also demonstrate that the cardinal features of the disease result from gain of KATP channel function, not from a Kir6-independent SUR2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Cooper
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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132
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Further confirmation of the MED13L haploinsufficiency syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:135-8. [PMID: 24781760 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
MED13L haploinsufficiency syndrome has been described in two patients and is characterized by moderate intellectual disability (ID), conotruncal heart defects, facial abnormalities and hypotonia. Missense mutations in MED13L are linked to transposition of the great arteries and non-syndromal intellectual disability. Here we describe two novel patients with de novo MED13L aberrations. The first patient has a de novo mutation in the splice acceptor site of exon 5 of MED13L. cDNA analysis showed this mutation results in an in-frame deletion, removing 15 amino acids in middle of the conserved MED13L N-terminal domain. The second patient carries a de novo deletion of exons 6-20 of MED13L. Both patients show features of the MED13L haploinsufficiency syndrome, except for the heart defects, thus further confirming the existence of the MED13L haploinsufficiency syndrome.
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133
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Nelson PT, Estus S, Abner EL, Parikh I, Malik M, Neltner JH, Ighodaro E, Wang WX, Wilfred BR, Wang LS, Kukull WA, Nandakumar K, Farman ML, Poon WW, Corrada MM, Kawas CH, Cribbs DH, Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Larson EB, Crane PK, Valladares O, Schmitt FA, Kryscio RJ, Jicha GA, Smith CD, Scheff SW, Sonnen JA, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Mayeux R, Farrer LA, Van Eldik LJ, Horbinski C, Green RC, Gearing M, Poon LW, Kramer PL, Woltjer RL, Montine TJ, Partch AB, Rajic AJ, Richmire K, Monsell SE, Schellenberg GD, Fardo DW. ABCC9 gene polymorphism is associated with hippocampal sclerosis of aging pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:825-43. [PMID: 24770881 PMCID: PMC4113197 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging) is a high-morbidity brain disease in the elderly but risk factors are largely unknown. We report the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) with HS-Aging pathology as an endophenotype. In collaboration with the Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium, data were analyzed from large autopsy cohorts: (#1) National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC); (#2) Rush University Religious Orders Study and Memory and Aging Project; (#3) Group Health Research Institute Adult Changes in Thought study; (#4) University of California at Irvine 90+ Study; and (#5) University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Center. Altogether, 363 HS-Aging cases and 2,303 controls, all pathologically confirmed, provided statistical power to test for risk alleles with large effect size. A two-tier study design included GWAS from cohorts #1-3 (Stage I) to identify promising SNP candidates, followed by focused evaluation of particular SNPs in cohorts #4-5 (Stage II). Polymorphism in the ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C member 9 (ABCC9) gene, also known as sulfonylurea receptor 2, was associated with HS-Aging pathology. In the meta-analyzed Stage I GWAS, ABCC9 polymorphisms yielded the lowest p values, and factoring in the Stage II results, the meta-analyzed risk SNP (rs704178:G) attained genome-wide statistical significance (p = 1.4 × 10(-9)), with odds ratio (OR) of 2.13 (recessive mode of inheritance). For SNPs previously linked to hippocampal sclerosis, meta-analyses of Stage I results show OR = 1.16 for rs5848 (GRN) and OR = 1.22 rs1990622 (TMEM106B), with the risk alleles as previously described. Sulfonylureas, a widely prescribed drug class used to treat diabetes, also modify human ABCC9 protein function. A subsample of patients from the NACC database (n = 624) were identified who were older than age 85 at death with known drug history. Controlling for important confounders such as diabetes itself, exposure to a sulfonylurea drug was associated with risk for HS-Aging pathology (p = 0.03). Thus, we describe a novel and targetable dementia risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Nelson
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Rm 311, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li-San Wang
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leonard W. Poon
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David W. Fardo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, 205E Multidisciplinary Science Building, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
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Abstract
José María (“Chema”) Cantú (1938–2007), born in Mexico, was a pioneering, loved and respected leader in medical and human genetics and bioethics in Latin America. He graduated as a physician in Mexico and then trained in medical and human genetics in France and the United States. He was instrumental in developing a first-rate research, training and genetic services program in medical and human genetics in Guadalajara, in northwestern Mexico. He acted forcefully at national, regional and international levels to promote scientific development through collaboration and education in science and humanities, while he simultaneously strived for justice, peace, love and human rights. He attained some of the highest honors a scientist and humanist could aspire to as well as the recognition of the communities he served. Hundreds of disciples throughout Latin America and the world have been inspired by his vision of a better world through the conjunction of science, respect for humankind, ethics and love.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor B Penchaszadeh
- Department of Health Sciences, National University of La Matanza, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Augusto Rojas-Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Adrián Llerena
- Clinical Research Center, Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School, Badajoz, Spain
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135
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Park JY, Koo SH, Jung YJ, Lim YJ, Chung ML. A patient with Cantú syndrome associated with fatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2118-20. [PMID: 24715715 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Haeundae Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Pusan, Korea
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136
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Fahrenbach JP, Stoller D, Kim G, Aggarwal N, Yerokun B, Earley JU, Hadhazy M, Shi NQ, Makielski JC, McNally EM. Abcc9 is required for the transition to oxidative metabolism in the newborn heart. FASEB J 2014; 28:2804-15. [PMID: 24648545 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-244459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The newborn heart adapts to postnatal life by shifting from a fetal glycolytic metabolism to a mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Abcc9, an ATP-binding cassette family member, increases expression concomitant with this metabolic shift. Abcc9 encodes a membrane-associated receptor that partners with a potassium channel to become the major potassium-sensitive ATP channel in the heart. Abcc9 also encodes a smaller protein enriched in the mitochondria. We now deleted exon 5 of Abcc9 to ablate expression of both plasma membrane and mitochondria-associated Abcc9-encoded proteins, and found that the myocardium failed to acquire normal mature metabolism, resulting in neonatal cardiomyopathy. Unlike wild-type neonatal cardiomyocytes, mitochondria from Ex5 cardiomyocytes were unresponsive to the KATP agonist diazoxide, consistent with loss of KATP activity. When exposed to hydrogen peroxide to induce cell stress, Ex5 neonatal cardiomyocytes displayed a rapid collapse of mitochondria membrane potential, distinct from wild-type cardiomyocytes. Ex5 cardiomyocytes had reduced fatty acid oxidation, reduced oxygen consumption and reserve. Morphologically, Ex5 cardiac mitochondria exhibited an immature pattern with reduced cross-sectional area and intermitochondrial contacts. In the absence of Abcc9, the newborn heart fails to transition normally from fetal to mature myocardial metabolism.-Fahrenbach, J. P., Stoller, D., Kim, G., Aggarwal, N., Yerokun, B., Earley, J. U., Hadhazy, M., Shi, N.-Q., Makielski, J. C., McNally, E. M. Abcc9 is required for the transition to oxidative metabolism in the newborn heart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas Stoller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and
| | - Gene Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and
| | - Nitin Aggarwal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Judy U Earley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and
| | - Michele Hadhazy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and
| | - Nian-Qing Shi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jonathan C Makielski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; and
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137
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Patel ZH, Kottyan LC, Lazaro S, Williams MS, Ledbetter DH, Tromp H, Rupert A, Kohram M, Wagner M, Husami A, Qian Y, Valencia CA, Zhang K, Hostetter MK, Harley JB, Kaufman KM. The struggle to find reliable results in exome sequencing data: filtering out Mendelian errors. Front Genet 2014; 5:16. [PMID: 24575121 PMCID: PMC3921572 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Next Generation Sequencing studies generate a large quantity of genetic data in a relatively cost and time efficient manner and provide an unprecedented opportunity to identify candidate causative variants that lead to disease phenotypes. A challenge to these studies is the generation of sequencing artifacts by current technologies. To identify and characterize the properties that distinguish false positive variants from true variants, we sequenced a child and both parents (one trio) using DNA isolated from three sources (blood, buccal cells, and saliva). The trio strategy allowed us to identify variants in the proband that could not have been inherited from the parents (Mendelian errors) and would most likely indicate sequencing artifacts. Quality control measurements were examined and three measurements were found to identify the greatest number of Mendelian errors. These included read depth, genotype quality score, and alternate allele ratio. Filtering the variants on these measurements removed ~95% of the Mendelian errors while retaining 80% of the called variants. These filters were applied independently. After filtering, the concordance between identical samples isolated from different sources was 99.99% as compared to 87% before filtering. This high concordance suggests that different sources of DNA can be used in trio studies without affecting the ability to identify causative polymorphisms. To facilitate analysis of next generation sequencing data, we developed the Cincinnati Analytical Suite for Sequencing Informatics (CASSI) to store sequencing files, metadata (eg. relatedness information), file versioning, data filtering, variant annotation, and identify candidate causative polymorphisms that follow either de novo, rare recessive homozygous or compound heterozygous inheritance models. We conclude the data cleaning process improves the signal to noise ratio in terms of variants and facilitates the identification of candidate disease causative polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubin H Patel
- Division of Rheumatology, Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA ; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - Leah C Kottyan
- Division of Rheumatology, Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - Sara Lazaro
- Division of Rheumatology, Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - Marc S Williams
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville PA, USA
| | - David H Ledbetter
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville PA, USA
| | - Hbgerard Tromp
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville PA, USA
| | - Andrew Rupert
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - Mojtaba Kohram
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - Michael Wagner
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - Ammar Husami
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - Yaping Qian
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - C Alexander Valencia
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - Kejian Zhang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - Margaret K Hostetter
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - John B Harley
- Division of Rheumatology, Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - Kenneth M Kaufman
- Division of Rheumatology, Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, USA
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138
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Hiraki Y, Miyatake S, Hayashidani M, Nishimura Y, Matsuura H, Kamada M, Kawagoe T, Yunoki K, Okamoto N, Yofune H, Nakashima M, Tsurusaki Y, Satisu H, Murakami A, Miyake N, Nishimura G, Matsumoto N. Aortic aneurysm and craniosynostosis in a family with Cantu syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 164A:231-6. [PMID: 24352916 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cantu syndrome is an autosomal dominant overgrowth syndrome associated with facial dysmorphism, congenital hypertrichosis, and cardiomegaly. Some affected individuals show bone undermodeling of variable severity. Recent investigations revealed that the disorder is caused by a mutation in ABCC9, encoding a regulatory SUR2 subunit of an ATP-sensitive potassium channel mainly expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle as well as vascular smooth muscle. We report here on a Japanese family with this syndrome. An affected boy and his father had a novel missense mutation in ABCC9. Each patient had a coarse face and hypertrichosis. However, cardiomegaly was seen only in the boy, and macrosomia only in the father. Skeletal changes were not evident in either patient. Craniosynostosis in the boy and the development of aortic aneurysm in the father are previously undescribed associations with Cantu syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hiraki
- Hiroshima Municipal Center for Child Health and Development, Hiroshima, Japan
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139
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Frank J, Poblete-Gutiérrez P, Giehl K. [Genetic hair diseases. An update]. Hautarzt 2013; 64:830-42. [PMID: 24177665 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-013-2578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from hair loss or undesirable excessive hair growth are a challenge for dermatologists because the pathogenesis of most hair diseases is not well understood and therapeutic options are limited. This particularly holds true for genetic hair disorders, in which all current treatment attempts are unsuccessful. Furthermore, these diseases also pose a diagnostic challenge due to a broad range of clinical and genetic heterogeneity. However, the enormous progress in molecular biology over the past 20 years, in particular the availability of different new techniques such as whole exome and genome sequencing, has enabled us to elucidate the genetic basis of most monogenic hair disorders, given the availability of suitable index patients and families as well as adequate technical equipment and sufficient financial resources. In this review we provide an update on clinical and genetic aspects of selected monogenic and polygenic hair diseases manifesting with hypertrichosis and hypotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frank
- Hautklinik und Sektion für Genodermatosen, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland,
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140
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Abstract
Recent advances have expanded our ability to conduct a comprehensive genetic evaluation for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). By evaluating recent literature, this review aims to bring the reader up-to-date on the genetic evaluation of DCM. Updated guidelines have been published. Mutations in BAG3, including a large deletion, were identified in 2 % of DCM. Truncating mutations in TTN were reported in 25 % of DCM. Two new genes have been reported with autosomal recessive DCM. These studies illustrate the role of improved technologies while raising the possibility of a complex genetic model for DCM. The inclusion of TTN has led to an increased genetic testing detection rate of 40 %. While our ability to identify disease-causing variants has increased, so has the identification of variants of unknown significance. A genetic evaluation for DCM must therefore address this complexity.
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141
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Brownstein CA, Towne MC, Luquette LJ, Harris DJ, Marinakis NS, Meinecke P, Kutsche K, Campeau PM, Yu TW, Margulies DM, Agrawal PB, Beggs AH. Mutation of KCNJ8 in a patient with Cantú syndrome with unique vascular abnormalities - support for the role of K(ATP) channels in this condition. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:678-82. [PMID: 24176758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
KCNJ8 (NM_004982) encodes the pore forming subunit of one of the ATP-sensitive inwardly rectifying potassium (KATP) channels. KCNJ8 sequence variations are traditionally associated with J-wave syndromes, involving ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. Recently, the KATP gene ABCC9 (SUR2, NM_020297) has been associated with the multi-organ disorder Cantú syndrome or hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia (MIM 239850) (hypertrichosis, macrosomia, osteochondrodysplasia, and cardiomegaly). Here, we report on a patient with a de novo nonsynonymous KCNJ8 SNV (p.V65M) and Cantú syndrome, who tested negative for mutations in ABCC9. The genotype and multi-organ abnormalities of this patient are reviewed. A careful screening of the KATP genes should be performed in all individuals diagnosed with Cantú syndrome and no mutation in ABCC9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Brownstein
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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142
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Dorn C, Grunert M, Sperling SR. Application of high-throughput sequencing for studying genomic variations in congenital heart disease. Brief Funct Genomics 2013; 13:51-65. [PMID: 24095982 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elt040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart diseases (CHD) represent the most common birth defect in human. The majority of cases are caused by a combination of complex genetic alterations and environmental influences. In the past, many disease-causing mutations have been identified; however, there is still a large proportion of cardiac malformations with unknown precise origin. High-throughput sequencing technologies established during the last years offer novel opportunities to further study the genetic background underlying the disease. In this review, we provide a roadmap for designing and analyzing high-throughput sequencing studies focused on CHD, but also with general applicability to other complex diseases. The three main next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms including their particular advantages and disadvantages are presented. To identify potentially disease-related genomic variations and genes, different filtering steps and gene prioritization strategies are discussed. In addition, available control datasets based on NGS are summarized. Finally, we provide an overview of current studies already using NGS technologies and showing that these techniques will help to further unravel the complex genetics underlying CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Dorn
- Department of Cardiovascular Genetics, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-University Medicine Berlin and Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany. Department of Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Tel.: +49-(0)30-450540123; Fax: +49-(0)30-84131699;
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143
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Castori M, Valiante M, Pascolini G, Leuzzi V, Pizzuti A, Grammatico P. Clinical and genetic study of two patients with Zimmermann-Laband syndrome and literature review. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:570-6. [PMID: 23994350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Zimmermann-Laband syndrome (ZLS) is a rare MCA/MR condition mainly characterized by gingival hypertrophy, hypo/aplastic nails and distal phalanges, hypertrichosis and intellectual disability. The molecular basis of ZLS is unknown. Most patients are sporadic, although familial aggregation is also observed with different inheritance patterns. We report on two unrelated children with full-blown characteristics of ZLS. Remarkable variability in expression included severity of neurocognitive involvement and extent of appendicular and facial features. In both, comparative genome hybridization array at a ~ 75 Mb resolution resulted negative, while aminoacid metabolic screening revealed high plasma levels of hypoxanthine and xanthine in one. Literature review identified 50 previously published patients (27 females, 23 males), including 14 familial, clustered in four pedigrees, and 37 sporadic. Tabulation of clinical features confirmed the core phenotype and identified developmental delay as the unique major clinical problem (occurring in 40% of the cases) with a moderately high risk of epilepsy (13%). Segregation analysis in the 20 sporadic patients with available data on healthy sibs and a single pedigree with affected sibs was significantly in contrast with an autosomal recessive mutation. An autosomal dominant mutation with high mutation rate and rare instances of germinal mosaicism seems the most likely inheritance pattern. This work may represent a starting point for future molecular studies aimed at identifying the molecular basis of ZLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Castori
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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144
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Li A, Knutsen RH, Zhang H, Osei-Owusu P, Moreno-Dominguez A, Harter TM, Uchida K, Remedi MS, Dietrich HH, Bernal-Mizrachi C, Blumer KJ, Mecham RP, Koster JC, Nichols CG. Hypotension due to Kir6.1 gain-of-function in vascular smooth muscle. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000365. [PMID: 23974906 PMCID: PMC3828800 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background KATP channels, assembled from pore‐forming (Kir6.1 or Kir6.2) and regulatory (SUR1 or SUR2) subunits, link metabolism to excitability. Loss of Kir6.2 results in hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, whereas loss of Kir6.1 causes Prinzmetal angina–like symptoms in mice. Conversely, overactivity of Kir6.2 induces neonatal diabetes in mice and humans, but consequences of Kir6.1 overactivity are unknown. Methods and Results We generated transgenic mice expressing wild‐type (WT), ATP‐insensitive Kir6.1 [Gly343Asp] (GD), and ATP‐insensitive Kir6.1 [Gly343Asp,Gln53Arg] (GD‐QR) subunits, under Cre‐recombinase control. Expression was induced in smooth muscle cells by crossing with smooth muscle myosin heavy chain promoter–driven tamoxifen‐inducible Cre‐recombinase (SMMHC‐Cre‐ER) mice. Three weeks after tamoxifen induction, we assessed blood pressure in anesthetized and conscious animals, as well as contractility of mesenteric artery smooth muscle and KATP currents in isolated mesenteric artery myocytes. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly reduced in GD and GD‐QR mice but normal in mice expressing the WT transgene and elevated in Kir6.1 knockout mice as well as in mice expressing dominant‐negative Kir6.1 [AAA] in smooth muscle. Contractile response of isolated GD‐QR mesenteric arteries was blunted relative to WT controls, but nitroprusside relaxation was unaffected. Basal KATP conductance and pinacidil‐activated conductance were elevated in GD but not in WT myocytes. Conclusions KATP overactivity in vascular muscle can lead directly to reduced vascular contractility and lower blood pressure. We predict that gain of vascular KATP function in humans would lead to a chronic vasodilatory phenotype, as indeed has recently been demonstrated in Cantu syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anlong Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO
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145
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Abstract
Familial dilated cardiomyopathy (F-DCM) describes a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of diseases, mostly inherited as autosomal dominant traits, having idiopathic left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction as a common phenotype. The age of onset, rate of progression, disease complications, as well as overall prognosis and outcome vary both amongst and within families. Clinical traits, both cardiac and extracardiac, may recur in association with the DCM phenotype. The former include conduction defects, structural abnormalities such as left ventricular noncompaction, of right ventricular involvement, and recurrence of atrial or ventricular arrhythmias; the latter commonly affect the musculoskeletal (myopathies/dystrophies, both clinically overt and subclinical), ocular, auditory, nervous, and integument systems. These traits may help guide genetic testing. In parallel to the clinical heterogeneity, F-DCM also shows genetic heterogeneity: more than 40 genes have been causally linked to F-DCM, with mutations recurring more commonly in a few known genes, and less frequently in rare, less commonly known genes. Based on the known prevalence of mutations in disease genes, more than 50% of F-DCM cases can be regarded as still genetically orphan, implying that further disease genes have to be discovered. Family screening and genetic testing are now established as the gold standard for diagnosis, care, and prevention in F-DCM. Diagnostic tests are performed using Sanger-based sequencing. Furthermore, new biotechnology tools, based on next-generation sequencing, are now being implemented in the research setting and will dramatically modify the future of the nosology of F-DCM.
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146
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de Ligt J, Veltman JA, Vissers LELM. Point mutations as a source of de novo genetic disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 23:257-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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147
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Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels were first discovered in the heart 30 years ago. Reconstitution of KATP channel activity by coexpression of members of the pore-forming inward rectifier gene family (Kir6.1, KCNJ8, and Kir6.2 KCNJ11) with sulfonylurea receptors (SUR1, ABCC8, and SUR2, ABCC9) of the ABCC protein subfamily has led to the elucidation of many details of channel gating and pore properties. In addition, the essential roles of Kir6.x and SURx subunits in generating cardiac and vascular KATP(2) and the detrimental consequences of genetic deletions or mutations in mice have been recognized. However, despite this extensive body of knowledge, there has been a paucity of defined roles of KATP subunits in human cardiovascular diseases, although there are reports of association of a single Kir6.1 variant with the J-wave syndrome in the ECG, and 2 isolated studies have reported association of loss of function mutations in SUR2 with atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Two new studies convincingly demonstrate that mutations in the SUR2 gene are associated with Cantu syndrome, a complex multi-organ disorder characterized by hypertrichosis, craniofacial dysmorphology, osteochondrodysplasia, patent ductus arteriosus, cardiomegaly, pericardial effusion, and lymphoedema. This realization of previously unconsidered consequences provides significant insight into the roles of the KATP channel in the cardiovascular system and suggests novel therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Nichols
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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148
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New findings in genodermatoses. Dermatol Clin 2013; 31:303-15. [PMID: 23557657 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New technologies are accelerating the pace at which genetic defects leading to inherited skin disease are elucidated. Translation of these genetic discoveries into new therapies for patients with inherited skin diseases has not been as rapid but the pace is now accelerating. This article summarizes recent findings in genetic skin diseases, the scope of advances being made, the role of new DNA analysis technologies in these discoveries, as well as highlighting some examples of how an understanding of the genetic cause of inherited skin diseases can lead to therapeutic interventions for patients.
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149
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Genomics in cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61:2029-37. [PMID: 23524054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A paradigm shift toward biology occurred in the 1990s and was subsequently catalyzed by the sequencing of the human genome in 2000. The cost of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing has gone from millions to thousands of dollars with sequencing of one's entire genome costing only $1,000. Rapid DNA sequencing is being embraced for single gene disorders, particularly for sporadic cases and those from small families. Transmission of lethal genes such as associated with Huntington's disease can, through in vitro fertilization, avoid passing it on to one's offspring. DNA sequencing will meet the challenge of elucidating the genetic predisposition for common polygenic diseases, especially in determining the function of the novel common genetic risk variants and identifying the rare variants, which may also partially ascertain the source of the missing heritability. The challenge for DNA sequencing remains great, despite human genome sequences being 99.5% identical, the 3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms responsible for most of the unique features add up to 40 to 60 new mutations per person which, for 7 billion people, is 300 to 400 billion mutations. It is claimed that DNA sequencing has increased 10,000-fold while information storage and retrieval only 16-fold. The physician and health user will be challenged by the convergence of 2 major trends, whole genome sequencing, and the storage/retrieval and integration of the data.
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150
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Hou R, Yang Z, Li M, Xiao H. Impact of the next-generation sequencing data depth on various biological result inferences. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:104-9. [PMID: 23393025 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics and provided unprecedented opportunities for high-throughput analysis at the levels of genomics, transcriptomics and epigenetics. However, the cost of NGS is still prohibitive for many laboratories. It is imperative to address the trade-off between the sequencing depth and cost. In this review, we will discuss the effects of sequencing depth on the detection of genes, quantification of gene expression and discovering of gene structural variants. This will provide readers information on choosing appropriate sequencing depth that best meet the needs of their particular project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
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