101
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Melleby AO, Strand ME, Romaine A, Herum KM, Skrbic B, Dahl CP, Sjaastad I, Fiane AE, Filmus J, Christensen G, Lunde IG. The Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Glypican-6 Is Upregulated in the Failing Heart, and Regulates Cardiomyocyte Growth through ERK1/2 Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165079. [PMID: 27768722 PMCID: PMC5074531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pressure overload is a frequent cause of heart failure. Heart failure affects millions of patients worldwide and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Cell surface proteoglycans are emerging as molecular players in cardiac remodeling, and increased knowledge about their regulation and function is needed for improved understanding of cardiac pathogenesis. Here we investigated glypicans (GPC1-6), a family of evolutionary conserved heparan sulfate proteoglycans anchored to the extracellular leaflet of the cell membrane, in experimental and clinical heart failure, and explored the function of glypican-6 in cardiac cells in vitro. In mice subjected to pressure overload by aortic banding (AB), we observed elevated glypican-6 levels during hypertrophic remodeling and dilated, end-stage heart failure. Consistently, glypican-6 mRNA was elevated in left ventricular myocardium from explanted hearts of patients with end-stage, dilated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Glypican-6 levels correlated negatively with left ventricular ejection fraction in patients, and positively with lung weight after AB in mice. Glypican-6 mRNA was expressed in both cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes, and the corresponding protein displayed different sizes in the two cell types due to tissue-specific glycanation. Importantly, adenoviral overexpression of glypican-6 in cultured cardiomyocytes increased protein synthesis and induced mRNA levels of the pro-hypertrophic signature gene ACTA1 and the hypertrophy and heart failure signature genes encoding natriuretic peptides, NPPA and NPPB. Overexpression of GPC6 induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and co-treatment with the ERK inhibitor U0126 attenuated the GPC6-induced increase in NPPA, NPPB and protein synthesis. In conclusion, our data suggests that glypican-6 plays a role in clinical and experimental heart failure progression by regulating cardiomyocyte growth through ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne O. Melleby
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Mari E. Strand
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Romaine
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kate M. Herum
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Biljana Skrbic
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christen P. Dahl
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar Sjaastad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arnt E. Fiane
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jorge Filmus
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Geir Christensen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida G. Lunde
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Vaisfeld A, Pomponi MG, Pietrobono R, Tabolacci E, Neri G. Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome in a female: A case report and an unsolved issue. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 173:285-288. [PMID: 27739211 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome is an X-linked recessive overgrowth condition caused by alterations in GPC3 gene, encoding for the cell surface receptor glypican 3, whose clinical manifestations in affected males are well known. Conversely, there is little information regarding affected females, with very few reported cases, and a clinical definition of this phenotype is still lacking. In the present report we describe an additional case, the first to receive a primary molecular diagnosis based on strong clinical suspicion. Possible explanations for full clinical expression of X-linked recessive conditions in females include several mechanisms, such as skewed X inactivation or homozygosity/compound heterozygosity of the causal mutation. Both of these were excluded in our case. Given that the possibility of full expression of SGBS in females is now firmly established, we recommend that GPC3 analysis be performed in all suggestive female cases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vaisfeld
- Istituto di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Pietrobono
- Istituto di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Neri
- Istituto di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
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103
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Mendes RB, Dias RB, Figueiredo AL, Gurgel CA, Santana Filho M, Melo LA, Trierveiler M, Cury PR, Leonardi R, Dos Santos JN. Glypican-3 distinguishes aggressive from non-aggressive odontogenic tumors: a preliminary study. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 46:297-300. [PMID: 27647326 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glypican-3 is a cell surface proteoglycan that is found in embrionary tissues, and there are no studies investigating this protein in odontogenic tumor. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate glypican-3 in a series of aggressive and non-aggressive odontogenic tumors. METHODS Fifty-nine cases of tumors were divided into aggressive odontogenic tumors (20 solid ameloblastomas, four unicystic ameloblastoma, 28 KOTs including five associated with Gorlin-Goltz syndrome) and non-aggressive odontogenic tumors (five adenomatoid odontogenic tumors and two calcifying cystic odontogenic tumors) and analyzed for glypican-3 using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Glypican-3 was observed in seven solid ameloblastoma and eighteen keratocystic odontogenic tumors including three of the five syndromic cases, but there was no significant difference between syndromic and sporadic cases (P > 0.05; Fisher's exact Test). All cases of unicystic ameloblastoma (n = 4), adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (n = 5), and calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (n = 2) were negative. CONCLUSIONS This provided insights into the presence of glypican-3 in odontogenic tumors. This protein distinguished aggressive from non-aggressive odontogenic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Barreto Mendes
- Postgraduate Program in Human Pathology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rosane Borges Dias
- Postgraduate Program in Human Pathology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Andreia Leal Figueiredo
- Department of Public Health, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Araújo Gurgel
- Postgraduate Program in Human Pathology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Manoel Santana Filho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Araújo Melo
- Laboratory of Surgical Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marília Trierveiler
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Ramos Cury
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rosalia Leonardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Jean Nunes Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Human Pathology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Surgical Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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104
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Loss-of-function mutations and global rearrangements in GPC3 in patients with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Hum Genome Var 2016; 3:16033. [PMID: 27790374 PMCID: PMC5061924 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2016.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome is a congenital malformation syndrome associated with mutations in GPC3, which is located in the Xq26 region. Three new loss-of-function mutations and a global X-chromosome rearrangement involving GPC3 were identified. A female sibling of the patient, who presented with a cleft palate and hepatoblastoma, carries the same chromosomal rearrangement and a paradoxical pattern of X-chromosome inactivation. These findings support variable GPC3 alterations, with a possible mechanism in female patients.
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105
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The heparanase/heparan sulfate proteoglycan axis: A potential new therapeutic target in sarcomas. Cancer Lett 2016; 382:245-254. [PMID: 27666777 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase, the only known mammalian endoglycosidase degrading heparan sulfate (HS) chains of HS proteoglycans (HSPG), is a highly versatile protein affecting multiple events in tumor cells and their microenvironment. In several malignancies, deregulation of the heparanase/HSPG system has been implicated in tumor progression, hence representing a valuable therapeutic target. Currently, multiple agents interfering with the heparanase/HSPG axis are under clinical investigation. Sarcomas are characterized by a high biomolecular complexity and multiple levels of interconnection with microenvironment sustaining their growth and progression. The clinical management of advanced diseases remains a challenge. In several sarcoma subtypes, high levels of heparanase expression have been correlated with poor prognosis associated factors. On the other hand, expression of cell surface-associated HSPGs (i.e. glypicans and syndecans) has been found altered in specific sarcoma subtypes. Recent studies provided the preclinical proof-of-principle of the role of the heparanase/HSPG axis as therapeutic target in various sarcoma subtypes. Although currently there are no clinical trials evaluating agents targeting heparanase and/or HSPGs in sarcomas, we here provide arguments for this strategy as potentially able to implement the therapeutic options for sarcoma patients.
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106
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Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Zheng F, Yang Y, Xu X, Wang W, Zhu B, Wang X. Expression of Glypican-4 in the brains of epileptic patients and epileptic animals and its effects on epileptic seizures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:241-246. [PMID: 27425250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glypican-4 (Gpc4) has been found to play an important role in enhancing miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). But, the relationship between Gpc4 and epilepsy is still a mystery. In this study, we investigated the expression patterns of Gpc4 in patients with epilepsy and in a pilocarpine-induced rat model of epilepsy. We also determined if altered Gpc4 expression resulted in increased susceptibility to seizures. Western blotting and immunofluorescent methods were utilized. Gpc4 was significantly increased in patients and epileptic rats induced by pilocarpine injection. According to behavioral studies, downregulation of Gpc4 by Gpc4 siRNA decreased spontaneous seizure frequency, while upregulation of Gpc4 by recombinant Gpc4 overexpression led to a converse result. These findings support the hypothesis that increased expression of Gpc4 in the brain is associated with epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yanke Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fangshuo Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Binglin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China; Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, China.
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107
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Couchman JR, Multhaupt H, Sanderson RD. Recent Insights into Cell Surface Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans and Cancer. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27408707 PMCID: PMC4930033 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8543.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A small group of cell surface receptors are proteoglycans, possessing a core protein with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan chains. They are virtually ubiquitous and their chains are major sites at which protein ligands of many types interact. These proteoglycans can signal and regulate important cell processes, such as adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Since many protein ligands, such as growth factors, morphogens, and cytokines, are also implicated in tumour progression, it is increasingly apparent that cell surface proteoglycans impact tumour cell behaviour. Here, we review some recent advances, emphasising that many tumour-related functions of proteoglycans are revealed only after their modification in processes subsequent to synthesis and export to the cell surface. These include enzymes that modify heparan sulphate structure, recycling of whole or fragmented proteoglycans into exosomes that can be paracrine effectors or biomarkers, and lateral interactions between some proteoglycans and calcium channels that impact the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Couchman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hinke Multhaupt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- Department of Pathology and University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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108
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Li JP, Kusche-Gullberg M. Heparan Sulfate: Biosynthesis, Structure, and Function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 325:215-73. [PMID: 27241222 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (PGs) are ubiquitously expressed on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix of most animal tissues, having essential functions in development and homeostasis, as well as playing various roles in disease processes. The functions of HSPGs are mainly dependent on interactions between the HS-side chains with a variety of proteins including cytokines, growth factors, and their receptors. In a given HS polysaccharide, negatively charged sulfate and carboxylate groups are arranged in various types of domains, generated through strictly regulated biosynthetic reactions and with enormous potential for structural variability. The mode of HS-protein interactions is assessed through binding experiments using saccharides of defined composition in vitro, signaling assays in cell models where HS structures are manipulated, and targeted disruption of genes for biosynthetic enzymes in animals (mouse, zebrafish, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans) followed by phenotype analysis. Whereas some protein ligands appear to require strictly defined HS structure, others bind to variable saccharide domains without apparent dependence on distinct saccharide sequence. These findings raise intriguing questions concerning the functional significance of regulation in HS biosynthesis and the potential for development of therapeutics targeting HS-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; SciLifeLab, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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109
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Haruyama Y, Kataoka H. Glypican-3 is a prognostic factor and an immunotherapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:275-283. [PMID: 26755876 PMCID: PMC4698492 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a cell surface oncofetal proteoglycan that is anchored by glycosylphosphatidylinositol. Whereas GPC3 is abundant in fetal liver, its expression is hardly detectable in adult liver. Importantly, GPC3 is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and several immunohistochemical studies reported that overexpression predicts a poorer prognosis for HCC patients. Therefore, GPC3 would serve as a useful molecular marker for HCC diagnosis and also as a target for therapeutic intervention in HCC. Indeed, some immunotherapy protocols targeting GPC3 are under investigations; those include humanized anti-GPC3 cytotoxic antibody, peptide vaccine and immunotoxin therapies. When considering the clinical requirements for GPC3-targeting therapy, companion diagnostics to select the appropriate HCC patients are critical, and both immunohistochemical analysis of tissue sections and measurement of serum GPC3 level have been suggested for this purpose. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the clinical implication of GPC3 detection and targeting in the management of patients with HCC.
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110
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Baghy K, Tátrai P, Regős E, Kovalszky I. Proteoglycans in liver cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:379-393. [PMID: 26755884 PMCID: PMC4698501 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are a group of molecules that contain at least one glycosaminoglycan chain, such as a heparan, dermatan, chondroitin, or keratan sulfate, covalently attached to the protein core. These molecules are categorized based on their structure, localization, and function, and can be found in the extracellular matrix, on the cell surface, and in the cytoplasm. Cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, such as syndecans, are the primary type present in healthy liver tissue. However, deterioration of the liver results in overproduction of other proteoglycan types. The purpose of this article is to provide a current summary of the most relevant data implicating proteoglycans in the development and progression of human and experimental liver cancer. A review of our work and other studies in the literature indicate that deterioration of liver function is accompanied by an increase in the amount of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. The alteration of proteoglycan composition interferes with the physiologic function of the liver on several levels. This article details and discusses the roles of syndecan-1, glypicans, agrin, perlecan, collagen XVIII/endostatin, endocan, serglycin, decorin, biglycan, asporin, fibromodulin, lumican, and versican in liver function. Specifically, glypicans, agrin, and versican play significant roles in the development of liver cancer. Conversely, the presence of decorin could potentially provide protective effects.
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111
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Halayem S, Hamza M, Maazoul F, Ben Turkia H, Touati M, Tebib N, Mrad R, Bouden A. Distinctive findings in a boy with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:1035-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumeyya Halayem
- Department of Child Psychiatry; Razi Hospital; Manouba Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis; Tunis Tunisia
| | - Mariem Hamza
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis; Tunis Tunisia
- Department of Child Psychiatry; Mongi Slim Hospital; La Marsa Tunisia
| | - Faouzi Maazoul
- Department of Human Genetics; Charles Nicolle Hospital; Tunis Tunisia
| | - Hadhemi Ben Turkia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis; Tunis Tunisia
- Department of Pediatrics; La Rabta Hospital; Tunis Tunisia
| | - Maissa Touati
- Department of Child Psychiatry; Razi Hospital; Manouba Tunisia
| | - Neji Tebib
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis; Tunis Tunisia
- Department of Pediatrics; La Rabta Hospital; Tunis Tunisia
| | - Ridha Mrad
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis; Tunis Tunisia
- Department of Human Genetics; Charles Nicolle Hospital; Tunis Tunisia
| | - Asma Bouden
- Department of Child Psychiatry; Razi Hospital; Manouba Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis; Tunis Tunisia
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112
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Fauth C, Steindl K, Toutain A, Farrell S, Witsch-Baumgartner M, Karall D, Joset P, Böhm S, Baumer A, Maier O, Zschocke J, Weksberg R, Marshall CR, Rauch A. A recurrent germline mutation in the PIGA gene causes Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome type 2. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:392-402. [PMID: 26545172 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hypomorphic germline mutations in the PIGA (phosphatidylinositol glycan class A) gene recently were recognized as the cause of a clinically heterogeneous spectrum of X-linked disorders including (i) early onset epileptic encephalopathy with severe muscular hypotonia, dysmorphism, multiple congenital anomalies, and early death ("MCAHS2"), (ii) neurodegenerative encephalopathy with systemic iron overload (ferro-cerebro-cutaneous syndrome, "FCCS"), and (iii) intellectual disability and seizures without dysmorphism. Previous studies showed that the recurrent PIGA germline mutation c.1234C>T (p.Arg412*) leads to a clinical phenotype at the most severe end of the spectrum associated with early infantile lethality. We identified three additional individuals from two unrelated families with the same PIGA mutation. Major clinical findings include early onset intractable epileptic encephalopathy with a burst-suppression pattern on EEG, generalized muscular hypotonia, structural brain abnormalities, macrocephaly and increased birth weight, joint contractures, coarse facial features, widely spaced eyes, a short nose with anteverted nares, gingival overgrowth, a wide mouth, short limbs with short distal phalanges, and a small penis. Based on the phenotypic overlap with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome type 2 (SGBS2), we hypothesized that both disorders might have the same underlying cause. We were able to confirm the same c.1234C>T (p.Arg412*) mutation in the DNA sample from an affected fetus of the original family affected with SGBS2. We conclude that the recurrent PIGA germline mutation c.1234C>T leads to a recognizable clinical phenotype with a poor prognosis and is the cause of SGBS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fauth
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Steindl
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zürich, Schlieren-Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annick Toutain
- Department of Genetics, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Sandra Farrell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Trillium Health Partners, Credit Valley Hospital, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martina Witsch-Baumgartner
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Karall
- Clinic for Pediatrics I, Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pascal Joset
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zürich, Schlieren-Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Böhm
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Baumer
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zürich, Schlieren-Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Maier
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rosanna Weksberg
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science and Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian R Marshall
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Centre for Applied Genomics, Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zürich, Schlieren-Zürich, Switzerland
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113
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Nagarajan U, Pakkiriswami S, Pillai AB. Sugar tags and tumorigenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:69. [PMID: 26583080 PMCID: PMC4631993 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Usha Nagarajan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Agieshkumar B Pillai
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth Puducherry, India
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114
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Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) regulate diverse functions in the central nervous system (CNS) by interacting with a number of growth factors, matrix proteins, and cell surface molecules. Heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are two major glycosaminoglycans present in the PGs of the CNS. The functionality of these PGs is to a large extent dictated by the fine sulfation patterns present on their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. In the past 15 years, there has been a significant expansion in our knowledge on the role of HS and CS chains in various neurological processes, such as neuronal growth, regeneration, plasticity, and pathfinding. However, defining the relation between distinct sulfation patterns of the GAGs and their functionality has thus far been difficult. With the emergence of novel tools for the synthesis of defined GAG structures, and techniques for their characterization, we are now in a better position to explore the structure-function relation of GAGs in the context of their sulfation patterns. In this review, we discuss the importance of GAGs on CNS development, injury, and disorders with an emphasis on their sulfation patterns. Finally, we outline several GAG-based therapeutic strategies to exploit GAG chains for ameliorating various CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal P Swarup
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112 UT , USA
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Venkatesan EP, Kalidoss R, Ramasamy B, Gnanashanmugham G. Gentle giant. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2015; 18:231-2. [PMID: 26019425 PMCID: PMC4445203 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.150610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramadoss Kalidoss
- Department of Neurology, PSG Institute Of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balakrishnan Ramasamy
- Department of Neurology, PSG Institute Of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Singh V, Singla SK, Jha V, Puri V, Puri S. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β: A regulator of kidney development and cystogenesis. Indian J Nephrol 2015; 25:70-6. [PMID: 25838642 PMCID: PMC4379628 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.139492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the genomics of the renal tissue has gathered a considerable interest and is making rapid progress. The molecular mechanisms as well as the precise function of the associated molecular components toward renal pathophysiology have recently been realized. For the cystic kidney disease, the regulation of gene expression affecting epithelial cells proliferation, apoptosis as well as process of differentiation/de-differentiation represent key molecular targets. For the cystic disorders, molecular targets have been identified, which besides lending heterogeneity to cysts may also provide tools to unravel their functional importance to understand the renal tissue homeostasis. This review focuses on providing comprehensive information about the transcriptional regulatory role of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β, a homeoprotein, as well as its interacting partners in renal tissue development and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - S K Singla
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - V Jha
- Department of Nephrology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - V Puri
- Centre for Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Under University Institute of Emerging Areas in Science and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - S Puri
- Biotechnology Branch, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chandigarh, India ; Centre for Stem Cell and Issue Engineering, University Institute of Emerging Areas in Science and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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117
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Prognostic value of glypican-3 in patients with HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2015; 14:157-63. [PMID: 25865688 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(15)60349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glypican-3 (GPC-3) is frequently overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recent studies have shown that GPC-3 is a highly efficient diagnostic biomarker of HCC and an indicator of poor prognosis in HCC patients who have undergone hepatectomy. However, its prognostic value in patients with HBV-associated HCC after liver transplantation (LT) is not clear. The present study is to evaluate the prognostic value of GPC-3 in patients with HBV-associated HCC after LT. METHODS A cohort of 104 HCC patients with HBV-associated cirrhosis who had undergone LT at our hospital between 2002 and 2011 were enrolled in this study. Samples of HCC were taken from these patients. GPC-3 protein expression was detected in paraffin-embedded specimens using immunohistochemistry. All related clinical data were obtained from the China Liver Transplant Registry. The relationship between GPC-3 expression and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. Univariate and multivariate Cox-regression analyses were used to identify risk factors for poor prognosis. RESULTS GPC-3 was expressed in samples from 74 (71.2%) of the 104 patients. GPC-3 was expressed only in HCC cells. Positive staining was correlated with tumor size (P=0.004), encapsulation (P=0.018), pathological stage (P=0.027), portal vein invasion (P=0.043), tumor differentiation (P=0.002) and the Milan criteria (P=0.016). The 5-year survival rate and disease-free survival rate of patients with GPC-3-positive were lower than those (38.2% vs 75.4%, P<0.001; 30.8% vs 69.7%, P=0.001) of patients with GPC-3-negative. Multivariate Cox-regression analysis revealed that GPC-3 was an independent risk factor for 5-year survival rate (P=0.031) and disease-free survival rate (P=0.047), together with tumor differentiation, Milan criteria and pre-operative alpha-fetoprotein. CONCLUSION GPC-3 is a potential biomarker for poor prognosis after LT in HCC patients with HBV-associated cirrhosis.
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118
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Generalized overgrowth syndromes with prenatal onset. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2015; 45:97-111. [PMID: 25861999 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Children with generalized overgrowth syndromes are large at birth, or have excessive postnatal growth. Many of these syndromes are associated with an increase in neoplasia. Consideration of the possibility of overgrowth syndrome in a pediatric patient who presents with increased growth parameters, variable malformations and neurodevelopmental phenotype, and distinctive features, is important for medical management, reproductive counseling, and tumor surveillance for some of the disorders. This review describes the clinical features and surveillance recommendations for the common generalized overgrowth syndromes the pediatrician may encounter. It also provides a glimpse into advances of recent years in understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for the disrupted growth regulation in these disorders.
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Hunter JM, Kiefer J, Balak CD, Jooma S, Ahearn ME, Hall JG, Baumbach-Reardon L. Review of X-linked syndromes with arthrogryposis or early contractures-aid to diagnosis and pathway identification. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:931-73. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M. Hunter
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Jeff Kiefer
- Knowledge Mining; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Christopher D. Balak
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Sonya Jooma
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Mary Ellen Ahearn
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Judith G. Hall
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics; University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Vancouver; British Columbia Canada
| | - Lisa Baumbach-Reardon
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
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Capurro M, Shi W, Izumikawa T, Kitagawa H, Filmus J. Processing by convertases is required for glypican-3-induced inhibition of Hedgehog signaling. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7576-85. [PMID: 25653284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is one of the six members of the mammalian glypican family. We have previously reported that GPC3 inhibits Hedgehog (Hh) signaling by competing with Patched (Ptc) for Hh binding. We also showed that GPC3 binds with high affinity to Hh through its core protein, but that it does not interact with Ptc. Several members of the glypican family, including GPC3, are subjected to an endoproteolytic cleavage by the furin-like convertase family of endoproteases. Surprisingly, however, we have found that a mutant GPC3 that cannot be processed by convertases is as potent as wild-type GPC3 in stimulating Wnt activity in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and 293T cells and in promoting hepatocellular carcinoma growth. In this study, we show that processing by convertases is essential for GPC3-induced inhibition of Hh signaling. Moreover, we show that a convertase-resistant GPC3 stimulates Hh signaling by increasing the binding of this growth factor to Ptc. Consistent with this, we show that the convertase-resistant mutant binds to both Hh and Ptc through its heparan sulfate (HS) chains. Unexpectedly, we found that the mutant core protein does not bind to Hh. We also report that the convertase-resistant mutant GPC3 carries HS chains with a significantly higher degree of sulfation than those of wild-type GPC3. We propose that the structural changes generated by the lack of cleavage determine a change in the sulfation of the HS chains and that these hypersulfated chains mediate the interaction of the mutant GPC3 with Ptc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Capurro
- From the Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada and
| | - Wen Shi
- From the Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada and
| | - Tomomi Izumikawa
- From the Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada and
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Jorge Filmus
- From the Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada and
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Couchman JR, Gopal S, Lim HC, Nørgaard S, Multhaupt HAB. Fell-Muir Lecture: Syndecans: from peripheral coreceptors to mainstream regulators of cell behaviour. Int J Exp Pathol 2014; 96:1-10. [PMID: 25546317 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 25 years, as the first of the syndecan family was cloned, interest in these transmembrane proteoglycans has steadily increased. While four distinct members are present in mammals, one is present in invertebrates, including C. elegans that is such a powerful genetic model. The syndecans, therefore, have a long evolutionary history, indicative of important roles. However, these roles have been elusive. The knockout in the worm has a developmental neuronal phenotype, while knockouts of the syndecans in the mouse are mild and mostly limited to post-natal rather than developmental effects. Moreover, their association with high-affinity receptors, such as integrins, growth factor receptors, frizzled and slit/robo, have led to the notion that syndecans are coreceptors, with minor roles. Given that their heparan sulphate chains can gather many different protein ligands, this gave credence to views that the importance of syndecans lay with their ability to concentrate ligands and that only the extracellular polysaccharide was of significance. Syndecans are increasingly identified with roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including tumour progression, vascular disease, arthritis and inflammation. This has provided impetus to understanding syndecan roles in more detail. It emerges that while the cytoplasmic domains of syndecans are small, they have clear interactive capabilities, most notably with the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, through the binding and activation of signalling molecules, it is likely that syndecans are important receptors in their own right. Here, an overview of syndecan structure and function is provided, with some prospects for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Couchman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mahadevan A, Welsh IC, Sivakumar A, Gludish DW, Shilvock AR, Noden DM, Huss D, Lansford R, Kurpios NA. The left-right Pitx2 pathway drives organ-specific arterial and lymphatic development in the intestine. Dev Cell 2014; 31:690-706. [PMID: 25482882 PMCID: PMC4326534 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The dorsal mesentery (DM) is the major conduit for blood and lymphatic vessels in the gut. The mechanisms underlying their morphogenesis are challenging to study and remain unknown. Here we show that arteriogenesis in the DM begins during gut rotation and proceeds strictly on the left side, dependent on the Pitx2 target gene Cxcl12. Although competent Cxcr4-positive angioblasts are present on the right, they fail to form vessels and progressively emigrate. Surprisingly, gut lymphatics also initiate in the left DM and arise only after-and dependent on-arteriogenesis, implicating arteries as drivers of gut lymphangiogenesis. Our data begin to unravel the origin of two distinct vascular systems and demonstrate how early left-right molecular asymmetries are translated into organ-specific vascular patterns. We propose a dual origin of gut lymphangiogenesis in which prior arterial growth is required to initiate local lymphatics that only subsequently connect to the vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Mahadevan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ian C Welsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Aravind Sivakumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David W Gludish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Abigail R Shilvock
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Drew M Noden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David Huss
- Developmental Neuroscience Program and Department of Radiology, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 4661 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Rusty Lansford
- Developmental Neuroscience Program and Department of Radiology, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 4661 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Natasza A Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Zaghloul RA, El-Shishtawy MM, El Galil KHA, Ebrahim MA, Metwaly AA, Al-Gayyar MM. Evaluation of antiglypican-3 therapy as a promising target for amelioration of hepatic tissue damage in hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 746:353-62. [PMID: 25449037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In Egypt, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was predicted to continue to rise over the next few decades causing a national problem. Meanwhile, glypican-3 (GPC3), a highly expressed glypican, has emerged as a potential target for HCC immunotherapy. Therefore, we aimed to identify the impact of blocking GPC3 on liver damage in HCC as well as a possible mechanism. Fifty four HCC patients, 20 cirrhotic patients and 10 healthy subjects were recruited. Serum levels of GPC3, sulfatase-2 (SULF-2), heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) were measured by ELISA. In parallel, HCC was induced in 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats in presence/absence of antiGPC-3. Liver impairment was detected by investigating liver sections stained with hematoxylin/eosin and serum α-fetoprotein (AFP). Liver homogenates of GPC3, SULF-2, and HSPG were measured by ELISA. Gene expression of caspase-3 and IGF-II were assayed by RT-PCR. HCC patients showed significant elevated serum levels of GPC3, IGF-II and SULF-2 accompanied by decreased HSPG. However, treatment of HCC rats with antiGPC-3 significantly reduced serum AFP and showed nearly normal hepatocytes. In addition, antiGPC-3 significantly reduced elevated liver homogenates protein levels of GPC3 and SULF-2 and gene expression of IGF-II and caspase-3. antiGPC-3 restored the reduced hepatic HSPG. antiGPC-3 showed anti-tumor activity as well as hepatoprotective effects. antiGPC-3-chemoprotective effect can be explained by forced reduction of IGF-II expression, restoration of HSPGs, deactivation of SULF-2 and reduction of gene expression of caspase-3. Targeting GPC3 is a promising therapeutic approach for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa A Zaghloul
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Mamdouh M El-Shishtawy
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Khaled H Abd El Galil
- Dept. of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | | | - AbdelHamid A Metwaly
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M Al-Gayyar
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
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Ibrahim SA, Hassan H, Götte M. MicroRNA regulation of proteoglycan function in cancer. FEBS J 2014; 281:5009-22. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A. Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
| | - Hebatallah Hassan
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Münster University Hospital; Germany
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125
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Glypican 3 overexpression in primary and metastatic Wilms tumors. Virchows Arch 2014; 466:67-76. [PMID: 25366870 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1669-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glypican 3 (GPC3), a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, plays a role in cell growth and differentiation. Mutations of the GPC3 gene are responsible for Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, which is characterized by anomalies of postnatal overgrowth and an increased risk of developing pediatric malignancies, mostly Wilms tumor and liver cancer. In order to understand the possible role of GPC3 in renal development and Wilms tumor formation, we analyzed messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of GPC3 in sporadic Wilms tumors and compared it to normal kidneys and other common renal epithelial tumors. By using Affymetrix HGU133 oligonucleotide gene expression microarray data from 191 renal tumors and 12 normal kidneys, we found significant overexpression of GPC3 in Wilms tumors (p < 0.01), with 3.5-fold higher expression in comparison to normal kidneys and 6.5-fold higher than any type of renal tumors. The GPC3 gene product in Wilms tumor was further evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantified by an automated image analysis. Cytoplasmic and membranous GPC3 immunoreactivity was present in 77 % of primary Wilms tumors (23/30), 93 % of metastatic Wilms tumors (13/14), 50 % of metanephric adenomas (4/8), 33 % of congenital mesoblastic nephromas (2/6), 100 % of nephrogenic rests (11/11), and 100 % of fetal kidneys (5/5). GPC3 staining was predominantly identified in blastemal and epithelial components of Wilms tumors, similar to that of fetal non-neoplastic kidney. All adult renal tumors (n = 60) and normal kidneys (n = 15) were GPC3 negative. These findings suggest the utility of GPC3 in differential diagnosis and follow-up of Wilms tumors. Our data also indicate that GPC3 is an oncofetal protein with a potential therapeutic value.
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Abstract
Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy is the only example of a regenerative process in mammals in which the organ/body weight ratio returns to 100% of the original when the process is complete. The adjustment of liver weight to the needs of the body suggests a complicated set of control points, a 'hepatostat'. There has been much progress in elucidation of mechanisms involved in initiation of liver regeneration. More recent studies have focused on termination pathways, because these may be the underlying controls of the hepatostat and their elimination may be relevant to hepatic neoplasia. When the standard regenerative process is thwarted due to failure of either hepatocytes or biliary epithelial cells to proliferate, each of the two epithelial compartments can function as a source of facultative stem cells for the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Bioscience Tower South, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Abstract
Glypican 3 is a membrane-bound heparan sulfate proteoglycan, which has recently been identified as a marker for liver cancer and germ cell malignancies. Individuals with loss-of-function mutations for the glypican 3 gene exhibit Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, a rare X-linked overgrowth disorder. Expression of glypican 3 mRNA and protein is normally silenced in most adult organs and may reappear during malignant transformation. In the past few years, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics of glypican 3 in hepatocellular carcinoma have been elucidated. More recently, glypican 3 has been emerging as a new diagnostic marker for germ cell tumors and especially testicular and ovarian yolk sac tumors. However, in other tumors such as renal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and melanomas, studies disagree on the level of glypican 3 expression. Finally, there is the controversial notion of glypican 3 as a tumor suppressor gene. In this review article, we update current knowledge on glypican 3 expression in normal and neoplastic tissues, evaluate its utility as a tumor marker in clinical practice, and explore its role as a novel oncofetal protein with clinical implications. Our focus is on the diagnostic value of glypican 3 in germ cell tumors and other neoplasms in addition to hepatocellular carcinoma. In conclusion, glypican 3 has been proven to be a useful immunohistochemical marker in distinguishing yolk sac tumors, choriocarcinomas, and Wilms tumors from other malignancies histologically mimicking these primitive tumors. Clinically, we recommend that glypican 3 be used as part of a panel of markers in subtyping testicular germ cell tumors.
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Qi XH, Wu D, Cui HX, Ma N, Su J, Wang YT, Jiang YH. Silencing of the glypican-3 gene affects the biological behavior of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:3177-84. [PMID: 25270552 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death in the world. The gene glypican-3 (GPC3) is reported to be a potential therapeutic target for HCC. In this study, we use RNA interference with lentiviral vectors to explore the effect of GPC3 silencing on the biological behavior of HCC cells and the potential role of the GPC3 protein in the activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which relates to HCC cell invasion and migration. Our data suggest that GPC3 silencing leads to a decrease in HCC cell proliferation and to an increase in apoptosis. We demonstrated that GPC3 silencing regulates cell invasion and migration, most probably through the activation of the EMT cellular program. In conclusion, GPC3 is associated with the HCC cell biological behavior, while the relationship between GPC3 and EMT in tumorigenesis of HCC deserves future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hui Qi
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Xia Cui
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Nan Ma
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jia Su
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Tong Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - You-Hong Jiang
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Clinical and oral findings of a patient with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2014; 16:63-6. [PMID: 25245233 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-014-0141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) is an overgrowth condition characterised by macrosomia, mental deficiency, large head, prominent skull sutures, midface deficiency, hypertelorism, broad nose, wide mouth, macroglossia, malocclusion, highly arched palate, and musculoskeletal and limb abnormalities. The aim of this case report is to present clinical and oral findings of an 8-year-old boy who had been diagnosed with SGBS. CASE REPORT This patient had supernumerary nipples on the right side, cubitus valgus webbed fingers, scoliosis, umbilical hernia, a coarse face, macrocephaly, hypertelorism, a short broad nose, a wide mouth, a straight facial profile and hearing loss. The patient also had macroglossia, diastemas, over-retained primary tooth, absent mandibular permanent central incisors, and highly arched palate. Lateral cephalometric analysis revealed a large anterior cranial base, a large maxilla and mandible, a large inferior face height, and skeletal Class III jaw relationship. FOLLOW-UP After extraction of the over-retained primary central tooth, a partial prosthesis was fabricated in order to maintain function. The patient has been recalled regularly at 6-month intervals for 2 years. Over the following years the prosthesis was replaced due to facial growth. CONCLUSION Long term follow-up is essential for the patient with SGBS. Preventive dental care, including oral hygiene instructions, diet counselling and the use of fluoride has been implemented.
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Agatep R, Shuman C, Steele L, Parkinson N, Weksberg R, Stockley TL. Paternal germline mosaicism for a GPC3 deletion in X-linked Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2682-4. [PMID: 25073799 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ron Agatep
- Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Nazarian A, Lawlor K, Yi SS, Philip J, Ghosh M, Yaneva M, Villanueva J, Saghatelian A, Assel M, Vickers AJ, Eastham JA, Scher HI, Carver BS, Lilja H, Tempst P. Inhibition of circulating dipeptidyl peptidase 4 activity in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:3082-96. [PMID: 25056937 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.038836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is responsible for many deaths and is a major source of healthcare expenditures. The identification of new, non-invasive biomarkers might allow improvement of the direct diagnostic or prognostic ability of already available tools. Here, we took the innovative approach of interrogating the activity of exopeptidases in the serum of cancer patients with the aim of establishing a distinction based on enzymatic function, instead of simple protein levels, as a means to biomarker discovery. We first analyzed two well-characterized mouse models of prostate cancer, each with a distinct genetic lesion, and established that broad exopeptidase and targeted aminopeptidase activity tests reveal proteolytic changes associated with tumor development. We also describe new peptide-based freeze-frame reagents uniquely suited to probe the altered balance of selected aminopeptidases, as opposed to the full array of exopeptidases, and/or their modulators in patient serum or plasma. One particular proteolytic activity was impaired in animals with aggressive disease relative to cancer-free littermates. We identified the protease in question as dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) by analyzing selected knockout mice and evaluating the effect of specific inhibitors. DPP4 activity was also reduced in the sera of patients with metastatic prostate cancer relative to patients with localized disease or healthy controls. However, no significant differences in DPP4 serum levels were observed, which established the loss of activity as the result of impaired enzymatic function. Biochemical analysis indicated that reduced activity was the result not of post-translational modifications or allosteric changes, but instead of a low-molecular-weight inhibitor. After we adjusted for age and total prostate-specific antigen, reduced DPP4 activity remained a significant predictor of cancer status. The results of this proof-of-principle study suggest that DPP4 activity might be a potential blood-based indicator of the presence of metastatic cancer of prostatic origin, either by itself or, more likely, as a means to improve the sensitivity and specificity of existing markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpi Nazarian
- From the ‡Protein Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Kevin Lawlor
- From the ‡Protein Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - San San Yi
- From the ‡Protein Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - John Philip
- From the ‡Protein Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Mousumi Ghosh
- From the ‡Protein Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; §Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Mariana Yaneva
- From the ‡Protein Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; §Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Josep Villanueva
- From the ‡Protein Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; §Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- **Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Melissa Assel
- ‡‡Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Andrew J Vickers
- ‡‡Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - James A Eastham
- §§Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Howard I Scher
- ¶¶Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Brett S Carver
- §§Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; ‖‖Human Oncology and Pathology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Hans Lilja
- §§Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; ¶¶Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital UMAS, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Paul Tempst
- From the ‡Protein Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; §Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065;
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Ofuji K, Saito K, Yoshikawa T, Nakatsura T. Critical analysis of the potential of targeting GPC3 in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2014; 1:35-42. [PMID: 27508174 PMCID: PMC4918265 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s48517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The treatment options for patients with advanced HCC are limited, and novel treatment strategies are required urgently. Glypican-3 (GPC3), a member of the glypican family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, is overexpressed in 72%−81% of HCC cases, and is correlated with a poor prognosis. GPC3 regulates both stimulatory and inhibitory signals, and plays a key role in regulating cancer cell growth. GPC3 is released into the serum, and so might be a useful diagnostic marker for HCC. GPC3 is also used as an immunotherapeutic target in HCC. A Phase I study of a humanized anti-GPC3 monoclonal antibody, GC33, revealed a good safety profile and potential antitumor activity, and a Phase II trial is currently ongoing. In addition, the authors’ investigator-initiated Phase I study of a GPC3-derived peptide vaccine showed good safety and tolerability, and demonstrated that the GPC3 peptide-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte frequency in peripheral blood correlated with overall survival in HCC patients. A sponsor-initiated Phase I clinical trial of a three-peptide cocktail vaccine, which includes a GPC3-derived peptide, is also underway. GPC3 is currently recognized as a promising therapeutic target and diagnostic marker for HCC. This review introduces the recent progress in GPC3 research, from biology to clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Ofuji
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Keigo Saito
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
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133
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Slavotinek AM. The genetics of common disorders - congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:418-23. [PMID: 24793812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common birth defect with a high mortality and morbidity. Although numerous chromosomal aberrations and gene mutations have been associated with CDH, the etiology of the diaphragmatic defect is identified in less than 50% of patients. This review discusses the some of the more frequent, recurrent karyotypic abnormalities in which CDH is a feature, including 15q26, 8p23.1 and 4p16.3 deletions and tetrasomy 12p (Pallister-Killian syndrome), together with some of the syndromes in which CDH is a relatively common feature, including Fryns syndrome, Matthew-Wood syndrome, overgrowth syndromes and Donnai-Barrow syndrome. In the era of genomic technologies, our knowledge of the genes and chromosome regions involved in pathogenesis of CDH is likely to advance significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Slavotinek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, MSC 2711, Rock Hall Room RH384D, 1550 4th St, San Francisco, CA 94143-2711, USA.
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134
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Jones JC, Kroscher KA, Dilger AC. Reductions in expression of growth regulating genes in skeletal muscle with age in wild type and myostatin null mice. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 14:3. [PMID: 24678801 PMCID: PMC3986603 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-14-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Genes that decline in expression with age and are thought to coordinate growth cessation have been identified in various organs, but their expression in skeletal muscle is unknown. Therefore, our objective was to determine expression of these genes (Ezh2, Gpc3, Mdk, Mest, Mycn, Peg3, and Plagl1) in skeletal muscle from birth to maturity. We hypothesized that expression of these genes would decline with age in skeletal muscle but differ between sexes and between wild type and myostatin null mice. Results Female and male wild type and myostatin null mice (C57BL/6J background) were sacrificed by carbon dioxide asphyxiation followed by decapitation at d -7, 0, 21, 42, and 70 days of age. Whole bodies at d -7, all muscles from both hind limbs at d 0, and bicep femoris muscle from d 21, 42 and 70 were collected. Gene expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. In general, expression of these growth-regulating genes was reduced at d 21 compared with day 0 and d -7. Expression of Gpc3, Mest, and Peg3 was further reduced at d 42 and 70 compared with d 21, however the expression of Mycn increased from d 21 to d 42 and 70. Myostatin null mice, as expected, were heavier with increased biceps femoris weight at d 70. However, with respect to sex and genotype, there were few differences in expression. Expression of Ezh2 was increased at d 70 and expression of Mdk was increased at d 21 in myostatin null mice compared with wild type, but no other genotype effects were present. Expression of Mdk was increased in females compared to males at d 70, but no other sex effects were present. Conclusions Overall, these data suggest the downregulation of these growth-regulating genes with age might play a role in the coordinated cessation of muscle growth similar to organ growth but likely have a limited role in the differences between sexes or genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna C Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Yu JP, Xu XG, Ma RJ, Qin SN, Wang CR, Wang XB, Li M, Li MS, Ma Q, Xu WW. Development of a clinical chemiluminescent immunoassay for serum GPC3 and simultaneous measurements alone with AFP and CK19 in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 29:85-93. [PMID: 24687454 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glypican-3 (GPC3) is an oncofetal antigen that shows great promise as a biomarker for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but there is no reliable kit that can be used to detect it in clinics. The aim of this study is to develop a stable performance kit for GPC3 detection in clinics. DESIGN AND METHODS The paired antibodies were identified through cycle-screening methods based on our previous research. Then, a double antibodies sandwich chemiluminescent immunoassay for detecting serum GPC3 was developed. The performance of the developed GPC3 diagnostic kit was evaluated by detecting the concentration of serum GPC3 and assessing its single or combined use with alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and cytokeratin 19 fragment (CK19) for HCC diagnosis. RESULTS The assay demonstrated a linear range of 10-800 ng/ml, the cross-reactivity rate at 0.018% (AFP), 0.020% (carcino-embryonic antigen), and 0.021% (CK19), respectively. The minimum detectable concentration was 0.05 ng/ml; the intraassay coefficient of variation (CV) and interassay CV were both less than 10%, with good stability and reproducibility. GPC3 has a high sensitivity (54.2%) and specificity (99.4%) in diagnosing HCC. The level of GPC3 in HCC was robust higher than that in healthy or other liver diseases' sera (108.67 ± 230.04 ng/ml vs. 3.99 ± 7.68 ng/ml). The diagnostic sensitivity of GPC3 single or combined with CK19 and AFP for HCC was evaluated, and the rates were 54.2 and 90.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS An applicable chemiluminescent immunoassay with stable performance against GPC3 in diagnosing HCC has been established and the combination of GPC3 with CK19 and AFP could improve the diagnostic sensitivity for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Ping Yu
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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136
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Marquez BV, Zheleznyak A, Lapi SE. Glypican-3-targeted 89Zr PET imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma: where antibody imaging dares to tread. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:708-9. [PMID: 24665087 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.136234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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137
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Sham JG, Kievit FM, Grierson JR, Miyaoka RS, Yeh MM, Zhang M, Yeung RS, Minoshima S, Park JO. Glypican-3-targeted 89Zr PET imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:799-804. [PMID: 24627434 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.132118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a devastating malignancy in which imperfect imaging plays a primary role in diagnosis. Glypican-3 (GPC3) is an HCC-specific cell surface proteoglycan overexpressed in most HCCs. This paper presents the use of (89)Zr-conjugated monoclonal antibody against GPC3 ((89)Zr-αGPC3) for intrahepatic tumor localization using PET. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction confirmed relative GPC3 expression in cell lines. In vitro binding, in vivo biodistribution, and small-animal PET studies were performed on GPC3-expressing HepG2 and non-GPC3-expressing HLF and RH7777 cells and orthotopic xenografts. RESULTS (89)Zr-αGPC3 demonstrated antibody-dependent, antigen-specific tumor binding. HepG2 liver tumors exhibited high peak uptake (836.6 ± 86.6 percentage injected dose [%ID]/g) compared with background liver (27.5 ± 1.6 %ID/g). Tumor-to-liver contrast ratio was high and peaked at 32.5. The smallest HepG2 tumor (<1 mm) showed lower peak uptake (42.5 ± 6.4 %ID/g) and tumor-to-liver contrast (1.57) but was still clearly visible on PET. Day 7 tissue activity was still substantial in HepG2 tumors (466.4 ± 87.6 %ID/g) compared with control RH7777 tumors (3.9 ± 1.3 %ID/g, P < 0.01), indicating antigen specificity by (89)Zr-αGPC3. HepG2 tumor treated with unlabeled αGPC3 or heat-denatured (89)Zr-αGPC3 demonstrated tumor activity (2.1 %ID/g) comparable to that of control xenografts, confirming antibody dependency. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the feasibility of using (89)Zr-αGPC3 to image HCC in the liver, as well as the qualitative determination of GPC3 expression via small-animal PET. The ability to clarify the identity of small liver lesions with an HCC-specific PET probe would provide clinicians with vital information that could significantly alter patient management, warranting further investigation for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Sham
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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138
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Bodemer C, Sauvage V, Mahlaoui N, Cheval J, Couderc T, Leclerc-Mercier S, Debré M, Pellier I, Gagnieur L, Fraitag S, Fischer A, Blanche S, Lecuit M, Eloit M. Live rubella virus vaccine long-term persistence as an antigenic trigger of cutaneous granulomas in patients with primary immunodeficiency. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O656-63. [PMID: 24476349 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Granulomas may develop as a response to a local antigenic trigger, leading to the activation of macrophages and T-lymphocytes. Primary immunodeficiency (PID) is associated with the development of extensive cutaneous granulomas, whose aetiology remains unknown. We performed high-throughput sequencing of the transcriptome of cutaneous granuloma lesions on two consecutive index cases, and RT-PCR in a third consecutive patient. The RA27/3 vaccine strain of rubella virus-the core component of a universally used paediatric vaccine-was present in the cutaneous granuloma of these three consecutive PID patients. Controls included the healthy skin of two patients, non-granulomatous cutaneous lesions of patients with immunodeficiency, and skin biopsy samples of healthy individuals, and were negative. Expression of viral antigens was confirmed by immunofluorescence. Persistence of the rubella vaccine virus was also demonstrated in granuloma lesions sampled 4-5 years earlier. The persistence of the rubella virus vaccine strain in all three consecutive cutaneous granuloma patients with PID strongly suggests a causal relationship between rubella virus and granuloma in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bodemer
- Department of Dermatology, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France; Reference Centre for Cutaneous Rare Diseases (MAGEC), Paris, France; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
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139
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Wang Y, Yang H, Xu H, Lu X, Sang X, Zhong S, Huang J, Mao Y. Golgi protein 73, not Glypican-3, may be a tumor marker complementary to α-Fetoprotein for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:597-602. [PMID: 24236824 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of serum Golgi protein 73 (GP73) and Glypican-3 (GPC-3) as tumor markers for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS A total of 257 subjects were enrolled and consisted of 61 healthy controls, 32 hepatitis B virus carriers, 80 cirrhosis patients, and 84 HCC patients. Diagnosis was performed based on established clinical procedure. Serum GP73, GPC-3, and α-fetoprotein were measured. Receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to determine the sensitivity and specificity of each serum marker and their combinations. RESULT Serum GP73 levels were significantly increased in HCC patients. No significant differences were observed between GP73 and α-fetoprotein (AFP) as markers for HCC diagnosis. However, GP73 was more sensitive than AFP in the diagnosis of small HCC. A combination of GP73 and AFP tests increased the sensitivity and specificity for HCC diagnosis. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of combined test was 0.93 compared with 0.88 for GP73 and 0.90 for AFP alone. GPC-3 tests were negative in all 84 HCC patients. The AUC for GPC-3 is 0.43, indicating that serum GPC-3 was not an effective tumor marker for HCC diagnosis. CONCLUSION Serum GP73 is a potential tumor marker for HCC diagnosis, especially for differential diagnosis of small HCC and cirrhosis. The combination of GP73 and AFP is more sensitive than AFP alone. Serum GPC-3 does not appear to be an effective tumor marker for HCC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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140
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Realizing the promise of cancer predisposition genes. Nature 2014; 505:302-8. [PMID: 24429628 DOI: 10.1038/nature12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genes in which germline mutations confer highly or moderately increased risks of cancer are called cancer predisposition genes. More than 100 of these genes have been identified, providing important scientific insights in many areas, particularly the mechanisms of cancer causation. Moreover, clinical utilization of cancer predisposition genes has had a substantial impact on diagnosis, optimized management and prevention of cancer. The recent transformative advances in DNA sequencing hold the promise of many more cancer predisposition gene discoveries, and greater and broader clinical applications. However, there is also considerable potential for incorrect inferences and inappropriate clinical applications. Realizing the promise of cancer predisposition genes for science and medicine will thus require careful navigation.
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141
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Sarasua SM, Boccuto L, Sharp JL, Dwivedi A, Chen CF, Rollins JD, Rogers RC, Phelan K, DuPont BR. Clinical and genomic evaluation of 201 patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Hum Genet 2014; 133:847-59. [PMID: 24481935 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study is the first to describe age-related changes in a large cohort of patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS), also known as 22q13 deletion syndrome. Over a follow-up period of up to 12 years, physical examinations and structured interviews were conducted for 201 individuals diagnosed with PMS, 120 patients had a focused, high-resolution 22q12q13 array CGH, and 92 patients' deletions were assessed for parent-of-origin. 22q13 genomic anomalies include terminal deletions of 22q13 (89 %), terminal deletions and interstitial duplications (9 %), and interstitial deletions (2 %). Considering different age groups, in older patients, behavioral problems tended to subside, developmental abilities improved, and some features such as large or fleshy hands, full or puffy eyelids, hypotonia, lax ligaments, and hyperextensible joints were less frequent. However, the proportion reporting an autism spectrum disorder, seizures, and cellulitis, or presenting with lymphedema or abnormal reflexes increased with age. Some neurologic and dysmorphic features such as speech and developmental delay and macrocephaly correlated with deletion size. Deletion sizes in more recently diagnosed patients tend to be smaller than those diagnosed a decade earlier. Seventy-three percent of de novo deletions were of paternal origin. Seizures were reported three times more often among patients with a de novo deletion of the maternal rather than paternal chromosome 22. This analysis improves the understanding of the clinical presentation and natural history of PMS and can serve as a reference for the prevalence of clinical features in the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Sarasua
- Office of Bioinformatics and Epidemiology, Greenwood Genetic Center, 101 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA,
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Kosaki R, Takenouchi T, Takeda N, Kagami M, Nakabayashi K, Hata K, Kosaki K. Somatic CTNNB1 mutation in hepatoblastoma from a patient with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome and germline GPC3 mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:993-7. [PMID: 24459012 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome is a rare overgrowth syndrome caused by the GPC3 mutation at Xq26 and is clinically characterized by multiple congenital abnormalities, intellectual disability, pre/postnatal overgrowth, distinctive craniofacial features, macrocephaly, and organomegaly. Although this syndrome is known to be associated with a risk for embryonal tumors, similar to other overgrowth syndromes, the pathogenetic basis of this mode of tumorigenesis remains largely unknown. Here, we report a boy with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome who had a germline loss-of function mutation in GPC3. At 9 months of age, he developed hepatoblastoma. A comparison of exome analysis results for the germline genome and for the tumor genome revealed a somatic mutation, p.Ile35Ser, within the degradation targeting box of β-catenin. The same somatic mutation in CTNNB1 has been repeatedly reported in hepatoblastoma and other cancers. This finding suggested that the CTNNB1 mutation in the tumor tissue represents a driver mutation and that both the GPC3 and the CTNNB1 mutations contributed to tumorigenesis in a clearly defined sequential manner in the propositus. The current observation of a somatic CTNNB1 mutation in a hepatoblastoma from a patient with a germline GPC3 mutation supports the notion that the mutation in GPC3 may influence one of the initial steps in tumorigenesis and the progression to hepatoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Kosaki
- Division of Medical Genetics, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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143
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Filmus J, Capurro M. The role of glypicans in Hedgehog signaling. Matrix Biol 2014; 35:248-52. [PMID: 24412155 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glypicans (GPCs) are a family of proteoglycans that are bound to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Six glypicans have been found in the mammalian genome (GPC1 to GPC6). GPCs regulate several signaling pathways, including the pathway triggered by Hedgehogs (Hhs). This regulation, which could be stimulatory or inhibitory, occurs at the signal reception level. In addition, GPCs have been shown to be involved in the formation of Hh gradients in the imaginal wing disks in Drosophila. In this review we will discuss the role of various glypicans in specific developmental events in the embryo that are regulated by Hh signaling. In addition, we will discuss the mechanism by which loss-of-function GPC3 mutations alter Hh signaling in the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel overgrowth syndrome, and the molecular basis of the GPC5-induced stimulation of Hh signaling and tumor progression in rhabdomyosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Filmus
- Platform of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada; Dept. of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Mariana Capurro
- Platform of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada; Dept. of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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144
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Li Z, Zeng Y, Zhang D, Wu M, Wu L, Huang A, Yang H, Liu X, Liu J. Glypican-3 antibody functionalized Prussian blue nanoparticles for targeted MR imaging and photothermal therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3686-3696. [PMID: 32263805 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00516c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
MRI-guided photothermal therapy is becoming a more widely accepted minimally invasive technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglin Li
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China
- The Liver Center of Fujian Province
- Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China
| | - Yongyi Zeng
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China
- The Liver Center of Fujian Province
- Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China
| | - Da Zhang
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China
- The Liver Center of Fujian Province
- Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China
| | - Ming Wu
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China
- The Liver Center of Fujian Province
- Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China
| | - Lingjie Wu
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China
- The Liver Center of Fujian Province
- Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China
| | - Aimin Huang
- The Liver Center of Fujian Province
- Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China
- Department of Pathology
- School of Basic Medical Science
| | - Huanghao Yang
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China
- The Liver Center of Fujian Province
- Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China
- The Liver Center of Fujian Province
- Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China
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145
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Zhang B, Xiao W, Qiu H, Zhang F, Moniz HA, Jaworski A, Condac E, Gutierrez-Sanchez G, Heiss C, Clugston RD, Azadi P, Greer JJ, Bergmann C, Moremen KW, Li D, Linhardt RJ, Esko JD, Wang L. Heparan sulfate deficiency disrupts developmental angiogenesis and causes congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Clin Invest 2013; 124:209-21. [PMID: 24355925 DOI: 10.1172/jci71090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common birth malformation with a heterogeneous etiology. In this study, we report that ablation of the heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme NDST1 in murine endothelium (Ndst1ECKO mice) disrupted vascular development in the diaphragm, which led to hypoxia as well as subsequent diaphragm hypoplasia and CDH. Intriguingly, the phenotypes displayed in Ndst1ECKO mice resembled the developmental defects observed in slit homolog 3 (Slit3) knockout mice. Furthermore, introduction of a heterozygous mutation in roundabout homolog 4 (Robo4), the gene encoding the cognate receptor of SLIT3, aggravated the defect in vascular development in the diaphragm and CDH. NDST1 deficiency diminished SLIT3, but not ROBO4, binding to endothelial heparan sulfate and attenuated EC migration and in vivo neovascularization normally elicited by SLIT3-ROBO4 signaling. Together, these data suggest that heparan sulfate presentation of SLIT3 to ROBO4 facilitates initiation of this signaling cascade. Thus, our results demonstrate that loss of NDST1 causes defective diaphragm vascular development and CDH and that heparan sulfate facilitates angiogenic SLIT3-ROBO4 signaling during vascular development.
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146
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Jedraszak G, Girard M, Mellos A, Djeddi DD, Chardot C, Vanrenterghem A, Moizard MP, Gondry J, Sevestre H, Mathieu-Dramard M, Lacaille F, Demeer B. A patient with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, biliary cirrhosis and successful liver transplantation. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 164A:774-7. [PMID: 24357529 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome type 1 (SGBS1) -OMIM 312870- is a rare X-linked inherited overgrowth syndrome caused by a loss of function mutation in the GPC3 gene. Affected patients present a variable phenotype with pre- and post-natal macrosomia, distinctive facial dysmorphism, organomegaly, and multiple congenital anomalies. Intellectual disability is not constant. About 10% of patients have an increased risk of developing embryonic tumors in early childhood. Only one case of biliary disease has been described so far. GPC3 is localized on Xq26. It encodes for glypican 3, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, which among its different known roles, negatively regulates liver regeneration and hepatocyte proliferation. This report concerns a male with a SGBS1, carrier of a GPC3 pathogenic mutation, and neonatal liver disease, who developed an early biliary cirrhosis. Together with the associated risk of cancer and developmental delay, liver transplantation was discussed and then successfully performed at the age of 19 months. A hypothesis on the role of GPC3 in the patient's liver disease is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jedraszak
- Medical Genetics Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Amiens, Amiens, France
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147
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Magistri P, Leonard SY, Tang CM, Chan JC, Lee TE, Sicklick JK. The glypican 3 hepatocellular carcinoma marker regulates human hepatic stellate cells via Hedgehog signaling. J Surg Res 2013; 187:377-85. [PMID: 24439425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) frequently represents two diseases as it often arises in the setting of cirrhosis caused by the proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Previously, we identified that Hedgehog (Hh) signaling regulates HSC viability and fibrinogenesis, as well as HCC tumorigenesis. Although it is increasingly recognized that HSCs and HCCs communicate via paracrine signaling, Hh's role in this process is just emerging. We hypothesized that a secreted HCC tumor marker and Hh mediator, glypican 3 (GPC3), may regulate HSC. METHODS Using three human HCC lines (Hep3B, PLC/PRF/5 and SK-Hep-1) and one Hh-responsive human HSC line (LX-2), we developed two in vitro models of HCC-to-HSC paracrine signaling using a Transwell coculture system and HCC-conditioned media. We then evaluated the effects of these models, as well as GPC3, on HSC viability and gene expression. RESULTS Using our coculture and conditioned media models, we demonstrate that the three HCC lines decrease HSC viability. Furthermore, we demonstrate that recombinant GPC3 dose-dependently decreases the LX-2 viability while inhibiting the expression of Hh target genes that regulate HSC viability. Finally, GPC3's inhibitory effects on cell viability and Hh target gene expression are partially abrogated by heparin, a competitor for GPC3 binding. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we show that GPC3, an HCC biomarker and Hh mediator, regulates human HSC viability by regulating Hh signaling. This expands on existing data suggesting a role for tumor-stroma interactions in the liver and suggests that GPC3 plays a role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Magistri
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California; Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea, Sapienza-Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Stephanie Y Leonard
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Chih-Min Tang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Jonathan C Chan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Tracy E Lee
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California.
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148
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Møller RS, Jensen LR, Maas SM, Filmus J, Capurro M, Hansen C, Marcelis CLM, Ravn K, Andrieux J, Mathieu M, Kirchhoff M, Rødningen OK, de Leeuw N, Yntema HG, Froyen G, Vandewalle J, Ballon K, Klopocki E, Joss S, Tolmie J, Knegt AC, Lund AM, Hjalgrim H, Kuss AW, Tommerup N, Ullmann R, de Brouwer APM, Strømme P, Kjaergaard S, Tümer Z, Kleefstra T. X-linked congenital ptosis and associated intellectual disability, short stature, microcephaly, cleft palate, digital and genital abnormalities define novel Xq25q26 duplication syndrome. Hum Genet 2013; 133:625-38. [PMID: 24326587 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Submicroscopic duplications along the long arm of the X-chromosome with known phenotypic consequences are relatively rare events. The clinical features resulting from such duplications are various, though they often include intellectual disability, microcephaly, short stature, hypotonia, hypogonadism and feeding difficulties. Female carriers are often phenotypically normal or show a similar but milder phenotype, as in most cases the X-chromosome harbouring the duplication is subject to inactivation. Xq28, which includes MECP2 is the major locus for submicroscopic X-chromosome duplications, whereas duplications in Xq25 and Xq26 have been reported in only a few cases. Using genome-wide array platforms we identified overlapping interstitial Xq25q26 duplications ranging from 0.2 to 4.76 Mb in eight unrelated families with in total five affected males and seven affected females. All affected males shared a common phenotype with intrauterine- and postnatal growth retardation and feeding difficulties in childhood. Three had microcephaly and two out of five suffered from epilepsy. In addition, three males had a distinct facial appearance with congenital bilateral ptosis and large protruding ears and two of them showed a cleft palate. The affected females had various clinical symptoms similar to that of the males with congenital bilateral ptosis in three families as most remarkable feature. Comparison of the gene content of the individual duplications with the respective phenotypes suggested three critical regions with candidate genes (AIFM1, RAB33A, GPC3 and IGSF1) for the common phenotypes, including candidate loci for congenital bilateral ptosis, small head circumference, short stature, genital and digital defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Møller
- Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Kolonivej 7, 4293, Dianalund, Denmark,
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149
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Abstract
Liver regeneration is perhaps the most studied example of compensatory growth aimed to replace loss of tissue in an organ. Hepatocytes, the main functional cells of the liver, manage to proliferate to restore mass and to simultaneously deliver all functions hepatic functions necessary to maintain body homeostasis. They are the first cells to respond to regenerative stimuli triggered by mitogenic growth factor receptors MET (the hepatocyte growth factor receptor] and epidermal growth factor receptor and complemented by auxiliary mitogenic signals induced by other cytokines. Termination of liver regeneration is a complex process affected by integrin mediated signaling and it restores the organ to its original mass as determined by the needs of the body (hepatostat function). When hepatocytes cannot proliferate, progenitor cells derived from the biliary epithelium transdifferentiate to restore the hepatocyte compartment. In a reverse situation, hepatocytes can also transdifferentiate to restore the biliary compartment. Several hormones and xenobiotics alter the hepatostat directly and induce an increase in liver to body weight ratio (augmentative hepatomegaly). The complex challenges of the liver toward body homeostasis are thus always preserved by complex but unfailing responses involving orchestrated signaling and affecting growth and differentiation of all hepatic cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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150
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Identification and expression analysis of zebrafish glypicans during embryonic development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80824. [PMID: 24244720 PMCID: PMC3828384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPG) are ubiquitous molecules with indispensable functions in various biological processes. Glypicans are a family of HSPG’s, characterized by a Gpi-anchor which directs them to the cell surface and/or extracellular matrix where they regulate growth factor signaling during development and disease. We report the identification and expression pattern of glypican genes from zebrafish. The zebrafish genome contains 10 glypican homologs, as opposed to six in mammals, which are highly conserved and are phylogenetically related to the mammalian genes. Some of the fish glypicans like Gpc1a, Gpc3, Gpc4, Gpc6a and Gpc6b show conserved synteny with their mammalian cognate genes. Many glypicans are expressed during the gastrulation stage, but their expression becomes more tissue specific and defined during somitogenesis stages, particularly in the developing central nervous system. Existence of multiple glypican orthologs in fish with diverse expression pattern suggests highly specialized and/or redundant function of these genes during embryonic development.
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