101
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Airik R, Slaats GG, Guo Z, Weiss AC, Khan N, Ghosh A, Hurd TW, Bekker-Jensen S, Schrøder JM, Elledge SJ, Andersen JS, Kispert A, Castelli M, Boletta A, Giles RH, Hildebrandt F. Renal-retinal ciliopathy gene Sdccag8 regulates DNA damage response signaling. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2573-83. [PMID: 24722439 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013050565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis-related ciliopathies (NPHP-RCs) are developmental and degenerative kidney diseases that are frequently associated with extrarenal pathologies such as retinal degeneration, obesity, and intellectual disability. We recently identified mutations in a gene encoding the centrosomal protein SDCCAG8 as causing NPHP type 10 in humans. To study the role of Sdccag8 in disease pathogenesis, we generated a Sdccag8 gene-trap mouse line. Homozygous Sdccag8(gt/gt) mice lacked the wild-type Sdccag8 transcript and protein, and recapitulated the human phenotypes of NPHP and retinal degeneration. These mice exhibited early onset retinal degeneration that was associated with rhodopsin mislocalization in the photoreceptors and reduced cone cell numbers, and led to progressive loss of vision. By contrast, renal histologic changes occurred later, and no global ciliary defects were observed in the kidneys. Instead, renal pathology was associated with elevated levels of DNA damage response signaling activity. Cell culture studies confirmed the aberrant activation of DNA damage response in Sdccag8(gt/gt)-derived cells, characterized by elevated levels of γH2AX and phosphorylated ATM and cell cycle profile abnormalities. Our analysis of Sdccag8(gt/gt) mice indicates that the pleiotropic phenotypes in these mice may arise through multiple tissue-specific disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rannar Airik
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gisela G Slaats
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zhi Guo
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna-Carina Weiss
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Naheed Khan
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amiya Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Toby W Hurd
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Bekker-Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob M Schrøder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Steve J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jens S Andersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maddalena Castelli
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Dulbecco Telethon Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Alessandra Boletta
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Dulbecco Telethon Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Rachel H Giles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
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102
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Tran PV, Talbott GC, Turbe-Doan A, Jacobs DT, Schonfeld MP, Silva LM, Chatterjee A, Prysak M, Allard BA, Beier DR. Downregulating hedgehog signaling reduces renal cystogenic potential of mouse models. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2201-12. [PMID: 24700869 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013070735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cystic diseases are a leading cause of renal failure. Mutations associated with renal cystic diseases reside in genes encoding proteins that localize to primary cilia. These cystoproteins can disrupt ciliary structure or cilia-mediated signaling, although molecular mechanisms connecting cilia function to renal cystogenesis remain unclear. The ciliary gene, Thm1(Ttc21b), negatively regulates Hedgehog signaling and is most commonly mutated in ciliopathies. We report that loss of murine Thm1 causes cystic kidney disease, with persistent proliferation of renal cells, elevated cAMP levels, and enhanced expression of Hedgehog signaling genes. Notably, the cAMP-mediated cystogenic potential of Thm1-null kidney explants was reduced by genetically deleting Gli2, a major transcriptional activator of the Hedgehog pathway, or by culturing with small molecule Hedgehog inhibitors. These Hedgehog inhibitors acted independently of protein kinase A and Wnt inhibitors. Furthermore, simultaneous deletion of Gli2 attenuated the renal cystic disease associated with deletion of Thm1. Finally, transcripts of Hedgehog target genes increased in cystic kidneys of two other orthologous mouse mutants, jck and Pkd1, and Hedgehog inhibitors reduced cystogenesis in jck and Pkd1 cultured kidneys. Thus, enhanced Hedgehog activity may have a general role in renal cystogenesis and thereby present a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela V Tran
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | - George C Talbott
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Annick Turbe-Doan
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Damon T Jacobs
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | - Michael P Schonfeld
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | - Luciane M Silva
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | - Anindita Chatterjee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | - Mary Prysak
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bailey A Allard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | - David R Beier
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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103
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Taskiran EZ, Korkmaz E, Gucer S, Kosukcu C, Kaymaz F, Koyunlar C, Bryda EC, Chaki M, Lu D, Vadnagara K, Candan C, Topaloglu R, Schaefer F, Attanasio M, Bergmann C, Ozaltin F. Mutations in ANKS6 cause a nephronophthisis-like phenotype with ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1653-61. [PMID: 24610927 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013060646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is one of the most common genetic causes of CKD; however, the underlying genetic abnormalities have been established in <50% of patients. We performed genome-wide analysis followed by targeted resequencing in a Turkish consanguineous multiplex family and identified a canonic splice site mutation in ANKS6 associated with an NPHP-like phenotype. Furthermore, we identified four additional ANKS6 variants in a cohort of 56 unrelated patients diagnosed with CKD due to nephronophthisis, chronic GN, interstitial nephritis, or unknown etiology. Immunohistochemistry in human embryonic kidney tissue demonstrated that the expression patterns of ANKS6 change substantially during development. Furthermore, we detected increased levels of both total and active β-catenin in precystic tubuli in Han:SPRD Cy/+ rats. Overall, these data indicate the importance of ANKS6 in human kidney development and suggest a mechanism by which mutations in ANKS6 may contribute to an NPHP-like phenotype in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekim Z Taskiran
- Nephrogenetics Laboratory, andDepartments of Medical Genetics
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth C Bryda
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | | | | | - Cengiz Candan
- **Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rezan Topaloglu
- Pediatric Nephrology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Pediatric Nephrology Division, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Massimo Attanasio
- Department of Internal Medicine, andEugene McDermott Center for Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Carsten Bergmann
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Fatih Ozaltin
- Nephrogenetics Laboratory, andPediatric Nephrology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University Center for Biobanking and Genomics, Ankara, Turkey
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104
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Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by targeting the 3’-untranslated region of multiple target genes. Pathogenesis results from defects in several gene sets; therefore, disease progression could be prevented using miRNAs targeting multiple genes. Moreover, recent studies suggest that miRNAs reflect the stage of the specific disease, such as carcinogenesis. Cystic diseases, including polycystic kidney disease, polycystic liver disease, pancreatic cystic disease, and ovarian cystic disease, have common processes of cyst formation in the specific organ. Specifically, epithelial cells initiate abnormal cell proliferation and apoptosis as a result of alterations to key
genes. Cysts are caused by fluid accumulation in the lumen. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cyst formation and progression remain unclear. This review aims to introduce the key miRNAs related to cyst formation, and we suggest that miRNAs could be useful biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in several cystic diseases. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(7):338-345]
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mi Woo
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
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105
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Ramachandran H, Schäfer T, Kim Y, Herfurth K, Hoff S, Lienkamp SS, Kramer-Zucker A, Walz G. Interaction with the Bardet-Biedl gene product TRIM32/BBS11 modifies the half-life and localization of Glis2/NPHP7. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8390-401. [PMID: 24500717 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.534024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the two ciliopathies Bardet-Biedl syndrome and nephronophthisis share multiple clinical manifestations, the molecular basis for this overlap remains largely unknown. Both BBS11 and NPHP7 are unusual members of their respective gene families. Although BBS11/TRIM32 represents a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase also involved in hereditary forms of muscular dystrophy, NPHP7/Glis2 is a Gli-like transcriptional repressor that localizes to the nucleus, deviating from the ciliary localization of most other ciliopathy-associated gene products. We found that BBS11/TRIM32 and NPHP7/Glis2 can physically interact with each other, suggesting that both proteins form a functionally relevant protein complex in vivo. This hypothesis was further supported by the genetic interaction and synergist cyst formation in the zebrafish pronephros model. However, contrary to our expectation, the E3 ubiquitin ligase BBS11/TRIM32 was not responsible for the short half-life of NPHP7/Glis2 but instead promoted the accumulation of mixed Lys(48)/Lys(63)-polyubiquitylated NPHP7/Glis2 species. This modification not only prolonged the half-life of NPHP7/Glis2, but also altered the subnuclear localization and the transcriptional activity of NPHP7/Glis2. Thus, physical and functional interactions between NPHP and Bardet-Biedl syndrome gene products, demonstrated for Glis2 and TRIM32, may help to explain the phenotypic similarities between these two syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haribaskar Ramachandran
- From the Department of Medicine, Renal Division, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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106
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Whole-exome resequencing distinguishes cystic kidney diseases from phenocopies in renal ciliopathies. Kidney Int 2013; 85:880-7. [PMID: 24257694 PMCID: PMC3972265 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rare single-gene disorders cause chronic disease. However, half of the
6,000 recessive single gene causes of disease are still unknown. Because
recessive disease genes can illuminate, at least in part, disease
pathomechanism, their identification offers direct opportunities for improved
clinical management and potentially treatment. Rare diseases comprise the
majority of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children but are notoriously
difficult to diagnose. Whole exome resequencing facilitates identification of
recessive disease genes. However, its utility is impeded by the large number of
genetic variants detected. We here overcome this limitation by combining
homozygosity mapping with whole exome resequencing in 10 sib pairs with a
nephronophthisis-related ciliopathy, which represents the most frequent genetic
cause of CKD in the first three decades of life. In 7 of 10 sib-ships with a
histologic or ultrasonographic diagnosis of nephronophthisis-related ciliopathy
we detect the causative gene. In six sib-ships we identify mutations of known
nephronophthisis-related ciliopathy genes, while in two additional sib-ships we
found mutations in the known CKD-causing genes SLC4A1 and
AGXT as phenocopies of nephronophthisis-related ciliopathy.
Thus whole exome resequencing establishes an efficient, non-invasive approach
towards early detection and causation-based diagnosis of rare kidney diseases.
This approach can be extended to other rare recessive disorders, thereby
providing accurate diagnosis and facilitating the study of disease
mechanisms.
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107
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Kim YH, Epting D, Slanchev K, Engel C, Walz G, Kramer-Zucker A. A complex of BBS1 and NPHP7 is required for cilia motility in zebrafish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72549. [PMID: 24069149 PMCID: PMC3771994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) and nephronophthisis (NPH) are hereditary autosomal recessive disorders, encoded by two families of diverse genes. BBS and NPH display several overlapping phenotypes including cystic kidney disease, retinitis pigmentosa, liver fibrosis, situs inversus and cerebellar defects. Since most of the BBS and NPH proteins localize to cilia and/or their appendages, BBS and NPH are considered ciliopathies. In this study, we characterized the function of the transcription factor Nphp7 in zebrafish, and addressed the molecular connection between BBS and NPH. The knockdown of zebrafish bbs1 and nphp7.2 caused similar phenotypic changes including convergent extension defects, curvature of the body axis, hydrocephalus, abnormal heart looping and cystic pronephros, all consistent with an altered ciliary function. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed a physical interaction between BBS1 and NPHP7, and the simultaneous knockdown of zbbs1 and znphp7.2 enhanced the cystic pronephros phenotype synergistically, suggesting a genetic interaction between zbbs1 and znphp7.2 in vivo. Deletion of zBbs1 or zNphp7.2 did not compromise cilia formation, but disrupted cilia motility. Although NPHP7 has been shown to act as transcriptional repressor, our studies suggest a crosstalk between BBS1 and NPHP7 in regulating normal function of the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hee Kim
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology (or Faculty of Chemistry, Pharmacy, and Earth Sciences), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Epting
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Krasimir Slanchev
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christina Engel
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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108
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Choi SY, Chacon-Heszele MF, Huang L, McKenna S, Wilson FP, Zuo X, Lipschutz JH. Cdc42 deficiency causes ciliary abnormalities and cystic kidneys. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1435-50. [PMID: 23766535 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012121236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliogenesis and cystogenesis require the exocyst, a conserved eight-protein trafficking complex that traffics ciliary proteins. In culture, the small GTPase Cdc42 co-localizes with the exocyst at primary cilia and interacts with the exocyst component Sec10. The role of Cdc42 in vivo, however, is not well understood. Here, knockdown of cdc42 in zebrafish produced a phenotype similar to sec10 knockdown, including tail curvature, glomerular expansion, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, suggesting that cdc42 and sec10 cooperate in ciliogenesis. In addition, cdc42 knockdown led to hydrocephalus and loss of photoreceptor cilia. Furthermore, there was a synergistic genetic interaction between zebrafish cdc42 and sec10, suggesting that cdc42 and sec10 function in the same pathway. Mice lacking Cdc42 specifically in kidney tubular epithelial cells died of renal failure within weeks of birth. Histology revealed cystogenesis in distal tubules and collecting ducts, decreased ciliogenesis in cyst cells, increased tubular cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, increased fibrosis, and led to MAPK activation, all of which are features of polycystic kidney disease, especially nephronophthisis. Taken together, these results suggest that Cdc42 localizes the exocyst to primary cilia, whereupon the exocyst targets and docks vesicles carrying ciliary proteins. Abnormalities in this pathway result in deranged ciliogenesis and polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Young Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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109
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Hurd TW, Otto EA, Mishima E, Gee HY, Inoue H, Inazu M, Yamada H, Halbritter J, Seki G, Konishi M, Zhou W, Yamane T, Murakami S, Caridi G, Ghiggeri G, Abe T, Hildebrandt F. Mutation of the Mg2+ transporter SLC41A1 results in a nephronophthisis-like phenotype. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:967-77. [PMID: 23661805 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPHP)-related ciliopathies are recessive, single-gene disorders that collectively make up the most common genetic cause of CKD in the first three decades of life. Mutations in 1 of the 15 known NPHP genes explain less than half of all cases with this phenotype, however, and the recently identified genetic causes are exceedingly rare. As a result, a strategy to identify single-gene causes of NPHP-related ciliopathies in single affected families is needed. Although whole-exome resequencing facilitates the identification of disease genes, the large number of detected genetic variants hampers its use. Here, we overcome this limitation by combining homozygosity mapping with whole-exome resequencing in a sibling pair with an NPHP-related ciliopathy. Whole-exome capture revealed a homozygous splice acceptor site mutation (c.698G>T) in the renal Mg(2+) transporter SLC41A1. This mutation resulted in skipping of exon 6 of SLC41A1, resulting in an in-frame deletion of a transmembrane helix. Transfection of cells with wild-type or mutant SLC41A1 revealed that deletion of exon 6 completely blocks the Mg(2+) transport function of SLC41A1. Furthermore, in normal human kidney tissue, endogenous SLC41A1 specifically localized to renal tubules situated at the corticomedullary boundary, consistent with the region of cystogenesis observed in NPHP and related ciliopathies. Last, morpholino-mediated knockdown of slc41a1 expression in zebrafish resulted in ventral body curvature, hydrocephalus, and cystic kidneys, similar to the effects of knocking down other NPHP genes. Taken together, these data suggest that defects in the maintenance of renal Mg(2+) homeostasis may lead to tubular defects that result in a phenotype similar to NPHP.
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110
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Identification of 99 novel mutations in a worldwide cohort of 1,056 patients with a nephronophthisis-related ciliopathy. Hum Genet 2013; 132:865-84. [PMID: 23559409 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nephronophthisis-related ciliopathies (NPHP-RC) are autosomal-recessive cystic kidney diseases. More than 13 genes are implicated in its pathogenesis to date, accounting for only 40 % of all cases. High-throughput mutation screenings of large patient cohorts represent a powerful tool for diagnostics and identification of novel NPHP genes. We here performed a new high-throughput mutation analysis method to study 13 established NPHP genes (NPHP1-NPHP13) in a worldwide cohort of 1,056 patients diagnosed with NPHP-RC. We first applied multiplexed PCR-based amplification using Fluidigm Access-Array™ technology followed by barcoding and next-generation resequencing on an Illumina platform. As a result, we established the molecular diagnosis in 127/1,056 independent individuals (12.0 %) and identified a single heterozygous truncating mutation in an additional 31 individuals (2.9 %). Altogether, we detected 159 different mutations in 11 out of 13 different NPHP genes, 99 of which were novel. Phenotypically most remarkable were two patients with truncating mutations in INVS/NPHP2 who did not present as infants and did not exhibit extrarenal manifestations. In addition, we present the first case of Caroli disease due to mutations in WDR19/NPHP13 and the second case ever with a recessive mutation in GLIS2/NPHP7. This study represents the most comprehensive mutation analysis in NPHP-RC patients, identifying the largest number of novel mutations in a single study worldwide.
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111
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Parallel analysis of mRNA and microRNA microarray profiles to explore functional regulatory patterns in polycystic kidney disease: using PKD/Mhm rat model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53780. [PMID: 23326503 PMCID: PMC3542345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a frequent monogenic renal disease, characterised by fluid-filled cysts that are thought to result from multiple deregulated pathways such as cell proliferation and apoptosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of many genes associated with such biological processes and human pathologies. To explore the possible regulatory role of miRNAs in PKD, the PKD/Mhm (cy/+) rat, served as a model to study human ADPKD. A parallel microarray-based approach was conducted to profile the expression changes of mRNAs and miRNAs in PKD/Mhm rats. 1,573 up- and 1,760 down-regulated genes were differentially expressed in PKD/Mhm. These genes are associated with 17 pathways (such as focal adhesion, cell cycle, ECM-receptor interaction, DNA replication and metabolic pathways) and 47 (e.g., cell proliferation, Wnt and Tgfβ signaling) Gene Ontologies. Furthermore, we found the similar expression patterns of deregulated genes between PKD/Mhm (cy/+) rat and human ADPKD, PKD1L3/L3, PKD1−/−, Hnf1α-deficient, and Glis2lacZ/lacZ models. Additionally, several differentially regulated genes were noted to be target hubs for miRNAs. We also obtained 8 significantly up-regulated miRNAs (rno-miR-199a-5p, −214, −146b, −21, −34a, −132, −31 and −503) in diseased kidneys of PKD/Mhm rats. Additionally, the binding site overrepresentation and pathway enrichment analyses were accomplished on the putative targets of these 8 miRNAs. 7 out of these 8 miRNAs and their possible interactions have not been previously described in ADPKD. We have shown a strong overlap of functional patterns (pathways) between deregulated miRNAs and mRNAs in the PKD/Mhm (cy/+) rat model. Our findings suggest that several miRNAs may be associated in regulating pathways in ADPKD. We further describe novel miRNAs and their possible targets in ADPKD, which will open new avenues to understand the pathogenesis of human ADPKD. Furthermore they could serve as a useful resource for anti-fibrotic therapeutics.
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112
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Arts HH, Knoers NVAM. Current insights into renal ciliopathies: what can genetics teach us? Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:863-74. [PMID: 22829176 PMCID: PMC3631122 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a group of clinically and genetically overlapping disorders whose etiologies lie in defective cilia. These are antenna-like organelles on the apical surface of numerous cell types in a variety of tissues and organs, the kidney included. Cilia play essential roles during development and tissue homeostasis, and their dysfunction in the kidney has been associated with renal cyst formation and renal failure. Recently, the term "renal ciliopathies" was coined for those human genetic disorders that are characterized by nephronophthisis, cystic kidneys or renal cystic dysplasia. This review focuses on renal ciliopathies from a human genetics perspective. We survey the newest insights with respect to gene identification and genotype-phenotype correlations, and we reflect on candidate ciliopathies. The opportunities and challenges of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for genetic renal research and clinical DNA diagnostics are also reviewed, and we discuss the contribution of NGS to the development of personalized therapy for patients with renal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen H. Arts
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nine V. A. M. Knoers
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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113
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Soliman NA, Hildebrandt F, Otto EA, Nabhan MM, Allen SJ, Badr AM, Sheba M, Fadda S, Gawdat G, El-Kiky H. Clinical characterization and NPHP1 mutations in nephronophthisis and associated ciliopathies: a single center experience. SAUDI JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES AND TRANSPLANTATION 2012; 23:1090-8. [PMID: 22982934 DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.100968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is a recessive disorder of the kidney that is the leading genetic cause of end-stage renal failure in children. Egypt is a country with a high rate of consanguineous marriages; yet, only a few studies have investigated the clinical and molecular characteristics of NPHP and related ciliopathies in the Egyptian population. We studied 20 children, from 17 independent families, fulfilling the clinical and the ultrasonographic criteria of NPHP. Analysis for a homozygous deletion of the NPHP1 gene was performed by polymerase chain reaction on the genomic DNA of all patients. Patients were best categorized as 75% juvenile NPHP, 5% infantile NPHP, and 20% Joubert syndrome-related disorders (JSRD). The mean age at diagnosis was 87.5 + 45.4 months, which was significantly late as compared with the age at onset of symptoms, 43.8 ± 29.7 months (P <0.01). Homozygous NPHP1 deletions were detected in six patients from five of 17 (29.4%) studied families. Our study demonstrates the clinical phenotype of NPHP and related disorders in Egyptian children. Also, we report that homozygous NPHP1 deletions account for 29.4% of NPHP in the studied families in this cohort, thereby confirming the diagnosis of type-1 NPHP. Moreover, our findings confirm that NPHP1 deletions can indeed be responsible for JSRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen A Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Kasr Al Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University Center of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, Cairo University, Egyptian Group for Orphan Renal Diseases, Cairo, Egypt.
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114
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Gruber TA, Gedman AL, Zhang J, Koss CS, Marada S, Ta HQ, Chen SC, Su X, Ogden SK, Dang J, Wu G, Gupta V, Andersson AK, Pounds S, Shi L, Easton J, Barbato MI, Mulder HL, Manne J, Wang J, Rusch M, Ranade S, Ganti R, Parker M, Ma J, Radtke I, Ding L, Cazzaniga G, Biondi A, Kornblau SM, Ravandi F, Kantarjian H, Nimer SD, Döhner K, Döhner H, Ley TJ, Ballerini P, Shurtleff S, Tomizawa D, Adachi S, Hayashi Y, Tawa A, Shih LY, Liang DC, Rubnitz JE, Pui CH, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Downing JR. An Inv(16)(p13.3q24.3)-encoded CBFA2T3-GLIS2 fusion protein defines an aggressive subtype of pediatric acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. Cancer Cell 2012; 22:683-97. [PMID: 23153540 PMCID: PMC3547667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To define the mutation spectrum in non-Down syndrome acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (non-DS-AMKL), we performed transcriptome sequencing on diagnostic blasts from 14 pediatric patients and validated our findings in a recurrency/validation cohort consisting of 34 pediatric and 28 adult AMKL samples. Our analysis identified a cryptic chromosome 16 inversion (inv(16)(p13.3q24.3)) in 27% of pediatric cases, which encodes a CBFA2T3-GLIS2 fusion protein. Expression of CBFA2T3-GLIS2 in Drosophila and murine hematopoietic cells induced bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling and resulted in a marked increase in the self-renewal capacity of hematopoietic progenitors. These data suggest that expression of CBFA2T3-GLIS2 directly contributes to leukemogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/metabolism
- Child
- Chromosome Inversion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Drosophila/genetics
- Drosophila/growth & development
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/classification
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/genetics
- Mice
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Prognosis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja A. Gruber
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amanda Larson Gedman
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Cary S. Koss
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Suresh Marada
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Huy Q. Ta
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shann-Ching Chen
- Hartwell Center for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xiaoping Su
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stacey K. Ogden
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jinjun Dang
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Vedant Gupta
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anna K. Andersson
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stanley Pounds
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John Easton
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael I. Barbato
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Heather L. Mulder
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jayanthi Manne
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jianmin Wang
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Information Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael Rusch
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Ramapriya Ganti
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Matthew Parker
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hartwell Center for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ina Radtke
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Li Ding
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, USA, The Genome Institute at Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Giovanni Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Pediatric Clinic, Univ. Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Pediatric Unit, University of Milan-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Steven M. Kornblau
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen D. Nimer
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan Kettering Institute , New York, NY, USA
| | - Konstanze Döhner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hartmut Döhner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timothy J. Ley
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, USA, The Genome Institute at Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paola Ballerini
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital A. Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Sheila Shurtleff
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Daisuke Tomizawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Souichi Adachi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Hayashi
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, Gunma Children's Medical Center, Shibukawa, Japan
| | - Akio Tawa
- Dept. of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lee-Yung Shih
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Der-Cherng Liang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jeffrey E. Rubnitz
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, USA, The Genome Institute at Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, USA, The Genome Institute at Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - James R. Downing
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, Memphis, TN, USA and St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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115
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Chaki M, Airik R, Ghosh AK, Giles RH, Chen R, Slaats GG, Wang H, Hurd TW, Zhou W, Cluckey A, Gee HY, Ramaswami G, Hong CJ, Hamilton BA, Cervenka I, Ganji RS, Bryja V, Arts HH, van Reeuwijk J, Oud MM, Letteboer SJF, Roepman R, Husson H, Ibraghimov-Beskrovnaya O, Yasunaga T, Walz G, Eley L, Sayer JA, Schermer B, Liebau MC, Benzing T, Le Corre S, Drummond I, Janssen S, Allen SJ, Natarajan S, O'Toole JF, Attanasio M, Saunier S, Antignac C, Koenekoop RK, Ren H, Lopez I, Nayir A, Stoetzel C, Dollfus H, Massoudi R, Gleeson JG, Andreoli SP, Doherty DG, Lindstrad A, Golzio C, Katsanis N, Pape L, Abboud EB, Al-Rajhi AA, Lewis RA, Omran H, Lee EYHP, Wang S, Sekiguchi JM, Saunders R, Johnson CA, Garner E, Vanselow K, Andersen JS, Shlomai J, Nurnberg G, Nurnberg P, Levy S, Smogorzewska A, Otto EA, Hildebrandt F. Exome capture reveals ZNF423 and CEP164 mutations, linking renal ciliopathies to DNA damage response signaling. Cell 2012; 150:533-48. [PMID: 22863007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nephronophthisis-related ciliopathies (NPHP-RC) are degenerative recessive diseases that affect kidney, retina, and brain. Genetic defects in NPHP gene products that localize to cilia and centrosomes defined them as "ciliopathies." However, disease mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identify by whole-exome resequencing, mutations of MRE11, ZNF423, and CEP164 as causing NPHP-RC. All three genes function within the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway. We demonstrate that, upon induced DNA damage, the NPHP-RC proteins ZNF423, CEP164, and NPHP10 colocalize to nuclear foci positive for TIP60, known to activate ATM at sites of DNA damage. We show that knockdown of CEP164 or ZNF423 causes sensitivity to DNA damaging agents and that cep164 knockdown in zebrafish results in dysregulated DDR and an NPHP-RC phenotype. Our findings link degenerative diseases of the kidney and retina, disorders of increasing prevalence, to mechanisms of DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Chaki
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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116
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Thiollier C, Lopez CK, Gerby B, Ignacimouttou C, Poglio S, Duffourd Y, Guégan J, Rivera-Munoz P, Bluteau O, Mabialah V, Diop M, Wen Q, Petit A, Bauchet AL, Reinhardt D, Bornhauser B, Gautheret D, Lecluse Y, Landman-Parker J, Radford I, Vainchenker W, Dastugue N, de Botton S, Dessen P, Bourquin JP, Crispino JD, Ballerini P, Bernard OA, Pflumio F, Mercher T. Characterization of novel genomic alterations and therapeutic approaches using acute megakaryoblastic leukemia xenograft models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:2017-31. [PMID: 23045605 PMCID: PMC3478932 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is a heterogeneous disease generally associated with poor prognosis. Gene expression profiles indicate the existence of distinct molecular subgroups, and several genetic alterations have been characterized in the past years, including the t(1;22)(p13;q13) and the trisomy 21 associated with GATA1 mutations. However, the majority of patients do not present with known mutations, and the limited access to primary patient leukemic cells impedes the efficient development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, using a xenotransplantation approach, we have modeled human pediatric AMKL in immunodeficient mice. Analysis of high-throughput RNA sequencing identified recurrent fusion genes defining new molecular subgroups. One subgroup of patients presented with MLL or NUP98 fusion genes leading to up-regulation of the HOX A cluster genes. A novel CBFA2T3-GLIS2 fusion gene resulting from a cryptic inversion of chromosome 16 was identified in another subgroup of 31% of non-Down syndrome AMKL and strongly associated with a gene expression signature of Hedgehog pathway activation. These molecular data provide useful markers for the diagnosis and follow up of patients. Finally, we show that AMKL xenograft models constitute a relevant in vivo preclinical screening platform to validate the efficacy of novel therapies such as Aurora A kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Thiollier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 985, 94805 Villejuif, France
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117
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Abstract
The ciliopathies are an apparently disparate group of human diseases that all result from defects in the formation and/or function of cilia. They include disorders such as Meckel-Grüber syndrome (MKS), Joubert syndrome (JBTS), Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) and Alström syndrome (ALS). Reflecting the manifold requirements for cilia in signalling, sensation and motility, different ciliopathies exhibit common elements. The mouse has been used widely as a model organism for the study of ciliopathies. Although many mutant alleles have proved lethal, continued investigations have led to the development of better models. Here, we review current mouse models of a core set of ciliopathies, their utility and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Norris
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK.
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118
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Ronquillo CC, Bernstein PS, Baehr W. Senior-Løken syndrome: a syndromic form of retinal dystrophy associated with nephronophthisis. Vision Res 2012; 75:88-97. [PMID: 22819833 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Senior-Løken syndrome (SLS) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by development of a retinitis pigmentosa (RP)- or Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA)-like retinal dystrophy and a medullary cystic kidney disease, nephronophthisis. Mutations in several genes (called nephrocystins) have been shown to cause SLS. The proteins encoded by these genes are localized in the connecting cilium of photoreceptor cells and in the primary cilium of kidney cells. Nephrocystins are thought to have a role in regulating transport of proteins bound to the outer segment/primary cilium; however, the precise molecular mechanisms are largely undetermined. This review will survey the biochemistry, cell biology and existing animal models for each of the nephrocystins as it relates to photoreceptor biology and pathogenesis of retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Ronquillo
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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119
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Seeger-Nukpezah T, Golemis EA. The extracellular matrix and ciliary signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:652-61. [PMID: 22819513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium protrudes like an antenna from the cell surface, sensing mechanical and chemical cues provided in the cellular environment. In some tissue types, ciliary orientation to lumens allows response to fluid flow; in others, such as bone, ciliary protrusion into the extracellular matrix allows response to compression forces. The ciliary membrane contains receptors for Hedgehog, Wnt, Notch, and other potent growth factors, and in some instances also harbors integrin and cadherin family members, allowing receipt of a robust range of signals. A growing list of ciliopathies, arising from deficient formation or function of cilia, includes both developmental defects and chronic, progressive disorders such as polycystic kidney disease (PKD); changes in ciliary function have been proposed to support cancer progression. Recent findings have revealed extensive signaling dialog between cilia and extracellular matrix (ECM), with defects in cilia associated with fibrosis in multiple contexts. Further, a growing number of proteins have been determined to possess multiple roles in control of cilia and focal adhesion interactions with the ECM, further coordinating functionality. We summarize and discuss these recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamina Seeger-Nukpezah
- Program in Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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120
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Maezawa Y, Binnie M, Li C, Thorner P, Hui CC, Alman B, Taketo MM, Quaggin SE. A new Cre driver mouse line, Tcf21/Pod1-Cre, targets metanephric mesenchyme. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40547. [PMID: 22792366 PMCID: PMC3391250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional gene targeting in mice has provided great insight into the role of gene function in kidney development and disease. Although a number of Cre-driver mouse strains already exist for the kidney, development of additional strains with unique expression patterns is needed. Here we report the generation and validation of a Tcf21/Pod1-Cre driver strain that expresses Cre recombinase throughout the condensing and stromal mesenchyme of developing kidneys and in their derivatives including epithelial components of the nephron and interstitial cells. To test the efficiency of this line, we crossed it to mice transgenic for either loss or gain of function β-catenin conditional alleles. Mice with deletion of β-catenin from Tcf21-expressing cells are born with hypoplastic kidneys, hydroureters and hydronephrosis. By contrast, Tcf21-Cre driven gain of function for β-catenin in mice results in fused midline kidneys and hypoplastic kidneys. Finally, we report the first renal mesenchymal deletion of Patched1 (Ptch1), the receptor for sonic hedgehog (Shh), which results in renal cysts demonstrating a functional role of Shh signaling pathway in renal cystogensis. In summary, we report the generation and validation of a new Cre driver strain that provides robust excision in metanephric mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Maezawa
- The Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Binnie
- Division of Respirology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chengjin Li
- The Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Thorner
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin Alman
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Makoto Mark Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susan E. Quaggin
- The Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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121
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Davis EE, Katsanis N. The ciliopathies: a transitional model into systems biology of human genetic disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2012; 22:290-303. [PMID: 22632799 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed an explosion in the identification of genes, mutations in which appear sufficient to cause clinical phenotypes in humans. This is especially true for disorders of ciliary dysfunction in which an excess of 50 causal loci are now known; this discovery was driven partly by an improved understanding of the protein composition of the cilium and the co-occurrence of clinical phenotypes associated with ciliary dysfunction. Despite this progress, the fundamental challenge of predicting phenotype and or clinical progression based on single locus information remains unsolved. Here, we explore how the combinatorial knowledge of allele quality and quantity, an improved understanding of the biological composition of the primary cilium, and the expanded appreciation of the subcellular roles of this organelle can be synthesized to generate improved models that can explain both causality but also variable penetrance and expressivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica E Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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122
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Guerra E, Trerotola M, Aloisi AL, Tripaldi R, Vacca G, La Sorda R, Lattanzio R, Piantelli M, Alberti S. The Trop-2 signalling network in cancer growth. Oncogene 2012; 32:1594-600. [PMID: 22562244 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our findings show that upregulation of a wild-type Trop-2 has a key controlling role in human cancer growth, and that tumour development is quantitatively driven by Trop-2 expression levels. However, little is known about the regulation of expression of the TROP2 gene. Hence, we investigated the TROP2 transcription control network. TROP2 expression was shown to depend on a highly interconnected web of transcription factors: TP63/TP53L, ERG, GRHL1/Get-1 (grainyhead-like epithelial transactivator), HNF1A/TCF-1 (T-cell factor), SPI1/PU.1, WT (Wilms' tumour)1, GLIS2, AIRE (autoimmune regulator), FOXM1 (forkhead box M1) and FOXP3, with HNF4A as the major network hub. TROP2 upregulation was shown to subsequently drive the expression and activation of CREB1 (cyclic AMP-responsive-element binding protein), Jun, NF-κB, Rb, STAT1 and STAT3 through induction of the cyclin D1 and ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinase)/MEK (MAPK/ERK kinase) pathways. Growth-stimulatory signalling through NF-κB, cyclin D1 and ERK was shown to require an intact Trop-2 cytoplasmic tail. Network hubs and interacting partners are co-expressed with Trop-2 in primary human tumours, supporting a role of this signalling network in cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Guerra
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, Department of Oncology and Experimental Medicine and CeSI, Foundation University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy
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123
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124
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Czarnecki PG, Shah JV. The ciliary transition zone: from morphology and molecules to medicine. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:201-10. [PMID: 22401885 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Researchers from various disciplines, including cell and developmental biology, genetics and molecular medicine, have revealed an exceptional diversity of cellular functions that are mediated by cilia-dependent mechanisms. Recent studies have directed our attention to proteins that localize to the ciliary transition zone (TZ), a small evolutionarily conserved subcompartment that is situated between the basal body (BB) and the more distal ciliary axoneme. These reports shed light on the roles of TZ proteins in ciliogenesis, ciliary protein homeostasis and specification of ciliary signaling, and pave the way for understanding their contribution to human ciliopathies. In this review, we describe the interplay of multimeric protein complexes at the TZ, integrating morphological, genetic and proteomic data towards an account of TZ function in ciliary physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Czarnecki
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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125
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Abstract
The ciliopathies are a category of diseases caused by disruption of the physiological functions of cilia. Ciliary dysfunction results in a broad range of phenotypes, including renal, hepatic, and pancreatic cyst formation; situs abnormalities; retinal degeneration; anosmia; cerebellar or other brain anomalies; postaxial polydactyly; bronchiectasis; and infertility. The specific clinical features are dictated by the subtype, structure, distribution, and function of the affected cilia. This review highlights the clinical variability caused by dysfunction of motile and nonmotile primary cilia and emphasizes the genetic heterogeneity and phenotypic overlap that are characteristics of these disorders. There is a need for additional research to understand the shared and unique functions of motile and nonmotile cilia and the pathophysiology resulting from mutations in cilia, basal bodies, or centrosomes. Increased understanding of ciliary biology will improve the diagnosis and management of primary ciliary dyskinesia, syndromic ciliopathies, and cilia-related cystic diseases.
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Lichti-Kaiser K, ZeRuth G, Kang HS, Vasanth S, Jetten AM. Gli-similar proteins: their mechanisms of action, physiological functions, and roles in disease. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2012; 88:141-71. [PMID: 22391303 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394622-5.00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gli-similar (Glis) 1-3 proteins constitute a subfamily of Krüppel-like zinc-finger proteins that are closely related to members of the Gli family. Glis proteins have been implicated in several pathologies, including cystic kidney disease, diabetes, hypothyroidism, fibrosis, osteoporosis, psoriasis, and cancer. In humans, a mutation in the Glis2 gene has been linked to the development of nephronophthisis (NPHP), a recessive cystic kidney disease, while mutations in Glis3 lead to an extended multisystem phenotype that includes the development of neonatal diabetes, polycystic kidneys, congenital hypothyroidism, and facial dysmorphism. Glis3 has also been identified as a risk locus for type-1 and type-2 diabetes and additional studies have revealed a role for Glis3 in pancreatic endocrine development, β-cell maintenance, and insulin regulation. Similar to Gli1-3, Glis2 and 3 have been reported to localize to the primary cilium. These studies appear to suggest that Glis proteins are part of a primary cilium-associated signaling pathway(s). It has been hypothesized that Glis proteins are activated through posttranslational modifications and subsequently translocate to the nucleus where they regulate transcription by interacting with Glis-binding sites in the promoter regions of target genes. This chapter summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding mechanisms of action of the Glis family of proteins, their physiological functions, as well as their roles in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Lichti-Kaiser
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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127
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The ciliary transitional zone and nephrocystins. Differentiation 2011; 83:S91-6. [PMID: 22169048 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Loss of cilia and ciliary protein causes various abnormalities (called ciliopathy), including situs inversus, renal cystic diseases, polydactyly and dysgenesis of the nervous system. Renal cystic diseases are the most frequently observed symptoms in ciliopathies. Cilia are microtubule-based organelles with the following regions: a ciliary tip, shaft, transitional zone and basal body/mother centriole. Joubert syndrome (JBTS), Meckel Gruber syndrome (MKS) and Nephronophthisis (NPHP) are overlapping syndromes. Recent studies show that JBST and MKS responsible gene products are localized in the transitional zone of the cilia, where they function as a diffusion barrier, and control protein sorting and ciliary membrane composition. Nephrocystins are gene products of NPHP responsible genes, and at least 11 genes have been identified. Although some nephrocystins interact with JBST and MKS proteins, proteomic analysis suggests that they do not form a single complex. Localization analysis reveals that nephrocystins can be divided into two groups. Group I nephrocystins are localized in the transitional zone, whereas group II nephrocystins are localized in the Inv compartment. Homologs of group I nephrocystins, but not group II nephrocystins, have been reported in C. reinhardtii and C. elegans. In this review, we summarize the structure of the ciliary base of C. reinhardtii, C. elegans and mammalian primary cilia, and discuss function of nephrocystins. We also propose a new classification of nephrocystins.
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128
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Sugiyama N, Kohno M, Yokoyama T. Inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway ameliorates renal fibrosis in an NPHP2 mouse model. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 27:1351-8. [PMID: 22076433 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephronophthisis (NPHP), the most frequent genetic cause of end-stage kidney disease in children and young adults, is characterized by a variable number of renal cysts associated with cortical tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is an important intracellular signaling pathway involved in the production of profibrotic mediators. The relationship between p38 MAPK and renal fibrosis in NPHP2 is unknown. METHODS We administered a selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, FR167653, in a NPHP2 mouse model (inv/inv, invΔC mice) from 3 to 6 weeks old, and the kidneys were examined at 6 weeks of age. Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK) protein levels, the degree of renal fibrosis, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for extracellular matrix genes and mRNA levels for transforming growth factor in the kidneys were studied. Effect of an extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) inhibitor on renal fibrosis was also evaluated. RESULTS Expression of extracellular matrix genes and p-p38 MAPK were increased in the NPHP2 mouse model kidney. FR167653 successfully decreased p-p38 MAPK levels, the degree of fibrosis and extracellular matrix gene expressions. However, the FR167653 did not prevent cyst expansion, abnormal cell proliferation and acceleration of apoptosis and did not influence ERK activation. In contrast, MEK inhibition reduced both cyst expansion and fibrosis without affecting p38 MAPK activation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that inhibition of p38 MAPK reduced renal fibrosis but not cyst expansion, cell proliferation and apoptosis in NPHP2 model mice. Our results suggest that p38 MAPK and ERK signaling pathways independently affect renal fibrosis in inv mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Sugiyama
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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129
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Chaki M, Hoefele J, Allen SJ, Ramaswami G, Janssen S, Bergmann C, Heckenlively JR, Otto EA, Hildebrandt F. Genotype-phenotype correlation in 440 patients with NPHP-related ciliopathies. Kidney Int 2011; 80:1239-45. [PMID: 21866095 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPHP), an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease, is the most frequent genetic cause for end-stage renal failure in the first three decades of life. Mutations in 13 genes (NPHP1-NPHP11, AHI1, and CC2D2A) cause NPHP with ubiquitous expression of the corresponding proteins consistent with the multiorgan involvement of NPHP-related diseases. The genotype-phenotype correlation in these ciliopathies can be explained by gene locus heterogeneity, allelism, and the impact of modifier genes. In some NPHP-related ciliopathies, the nature of the recessive mutations determines disease severity. In order to define the genotype-phenotype correlation more clearly, we evaluated a worldwide cohort of 440 patients from 365 families with NPHP-related ciliopathies, in whom both disease-causing alleles were identified. The phenotypes were ranked in the order of severity from degenerative to degenerative/dysplastic to dysplastic. A genotype of two null alleles caused a range of phenotypes, with an increasing order of severity of NPHP1, NPHP3, NPHP4, NPHP5, NPHP2, NPHP10, NPHP6, to AHI1. Only NPHP6 showed allelic influences on the phenotypes; the presence of two null mutations caused dysplastic phenotypes, whereas at least one missense allele rescued it to a milder degenerative phenotype. We also found nine novel mutations in the NPHP genes. Thus, our studies have important implications for genetic counseling and planning of renal replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Chaki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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130
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Li B, Rauhauser AA, Dai J, Sakthivel R, Igarashi P, Jetten AM, Attanasio M. Increased hedgehog signaling in postnatal kidney results in aberrant activation of nephron developmental programs. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4155-66. [PMID: 21816948 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) is a core signaling pathway implicated in fundamental processes during embryonic kidney development. We previously found that loss-of-function mutations in the transcription factor GLIS2, a putative vertebrate ortholog of Drosophila Ci, cause nephronophthisis type 7 in humans and mice. Kidney tubular cells in Glis2-knockout mice acquire mesenchymal phenotype, but the cellular mechanisms of this transition are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Glis2 is a functional component of Hh signaling and is necessary to suppress this pathway in the postnatal kidney. In the epithelial compartment, Glis2 opposes Gli1 activity by binding cis-acting regulatory sequences in the 5' flanking regions of Snai1 and Wnt4, thereby inhibiting de-differentiation of tubular cells. We conclude that Glis2 is necessary to inhibit Hh signaling and to maintain the mature tubular epithelial phenotype in the adult kidney. This is the first description of a molecular mechanism that links the Hh signaling pathway to cystic kidney diseases and can open new avenues for the treatment of diverse ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghua Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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131
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Cystic diseases of the kidney: ciliary dysfunction and cystogenic mechanisms. Pediatr Nephrol 2011; 26:1181-95. [PMID: 21113628 PMCID: PMC3640323 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-010-1697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ciliary dysfunction has emerged as a common factor underlying the pathogenesis of both syndromic and isolated kidney cystic disease, an observation that has contributed to the unification of human genetic disorders of the cilium, the ciliopathies. Such grouping is underscored by two major observations: the fact that genes encoding ciliary proteins can contribute causal and modifying mutations across several clinically discrete ciliopathies, and the emerging realization that an understanding of the clinical pathology of one ciliopathy can provide valuable insight into the pathomechanism of renal cyst formation elsewhere in the ciliopathy spectrum. In this review, we discuss and attempt to stratify the different lines of proposed cilia-driven mechanisms for cystogenesis, ranging from mechano- and chemo-sensation, to cell shape and polarization, to the transduction of a variety of signaling cascades. We evaluate both common trends and differences across the models and discuss how each proposed mechanism can contribute to the development of novel therapeutic paradigms.
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132
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Bettencourt-Dias M, Hildebrandt F, Pellman D, Woods G, Godinho SA. Centrosomes and cilia in human disease. Trends Genet 2011; 27:307-15. [PMID: 21680046 PMCID: PMC3144269 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-derived structures that are essential for the formation of centrosomes, cilia and flagella. The centrosome is the major microtubule organiser in animal cells, participating in a variety of processes, from cell polarisation to cell division, whereas cilia and flagella contribute to several mechanisms in eukaryotic cells, from motility to sensing. Although it was suggested more than a century ago that these microtubule-derived structures are involved in human disease, the molecular bases of this association have only recently been discovered. Surprisingly, there is very little overlap between the genes affected in the different diseases, suggesting that there are tissue-specific requirements for these microtubule-derived structures. Knowledge of these requirements and disease mechanisms has opened new avenues for therapeutical strategies. Here, we give an overview of recent developments in this field, focusing on cancer, diseases of brain development and ciliopathies.
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133
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Sang L, Miller JJ, Corbit KC, Giles RH, Brauer MJ, Otto EA, Baye LM, Wen X, Scales SJ, Kwong M, Huntzicker EG, Sfakianos MK, Sandoval W, Bazan JF, Kulkarni P, Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Seol AD, O'Toole JF, Held S, Reutter HM, Lane WS, Rafiq MA, Noor A, Ansar M, Devi ARR, Sheffield VC, Slusarski DC, Vincent JB, Doherty DA, Hildebrandt F, Reiter JF, Jackson PK. Mapping the NPHP-JBTS-MKS protein network reveals ciliopathy disease genes and pathways. Cell 2011; 145:513-28. [PMID: 21565611 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPHP), Joubert (JBTS), and Meckel-Gruber (MKS) syndromes are autosomal-recessive ciliopathies presenting with cystic kidneys, retinal degeneration, and cerebellar/neural tube malformation. Whether defects in kidney, retinal, or neural disease primarily involve ciliary, Hedgehog, or cell polarity pathways remains unclear. Using high-confidence proteomics, we identified 850 interactors copurifying with nine NPHP/JBTS/MKS proteins and discovered three connected modules: "NPHP1-4-8" functioning at the apical surface, "NPHP5-6" at centrosomes, and "MKS" linked to Hedgehog signaling. Assays for ciliogenesis and epithelial morphogenesis in 3D renal cultures link renal cystic disease to apical organization defects, whereas ciliary and Hedgehog pathway defects lead to retinal or neural deficits. Using 38 interactors as candidates, linkage and sequencing analysis of 250 patients identified ATXN10 and TCTN2 as new NPHP-JBTS genes, and our Tctn2 mouse knockout shows neural tube and Hedgehog signaling defects. Our study further illustrates the power of linking proteomic networks and human genetics to uncover critical disease pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Sang
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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134
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Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Corbit KC, Sirerol-Piquer MS, Ramaswami G, Otto EA, Noriega TR, Seol AD, Robinson JF, Bennett CL, Josifova DJ, García-Verdugo JM, Katsanis N, Hildebrandt F, Reiter JF. A transition zone complex regulates mammalian ciliogenesis and ciliary membrane composition. Nat Genet 2011; 43:776-84. [PMID: 21725307 PMCID: PMC3145011 DOI: 10.1038/ng.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations affecting ciliary components cause ciliopathies. As described here, we investigated Tectonic1 (Tctn1), a regulator of mouse Hedgehog signaling, and found that it is essential for ciliogenesis in some, but not all, tissues. Cell types that do not require Tctn1 for ciliogenesis require it to localize select membrane-associated proteins to the cilium, including Arl13b, AC3, Smoothened and Pkd2. Tctn1 forms a complex with multiple ciliopathy proteins associated with Meckel and Joubert syndromes, including Mks1, Tmem216, Tmem67, Cep290, B9d1, Tctn2 and Cc2d2a. Components of this complex co-localize at the transition zone, a region between the basal body and ciliary axoneme. Like Tctn1, loss of Tctn2, Tmem67 or Cc2d2a causes tissue-specific defects in ciliogenesis and ciliary membrane composition. Consistent with a shared function for complex components, we identified a mutation in TCTN1 that causes Joubert syndrome. Thus, a transition zone complex of Meckel and Joubert syndrome proteins regulates ciliary assembly and trafficking, suggesting that transition zone dysfunction is the cause of these ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc R Garcia-Gonzalo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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135
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Waters AM, Beales PL. Ciliopathies: an expanding disease spectrum. Pediatr Nephrol 2011; 26:1039-56. [PMID: 21210154 PMCID: PMC3098370 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-010-1731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ciliopathies comprise a group of disorders associated with genetic mutations encoding defective proteins, which result in either abnormal formation or function of cilia. As cilia are a component of almost all vertebrate cells, cilia dysfunction can manifest as a constellation of features that include characteristically, retinal degeneration, renal disease and cerebral anomalies. Additional manifestations include congenital fibrocystic diseases of the liver, diabetes, obesity and skeletal dysplasias. Ciliopathic features have been associated with mutations in over 40 genes to date. However, with over 1,000 polypeptides currently identified within the ciliary proteome, several other disorders associated with this constellation of clinical features will likely be ascribed to mutations in other ciliary genes. The mechanisms underlying many of the disease phenotypes associated with ciliary dysfunction have yet to be fully elucidated. Several elegant studies have crucially demonstrated the dynamic ciliary localisation of components of the Hedgehog and Wnt signalling pathways during signal transduction. Given the critical role of the cilium in transducing "outside-in" signals, it is not surprising therefore, that the disease phenotypes consequent to ciliary dysfunction are a manifestation of aberrant signal transduction. Further investigation is now needed to explore the developmental and physiological roles of aberrant signal transduction in the manifestation of ciliopathy phenotypes. Utilisation of conditional and inducible murine models to delete or overexpress individual ciliary genes in a spatiotemporal and organ/cell-specific manner should help clarify some of the functional roles of ciliary proteins in the manifestation of phenotypic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife M. Waters
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, WC1N 3JH UK ,Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Philip L. Beales
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
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136
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ZeRuth GT, Yang XP, Jetten AM. Modulation of the transactivation function and stability of Krüppel-like zinc finger protein Gli-similar 3 (Glis3) by Suppressor of Fused. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:22077-89. [PMID: 21543335 PMCID: PMC3121352 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.224964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glis3 is a member of the Glis subfamily of Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factors. Recently, Glis3 has been linked to both type I and type II diabetes and shown to positively regulate insulin gene expression. In this study, we have identified a region within the N terminus of Glis3 that shares high levels of homology with the Cubitus interruptus (Ci)/Gli family of proteins. We demonstrated that Glis3 interacts with Suppressor of Fused (SUFU), which involves a VYGHF motif located within this conserved region. We further showed that SUFU is able to inhibit the activation of the insulin promoter by Glis3 but not the activation by a Glis3 mutant deficient in its ability to bind SUFU, suggesting that the inhibitory effect is dependent on the interaction between the two proteins. Exogenous SUFU did not affect the nuclear localization of Glis3; however, Glis3 promoted the nuclear accumulation of SUFU. Additionally, we demonstrated that SUFU stabilizes Glis3 in part by antagonizing the Glis3 association with a Cullin 3-based E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of Glis3. This is the first reported instance of Glis3 interacting with SUFU and suggests a novel role for SUFU in the modulation of Glis3 signaling. Given the critical role of Glis3 in pancreatic β-cell generation and maintenance, the elevated Glis3 expression in several cancers, and the established role of SUFU as a tumor suppressor, these data provide further insight into Glis3 regulation and its function in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary T. ZeRuth
- From the Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Xiao-Ping Yang
- From the Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Anton M. Jetten
- From the Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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137
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Simms RJ, Hynes AM, Eley L, Sayer JA. Nephronophthisis: a genetically diverse ciliopathy. Int J Nephrol 2011; 2011:527137. [PMID: 21660307 PMCID: PMC3108105 DOI: 10.4061/2011/527137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease and a leading genetic cause of established renal failure (ERF) in children and young adults. Early presenting symptoms in children with NPHP include polyuria, nocturia, or secondary enuresis, pointing to a urinary concentrating defect. Renal ultrasound typically shows normal kidney size with increased echogenicity and corticomedullary cysts. Importantly, NPHP is associated with extra renal manifestations in 10-15% of patients. The most frequent extrarenal association is retinal degeneration, leading to blindness. Increasingly, molecular genetic testing is being utilised to diagnose NPHP and avoid the need for a renal biopsy. In this paper, we discuss the latest understanding in the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of NPHP. We suggest an appropriate clinical management plan and screening programme for individuals with NPHP and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn J Simms
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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138
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Abstract
Diverse developmental and degenerative single-gene disorders such as polycystic kidney disease, nephronophthisis, retinitis pigmentosa, the Bardet–Biedl syndrome, the Joubert syndrome, and the Meckel syndrome may be categorized as ciliopathies — a recent concept that describes diseases characterized by dysfunction of a hairlike cellular organelle called the cilium. Most of the proteins that are altered in these single-gene disorders function at the level of the cilium–centrosome complex, which represents nature’s universal system for cellular detection and management of external signals. Cilia are microtubule-based structures found on almost all vertebrate cells. They originate from a basal body, a modified centrosome, which is the organelle that forms the spindle poles during mitosis. The important role that the cilium–centrosome complex plays in the normal function of most tissues appears to account for the involvement of multiple organ systems in ciliopathies. In this review, we consider the role of the cilium in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Health System, 8220C MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5646, USA.
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139
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Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease and the most frequent genetic cause of end-stage renal disease up to the third decade of life. It is caused by mutations in 11 different genes, denoted nephrocystins (NPHP1-11, NPHP1L). As an increasing number of these genes are identified, our knowledge of nephronophthisis is changing, thereby improving our understanding of the pathomechanisms in NPHP. Recent publications have described ciliary expression of nephrocystins together with other cystoproteins, such as polycystins 1 and 2 and fibrocystin. These findings have shifted our focus to a pathomechanism involving defects in ciliary function (ciliopathy) and planar cell polarity (PCP). In addition, discoveries of new nephrocystin genes have shown that the disease spectrum of NPHP is much broader than previously anticipated. Different forms of mutations within the same NPHP gene can cause different disease severity. In this review, we highlight the different hypotheses on the pathomechanisms for NPHP and underline the clinical variability of this disease. The clinical spectrum has become even more complex with the possibility of oligogenicity in NPHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias T F Wolf
- Divison of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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140
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Otto EA, Ramaswami G, Janssen S, Chaki M, Allen SJ, Zhou W, Airik R, Hurd TW, Ghosh AK, Wolf MT, Hoppe B, Neuhaus TJ, Bockenhauer D, Milford DV, Soliman NA, Saunier S, Johnson CA, Hildebrandt F. Mutation analysis of 18 nephronophthisis associated ciliopathy disease genes using a DNA pooling and next generation sequencing strategy. J Med Genet 2011; 48:105-16. [PMID: 21068128 PMCID: PMC3913043 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2010.082552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephronophthisis associated ciliopathies (NPHP-AC) comprise a group of autosomal recessive cystic kidney diseases that includes nephronophthisis (NPHP), Senior-Loken syndrome (SLS), Joubert syndrome (JBTS), and Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS). To date, causative mutations in NPHP-AC have been described for 18 different genes, rendering mutation analysis tedious and expensive. To overcome the broad genetic locus heterogeneity, a strategy of DNA pooling with consecutive massively parallel resequencing (MPR) was devised. METHODS In 120 patients with severe NPHP-AC phenotypes, five pools of genomic DNA with 24 patients each were prepared which were used as templates in order to PCR amplify all 376 exons of 18 NPHP-AC genes (NPHP1, INVS, NPHP3, NPHP4, IQCB1, CEP290, GLIS2, RPGRIP1L, NEK8, TMEM67, INPP5E, TMEM216, AHI1, ARL13B, CC2D2A, TTC21B, MKS1, and XPNPEP3). PCR products were then subjected to MPR on an Illumina Genome-Analyser and mutations were subsequently assigned to their respective mutation carrier via CEL I endonuclease based heteroduplex screening and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS For proof of principle, DNA from patients with known mutations was used and detection of 22 out of 24 different alleles (92% sensitivity) was demonstrated. MPR led to the molecular diagnosis in 30/120 patients (25%) and 54 pathogenic mutations (27 novel) were identified in seven different NPHP-AC genes. Additionally, in 24 patients only single heterozygous variants of unknown significance were found. CONCLUSIONS The combined approach of DNA pooling followed by MPR strongly facilitates mutation analysis in broadly heterogeneous single gene disorders. The lack of mutations in 75% of patients in this cohort indicates further extensive heterogeneity in NPHP-AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A. Otto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gokul Ramaswami
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sabine Janssen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Moumita Chaki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Susan J. Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Weibin Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rannar Airik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Toby W. Hurd
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amiya K. Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthias T. Wolf
- Pediatric Nephrology, Children’s Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bernd Hoppe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Neuhaus
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Detlef Bockenhauer
- Department of Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - David V. Milford
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Neveen A. Soliman
- Center of Pediatric Nephrology & Transplantation, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Egyptian Group for Orphan Renal Diseases (EGORD), Cairo, Egypt
| | - the GPN Study Group, Corinne Antignac
- Department of Genetics, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique–Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U-983, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Saunier
- Department of Genetics, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique–Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Colin A. Johnson
- Division of Molecular & Translational Medicine, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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141
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Vasanth S, ZeRuth G, Kang HS, Jetten AM. Identification of nuclear localization, DNA binding, and transactivating mechanisms of Kruppel-like zinc finger protein Gli-similar 2 (Glis2). J Biol Chem 2010; 286:4749-59. [PMID: 21127075 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.165951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gli-similar 1-3 (Glis1-3) constitute a subfamily of Krüppel-like zinc finger (ZF) transcription factors that are closely related to the Gli protein family. Mutations in GLIS2 are linked to nephronophthisis, a chronic kidney disease characterized by renal fibrosis and atrophy in children and young adults. Currently, very little information exists about the mechanism of action of Glis2, its target genes, or the signaling pathways that regulate its activity. In this study, we show that a region within ZF3 is required for the nuclear localization of Glis2. Analysis of Glis2 DNA binding demonstrated that Glis2 binds effectively to the consensus Glis binding sequence (GlisBS) (G/C)TGGGGGGT(A/C). Although Glis2 was unable to induce transactivation of a GlisBS-dependent reporter, it effectively inhibited the GlisBS-mediated transactivation by Gli1. Mutations that disrupt the tetrahedral configuration of each ZF within Glis2 abolished Glis2 binding to GlisBS and also abrogated its inhibition of Gli1-mediated transactivation. In contrast, Glis2 was able to activate the murine insulin-2 (Ins2) promoter by binding directly to two GlisBS elements located at -263 and -99 within the Ins2 promoter. Phosphomimetic mutation of Ser(245) inhibited the binding of Glis2 to GlisBS and dramatically affected its transactivation of the Ins2 promoter and its ability to inhibit GlisBS-dependent transactivation by Gli1. In this study, we demonstrate that Glis2 can function as a transcriptional activator and that post-translational modification within its DNA-binding domain can regulate its transcriptional activity. This control may play a critical role in the Glis2-dependent regulation of target genes and renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivakumar Vasanth
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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142
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Togawa H, Nakanishi K, Mukaiyama H, Hama T, Shima Y, Sako M, Miyajima M, Nozu K, Nishii K, Nagao S, Takahashi H, Iijima K, Yoshikawa N. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cyst lining epithelial cells in an orthologous PCK rat model of autosomal-recessive polycystic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 300:F511-20. [PMID: 21084407 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00038.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In polycystic kidney disease (PKD), cyst lining cells show polarity abnormalities. Recent studies have demonstrated loss of cell contact in cyst cells, suggesting induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Recently, EMT has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PKD. To explore further evidence of EMT in PKD, we examined age- and segment-specific expression of adhesion molecules and mesenchymal markers in PCK rats, an orthologous model of human autosomal-recessive PKD. Kidneys from 5 male PCK and 5 control rats each at 0 days, 1, 3, 10, and 14 wk, and 4 mo of age were serially sectioned and stained with segment-specific markers and antibodies against E-cadherin, Snail1, β-catenin, and N-cadherin. mRNAs for E-cadherin and Snail1 were quantified by real-time PCR. Vimentin, fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expressions were assessed as mesenchymal markers. E-cadherin expression pattern was correlated with the disease pathology in that tubule segments showing the highest expression in control had much severer cyst formation in PCK rats. In PCK rats, E-cadherin and β-catenin in cystic tubules was attenuated and localized to lateral areas of cell-cell contact, whereas nuclear expression of Snail1 increased in parallel with cyst enlargement. Some epithelial cells in large cysts derived from these segments, especially in adjacent fibrotic areas, showed positive immunoreactivity for vimentin and fibronectin. In conclusion, these findings suggest that epithelial cells in cysts acquire mesenchymal features in response to cyst enlargement and participate in progressive renal fibrosis. Our study clarified the nephron segment-specific cyst profile related to EMT in PCK rats. EMT may play a key role in polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Togawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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143
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Hurd TW, Hildebrandt F. Mechanisms of nephronophthisis and related ciliopathies. Nephron Clin Pract 2010; 118:e9-14. [PMID: 21071979 DOI: 10.1159/000320888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging group of human genetic diseases termed 'ciliopathies' are caused by dysfunction of two functionally and physically associated organelles, the centrosome and cilium. These organelles are central to perception of the physical environment through detection of a diverse variety of extracellular signals such as growth factors, chemicals, light and fluid flow. Many of the described ciliopathies display multi-organ involvement, with renal and retina being the most commonly affected. Nephronophthisis is a recessive disorder of the kidney that is the leading cause of end-stage renal failure in children. Through positional cloning, many of the causative mutations have been mapped to genes involved in centrosome and cilia function. In this review, we discuss the identified causative mutations that give rise to nephronophthisis and how these are related to the disease etiology in both the kidney and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby W Hurd
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5646, USA
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144
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Kang HS, ZeRuth G, Lichti-Kaiser K, Vasanth S, Yin Z, Kim YS, Jetten AM. Gli-similar (Glis) Krüppel-like zinc finger proteins: insights into their physiological functions and critical roles in neonatal diabetes and cystic renal disease. Histol Histopathol 2010; 25:1481-96. [PMID: 20865670 PMCID: PMC2996882 DOI: 10.14670/hh-25.1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
GLI-similar (Glis) 1-3 proteins constitute a subfamily of the Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factors that are closely related to the Gli family. Glis1-3 play critical roles in the regulation of a number of physiological processes and have been implicated in several pathologies. Mutations in GLIS2 have been linked to nephronophthisis, an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease. Loss of Glis2 function leads to renal atrophy and fibrosis that involves epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal tubule epithelial cells. Mutations in human GLIS3 have been implicated in a syndrome characterized by neonatal diabetes and congenital hypothyroidism (NDH) and in some patients accompanied by polycystic kidney disease, glaucoma, and liver fibrosis. In addition, the GLIS3 gene has been identified as a susceptibility locus for the risk of type 1 and 2 diabetes. Glis3 plays a key role in pancreatic development, particularly in the generation of ß-cells and in the regulation of insulin gene expression. Glis2 and Glis3 proteins have been demonstrated to localize to the primary cilium, a signaling organelle that has been implicated in several pathologies, including cystic renal diseases. This association suggests that Glis2/3 are part of primary cilium-associated signaling pathways that control the activity of Glis proteins. Upon activation in the primary cilium, Glis proteins may translocate to the nucleus where they subsequently regulate gene transcription by interacting with Glis-binding sites in the promoter regulatory region of target genes. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the Glis signaling pathways, their physiological functions, and their involvement in several human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Soon Kang
- Division of Intramural Research, Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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145
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Molecular mechanisms in renal degenerative disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:831-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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146
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Otto EA, Hurd TW, Airik R, Chaki M, Zhou W, Stoetzel C, Patil SB, Levy S, Ghosh AK, Murga-Zamalloa CA, van Reeuwijk J, Letteboer SJ, Sang L, Giles RH, Liu Q, Coene KLM, Estrada-Cuzcano A, Collin RWJ, McLaughlin HM, Held S, Kasanuki JM, Ramaswami G, Conte J, Lopez I, Washburn J, MacDonald J, Hu J, Yamashita Y, Maher ER, Guay-Woodford L, Neumann HP, Obermüller N, Koenekoop RK, Bergmann C, Bei X, Lewis RA, Katsanis N, Lopes V, Williams DS, Lyons RH, Dang CV, Brito DA, Dias MB, Zhang X, Nürnberg G, Nürnberg P, Pierce E, Jackson P, Antignac C, Saunier S, Roepman R, Dollfus H, Khanna H, Hildebrandt F. Candidate exome capture identifies mutation of SDCCAG8 as the cause of a retinal-renal ciliopathy. Nat Genet 2010; 42:840-50. [PMID: 20835237 PMCID: PMC2947620 DOI: 10.1038/ng.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nephronophthisis-related ciliopathies (NPHP-RC) are recessive disorders that feature dysplasia or degeneration occurring preferentially in the kidney, retina and cerebellum. Here we combined homozygosity mapping with candidate gene analysis by performing 'ciliopathy candidate exome capture' followed by massively parallel sequencing. We identified 12 different truncating mutations of SDCCAG8 (serologically defined colon cancer antigen 8, also known as CCCAP) in 10 families affected by NPHP-RC. We show that SDCCAG8 is localized at both centrioles and interacts directly with OFD1 (oral-facial-digital syndrome 1), which is associated with NPHP-RC. Depletion of sdccag8 causes kidney cysts and a body axis defect in zebrafish and induces cell polarity defects in three-dimensional renal cell cultures. This work identifies loss of SDCCAG8 function as a cause of a retinal-renal ciliopathy and validates exome capture analysis for broadly heterogeneous single-gene disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A. Otto
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Toby W. Hurd
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Rannar Airik
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Moumita Chaki
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Weibin Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Corinne Stoetzel
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale EA3949, Equipe AVENIR-Inserm, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Suresh B. Patil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Shawn Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Amiya K. Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | - Jeroen van Reeuwijk
- Department of Human Genetics and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stef J.F. Letteboer
- Department of Human Genetics and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Liyun Sang
- Department of Cell Regulation, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Rachel H. Giles
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Qin Liu
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karlien L. M. Coene
- Department of Human Genetics and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Estrada-Cuzcano
- Department of Human Genetics and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob W. J. Collin
- Department of Human Genetics and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heather M. McLaughlin
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Susanne Held
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Kasanuki
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gokul Ramaswami
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jinny Conte
- McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, H3H 1P3, Canada
| | - Irma Lopez
- McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, H3H 1P3, Canada
| | - Joseph Washburn
- Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - James MacDonald
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jinghua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Yukiko Yamashita
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eamonn R. Maher
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham, Institute of Biomedical Research, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Lisa Guay-Woodford
- UAB Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Hartmut P.H. Neumann
- Department of Nephrology and General Medicine, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | - Nicholas Obermüller
- Department of Nephrology, III. Medical Clinic, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert K. Koenekoop
- McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, H3H 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Xiaoshu Bei
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Richard A. Lewis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Vanda Lopes
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - David S. Williams
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Robert H. Lyons
- Department of Biological Chemistry, and DNA Sequencing Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Chi V. Dang
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Daniela A. Brito
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 6P-2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | - Gudrun Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric Pierce
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter Jackson
- Department of Cell Regulation, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Corinne Antignac
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U-983, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Saunier
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Helene Dollfus
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale EA3949, Equipe AVENIR-Inserm, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Centre de Référence pour les Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique (CARGO) et Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hemant Khanna
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
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147
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Abstract
The pathologic paradigm for renal progression is advancing tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Whereas mechanisms underlying fibrogenesis have grown in scope and understanding in recent decades, effective human treatment to directly halt or even reverse fibrosis remains elusive. Here, we examine key features mediating the molecular and cellular basis of tubulointerstitial fibrosis and highlight new insights that may lead to novel therapies. How to prevent chronic kidney disease from progressing to renal failure awaits even deeper biochemical understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zeisberg
- Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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148
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Tiermodelle mit Zystennieren. MED GENET-BERLIN 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-010-0230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Polyzystische Nierenerkrankungen (PKD) sind der häufigste genetische Grund für ein terminales Nierenversagen. Flüssigkeitsgefüllte Zysten bilden sich im Nierenparenchym und beeinträchtigen die Nierenfunktion mit zunehmender Anzahl und Größe, bis diese vollkommen zum Erliegen kommt. Seit mehreren Jahrzehnten werden Tiermodelle mit PKD für die Aufklärung der molekularen Mechanismen der Zystogenese verwendet. War man anfangs auf zufällige, durch Spontanmutationen aufgetretene Zystenmodelle angewiesen, eröffneten transgene und Knock-out-Technologien in den letzen 20 Jahren eine völlig neue Dimension, die molekularen Pathomechanismen der Zystogenese durch gezielte genetische Veränderungen im Erbgut aufzuklären. Nur mit der Hilfe von Tiermodellen konnte die Lokalisation von „Zystenproteinen“ in den Zilien und die Beteiligung zilienabhängiger Signalkaskaden in der Zystogenese gezeigt werden. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die derzeit vorhandenen murinen Tiermodelle mit PKD.
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149
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Shiba D, Manning DK, Koga H, Beier DR, Yokoyama T. Inv acts as a molecular anchor for Nphp3 and Nek8 in the proximal segment of primary cilia. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2010; 67:112-9. [PMID: 20169535 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A primary cilium is an antenna-like structure extending from the surface of most vertebrate cells. It is structurally divided along its vertical axis into sub-compartments that include the ciliary tip, the shaft, the ciliary necklace segment, the transitional zone and the basal body. We recently discovered that the shaft of the primary cilia has a distinct molecular compartment, termed the "Inv compartment", which is characterized by the accumulation of Inv at the base of primary cilia. Inv was discovered as a causative gene in inv mutant mice. It was later found to be responsible for the infantile type of nephronophthisis (NPHP2). Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is an autosomal recessive kidney disease. Nine causative genes have been identified, with all examined products thought to function in cilia, basal body and/or centrioles. However, their exact intra-ciliary localization and relationship have not been clear. Here, we report that products of Nphp3 and Nek8 (the mouse orthologs of the causative genes for NPHP3 and NPHP9, respectively) localize to the Inv compartment. We also show that Inv is essential for the compartmental localization of Nphp3 and Nek8, whereas localization of Inv does not require Nphp3 or Nek8. Nphp1 and Nphp4 also localize at the proximal region of the cilium, but not in Inv compartment. Our results indicate that Inv acts as an anchor for Nphp3 and Nek8 in the Inv compartment, and suggest that Inv compartment is a candidate site for intra-ciliary interaction of Inv, Nphp3 and Nek8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Shiba
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
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150
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Deltas C, Papagregoriou G. Cystic diseases of the kidney: molecular biology and genetics. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010; 134:569-82. [PMID: 20367309 DOI: 10.5858/134.4.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cystic diseases of the kidney are a very heterogeneous group of renal inherited conditions, with more than 33 genes involved and encompassing X-linked, autosomal dominant, and autosomal recessive inheritance. Although mostly monogenic with mendelian inheritance, there are clearly examples of oligogenic inheritance, such as 3 mutations in 2 genes, while the existence of genetic modifiers is perhaps the norm, based on the extent of variable expressivity and the broad spectrum of symptoms. OBJECTIVES To present in the form of a mini review the major known cystic diseases of the kidney for which genes have been mapped or cloned and characterized, with some information on their cellular and molecular biology and genetics, and to pay special attention to commenting on the issues of molecular diagnostics, in view of the genetic and allelic heterogeneity. Data Sources.-We used major reviews that make excellent detailed presentation of the various diseases, as well as original publications. CONCLUSIONS There is already extensive genetic heterogeneity in the group of cystic diseases of the kidney; however, there are still many more genes awaiting to be discovered that are implicated or mutated in these diseases. In addition, the synergism and interaction among this repertoire of gene products is largely unknown, while a common unifying aspect is the expression of nearly all of them at the primary cilium or the basal body. A major interplay of functions is anticipated, while mutations in all converge in the unifying phenotype of cyst formation.
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