101
|
Preferential Expansion of CD4 +Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) In Vitro by Tumor Necrosis Factor. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 31933199 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0266-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a distinct subset of CD4 T cells that play indispensable role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and prevention of deleterious immune responses to self-antigens. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key cytokine in the autoimmune inflammatory responses. The effect of TNF on Treg activity was extensively studied in the past decade. We for the first time reported that TNF through TNFR2 preferentially activates and expands Tregs. Our discovery is increasingly supported by the research community; however, some controversial results were reported. The differential results are likely caused by different experimental condition. A standard experiment protocol can help researchers to obtain more consistent results. In this chapter, we detail methods used to examine in vitro effect of exogenous TNF on the proliferative expansion of Tregs in unfractionated mouse CD4+ T cells. The related technic issues are analyzed and discussed.
Collapse
|
102
|
Mancusi A, Piccinelli S, Velardi A, Pierini A. CD4 +FOXP3 + Regulatory T Cell Therapies in HLA Haploidentical Hematopoietic Transplantation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2901. [PMID: 31921162 PMCID: PMC6927932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) represented a promising tool to induce tolerance in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Preclinical models proved that adoptive transfer of Tregs or the use of compounds that can favor their function in vivo are effective for prevention and treatment of graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD). Following these findings, Treg-based therapies have been employed in clinical trials. Adoptive immunotherapy with Tregs effectively prevents GvHD induced by alloreactive T cells in the setting of one HLA haplotype mismatched hematopoietic transplantation. The absence of post transplant pharmacologic immunosuppression unleashes T-cell mediated graft-vs.-tumor (GvT) effect, which results in an unprecedented, almost complete control of leukemia relapse in this setting. In the present review, we will report preclinical studies and clinical trials that demonstrate Treg ability to promote donor engraftment, protect from GvHD and improve GvT effect. We will also discuss new strategies to further enhance in vivo efficacy of Treg-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Mancusi
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Piccinelli
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Velardi
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Pierini
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Kumar P, Lele SS, Ragothaman VK, Raghunathan D, Epstein AL, Chiba S, Prabhakar BS. OX40L-JAG1-Induced Expansion of Lineage-Stable Regulatory T Cells Involves Noncanonical NF-κB Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3225-3236. [PMID: 31704879 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3+T regulatory cells (Tregs) control autoimmune response by suppressing proliferation and effector functions of self-reactive Foxp3-CD4+/CD8+ T cells and thereby maintain the critical balance between self-tolerance and autoimmunity. Earlier, we had shown that OX40L-JAG1 cosignaling mediated through their cognate receptors OX40 and Notch3 preferentially expressed on murine Tregs can selectively induce their proliferation in the absence of TCR stimulation. However, the differential molecular mechanisms regulating TCR-independent versus TCR-dependent Treg proliferation and lineage stability of the expanded Tregs remained unknown. In this study, we show that OX40L-JAG1 treatment induced TCR-independent proliferation of Tregs in the thymus and periphery. The use of Src kinase inhibitor permitted us to demonstrate selective inhibition of TCR-dependent T cell proliferation with little to no effect on OX40L-JAG1-induced TCR-independent Treg expansion in vitro, which was critically dependent on noncanonical NF-κB signaling. OX40L-JAG1-expanded Tregs showed sustained lineage stability as indicated by stable demethylation marks in Treg signature genes such as Foxp3, Il2ra, Ctla4, Ikzf2, and Ikzf4. Furthermore, OX40L-JAG1 treatment significantly increased CTLA4+ and TIGIT+ Tregs and alleviated experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in mice. Relevance of our findings to humans became apparent when human OX40L and JAG1 induced TCR-independent selective expansion of human Tregs in thymocyte cultures and increased human Tregs in the liver tissue of humanized NSG mice. Our findings suggest that OX40L-JAG1-induced TCR-independent Treg proliferation is a conserved mechanism that can be used to expand lineage-stable Tregs to treat autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Swarali Surendra Lele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Vandhana K Ragothaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Divya Raghunathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 900933
| | - Shigeru Chiba
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Hematology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; and
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612; .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Owen DL, Sjaastad LE, Farrar MA. Regulatory T Cell Development in the Thymus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:2031-2041. [PMID: 31591259 PMCID: PMC6910132 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of a comprehensive regulatory T (Treg) cell compartment in the thymus is required to maintain immune homeostasis and prevent autoimmunity. In this study, we review cellular and molecular determinants of Treg cell development in the thymus. We focus on the evidence for a self-antigen-focused Treg cell repertoire as well as the APCs responsible for presenting self-antigens to developing thymocytes. We also cover the contribution of different cytokines to thymic Treg development and the cellular populations that produce these cytokines. Finally, we update the originally proposed "two-step" model of thymic Treg differentiation by incorporating new evidence demonstrating that Treg cells develop from two Treg progenitor populations and discuss the functional importance of Treg cells generated via either progenitor pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Owen
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Louisa E Sjaastad
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Michael A Farrar
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Hilaire M, Aubert N. [Boosting Treg activity by TNFR2 and GITR agonists: new therapeutic approaches for autoimmune diseases]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:702-705. [PMID: 31532385 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Hilaire
- Master Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire-M2 Parcours Génopath, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Aubert
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses-Paris, Cimi-Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Remedios KA, Zirak B, Sandoval PM, Lowe MM, Boda D, Henley E, Bhattrai S, Scharschmidt TC, Liao W, Naik HB, Rosenblum MD. The TNFRSF members CD27 and OX40 coordinately limit T H17 differentiation in regulatory T cells. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/30/eaau2042. [PMID: 30578350 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are closely related to TH17 cells and use aspects of the TH17-differentiation program for optimal immune regulation. In several chronic inflammatory human diseases, Tregs express IL-17A, suggesting that dysregulation of TH17-associated pathways in Tregs may result in either loss of suppressive function and/or conversion into pathogenic cells. The pathways that regulate the TH17 program in Tregs are poorly understood. We have identified two TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) members, CD27 and OX40, that are preferentially expressed by skin-resident Tregs Both CD27 and OX40 signaling suppressed the expression of TH17-associated genes from Tregs in a cell-intrinsic manner in vitro and in vivo. However, only OX40 played a nonredundant role in promoting Treg accumulation. Tregs that lacked both CD27 and OX40 were defective in controlling skin inflammation and expressed high levels of IL-17A, as well as the master TH17 transcription factor, RORγt. Last, we found that CD27 expression was inversely correlated with Treg IL-17 production in skin of patients with psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa. Together, our results suggest that TNFRSF members play both redundant and distinct roles in regulating Treg plasticity in tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Remedios
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bahar Zirak
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Margaret M Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Devi Boda
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Evan Henley
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shrishti Bhattrai
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Haley B Naik
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Alternative NF-κB signaling controls peripheral homeostasis and function of regulatory T cells. Immunobiology 2019; 224:687-696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
108
|
Owen DL, Farrar MA. In vitro Differentiation of Thymic T reg Cell Progenitors to Mature Thymic T reg Cells. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3335. [PMID: 33654840 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic Treg cell differentiation occurs via a two-step process. Step one generates Treg cell progenitors (TregP) and is driven by strong TCR interactions with antigens presented in the thymus. Step two is initiated by activation of STAT5 via IL-2, or IL-15, leading to mature Treg cells capable of emigrating from the thymus and mediating immune tolerance and homeostasis in peripheral tissues. Herein we describe an in vitro TregP cell differentiation assay that models the second, cytokine dependent, step of thymic Treg cell development. It can be utilized with relative ease to determine if a population of thymocytes represents a potential progenitor population for Treg cells as well as test how different cytokines or chemical inhibitors modulate the differentiation of known TregP cell populations into mature Treg cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Owen
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, and the Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael A Farrar
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, and the Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Policheni A, Horikawa K, Milla L, Kofler J, Bouillet P, Belz GT, O'Reilly LA, Goodnow CC, Strasser A, Gray DHD. CARD11 is dispensable for homeostatic responses and suppressive activity of peripherally induced FOXP3
+
regulatory T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:740-752. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Policheni
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Keisuke Horikawa
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics The John Curtin School of Medical Research The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Liz Milla
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Jennifer Kofler
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics The John Curtin School of Medical Research The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Philippe Bouillet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Lorraine A O'Reilly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | | | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Daniel HD Gray
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Luan R, Liang Z, Zhang Q, Sun L, Zhao Y. Molecular regulatory networks of thymic epithelial cell differentiation. Differentiation 2019; 107:42-49. [PMID: 31238242 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional mature T cells are generated in the thymus. Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) provide the essential microenvironment for T cell development and maturation. According to their function and localization, TECs are roughly divided into cortical TECs (cTECs) and medullary TECs (mTECs), which are responsible for positive and negative selection, respectively. This review summarizes the current understanding of TEC biology, the identification of fetal and adult bipotent TEC progenitors, and the signaling pathways that control the development and maturation of TECs. The understanding of the ontogeny, differentiation, maturation and function of cTECs lags behind that of mTECs. Better understanding TEC biology will provide clues about TEC development and the applications of thymus engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanfeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liguang Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Mancusi A, Alvarez M, Piccinelli S, Velardi A, Pierini A. TNFR2 signaling modulates immunity after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 47:54-61. [PMID: 31122819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) signaling through TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) plays a complex immune regulatory role in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). TNF-α is rapidly released in the circulation after the conditioning regimen with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. It activates the function of donor alloreactive T cells and donor Natural Killer cells and promotes graft versus tumor effects. However, donor alloreactive T cells also attack host tissues and cause graft versus host disease (GVHD), a life-threatening complication of HCT. Indeed, anti-TNF-α therapy has been used to treat steroid-refractory GVHD. Recent studies have highlighted another role for TNFR2 signaling, as it enhances the function of immune cells with suppressive properties, in particular CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Various clinical trials are employing Treg-based treatments to prevent or treat GVHD. The present review will discuss the effects of TNFR2 signaling in the setting of allogeneic HCT, the implications for the use of anti-TNF-α therapy to treat GVHD and the clinical perspectives of strategies that specifically target this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Mancusi
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Piccinelli
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy
| | - Andrea Velardi
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy
| | - Antonio Pierini
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Jørgensen N, Persson G, Hviid TVF. The Tolerogenic Function of Regulatory T Cells in Pregnancy and Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:911. [PMID: 31134056 PMCID: PMC6517506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells, a subpopulation of suppressive T cells, are potent mediators of self-tolerance and essential for the suppression of triggered immune responses. The immune modulating capacity of these cells play a major role in both transplantation, autoimmune disease, allergy, cancer and pregnancy. During pregnancy, low numbers of regulatory T cells are associated with pregnancy failure and pregnancy complications such as pre-eclampsia. On the other hand, in cancer, low numbers of immunosuppressive T cells are correlated with better prognosis. Hence, maternal immune tolerance toward the fetus during pregnancy and the escape from host immunosurveillance by cancer seem to be based on similar immunological mechanisms being highly dependent on the balance between immune activation and suppression. As regulatory T cells hold a crucial role in several biological processes, they may also be promising subjects for therapeutic use. Especially in the field of cancer, cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated that immune-based therapies have a very promising potential in treatment of human malignancies. However, these therapies are often accompanied by adverse autoimmune side effects. Therefore, expanding the knowledge to recognize the complexities of immune regulation pathways shared across different immunological scenarios is extremely important in order to improve and develop new strategies for immune-based therapy. The intent of this review is to highlight the functional characteristics of regulatory T cells in the context of mechanisms of immune regulation in pregnancy and cancer, and how manipulation of these mechanisms potentially may improve therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Vauvert F. Hviid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI), The ReproHealth Consortium ZUH, Zealand University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
|
114
|
Medler J, Wajant H. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (TNFR2): an overview of an emerging drug target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:295-307. [PMID: 30856027 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1586886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 (TNFR2) is one of two receptors of the cytokines, TNF and lymphotoxin-α. TNFR1 is a strong inducer of proinflammatory activities. TNFR2 has proinflammatory effects too, but it also elicits strong anti-inflammatory activities and has protective effects on oligodendrocytes, cardiomyocytes, and keratinocytes. The protective and anti-inflammatory effects of TNFR2 may explain why TNF inhibitors failed to be effective in diseases such as heart failure or multiple sclerosis, where TNF has been strongly implicated as a driving force. Stimulatory and inhibitory TNFR2 targeting hence attracts considerable interest for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Areas covered: Based on a brief description of the pathophysiological importance of the TNF-TNFR1/2 system, we discuss the potential applications of TNFR2 targeting therapies. We also debate TNFR2 activation as a way forward in the search for TNFR2-specific agents. Expert opinion: The use of TNFR2 to target regulatory T-cells is attractive, but this approach is just one amongst many suitable targets. With respect to its preference for Treg stimulation and protection of non-immune cells, TNFR2 is more unique and thus offers opportunities for translational success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Medler
- a Division for Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II , University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- a Division for Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II , University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Rocamora-Reverte L, Tuzlak S, von Raffay L, Tisch M, Fiegl H, Drach M, Reichardt HM, Villunger A, Tischner D, Wiegers GJ. Glucocorticoid Receptor-Deficient Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells Fail to Control Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:472. [PMID: 30936873 PMCID: PMC6431616 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the immune system increases systemic adrenal-derived glucocorticoid (GC) levels which downregulate the immune response as part of a negative feedback loop. While CD4+ T cells are essential target cells affected by GC, it is not known whether these hormones exert their major effects on CD4+ helper T cells, CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells), or both. Here, we generated mice with a specific deletion of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in Foxp3+ Treg cells. Remarkably, while basal Treg cell characteristics and in vitro suppression capacity were unchanged, Treg cells lacking the GR did not prevent the induction of inflammatory bowel disease in an in vivo mouse model. Under inflammatory conditions, GR-deficient Treg cells acquired Th1-like characteristics and expressed IFN-gamma, but not IL-17, and failed to inhibit pro-inflammatory CD4+ T cell expansion in situ. These findings reveal that the GR is critical for Foxp3+ Treg cell function and suggest that endogenous GC prevent Treg cell plasticity toward a Th1-like Treg cell phenotype in experimental colitis. When equally active in humans, a rationale is provided to develop GC-mimicking therapeutic strategies which specifically target Foxp3+ Treg cells for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Rocamora-Reverte
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Selma Tuzlak
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laura von Raffay
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marcel Tisch
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heidi Fiegl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Innsbruck University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mathias Drach
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Holger M Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Denise Tischner
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - G Jan Wiegers
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Wang KQ, Wen HZ, Wu QY, Zheng QW, Wang MW, Wan ZW, Yang D, Hao WW. Factors involved in balance of Th17/Treg cells: Clinical implications in inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:336-340. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i5.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T-helper 17 (Th17) cells promote tissue inflammation and T-regulatory (Treg) cells inhibit autoimmunity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Thus, the balance between Th17 and Treg cells is crucial. Many factors that influence the generation and maintenance of these cells are also important for appropriate regulation of the Th17/Treg balance; these include TCR signals, costimulatory signals, cytokine signals, Foxp3 stability, metabolic processes, and the microbiota. This article will focus on what we know about these factors, their roles in regulating the Th17/Treg balance, and their clinical implications in IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Qiang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Hong-Zhu Wen
- Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Wu
- Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qin-Wei Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Meng-Wan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Wei-Wei Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China,Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Jiang Y, Chen J, Bi E, Zhao Y, Qin T, Wang Y, Wang A, Gao S, Yi Q, Wang S. TNF-α enhances Th9 cell differentiation and antitumor immunity via TNFR2-dependent pathways. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:28. [PMID: 30717817 PMCID: PMC6360681 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor specific Th9 cells are potential effector cells for adoptive therapy of human cancers. TNF family members OX40L, TL1A and GITRL have been shown to promote the induction of Th9 cells and antitumor immunity. However, the role of TNF-α, the prototype of the TNF superfamily cytokines, in Th9 cell differentiation and their antitumor efficacy is not defined. Here, we showed that TNF-α potently promoted naïve CD4+ T cells to differentiate into Th9 cells in vitro. Furthermore, the addition of TNF-α during Th9 cell differentiation increased T cell survival and proliferation. More importantly, the adoptive transfer of TNF-α-treated Th9 cells induced more potent antitumor effects than regular Th9 cells in mouse tumor model. TNF-α signals via two cell surface receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. Mechanistic studies revealed that TNF-α drove Th9 cell differentiation through TNFR2 but not TNFR1. In addition, under Th9 polarizing condition, TNF-α activated STAT5 and NF-κB pathways in T cells in a TNFR2-dependent manner. Inhibition of STAT5 and NF-κB pathways by their specific inhibitors impaired TNF-α-induced Th9 cell differentiation. Our results identified TNF-α as a new powerful inducer of Th9 cells and clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying TNF-α-induced Th9 cell differentiation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Immunity
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-kappa B/immunology
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Jiang
- Department of Cancer Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 Dongminzhu St, ChangChun, Jilin, China
| | - Jintong Chen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 Dongminzhu St, ChangChun, Jilin, China
| | - Enguang Bi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Yinghua Zhao
- Department of Cancer Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 Dongminzhu St, ChangChun, Jilin, China
| | - Tianxue Qin
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Alison Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 Dongminzhu St, ChangChun, Jilin, China
| | - Sujun Gao
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Qing Yi
- Department of Cancer Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 Dongminzhu St, ChangChun, Jilin, China
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Center for Hematologic Malignancy, Research Institute Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Siqing Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 Dongminzhu St, ChangChun, Jilin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Owen DL, Mahmud SA, Sjaastad LE, Williams JB, Spanier JA, Simeonov DR, Ruscher R, Huang W, Proekt I, Miller CN, Hekim C, Jeschke JC, Aggarwal P, Broeckel U, LaRue RS, Henzler CM, Alegre ML, Anderson MS, August A, Marson A, Zheng Y, Williams CB, Farrar MA. Thymic regulatory T cells arise via two distinct developmental programs. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:195-205. [PMID: 30643267 PMCID: PMC6650268 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The developmental programs that generate a broad repertoire of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) able to respond to both self antigens and non-self antigens remain unclear. Here we found that mature Treg cells were generated through two distinct developmental programs involving CD25+ Treg cell progenitors (CD25+ TregP cells) and Foxp3lo Treg cell progenitors (Foxp3lo TregP cells). CD25+ TregP cells showed higher rates of apoptosis and interacted with thymic self antigens with higher affinity than did Foxp3lo TregP cells, and had a T cell antigen receptor repertoire and transcriptome distinct from that of Foxp3lo TregP cells. The development of both CD25+ TregP cells and Foxp3lo TregP cells was controlled by distinct signaling pathways and enhancers. Transcriptomics and histocytometric data suggested that CD25+ TregP cells and Foxp3lo TregP cells arose by coopting negative-selection programs and positive-selection programs, respectively. Treg cells derived from CD25+ TregP cells, but not those derived from Foxp3lo TregP cells, prevented experimental autoimmune encephalitis. Our findings indicate that Treg cells arise through two distinct developmental programs that are both required for a comprehensive Treg cell repertoire capable of establishing immunotolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Owen
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shawn A Mahmud
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Louisa E Sjaastad
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jason B Williams
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Justin A Spanier
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dimitre R Simeonov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roland Ruscher
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Irina Proekt
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Corey N Miller
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Can Hekim
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan C Jeschke
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Praful Aggarwal
- Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ulrich Broeckel
- Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca S LaRue
- Supercomputing Institute for Advanced Computational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christine M Henzler
- Supercomputing Institute for Advanced Computational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ye Zheng
- Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Calvin B Williams
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michael A Farrar
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Differential roles of TNFα-TNFR1 and TNFα-TNFR2 in the differentiation and function of CD4 +Foxp3 + induced Treg cells in vitro and in vivo periphery in autoimmune diseases. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:27. [PMID: 30631042 PMCID: PMC6328545 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) α is a multifunctional cytokine with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory characteristics. Increasing evidence suggests that thymus-derived, natural regulatory T cells (nTreg) express a remarkably high level of TNF Receptor 2 (TNFR2) and TNFα modulates the number or function of nTreg via TNFR2 in autoimmune diseases. Nonetheless, Treg cells consist of at least nTreg and iTreg that are induced in the periphery or in vitro and two subsets may have different biological characteristics. However, the role of TNF-TNFR signaling in development and function of these iTreg cells is less clear. In this study, we systemically studied the effect of TNFα and its receptor signals on iTreg differentiation, proliferation, and function in vitro and in vivo. We further investigated the expression and requirement of TNFR1 or TNFR2 expression on iTreg by utilizing TNFR1-/- and TNFR2-/- mice. We found that exogenous TNFα facilitated iTreg differentiation and function in vitro. TNFR2 deficiency hampered iTreg differentiation, proliferation, and function, while TNFR1 deficiency decreased the differentiation of inflammatory T cells such as Th1 and Th17 cells but maintained the regulatory capabilities of iTreg both in vitro and in vivo. Using colitis model, we also revealed TNFR2 but not TNFR1 deficiency compromised the iTreg functionality. Interestingly, inflammation affects TNFR expression on nTreg but not iTreg subset. Our results demonstrate that exogenous TNFα may enhance the differentiation and function of iTreg via TNFR2 signaling. The expression of TNFR2 on Treg might be downregulated in some autoimmune diseases, accompanied by an increased level of TNFR1. Thus, TNFR2 agonists or TNFR1-specific antagonists hold a potential promise for clinical application in treating patients with autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
|
120
|
Wing JB, Tay C, Sakaguchi S. Control of Regulatory T Cells by Co-signal Molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:179-210. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
121
|
Dostert C, Grusdat M, Letellier E, Brenner D. The TNF Family of Ligands and Receptors: Communication Modules in the Immune System and Beyond. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:115-160. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00045.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamilies (TNFSF/TNFRSF) include 19 ligands and 29 receptors that play important roles in the modulation of cellular functions. The communication pathways mediated by TNFSF/TNFRSF are essential for numerous developmental, homeostatic, and stimulus-responsive processes in vivo. TNFSF/TNFRSF members regulate cellular differentiation, survival, and programmed death, but their most critical functions pertain to the immune system. Both innate and adaptive immune cells are controlled by TNFSF/TNFRSF members in a manner that is crucial for the coordination of various mechanisms driving either co-stimulation or co-inhibition of the immune response. Dysregulation of these same signaling pathways has been implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, highlighting the importance of their tight regulation. Investigation of the control of TNFSF/TNFRSF activities has led to the development of therapeutics with the potential to reduce chronic inflammation or promote anti-tumor immunity. The study of TNFSF/TNFRSF proteins has exploded over the last 30 yr, but there remains a need to better understand the fundamental mechanisms underlying the molecular pathways they mediate to design more effective anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Dostert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Melanie Grusdat
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Elisabeth Letellier
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Dirk Brenner
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Molecular and functional heterogeneity of IL-10-producing CD4 + T cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5457. [PMID: 30575716 PMCID: PMC6303294 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-10 is a prototypical anti-inflammatory cytokine, which is fundamental to the maintenance of immune homeostasis, especially in the intestine. There is an assumption that cells producing IL-10 have an immunoregulatory function. However, here we report that IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells are phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous. By combining single cell transcriptome and functional analyses, we identified a subpopulation of IL-10-producing Foxp3neg CD4+ T cells that displays regulatory activity unlike other IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells, which are unexpectedly pro-inflammatory. The combinatorial expression of co-inhibitory receptors is sufficient to discriminate IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells with regulatory function from others and to identify them across different tissues and disease models in mice and humans. These regulatory IL-10-producing Foxp3neg CD4+ T cells have a unique transcriptional program, which goes beyond the regulation of IL-10 expression. Finally, we found that patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease demonstrate a deficiency in this specific regulatory T-cell subpopulation. Tr1 cells are considered an immunosuppressive CD4 T cell population producing IL-10. Here the authors show that IL-10 is insufficient for Tr1 immunosuppression, define surface markers and transcriptional program of the immunosuppressive subset within Tr1, and reveal its deficiency in patients with IBD.
Collapse
|
123
|
Nataraj NM, Dang AP, Kam LC, Lee JH. Ex vivo induction of regulatory T cells from conventional CD4 + T cells is sensitive to substrate rigidity. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:3001-3008. [PMID: 30303608 PMCID: PMC6240380 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The immune system maintains a balance between protection and tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) function as a vital tolerance mechanism in the immune system to suppress effector immune cells. Additionally, Tregs can be utilized as a form of immunotherapy for autoimmune disorders. As T cells have previously been shown to exhibit sensitivity to the rigidity of an activating substrate upon activation via IL-2 secretion, we herein explore the previously unknown effect of substrate rigidity on the induction of Tregs from conventional naïve mouse CD4+ T cells. Substrates with modulatable rigidities ranging from a hundred kilopascals to a few megapascals were fabricated via poly(dimethylsiloxane). We found that there was a significant increase in Treg induction at lower substrate rigidities (i.e., E ~ 100 kPa) compared to higher rigidity levels (i.e., E ~ 3 MPa). To confirm that this significant difference in induction rate was truly related to T-cell mechanosensing, we administered compound Y-27632 to inhibit myosin contractility. In the presence of Y-27632, the myosin-based contractility was disrupted and, as a result, the difference in Treg induction caused by the substrate rigidity was abrogated. This study demonstrates that mechanosensing is involved in Treg induction and raises questions about the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in this process. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 3001-3008, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha M Nataraj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Biomedical Graduate Studies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alex P Dang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jounghyun H Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Kumar P, Bhattacharya P, Prabhakar BS. A comprehensive review on the role of co-signaling receptors and Treg homeostasis in autoimmunity and tumor immunity. J Autoimmun 2018; 95:77-99. [PMID: 30174217 PMCID: PMC6289740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immune system ensures optimum T-effector (Teff) immune responses against invading microbes and tumor antigens while preventing inappropriate autoimmune responses against self-antigens with the help of T-regulatory (Treg) cells. Thus, Treg and Teff cells help maintain immune homeostasis through mutual regulation. While Tregs can contribute to tumor immune evasion by suppressing anti-tumor Teff response, loss of Treg function can result in Teff responses against self-antigens leading to autoimmune disease. Thus, loss of homeostatic balance between Teff/Treg cells is often associated with both cancer and autoimmunity. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors, collectively known as co-signaling receptors, play an indispensable role in the regulation of Teff and Treg cell expansion and function and thus play critical roles in modulating autoimmune and anti-tumor immune responses. Over the past three decades, considerable efforts have been made to understand the biology of co-signaling receptors and their role in immune homeostasis. Mutations in co-inhibitory receptors such as CTLA4 and PD1 are associated with Treg dysfunction, and autoimmune diseases in mice and humans. On the other hand, growing tumors evade immune surveillance by exploiting co-inhibitory signaling through expression of CTLA4, PD1 and PDL-1. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) using anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 has drawn considerable attention towards co-signaling receptors in tumor immunology and created renewed interest in studying other co-signaling receptors, which until recently have not been as well studied. In addition to co-inhibitory receptors, co-stimulatory receptors like OX40, GITR and 4-1BB have also been widely implicated in immune homeostasis and T-cell stimulation, and use of agonistic antibodies against OX40, GITR and 4-1BB has been effective in causing tumor regression. Although ICB has seen unprecedented success in cancer treatment, autoimmune adverse events arising from ICB due to loss of Treg homeostasis poses a major obstacle. Herein, we comprehensively review the role of various co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors in Treg biology and immune homeostasis, autoimmunity, and anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, we discuss the autoimmune adverse events arising upon targeting these co-signaling receptors to augment anti-tumor immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Palash Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Associate Dean for Technological Innovation and Training, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Room E-705, (M/C 790), 835 S. Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Sharabi A, Tsokos MG, Ding Y, Malek TR, Klatzmann D, Tsokos GC. Regulatory T cells in the treatment of disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:823-844. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
126
|
Copland A, Bending D. Foxp3 Molecular Dynamics in Treg in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2273. [PMID: 30333832 PMCID: PMC6175987 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of the regulatory T-cell (Treg)-associated transcription factor Foxp3, there have been intensive research efforts to understand its biology and roles in maintaining immune homeostasis. It is well established that thymic selection of a repertoire of self-reactive Foxp3+ T-cells provides an essential mechanism to minimize reactions to self-antigens in the periphery, and thus aid in the prevention of autoimmunity. It is clear from both genetic and immunological analyses of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients that T-cells have a strong role to play in both the initiation and propagation of disease. The current paradigm is to view autoimmunity as a consequence of an imbalance between inflammatory and immunoregulatory mechanisms. This view has led to the assigning of cells and inflammatory mediators to different classes based on their assumed pro- or anti-inflammatory roles. This is typically reported as ratios of effector T-cells to Treg cells. Problematically, many analyses are based on static “snapshots-in-time,” even though both mouse models and human patient studies have highlighted the dynamic nature of Foxp3+ T-cells in vivo, which can exhibit plasticity and time-dependent functional states. In this review, we discuss the role of Foxp3 dynamics in the control of T-cell responses in childhood arthritis, by reviewing evidence in humans and relevant mouse models of inflammatory disease. Whilst the cellular dynamics of Treg have been well evaluated—leading to standard data outputs such as frequency, quantity and quality (often assessed by in vitro suppressive capacity)—we discuss how recent insights into the molecular dynamics of Foxp3 transcription and its post-translational control may open up tantalizing new avenues for immunotherapies to treat autoimmune arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Copland
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Bending
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Kumar P, Saini S, Khan S, Surendra Lele S, Prabhakar BS. Restoring self-tolerance in autoimmune diseases by enhancing regulatory T-cells. Cell Immunol 2018; 339:41-49. [PMID: 30482489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-tolerance, the state of unresponsiveness to self-tissues/antigens, is maintained through central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms, and a breach of these mechanisms leads to autoimmune diseases. Foxp3 + T-regulatory cells (Tregs) play an essential role in suppressing autoimmune response directed against self-antigens and thereby regulate self-tolerance. Natural Tregs are differentiated in the thymus on the basis of their higher TCR-affinity to self-antigens and migrate to the periphery where they maintain peripheral tolerance. In addition, extra-thymic differentiation of induced Tregs can occur in the periphery which can control abrupt immune responses under inflammatory conditions. A defect in Treg cell numbers and/or function is found to be associated with the development of autoimmune disease in several experimental models and human autoimmune diseases. Moreover, augmentation of Tregs has been shown to be beneficial in treating autoimmunity in preclinical models, and Treg based cellular therapy has shown initial promise in clinical trials. However, emerging studies have identified an unstable subpopulation of Tregs which expresses pro-inflammatory cytokines under both homeostatic and autoimmune conditions, as well as in ex vivo cultures. In addition, clinical translation of Treg cellular therapy is impeded by limitations such as lack of easier methods for selective expansion of Tregs and higher cost associated with GMP-facilities required for cell sorting, ex vivo expansion and infusion of ex vivo expanded Tregs. Here, we discuss the recent advances in molecular mechanisms regulating Treg differentiation, Foxp3 expression and lineage stability, the role of Tregs in the prevention of various autoimmune diseases, and critically review their clinical utility for treating human autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois - College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shikha Saini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois - College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Saad Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois - College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Swarali Surendra Lele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois - College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois - College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Muller J, Baeyens A, Dustin ML. Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily in T Cell Priming and Effector Function. Adv Immunol 2018; 140:21-57. [PMID: 30366518 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) and their ligands mediate lymphoid tissue development and homeostasis in addition to key aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses. T cells of the adaptive immune system express a number of TNFRSF members that are used to receive signals at different instructive stages and produce several tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) members as effector molecules. There is also one example of a TNFRSF member serving as a ligand for negative regulatory checkpoint receptors. In most cases, the ligands in afferent and efferent phases are membrane proteins and thus the interaction with TNFRSF members must take place in immunological synapses and other modes of cell-cell interaction. A particular feature of the TNFRSF-mediated signaling is the prominent use of linear ubiquitin chains as scaffolds for signaling complexes that activate nuclear factor κ-B and Fos/Jun transcriptional regulators. This review will focus on the signaling mechanisms triggered by TNFRSF members in their role as costimulators of early and late phases of T cell instruction and the delivery mechanism of TNFSF members through the immunological synapses of helper and cytotoxic effector cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Muller
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Immunology Training Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Audrey Baeyens
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Immunology Training Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Immunology Training Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Riccardi C, Ronchetti S, Nocentini G. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related gene (GITR) as a therapeutic target for immunotherapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:783-797. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1512588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms, in conjunction with hyperlipidemia, are important drivers of atherosclerosis. The interaction between the different immune cells and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines determine the progression of atherosclerosis. The activation or dampening of the immune response is tightly controlled by immune checkpoints. Costimulatory and coinhibitory immune checkpoints represent potential targets for immune modulatory therapies for atherosclerosis. This review will discuss the current knowledge on immune checkpoints in atherosclerosis and the clinical potential of immune checkpoint targeted therapy for atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Rouwet
- From the Department of Surgery and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (E.R.)
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.L.)
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian's University (LMU), Munich, Germany (E.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Sekiya T, Hibino S, Saeki K, Kanamori M, Takaki S, Yoshimura A. Nr4a Receptors Regulate Development and Death of Labile Treg Precursors to Prevent Generation of Pathogenic Self-Reactive Cells. Cell Rep 2018; 24:1627-1638.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
|
132
|
Requirement for POH1 in differentiation and maintenance of regulatory T cells. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:751-762. [PMID: 30038387 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3-expressing regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for averting autoimmune diseases and maintaining immune homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of Treg cells are still unclear. Here, we found that T cell-specific deletion of the gene encoding the deubiquitinase POH1 compromised the development of mature T cells, especially CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells. Moreover, POH1 deficiency significantly attenuated the transition of CD25+ Treg cell precursors into Foxp3+ Treg cells accompanied by downregulation of interleukin 2 (IL-2)-STAT5 signaling. Deletion of POH1 in generated CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells led to an early onset of fetal autoimmune disorders and a decrease in the pool size of peripheral Treg cells in mice, which were mostly due to decreased expansion of these cells. Thus, these results revealed that POH1 has a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells and contributes to immune tolerance.
Collapse
|
133
|
Bending D, Paduraru A, Ducker CB, Prieto Martín P, Crompton T, Ono M. A temporally dynamic Foxp3 autoregulatory transcriptional circuit controls the effector Treg programme. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201899013. [PMID: 29991564 PMCID: PMC6092677 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are negative regulators of the immune response; however, it is poorly understood whether and how Foxp3 transcription is induced and regulated in the periphery during T‐cell responses. Using Foxp3‐Timer of cell kinetics and activity (Tocky) mice, which report real‐time Foxp3 expression, we show that the flux of new Foxp3 expressors and the rate of Foxp3 transcription are increased during inflammation. These persistent dynamics of Foxp3 transcription determine the effector Treg programme and are dependent on a Foxp3 autoregulatory transcriptional circuit. Persistent Foxp3 transcriptional activity controls the expression of coinhibitory molecules, including CTLA‐4 and effector Treg signature genes. Using RNA‐seq, we identify two groups of surface proteins based on their relationship to the temporal dynamics of Foxp3 transcription, and we show proof of principle for the manipulation of Foxp3 dynamics by immunotherapy: new Foxp3 flux is promoted by anti‐TNFRII antibody, and high‐frequency Foxp3 expressors are targeted by anti‐OX40 antibody. Collectively, our study dissects time‐dependent mechanisms behind Foxp3‐driven T‐cell regulation and establishes the Foxp3‐Tocky system as a tool to investigate the mechanisms behind T‐cell immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Bending
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alina Paduraru
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine B Ducker
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paz Prieto Martín
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tessa Crompton
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Sheng Y, Li F, Qin Z. TNF Receptor 2 Makes Tumor Necrosis Factor a Friend of Tumors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1170. [PMID: 29892300 PMCID: PMC5985372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is widely accepted as a tumor-suppressive cytokine via its ubiquitous receptor TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1). The other receptor, TNFR2, is not only expressed on some tumor cells but also on suppressive immune cells, including regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In contrast to TNFR1, TNFR2 diverts the tumor-inhibiting TNF into a tumor-advocating factor. TNFR2 directly promotes the proliferation of some kinds of tumor cells. Also activating immunosuppressive cells, it supports immune escape and tumor development. Hence, TNFR2 may represent a potential target of cancer therapy. Here, we focus on expression and role of TNFR2 in the tumor microenvironment. We summarize the recent progress in understanding how TNFR2-dependent mechanisms promote carcinogenesis and tumor growth and discuss the potential value of TNFR2 in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiao Sheng
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhihai Qin
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Do JS, Zhong F, Huang AY, Van't Hof WJ, Finney M, Laughlin MJ. Foxp3 expression in induced T regulatory cells derived from human umbilical cord blood vs. adult peripheral blood. Bone Marrow Transplant 2018; 53:1568-1577. [PMID: 29743573 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-018-0205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3 is essential for T regulatory cell (Treg) function. Broad complex-Tramtrack-Bric-a-brac domain (BTB) and Cap'n'collar (CNC) homology 1, transcription factor 2 (BACH2) stabilizes Treg immune homeostasis in murine studies. However, little is known regarding what role, if any, BACH2 may have in Foxp3 regulation in human-induced Treg (iTreg). We examined Foxp3 expression and regulation comparing iTreg differentiated from umbilical cord blood (UCB) vs. adult blood (AB) naive CD4+ T-cells. Foxp3 expression was higher in UCB vs. AB-derived iTreg, and was sustained during 21-day expansion in vitro. The number of Foxp3+ iTreg generated from UCB vs. AB naive CD4+ T-cells was higher in iTreg differentiation conditions. In addition, UCB iTreg were more potent in suppressing T-cell proliferation compared to AB iTreg. Naive UCB CD4+ T-cells highly expressed BACH2 protein compared to AB. Putative transcriptional BACH2 binding sites were identified at the Foxp3 promoter, using BACH2 consensus sequence. Cross-linking chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) showed that BACH2 binds to the Foxp3 proximal promoter in UCB iTreg, but not AB iTreg. BACH2 was transcriptionally active, as shRNA-mediated BACH2 knockdown resulted in reduction of Foxp3 gene transcription in UCB CD4+ T-cells. In summary, BACH2 serves to stabilize robust Foxp3 expression in UCB CD4+ T-cell-derived iTreg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Su Do
- Cleveland Cord Blood Center, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Fei Zhong
- Cleveland Cord Blood Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alex Y Huang
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Mary J Laughlin
- Cleveland Cord Blood Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Owen DL, Mahmud SA, Vang KB, Kelly RM, Blazar BR, Smith KA, Farrar MA. Identification of Cellular Sources of IL-2 Needed for Regulatory T Cell Development and Homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3926-3933. [PMID: 29728511 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine IL-2 is critical for promoting the development, homeostasis, and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells. The cellular sources of IL-2 that promote these processes remain unclear. T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) are known to make IL-2 in peripheral tissues. We found that T cells and DCs in the thymus also make IL-2. To identify cellular sources of IL-2 in Treg cell development and homeostasis, we used Il2FL/FL mice to selectively delete Il2 in T cells, B cells, and DCs. Because IL-15 can partially substitute for IL-2 in Treg cell development, we carried out the majority of these studies on an Il15-/- background. Deletion of Il2 in B cells, DCs, or both these subsets had no effect on Treg cell development, either in wild-type (WT) or Il15-/- mice. Deletion of Il2 in T cells had minimal effects in WT mice but virtually eliminated developing Treg cells in Il15-/- mice. In the spleen and most peripheral lymphoid organs, deletion of Il2 in B cells, DCs, or both subsets had no effect on Treg cell homeostasis. In contrast, deletion of Il2 in T cells led to a significant decrease in Treg cells in either WT or Il15-/- mice. The one exception was the mesenteric lymph nodes where significantly fewer Treg cells were observed when Il2 was deleted in both T cells and DCs. Thus, T cells are the sole source of IL-2 needed for Treg cell development, but DCs can contribute to Treg cell homeostasis in select organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Owen
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Shawn A Mahmud
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kieng B Vang
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ryan M Kelly
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Kendall A Smith
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michael A Farrar
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Yang S, Wang J, Brand DD, Zheng SG. Role of TNF-TNF Receptor 2 Signal in Regulatory T Cells and Its Therapeutic Implications. Front Immunol 2018; 9:784. [PMID: 29725328 PMCID: PMC5916970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a pleiotropic cytokine which signals through TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2). Emerging evidence has demonstrated that TNFR1 is ubiquitously expressed on almost all cells, while TNFR2 exhibits a limited expression, predominantly on regulatory T cells (Tregs). In addition, the signaling pathway by sTNF via TNFR1 mainly triggers pro-inflammatory pathways, and mTNF binding to TNFR2 usually initiates immune modulation and tissue regeneration. TNFα plays a critical role in upregulation or downregulation of Treg activity. Deficiency in TNFR2 signaling is significant in various autoimmune diseases. An ideal therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases would be to selectively block the sTNF/TNFR1 signal through the administration of sTNF inhibitors, or using TNFR1 antagonists while keeping the TNFR2 signaling pathway intact. Another promising strategy would be to rely on TNFR2 agonists which could drive the expansion of Tregs and promote tissue regeneration. Design of these therapeutic strategies targeting the TNFR1 or TNFR2 signaling pathways holds promise for the treatment of diverse inflammatory and degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Yang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Third Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Julie Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | | | - Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Regulatory T Lymphocytes in Periodontitis: A Translational View. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:7806912. [PMID: 29805313 PMCID: PMC5901475 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7806912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic immuno-inflammatory disease in which the disruption of the balance between host and microbiota interactions is key to the onset and progression of the disease. The immune homeostasis associated with periodontal health requires a regulated immuno-inflammatory response, during which the presence of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is essential to ensure a controlled response that minimizes collateral tissue damage. Since Tregs modulate both innate and adaptive immunity, pathological conditions that may resolve by the acquisition of immuno-tolerance, such as periodontitis, may benefit by the use of Treg immunotherapy. In recent years, many strategies have been proposed to take advantage of the immuno-suppressive capabilities of Tregs as immunotherapy, including the ex vivo and in vivo manipulation of the Treg compartment. Ongoing research in both basic and translational studies let us gain a better understanding of the diversity of Treg subsets, their phenotypic plasticity, and suppressive functions, which can be used as a substrate for new immunotherapies. Certainly, as our knowledge of Treg biology increases, we will be capable to develop new therapies designed to enhance the stability and function of Tregs during periodontitis.
Collapse
|
139
|
Apert C, Romagnoli P, van Meerwijk JPM. IL-2 and IL-15 dependent thymic development of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T lymphocytes. Protein Cell 2018; 9:322-332. [PMID: 28540653 PMCID: PMC5876181 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 play a vital role in the maintenance of tolerance of the immune-system to self and innocuous non-self. Most Treg that are critical for the maintenance of tolerance to self, develop as an independent T-cell lineage from common T cell precursors in the thymus. In this organ, their differentiation requires signals from the T cell receptor for antigen, from co-stimulatory molecules, as well as from cytokine-receptors. Here we focus on the cytokines implicated in thymic development of Treg, with a particular emphasis on the roles of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-15. The more recently appreciated involvement of TGF-β in thymic Treg development is also briefly discussed. Finally, we discuss how cytokine-dependence of Treg development allows for temporal, quantitative, and potentially qualitative modulation of this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Apert
- CPTP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Paola Romagnoli
- CPTP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Garg G, Nikolouli E, Hardtke-Wolenski M, Toker A, Ohkura N, Beckstette M, Miyao T, Geffers R, Floess S, Gerdes N, Lutgens E, Osterloh A, Hori S, Sakaguchi S, Jaeckel E, Huehn J. Unique properties of thymic antigen-presenting cells promote epigenetic imprinting of alloantigen-specific regulatory T cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35542-35557. [PMID: 28415767 PMCID: PMC5482597 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potential immunotherapeutic candidates to induce transplantation tolerance. However, stability of Tregs still remains contentious and may potentially restrict their clinical use. Recent work suggested that epigenetic imprinting of Foxp3 and other Treg-specific signature genes is crucial for stabilization of immunosuppressive properties of Foxp3+ Tregs, and that these events are initiated already during early stages of thymic Treg development. However, the mechanisms governing this process remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that thymic antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including thymic dendritic cells (t-DCs) and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), can induce a more pronounced demethylation of Foxp3 and other Treg-specific epigenetic signature genes in developing Tregs when compared to splenic DCs (sp-DCs). Transcriptomic profiling of APCs revealed differential expression of secreted factors and costimulatory molecules, however neither addition of conditioned media nor interference with costimulatory signals affected Foxp3 induction by thymic APCs in vitro. Importantly, when tested in vivo both mTEC- and t-DC-generated alloantigen-specific Tregs displayed significantly higher efficacy in prolonging skin allograft acceptance when compared to Tregs generated by sp-DCs. Our results draw attention to unique properties of thymic APCs in initiating commitment towards stable and functional Tregs, a finding that could be highly beneficial in clinical immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Garg
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eirini Nikolouli
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Hardtke-Wolenski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Aras Toker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michael Beckstette
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Takahisa Miyao
- Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Floess
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Osterloh
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shohei Hori
- Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Elmar Jaeckel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Zou H, Li R, Hu H, Hu Y, Chen X. Modulation of Regulatory T Cell Activity by TNF Receptor Type II-Targeting Pharmacological Agents. Front Immunol 2018; 9:594. [PMID: 29632537 PMCID: PMC5879105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-TNF receptor type II (TNFR2) interaction plays a decisive role in the activation, expansion, and phenotypical stability of suppressive CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). In an effort to translate this basic research finding into a therapeutic benefit, a number of agonistic or antagonistic TNFR2-targeting biological agents with the capacity to activate or inhibit Treg activity have been developed and studied. Recent studies also show that thalidomide analogs, cyclophosphamide, and other small molecules are able to act on TNFR2, resulting in the elimination of TNFR2-expressing Tregs. In contrast, pharmacological agents, such as vitamin D3 and adalimumab, were reported to induce the expansion of Tregs by promoting the interaction of transmembrane TNF (tmTNF) with TNFR2. These studies clearly show that TNFR2-targeting pharmacological agents represent an effective approach to modulating the function of Tregs and thus may be useful in the treatment of major human diseases such as autoimmune disorders, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and cancer. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the latest progress in the study of TNFR2-targeting pharmacological agents and their therapeutic potential based on upregulation or downregulation of Treg activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ruixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Kumar P, Marinelarena A, Raghunathan D, Ragothaman VK, Saini S, Bhattacharya P, Fan J, Epstein AL, Maker AV, Prabhakar BS. Critical role of OX40 signaling in the TCR-independent phase of human and murine thymic Treg generation. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:138-153. [PMID: 29578532 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2018.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in immune-tolerance, and loss of Treg function can lead to the development of autoimmunity. Natural Tregs generated in the thymus substantially contribute to the Treg pool in the periphery, where they suppress self-reactive effector T cells (Teff) responses. Recently, we showed that OX40L (TNFSF4) is able to drive selective proliferation of peripheral Tregs independent of canonical antigen presentation (CAP-independent) in the presence of low-dose IL-2. Therefore, we hypothesized that OX40 signaling might be integral to the TCR-independent phase of murine and human thymic Treg (tTreg) development. Development of tTregs is a two-step process: Strong T-cell receptor (TCR) signals in combination with co-signals from the TNFRSF members facilitate tTreg precursor selection, followed by a TCR-independent phase of tTreg development in which their maturation is driven by IL-2. Therefore, we investigated whether OX40 signaling could also play a critical role in the TCR-independent phase of tTreg development. OX40-/- mice had significantly reduced numbers of CD25-Foxp3low tTreg precursors and CD25+Foxp3+ mature tTregs, while OX40L treatment of WT mice induced significant proliferation of these cell subsets. Relative to tTeff cells, OX40 was expressed at higher levels in both murine and human tTreg precursors and mature tTregs. In ex vivo cultures, OX40L increased tTreg maturation and induced CAP-independent proliferation of both murine and human tTregs, which was mediated through the activation of AKT-mTOR signaling. These novel findings show an evolutionarily conserved role for OX40 signaling in tTreg development and proliferation, and might enable the development of novel strategies to increase Tregs and suppress autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alejandra Marinelarena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Divya Raghunathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vandhana K Ragothaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shikha Saini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Palash Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ajay V Maker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Salomon BL, Leclerc M, Tosello J, Ronin E, Piaggio E, Cohen JL. Tumor Necrosis Factor α and Regulatory T Cells in Oncoimmunology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:444. [PMID: 29593717 PMCID: PMC5857565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine that has deleterious effect in some autoimmune diseases, which led to the use of anti-TNF drugs in some of these diseases. However, some rare patients treated with these drugs paradoxically develop an aggravation of their disease or new onset autoimmunity, revealing an immunosuppressive facet of TNF. A possible mechanism of this observation is the direct and positive effect of TNF on regulatory T cells (Tregs) through its binding to the TNF receptor type 2 (TNFR2). Indeed, TNF is able to increase expansion, stability, and possibly function of Tregs via TNFR2. In this review, we discuss the role of TNF in graft-versus-host disease as an example of the ambivalence of this cytokine in the pathophysiology of an immunopathology, highlighting the therapeutic potential of triggering TNFR2 to boost Treg expansion. We also describe new targets in immunotherapy of cancer, emphasizing on the putative suppressive effect of TNF in antitumor immunity and of the interest of blocking TNFR2 to regulate the Treg compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît L Salomon
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Leclerc
- Université Paris-Est and INSERM U955, Créteil, France.,Service d'Hématologie Clinique et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital H. Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Jimena Tosello
- Center of Cancer Immunotherapy and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie 1428, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Ronin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Center of Cancer Immunotherapy and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie 1428, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - José L Cohen
- Université Paris-Est and INSERM U955, Créteil, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital H. Mondor, Créteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Lee GR. The Balance of Th17 versus Treg Cells in Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E730. [PMID: 29510522 PMCID: PMC5877591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and pTreg cells, which share a common precursor cell (the naïve CD4 T cell), require a common tumor growth factor (TGF)-β signal for initial differentiation. However, terminally differentiated cells fulfill opposite functions: Th17 cells cause autoimmunity and inflammation, whereas Treg cells inhibit these phenomena and maintain immune homeostasis. Thus, unraveling the mechanisms that affect the Th17/Treg cell balance is critical if we are to better understand autoimmunity and tolerance. Recent studies have identified many factors that influence this balance; these factors range from signaling pathways triggered by T cell receptors, costimulatory receptors, and cytokines, to various metabolic pathways and the intestinal microbiota. This review article summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the Th17/Treg balance and its implications with respect to autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gap Ryol Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Single-cell gene expression reveals a landscape of regulatory T cell phenotypes shaped by the TCR. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:291-301. [PMID: 29434354 PMCID: PMC6069633 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T regulatory (Treg) cells are central to immune homeostasis, their phenotypic heterogeneity reflecting the diverse environments and target cells they regulate. To understand this heterogeneity, we combined single-cell RNAseq, activation reporter and TCR analysis to profile thousands of Tregs or Tconvs from mouse lymphoid organs or human blood. Treg and Tconv pools showed areas of overlap, as resting “furtive” Tregs with overall similarity to Tconv, or as a convergence of activated states. All Tregs express a small core of FoxP3-dependent transcripts, onto which additional programs are added less uniformly. Among suppressive functions, Il2ra and Ctla4 were quasi-constant, inhibitory cytokines being more sparsely distributed. TCR signal intensity didn’t affect resting/activated Treg proportions, but molded activated Treg programs. The main lines of Treg heterogeneity in mice were strikingly conserved in human blood. These results reveal unexpected TCR-shaped states of activation, providing a framework to synthesize previous observations about Treg heterogeneity.
Collapse
|
146
|
Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals distinct genetic modules associated with Helios expression in intratumoral regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2162-2167. [PMID: 29440380 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720447115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key modulators of immune tolerance, capable of suppressing inflammatory immune responses and promoting nonlymphoid tissue homeostasis. Helios, a transcription factor (TF) that is selectively expressed by Tregs, has been shown to be essential for the maintenance of Treg lineage stability in the face of inflammatory conditions that include autoimmune disease and cancer. Helios-deficient Tregs within tumors acquire effector T cell function and contribute to immune responses against cancer. However, the underlying genetic basis of this Treg reprogramming is not well understood. Here, we report that Helios-deficient Tregs within the chronic inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) derepress genetic programs associated with T helper (Th) cell differentiation by up-regulating Th cell-associated TFs and effector cytokines. These genetic changes of Helios-deficient Tregs are most apparent in a Treg subpopulation with high affinity for self-antigens, as detected by both increased GITR/PD-1 expression and increased responsiveness to self-antigens. Their combined effects may promote a phenotype conversion of Tregs into effector T cells within the TME, where TCR engagement and costimulatory receptor expression by Tregs are increased. These data provide a genetic basis for the unstable phenotype of Helios-deficient Tregs within the inflammatory environment of tumors and suggest that immune milieu-dependent alterations in gene expression are a central feature of Treg conversion.
Collapse
|
147
|
Dash B, Shapiro MJ, Chung JY, Romero Arocha S, Shapiro VS. Treg-specific deletion of NKAP results in severe, systemic autoimmunity due to peripheral loss of Tregs. J Autoimmun 2018; 89:139-148. [PMID: 29366602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells are critical for the generation and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Conditional deletion of the transcriptional repressor NKAP in Tregs using Foxp3-YFP-cre NKAP conditional knockout mice causes aggressive autoimmunity characterized by thymic atrophy, lymphadenopathy, peripheral T cell activation, generation of autoantibodies, immune infiltration into several organs, and crusty skin at 3 weeks of age, similar to that of "scurfy" Foxp3-mutant mice. While Treg development in the thymus proceeds normally in the absence of NKAP, there is a severe loss of thymically-derived Tregs in the periphery. NKAP-deficient Tregs have a recent thymic emigrant phenotype, and are attacked by complement in a cell-intrinsic manner in the periphery. Previously, we demonstrated that NKAP is required for conventional T cell maturation as it prevents complement-mediated attack in the periphery. We now show that Tregs undergo a similar maturation process as conventional T cells, requiring NKAP to acquire complement resistance after thymic egress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barsha Dash
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael J Shapiro
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ji Young Chung
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Lamontain V, Schmid T, Weber-Steffens D, Zeller D, Jenei-Lanzl Z, Wajant H, Straub RH, Männel DN. Stimulation of TNF receptor type 2 expands regulatory T cells and ameliorates established collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:65-74. [PMID: 29375132 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and its receptors TNF receptor type 1 (TNFR1) and type 2 (TNFR2) have a central role in chronic inflammatory diseases. While TNFR1 mainly confers inflammation, activation of TNFR2 elicits not only pro-inflammatory but also anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we wanted to investigate the anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential of selective activation of TNFR2 in mice with established collagen-induced arthritis. Mice with established arthritis induced by immunization with bovine collagen type II were treated with six injections of the TNFR2-specific agonist TNCscTNF80, given every second day. Two days after treatment cessation, the cell compositions of bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes were analyzed. Mice were visually scored until day 30 after the start of therapy and the degree of joint inflammation was determined by histology. Treatment with TNCscTNF80 increased arthritis-induced myelopoiesis. Little effect was seen on the infiltration rate of inflammatory immature myeloid cells and on the reduction of lymphoid cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Upon treatment, frequency of regulatory T (Treg) cells in the CD4+ T-cell population was increased in both spleen and inguinal lymph nodes. In addition, the expression of TNFR2 on Treg cells was enhanced. The clinical score started to improve 1 week after cessation treatment and remained lower 30 days after initiation of therapy. The histological score also revealed amelioration of joint inflammation in TNCscTNF80-treated versus control mice. Activation of TNFR2 might provide a suitable therapeutic strategy in autoimmune arthritis by increasing the numbers of regulatory cell types, in particular Treg cells, and by attenuation of arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Lamontain
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93042, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93042, Germany
| | | | - David Zeller
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93042, Germany
| | - Zsuzsa Jenei-Lanzl
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, 93042, Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, 93042, Germany.
| | - Daniela N Männel
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93042, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Oh J, Wu N, Barczak AJ, Barbeau R, Erle DJ, Shin JS. CD40 Mediates Maturation of Thymic Dendritic Cells Driven by Self-Reactive CD4 + Thymocytes and Supports Development of Natural Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1399-1412. [PMID: 29321275 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Thymic dendritic cells (tDCs) play an important role in central tolerance by eliminating self-reactive thymocytes or differentiating them to regulatory T (Treg) cells. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these functions are not completely understood. We found that mouse tDCs undergo maturation following cognate interaction with self-reactive CD4+ thymocytes and that this maturation is dependent on CD40 signaling. Ablation of CD40 expression in tDCs resulted in a significant reduction in the number of Treg cells in association with a significant reduction in the number of mature tDCs. In addition, CD40-deficient DCs failed to fully mature upon cognate interaction with CD4+ thymocytes in vitro and failed to differentiate them into Treg cells to a sufficient number. These findings suggest that tDCs mature and potentiate Treg cell development in feedback response to self-reactive CD4+ thymocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehak Oh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Andrea J Barczak
- Department of Medicine, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Rebecca Barbeau
- Department of Medicine, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - David J Erle
- Department of Medicine, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jeoung-Sook Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Chien CH, Chiang BL. Regulatory T cells induced by B cells: a novel subpopulation of regulatory T cells. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:86. [PMID: 29151021 PMCID: PMC5694621 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells play a crucial role in the homeostasis of the immune response. In addition to CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, several subsets of Foxp3- regulatory T cells, such as T helper 3 (Th3) cells and type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells, have been described in mice and human. Accumulating evidence shows that naïve B cells contribute to tolerance and are able to promote regulatory T cell differentiation. Naïve B cells can convert CD4+CD25- T cells into CD25+Foxp3- regulatory T cells, named Treg-of-B cells by our group. Treg-of-B cells express LAG3, ICOS, GITR, OX40, PD1, and CTLA4 and secrete IL-10. Intriguingly, B-T cell-cell contact but not IL-10 is essential for Treg-of-B cells induction. Moreover, Treg-of-B cells possess both IL-10-dependent and IL-10-independent inhibitory functions. Treg-of-B cells exert suppressive activities in antigen-specific and non-antigen-specific manners in vitro and in vivo. Here, we review the phenotype and function of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, Th3 cells, Tr1 cells, and Treg-of-B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hui Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10048, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10048, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, 10002, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|