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Abstract
Less than a decade ago, it was shown that bromodomains, acetyl lysine 'reader' modules found in proteins with varied functions, were highly tractable small-molecule targets. This is an unusual property for protein-protein or protein-peptide interaction domains, and it prompted a wave of chemical probe discovery to understand the biological potential of new agents that targeted bromodomains. The original examples, inhibitors of the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) class of bromodomains, showed enticing anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, and several compounds have since advanced to human clinical trials. Here, we review the current state of BET inhibitor biology in relation to clinical development, and we discuss the next wave of bromodomain inhibitors with clinical potential in oncology and non-oncology indications. The lessons learned from BET inhibitor programmes should affect efforts to develop drugs that target non-BET bromodomains and other epigenetic readers.
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102
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Dai X, Wang Z, Wei W. SPOP-mediated degradation of BRD4 dictates cellular sensitivity to BET inhibitors. Cell Cycle 2019; 16:2326-2329. [PMID: 29108467 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1388973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins are frequently overexpressed in various human cancers, therefore have been clinically pursed as attractive therapeutic anti-cancer targets. However, relatively little is known about the mechanism(s) underlying aberrant BET overexpression in human cancers. Recently, we reported that prostate cancer-derived SPOP mutants fail to interact with and promote BRD4 degradation, leading to accumulation of BRD4 in prostate cancer cells. As a result, prostate cancer cells harboring SPOP mutations are more resistant to BET inhibitors. Therefore, our results help to elucidate the tumor suppressor role of SPOP in the prostate cancer setting by negatively controlling BET proteins stability. More importantly, our results also provide a molecular basis for using combination with BET inhibitors and other inhibitors to treat prostate cancer patients with SPOP mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpeng Dai
- a Department of Pathology , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- b The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University , Suzhou , P. R. China.,c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Bengbu Medical College , Anhui , China
| | - Wenyi Wei
- a Department of Pathology , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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103
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Dong Y, Zhang D, Cai M, Luo Z, Zhu Y, Gong L, Lei Y, Tan X, Zhu Q, Han S. SPOP regulates the DNA damage response and lung adenocarcinoma cell response to radiation. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1469-1483. [PMID: 31392082 PMCID: PMC6682716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP) plays an important role in maintaining genome stability. Disability or mutation of the SPOP gene has been reported to contribute to prostate cancer incidence and prognosis. However, the functions of SPOP in lung cancer remain poorly understood, especially in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Here, we found that SPOP affects the LUAD cell response to radiation by regulating the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway. SPOP is widely expressed in lung cancer cell lines, and SPOP protein levels are upregulated when cells experience DNA damage. SPOP knockdown affects DDR repair kinetics, apoptosis and cell cycle checkpoints that are induced by IR (ionizing radiation). Furthermore, we found that SPOP positively regulates the expression of DDR factors Rad51 and Ku80. Taken together, these data indicate the essential roles of SPOP in the DDR signaling pathways and LUAD cell response to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Dong
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengjiao Cai
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenzhen Luo
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liuyun Gong
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yutiantian Lei
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyue Tan
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, China
| | - Suxia Han
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China
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104
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Ostertag MS, Hutwelker W, Plettenburg O, Sattler M, Popowicz GM. Structural Insights into BET Client Recognition of Endometrial and Prostate Cancer-Associated SPOP Mutants. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2213-2221. [PMID: 31026449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BET proteins such as BRD3 are oncogenic transcriptional coactivators. SPOP binding triggers their proteasomal degradation. In both endometrial and prostate cancers, SPOP mutations occur in the MATH domain, but with opposed influence on drug susceptibility. In prostate cancer, SPOP mutations presumably cause increased BET levels, decreasing BET inhibitor drug susceptibility. As opposed, in endometrial cancer, decreased BET levels concomitant with higher BET inhibitor drug susceptibility were observed. Here, we present the to our knowledge first co-crystal structure of SPOP and a bromodomain containing protein (BRD3). Our structural and biophysical data confirm the suggested loss-of-function in prostate cancer-associated SPOP mutants and provide mechanistic explanation. As opposed to previous literature, our data on endometrial cancer-associated SPOP mutants do not show altered binding behavior compared to wild-type SPOP, indicating a more complex regulatory mechanism. SPOP mutation screening may thus be considered a valuable personalized medicine tool for effective antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sebastian Ostertag
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair of Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hutwelker
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1b, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Plettenburg
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1b, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair of Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany.
| | - Grzegorz Maria Popowicz
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair of Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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105
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Sui S, Zhang J, Xu S, Wang Q, Wang P, Pang D. Ferritinophagy is required for the induction of ferroptosis by the bromodomain protein BRD4 inhibitor (+)-JQ1 in cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:331. [PMID: 30988278 PMCID: PMC6465411 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
(+)-JQ1 is an inhibitor of the tumor-driver bromodomain protein BRD4 and produces satisfactory effects because it efficiently increases apoptosis. Ferroptosis is an oxidative cell death program differing from apoptosis. Ferroptosis is characterized by high levels of iron and reactive oxygen species and has been confirmed to suppress tumor growth. In this study, BRD4 expression in cancer and its influence on the prognosis of cancer patients were analyzed using data from public databases. In addition, the effect of the BRD4 inhibitor (+)-JQ1 on ferroptosis was investigated via a series of in vitro assays. A nude mouse model was used to evaluate the function of (+)-JQ1 in ferroptosis in vivo. The potential mechanisms by which (+)-JQ1 regulates ferroptosis were explored. The results showed that BRD4 expression levels were higher in cancer tissues than in normal tissues and were related to poor prognosis in cancer patients. Furthermore, ferroptosis was induced under (+)-JQ1 treatment and BRD4 knockdown, indicating that (+)-JQ1 induces ferroptosis via BRD4 inhibition. Moreover, the anticancer effect of (+)-JQ1 was enhanced by ferroptosis inducers. Further studies confirmed that (+)-JQ1 induced ferroptosis via ferritinophagy, which featured autophagy enhancement by (+)-JQ1 and increased iron levels. Subsequently, the reactive oxygen species levels were increased by iron via the Fenton reaction, leading to ferroptosis. In addition, expression of the ferroptosis-associated genes GPX4, SLC7A11, and SLC3A2 was downregulated under (+)-JQ1 treatment and BRD4 knockdown, indicating that (+)-JQ1 may regulate ferroptosis by controlling the expression of ferroptosis-associated genes regulated by BRD4. Finally, (+)-JQ1 regulated ferritinophagy and the expression of ferroptosis-associated genes via epigenetic inhibition of BRD4 by suppressing the expression of the histone methyltransferase G9a or enhancing the expression of the histone deacetylase SIRT1. In summary, the BRD4 inhibitor (+)-JQ1 induces ferroptosis via ferritinophagy or the regulation of ferroptosis-associated genes through epigenetic repression of BRD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Sui
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, 150081, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, 150081, Harbin, China
| | - Shouping Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, 150081, Harbin, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, 150081, Harbin, China
| | - Peiyuan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, 150081, Harbin, China
| | - Da Pang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, 150081, Harbin, China. .,Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 157 Baojian Road, 150086, Harbin, China.
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106
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Hong Z, Wu G, Xiang ZD, Xu CD, Huang SS, Li C, Shi L, Wu DL. KDM5C is transcriptionally regulated by BRD4 and promotes castration-resistance prostate cancer cell proliferation by repressing PTEN. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108793. [PMID: 30921702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide, and it is almost incurable once it has developed into castration-resistance prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the mechanisms underlying the oncogenesis of PCa and CRPC remain elusive. Lysine-specific histone demethylase 5C (KDM5C) is an important member of lysine demethylase family and has recently been found highly expressed in multiple cancer types. In this study, we reported that KDM5C was highly expressed in PCa and CRPC specimens, and the high expression promoted CRPC cell proliferation through repressing phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene epigenetically. Moreover, KDM5C was transcriptionally upregulated by bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), and knockdown KDM5C sensitized the therapeutic effects of CRPC cells to the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) inhibitor. Taken together, our study uncovers that the BRD4-KDM5C-PTEN may be a new oncogenic pathway in CRPC development, and KDM5C is a critical protein and could be an ideal target for CRPC treatment in this oncogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Hong
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China.
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Xiang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Cheng-Dang Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Sheng-Song Huang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Deng-Long Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China.
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107
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Guo S, Yang J, Wu M, Xiao G. Clinical value screening, prognostic significance and key pathway identification of miR-204-5p in endometrial carcinoma: A study based on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and bioinformatics analysis. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:1003-1011. [PMID: 30910254 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial carcinoma is one of the common carcinomas in the female reproductive system. It is reported that miR-204-5p is down-regulated in endometrial carcinoma. However, the mechanism and key pathways of miR-204-5p in endometrial carcinoma have not been clarified. MATERIAL/METHODS We evaluated the expression profiles and prognostic value of miR-204-5p expression in endometrial carcinoma by using bioinformatics analysis of a public dataset from TCGA. Drug of endometrial carcinoma from DrugBank, GO analysis, KEGG analysis, PPI network, mutation, as well as assessment of the prognostic significance were performed to the overlapping target genes of miR-204-5p in endometrial carcinoma. The relative expression levels of miR-204-5p target genes in endometrial carcinoma, including SF3B1, FBXW7, SPOP, and BRD4, were assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS First, through DrugBank website, we obtained target drugs for endometrial carcinoma. MiR-204-5p expression was found to be lower in the endometrial carcinoma tissues than in adjacent normal tissues from TCGA. Next, we identified 143 genes as potential targets of miR-204-5p. Then, through GO enrichment analysis, KEGG signaling pathway and PPI analysis, we revealed the key networks in endometrial carcinoma. Next, mutation and assessment of the prognostic significance of endometrial carcinoma were obtained. At last, in endometrial carcinoma, the relative expression of SF3B1 and BRD4 increased, and the relative expression of FBXW7 decreased. CONCLUSIONS MiR-204-5p is down-regulated in endometrial carcinoma and affects the prognostic significance of endometrial carcinoma, which might play an important role in the tumorigenesis of endometrial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Wu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohong Xiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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108
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Zhu JX, Xiao JR. SF2523 inhibits human chondrosarcoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:559-565. [PMID: 30824188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Developing novel therapeutic agents against chondrosarcoma is important. SF2523 is a PI3K-Akt-mTOR and bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) dual inhibitor. Its activity in human chondrosarcoma cells is tested. Our results show that SF2523 potently inhibited survival, proliferation and migration, and induced apoptosis activation in SW1353 cells and primary human chondrosarcoma cells. The dual inhibitor was yet non-cytotoxic to the primary human osteoblasts and OB-6 osteoblastic cells. SF2523 blocked Akt-mTOR activation and downregulated BRD4-regulated genes (Bcl-2 and c-Myc) in chondrosarcoma cells. It was more efficient in killing chondrosarcoma cells than other established PI3K-Akt-mTOR and BRD4 inhibitors, including JQ1, perifosine and OSI-027. In vivo, intraperitoneal injection of SF2523 (30 mg/kg) potently inhibited subcutaneous SW1353 xenograft tumor growth in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Akt-mTOR inhibition as well as Bcl-2 and c-Myc downregulation were detected in SF2523-treated SW1353 tumor tissues. In conclusion, targeting PI3K-Akt-mTOR and BRD4 by SF2523 potently inhibited chondrosarcoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xue Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Ru Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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109
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The Structure of the SPOP-Pdx1 Interface Reveals Insights into the Phosphorylation-Dependent Binding Regulation. Structure 2019; 27:327-334.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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110
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Tan X, Tong J, Wang YJ, Fletcher R, Schoen RE, Yu J, Shen L, Zhang L. BET Inhibitors Potentiate Chemotherapy and Killing of SPOP-Mutant Colon Cancer Cells via Induction of DR5. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1191-1203. [PMID: 30674532 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) family proteins such as BRD4 are epigenetic readers that control expression of a number of oncogenic proteins. Targeting this family of proteins has recently emerged as a promising anticancer approach. BET inhibitors (BETi), either alone or in combination with other anticancer agents, have exhibited efficacy in a variety of tumors. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying differential response to BETi are not well understood. In this study, we report that death receptor 5 (DR5), a key component of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, is markedly induced in response to BRD4 depletion and BETi treatment in colorectal cancer cells. Induction of DR5, following BET inhibition, was mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress and CHOP-dependent transcriptional activation. Enhanced DR5 induction was necessary for the chemosensitization and apoptotic effects of BETi and was responsible for increased BETi sensitivity in colorectal cancer cells containing a mutation in speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP), a subunit of BRD4 E3 ubiquitin ligase. In a colorectal cancer xenograft model, BETi combined with chemotherapy suppressed the tumor growth in a DR5-dependent manner and potently inhibited patient-derived xenograft tumor growth with enhanced DR5 induction and apoptosis. These findings suggest that BETi alone or in combination with chemotherapy is effective against colorectal cancer due to enhanced DR5 induction and apoptosis. DR5 induction may also serve as a useful marker for designing personalized treatment and improved colorectal cancer combination therapies.Significance: These findings reveal how BET inhibition sensitizes chemotherapy and kills a subset of colon cancer cells with specific genetic alterations and may provide a new molecular marker for improving colon cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jingshan Tong
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yi-Jun Wang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rochelle Fletcher
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert E Schoen
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jian Yu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Liangfang Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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111
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AMPK Promotes SPOP-Mediated NANOG Degradation to Regulate Prostate Cancer Cell Stemness. Dev Cell 2018; 48:345-360.e7. [PMID: 30595535 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NANOG is an essential transcriptional factor for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) in prostate cancer (PCa). However, the regulation mechanism of NANOG protein stability in cancer progression is still elusive. Here, we report that NANOG is degraded by SPOP, a frequently mutated tumor suppressor of PCa. Cancer-associated mutations of SPOP or the mutation of NANOG at S68Y abrogates the SPOP-mediated NANOG degradation, leading to elevated PCa cancer stemness and poor prognosis. In addition, SPOP-mediated NANOG degradation is controlled by the AMPK-BRAF signal axis through the phosphorylation of NANOG at Ser68, which blocked the interaction between SPOP and NANOG. Thus, our study provides a regulation mechanism of PCa stemness controlled by phosphorylation-mediated NANOG stability, which helps to identify novel drug targets and improve therapeutic strategy for PCa.
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112
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Fong KW, Zhao JC, Song B, Zheng B, Yu J. TRIM28 protects TRIM24 from SPOP-mediated degradation and promotes prostate cancer progression. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5007. [PMID: 30479348 PMCID: PMC6258673 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07475-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM24 is an effector substrate of the E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor SPOP and becomes stabilized in prostate cancer (PCa) with SPOP mutations. However, how TRIM24 protein is regulated in the vast majority of SPOP-wildtype PCa is unknown. Here we report TRIM28 as a critical upstream regulator of TRIM24. TRIM28 protein interacts with TRIM24 to prevent its ubiquitination and degradation by SPOP. Further, TRIM28 facilitates TRIM24 occupancy on the chromatin and, like TRIM24, augments AR signaling. TRIM28 promotes PCa cell proliferation in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Importantly, TRIM28 is upregulated in aggressive PCa and associated with elevated levels of TRIM24 and worse clinical outcome. TRIM24 and AR coactivated gene signature of SPOP-mutant PCa is similarly activated in human PCa with high TRIM28 expression. Taken together, this study provides a novel mechanism to broad TRIM24 protein stabilization and establishes TRIM28 as a promising therapeutic target. TRIM24 is stabilized in SPOP-mutated prostate cancers, but the regulation of TRIM24 in wild-type prostate cancers is unknown. Here, the authors show that TRIM28 interacts with TRIM24 to prevent SPOP-mediated ubiquitination of TRIM24 and enhances TRIM24 and AR signaling to induce prostate cancer tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Wing Fong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan C Zhao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bing Song
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bin Zheng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jindan Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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113
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Boysen G, Rodrigues DN, Rescigno P, Seed G, Dolling D, Riisnaes R, Crespo M, Zafeiriou Z, Sumanasuriya S, Bianchini D, Hunt J, Moloney D, Perez-Lopez R, Tunariu N, Miranda S, Figueiredo I, Ferreira A, Christova R, Gil V, Aziz S, Bertan C, de Oliveira FM, Atkin M, Clarke M, Goodall J, Sharp A, MacDonald T, Rubin MA, Yuan W, Barbieri CE, Carreira S, Mateo J, de Bono JS. SPOP-Mutated/CHD1-Deleted Lethal Prostate Cancer and Abiraterone Sensitivity. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5585-5593. [PMID: 30068710 PMCID: PMC6830304 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: CHD1 deletions and SPOP mutations frequently cooccur in prostate cancer with lower frequencies reported in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We monitored CHD1 expression during disease progression and assessed the molecular and clinical characteristics of CHD1-deleted/SPOP-mutated metastatic CRPC (mCRPC).Experimental Design: We identified 89 patients with mCRPC who had hormone-naive and castration-resistant tumor samples available: These were analyzed for CHD1, PTEN, and ERG expression by IHC. SPOP status was determined by targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). We studied the correlations between these biomarkers and (i) overall survival from diagnosis; (ii) overall survival from CRPC; (iii) duration of abiraterone treatment; and (iv) response to abiraterone. Relationship with outcome was analyzed using Cox regression and log-rank analyses.Results: CHD1 protein loss was detected in 11 (15%) and 13 (17%) of hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC) and CRPC biopsies, respectively. Comparison of CHD1 expression was feasible in 56 matched, same patient HSPC and CRPC biopsies. CHD1 protein status in HSPC and CRPC correlated in 55 of 56 cases (98%). We identified 22 patients with somatic SPOP mutations, with six of these mutations not reported previously in prostate cancer. SPOP mutations and/or CHD1 loss was associated with a higher response rate to abiraterone (SPOP: OR, 14.50 P = 0.001; CHD1: OR, 7.30, P = 0.08) and a longer time on abiraterone (SPOP: HR, 0.37, P = 0.002, CHD1: HR, 0.50, P = 0.06).Conclusions: SPOP-mutated mCRPCs are strongly enriched for CHD1 loss. These tumors appear highly sensitive to abiraterone treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 24(22); 5585-93. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pasquale Rescigno
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Seed
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Dolling
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Riisnaes
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mateus Crespo
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zafeiris Zafeiriou
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Semini Sumanasuriya
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diletta Bianchini
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Hunt
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deirdre Moloney
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nina Tunariu
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ana Ferreira
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Veronica Gil
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Aziz
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mark Atkin
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jane Goodall
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Sharp
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa MacDonald
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wei Yuan
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Barbieri
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | | | - Joaquin Mateo
- Vall D'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johann S de Bono
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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114
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Bell DW, Ellenson LH. Molecular Genetics of Endometrial Carcinoma. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2018; 14:339-367. [PMID: 30332563 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most commonly diagnosed gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Endometrioid endometrial carcinomas constitute approximately 85% of newly diagnosed cases; serous carcinomas represent approximately 3-10% of diagnoses; clear cell carcinoma accounts for <5% of diagnoses; and uterine carcinosarcomas are rare, biphasic tumors. Longstanding molecular observations implicate PTEN inactivation as a major driver of endometrioid carcinomas; TP53 inactivation as a major driver of most serous carcinomas, some high-grade endometrioid carcinomas, and many uterine carcinosarcomas; and inactivation of either gene as drivers of some clear cell carcinomas. In the past decade, targeted gene and exome sequencing have uncovered additional pathogenic aberrations in each histotype. Moreover, an integrated genomic analysis by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) resulted in the molecular classification of endometrioid and serous carcinomas into four distinct subgroups, POLE (ultramutated), microsatellite instability (hypermutated), copy number low (endometrioid), and copy number high (serous-like). In this review, we provide an overview of the major molecular features of the aforementioned histopathological subtypes and TCGA subgroups and discuss potential prognostic and therapeutic implications for endometrial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne W Bell
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Lora Hedrick Ellenson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10065, USA;
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115
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Cancer Mutations of the Tumor Suppressor SPOP Disrupt the Formation of Active, Phase-Separated Compartments. Mol Cell 2018; 72:19-36.e8. [PMID: 30244836 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the tumor suppressor SPOP (speckle-type POZ protein) cause prostate, breast, and other solid tumors. SPOP is a substrate adaptor of the cullin3-RING ubiquitin ligase and localizes to nuclear speckles. Although cancer-associated mutations in SPOP interfere with substrate recruitment to the ligase, mechanisms underlying assembly of SPOP with its substrates in liquid nuclear bodies and effects of SPOP mutations on assembly are poorly understood. Here, we show that substrates trigger phase separation of SPOP in vitro and co-localization in membraneless organelles in cells. Enzymatic activity correlates with cellular co-localization and in vitro mesoscale assembly formation. Disease-associated SPOP mutations that lead to the accumulation of proto-oncogenic proteins interfere with phase separation and co-localization in membraneless organelles, suggesting that substrate-directed phase separation of this E3 ligase underlies the regulation of ubiquitin-dependent proteostasis.
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116
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SPOP suppresses prostate cancer through regulation of CYCLIN E1 stability. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:1156-1168. [PMID: 30237511 PMCID: PMC6748103 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SPOP is one of the important subunits for CUL3/SPOP/RBX1 complex tightly connected with tumorigenesis. However, its exact roles in different cancers remain debatable. Here, we identify CYCLIN E1, as a novel substrate for SPOP. SPOP directly interacts with CYCLIN E1 and specific regulates its stability in prostate cancer cell lines. SPOP/CUL3/RBX1 complex regulates CYCLIN E1 stability through poly-ubiquitination. CDK2 competes with SPOP for CYCLIN E1 interaction, suggesting that SPOP probably regulates the stability of CDK2-free CYCLIN E1. CYCLIN E1 expression rescued proliferation, migration, and tumor formation of prostate cancer cell suppressed by SPOP. Furthermore, we found SPOP selectively regulates the substrates’ stability and signaling pathways in prostate cancer and CCRC cell lines, suggesting that complicated mechanisms exist for SPOP to regulate substrate specificity. Altogether, we have revealed a novel mechanism for SPOP in suppressing prostate cancer and provided evidence to show SPOP has dual functions in prostate cancer and CCRC.
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117
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Wang B, Fan P, Zhao J, Wu H, Jin X, Wu H. FBP1 loss contributes to BET inhibitors resistance by undermining c-Myc expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:224. [PMID: 30201002 PMCID: PMC6131902 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0888-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal tumor types worldwide. BET inhibitors display anti-tumor activity in pancreatic cancer, however the cells often develop resistance after a long-term treatment and the underlying molecular basis is not fully understood. Methods Drug screening assay in Fructose-1, 6-biphosphatase (FBP1) knockdown or overexpressing pancreatic cancer cells was performed. Tumor cell motility, FBP1 protein and mRNA changes were investigated after BET inhibitors treatment. The interaction between TRIM28 and FBP1 after BET inhibitors treatment was examined by Co-immunoprecipitation (IP) and GST pull-down. The relationship between FBP1 and c-Myc was examined by western blot, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results The expression of FBP1 protein increased the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to JQ1. Furthermore, we showed that JQ1 stabilized FBP1 protein level by disrupting the interaction between FBP1 and TRIM28 in pancreatic cancer cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that FBP1 promoted c-Myc degradation through disrupting the ERK-c-Myc axis. Conclusions FBP1 modulates the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to BET inhibitors by decreasing the expression of c-Myc. These findings highlight FBP1 could be used as a therapeutic niche for patient-tailored therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0888-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ping Fan
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Heyu Wu
- Operating Room, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Heshui Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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118
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Wei X, Fried J, Li Y, Hu L, Gao M, Zhang S, Xu B. Functional roles of Speckle-Type Poz (SPOP) Protein in Genomic stability. J Cancer 2018; 9:3257-3262. [PMID: 30271484 PMCID: PMC6160670 DOI: 10.7150/jca.25930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the functional significance of the essential elements in maintaining genomic stability provides insights into the process of tumor initiation and progression, and predicts therapeutic responses. One such element that has recently attracted significant attention is the Speckle-Type Poz Protein (SPOP), an E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor protein. SPOP is frequently mutated or has altered expression in various cancers, including prostate, renal and endometrial. SPOP is involved in the regulation of proteasome-mediated degradation of several oncoproteins. Moreover, recent data also indicate SPOP's direct involvement in the DNA damage response. SPOP mutants induce alternations in the DNA damage repair pathway by promoting the error-prone Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. SPOP has been linked with significant functions in cellular signaling pathways and cancer suppression. This mini-review will discuss recent findings regarding SPOP's role in genomic stability in the pathological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wei
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasonography, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Joshua Fried
- Department of Oncology, Southern Research Institute and Cancer Cell Biology Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham Graduate School, Birmingham, AL, 35205.,Cancer Cell Biology Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Ying Li
- The Third Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Linfei Hu
- Department of Thyroid and Cervical Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Thyroid and Cervical Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasonography, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Oncology, Southern Research Institute and Cancer Cell Biology Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham Graduate School, Birmingham, AL, 35205.,Cancer Cell Biology Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center Birmingham, AL 35205, USA.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
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119
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Abstract
Despite the high long-term survival in localized prostate cancer, metastatic prostate cancer remains largely incurable even after intensive multimodal therapy. The lethality of advanced disease is driven by the lack of therapeutic regimens capable of generating durable responses in the setting of extreme tumor heterogeneity on the genetic and cell biological levels. Here, we review available prostate cancer model systems, the prostate cancer genome atlas, cellular and functional heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment, tumor-intrinsic and tumor-extrinsic mechanisms underlying therapeutic resistance, and technological advances focused on disease detection and management. These advances, along with an improved understanding of the adaptive responses to conventional cancer therapies, anti-androgen therapy, and immunotherapy, are catalyzing development of more effective therapeutic strategies for advanced disease. In particular, knowledge of the heterotypic interactions between and coevolution of cancer and host cells in the tumor microenvironment has illuminated novel therapeutic combinations with a strong potential for more durable therapeutic responses and eventual cures for advanced disease. Improved disease management will also benefit from artificial intelligence-based expert decision support systems for proper standard of care, prognostic determinant biomarkers to minimize overtreatment of localized disease, and new standards of care accelerated by next-generation adaptive clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocan Wang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Di Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Denise J Spring
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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120
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Wang J, Qiu Z, Wu Y. Ubiquitin Regulation: The Histone Modifying Enzyme's Story. Cells 2018; 7:cells7090118. [PMID: 30150556 PMCID: PMC6162602 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications influence many fundamental cellular events by regulating chromatin structure and gene transcriptional activity. These modifications are highly dynamic and tightly controlled, with many enzymes devoted to the addition and removal of these modifications. Interestingly, these modifying enzymes are themselves fine-tuned and precisely regulated at the level of protein turnover by ubiquitin-proteasomal processing. Here, we focus on recent progress centered on the mechanisms regulating ubiquitination of histone modifying enzymes, including ubiquitin proteasomal degradation and the reverse process of deubiquitination. We will also discuss the potential pathophysiological significance of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, KY 40506, USA.
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Zhaoping Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, KY 40506, USA.
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Yadi Wu
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, KY 40506, USA.
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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121
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Liao S, Maertens O, Cichowski K, Elledge SJ. Genetic modifiers of the BRD4-NUT dependency of NUT midline carcinoma uncovers a synergism between BETis and CDK4/6is. Genes Dev 2018; 32:1188-1200. [PMID: 30135075 PMCID: PMC6120715 DOI: 10.1101/gad.315648.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Using CRISPR and ORF expression screens, Liao et al. systematically examined the ability of cancer drivers to mediate resistance of NUT midline carcinoma (NMC) to bromodomain and extraterminal domain inhibitors (BETis) and uncovered six general classes/pathways mediating resistance. Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) domain inhibitors (BETis) show efficacy on NUT midline carcinoma (NMC). However, not all NMC patients respond, and responders eventually develop resistance and relapse. Using CRISPR and ORF expression screens, we systematically examined the ability of cancer drivers to mediate resistance of NMC to BETis and uncovered six general classes/pathways mediating resistance. Among these, we showed that RRAS2 attenuated the effect of JQ1 in part by sustaining ERK pathway function during BRD4 inhibition. Furthermore, overexpression of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), mediated BETi resistance in NMC cells through restoration of the E2F and MYC gene expression program. Finally, we found that expression of cyclin D1 or an oncogenic cyclin D3 mutant or RB1 loss protected NMC cells from BETi-induced cell cycle arrest. Consistent with these findings, cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors showed synergistic effects with BETis on NMC in vitro as well as in vivo, thereby establishing a potential two-drug therapy for NMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sida Liao
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Program in Virology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ophélia Maertens
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Karen Cichowski
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Program in Virology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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122
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Jin X, Yan Y, Wang D, Ding D, Ma T, Ye Z, Jimenez R, Wang L, Wu H, Huang H. DUB3 Promotes BET Inhibitor Resistance and Cancer Progression by Deubiquitinating BRD4. Mol Cell 2018; 71:592-605.e4. [PMID: 30057199 PMCID: PMC6086352 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) protein BRD4 is emerging as a promising anticancer therapeutic target. However, resistance to BET inhibitors often occurs, and it has been linked to aberrant degradation of BRD4 protein in cancer. Here, we demonstrate that the deubiquitinase DUB3 binds to BRD4 and promotes its deubiquitination and stabilization. Expression of DUB3 is transcriptionally repressed by the NCOR2-HDAC10 complex. The NCOR2 gene is frequently deleted in castration-resistant prostate cancer patient specimens, and loss of NCOR2 induces elevation of DUB3 and BRD4 proteins in cancer cells. DUB3-proficient prostate cancer cells are resistant to the BET inhibitor JQ1 in vitro and in mice, but this effect is diminished by DUB3 inhibitory agents such as CDK4/6 inhibitor in a RB-independent manner. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized mechanism causing BRD4 upregulation and drug resistance, suggesting that DUB3 is a viable therapeutic target to overcome BET inhibitor resistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yuqian Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Dejie Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Donglin Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhenqing Ye
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rafael Jimenez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Liguo Wang
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Heshui Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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123
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Frank S, Nelson P, Vasioukhin V. Recent advances in prostate cancer research: large-scale genomic analyses reveal novel driver mutations and DNA repair defects. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30135717 PMCID: PMC6073096 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14499.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a disease of mutated and misregulated genes. However, primary prostate tumors have relatively few mutations, and only three genes (
ERG,
PTEN, and
SPOP) are recurrently mutated in more than 10% of primary tumors. On the other hand, metastatic castration-resistant tumors have more mutations, but, with the exception of the androgen receptor gene (
AR), no single gene is altered in more than half of tumors. Structural genomic rearrangements are common, including
ERG fusions, copy gains involving the
MYC locus, and copy losses containing
PTEN. Overall, instead of being associated with a single dominant driver event, prostate tumors display various combinations of modifications in oncogenes and tumor suppressors. This review takes a broad look at the recent advances in PCa research, including understanding the genetic alterations that drive the disease and how specific mutations can sensitize tumors to potential therapies. We begin with an overview of the genomic landscape of primary and metastatic PCa, enabled by recent large-scale sequencing efforts. Advances in three-dimensional cell culture techniques and mouse models for PCa are also discussed, and particular emphasis is placed on the benefits of patient-derived xenograft models. We also review research into understanding how ETS fusions (in particular,
TMPRSS2-ERG) and
SPOP mutations contribute to tumor initiation. Next, we examine the recent findings on the prevalence of germline DNA repair mutations in about 12% of patients with metastatic disease and their potential benefit from the use of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and immune modulation. Lastly, we discuss the recent increased prevalence of AR-negative tumors (neuroendocrine and double-negative) and the current state of immunotherapy in PCa. AR remains the primary clinical target for PCa therapies; however, it does not act alone, and better understanding of supporting mutations may help guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Frank
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Valeri Vasioukhin
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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124
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SPOP promotes ATF2 ubiquitination and degradation to suppress prostate cancer progression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:145. [PMID: 29996942 PMCID: PMC6042370 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0809-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Next-generation sequencing of the exome and genome of prostate cancers has identified numerous genetic alterations. SPOP (Speckle-type POZ Protein) is one of the most frequently mutated genes in primary prostate cancer, suggesting that SPOP may be a potential driver of prostate cancer. The aim of this work was to investigate how SPOP mutations contribute to prostate cancer development and progression. Methods To identify molecular mediators of the tumor suppressive function of SPOP, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen in a HeLa cDNA library using the full-length SPOP as bait. Immunoprecipitation and Western Blotting were used to analyze the interaction between SPOP and ATF2. Cell migration and invasion were determined by Transwell assays. Immunohistochemistry were used to analyze protein levels in patients’ tumor samples. Results Here we identified ATF2 as a bona fide substrate of the SPOP-CUL3-RBX1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. SPOP recognizes multiple Ser/Thr (S/T)-rich degrons in ATF2 and triggers ATF2 degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Strikingly, prostate cancer-associated mutants of SPOP are defective in promoting ATF2 degradation in prostate cancer cells and contribute to facilitating prostate cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Conclusion SPOP promotes ATF2 ubiquitination and degradation, and ATF2 is an important mediator of SPOP inactivation-induced cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0809-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will examine the taxonomy of PCa subclasses across disease states, explore the relationship among specific alterations, and highlight current clinical relevance. RECENT FINDINGS Prostate cancer (PCa) is driven by multiple genomic alterations, with distinct patterns and clinical implications. Alterations occurring early in the timeline of the disease define core subtypes of localized, treatment-naive PCa. With time, an increase in number and severity of genomic alterations adds molecular complexity and is associated with progression to metastasis. These later events are not random and are influenced by the underlying subclasses. All the subclasses of localized disease initially respond to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), but with progression to castrate-resistant PCa (CRPC), mechanisms of resistance against ADT shift the molecular landscape. In CRPC, resistance mechanisms largely define the biology and sub-classification of these cancers, while clinical relevance and opportunities for precision therapy are still being defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveri Arora
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Belfer Research Building, BRB 1452, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher E Barbieri
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Belfer Research Building, BRB 1452, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA. .,Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Englander Institute for Precision Medicine of Weill Cornell Medicine and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
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126
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Nevedomskaya E, Baumgart SJ, Haendler B. Recent Advances in Prostate Cancer Treatment and Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051359. [PMID: 29734647 PMCID: PMC5983695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel drugs, drug sequences and combinations have improved the outcome of prostate cancer in recent years. The latest approvals include abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide and apalutamide which target androgen receptor (AR) signaling, radium-223 dichloride for reduction of bone metastases, sipuleucel-T immunotherapy and taxane-based chemotherapy. Adding abiraterone acetate to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in order to achieve complete androgen blockade has proven highly beneficial for treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer and metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). Also, ADT together with docetaxel treatment showed significant benefit in mHSPC. Ongoing clinical trials for different subgroups of prostate cancer patients include the evaluation of the second-generation AR antagonists enzalutamide, apalutamide and darolutamide, of inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, of inhibitors of DNA damage response, of targeted alpha therapy and of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeting approaches. Advanced clinical studies with immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown limited benefits in prostate cancer and more trials are needed to demonstrate efficacy. The identification of improved, personalized treatments will be much supported by the major progress recently made in the molecular characterization of early- and late-stage prostate cancer using “omics” technologies. This has already led to novel classifications of prostate tumors based on gene expression profiles and mutation status, and should greatly help in the choice of novel targeted therapies best tailored to the needs of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Nevedomskaya
- Therapeutic Research Groups, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Simon J Baumgart
- Therapeutic Research Groups, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bernard Haendler
- Therapeutic Research Groups, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Sakaguchi T, Yoshino H, Sugita S, Miyamoto K, Yonemori M, Osako Y, Meguro-Horike M, Horike SI, Nakagawa M, Enokida H. Bromodomain protein BRD4 inhibitor JQ1 regulates potential prognostic molecules in advanced renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23003-23017. [PMID: 29796168 PMCID: PMC5955408 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sunitinib is a standard molecular-targeted drug used as a first-line treatment for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC); however, resistance to sunitinib has become a major problem in medical practice. Recently, bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4), a member of the bromodomain family proteins, was identified as a promising therapeutic target, and its inhibitor JQ1 has been shown to have inhibitory effects in various human cancers. However, the anti-cancer effects of JQ1 in ccRCC, particularly sunitinib-resistant ccRCC, are still unclear. Here, we aimed to elucidate the anti-cancer effects of JQ1 and the mechanisms underlying BRD4 inhibition in sunitinib-sensitive and -resistant ccRCCs. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) ccRCC cohort showed that patients with high BRD4 expression had shorter overall survival than those with low expression. JQ1 treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth of sunitinib-sensitive and -resistant ccRCC cells in part through MYC regulation. Based on RNA sequencing analyses of ccRCC cells treated with JQ1 to elucidate the mechanisms other than MYC regulation, we identified several oncogenes that may be potential therapeutic targets or prognostic markers; patients with high expression of SCG5, SPOCD1, RGS19, and ARHGAP22 had poorer overall survival than those with low expression in TCGA ccRCC cohort. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that these oncogenes may be promising BRD4 targets, particularly in sunitinib-resistant ccRCC cells. These results identified SCG5, SPOCD1, RGS19, and ARHGAP22 as potential prognostic markers and showed that BRD4 inhibition may have applications as a potential therapeutic approach in sunitinib-sensitive and -resistant ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sakaguchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshino
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sugita
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Miyamoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masaya Yonemori
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoichi Osako
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makiko Meguro-Horike
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Horike
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Enokida
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Ruggero K, Farran-Matas S, Martinez-Tebar A, Aytes A. Epigenetic Regulation in Prostate Cancer Progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:101-115. [PMID: 29888169 PMCID: PMC5976687 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-018-0095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review An important number of newly identified molecular alterations in prostate cancer affect gene encoding master regulators of chromatin biology epigenetic regulation. This review will provide an updated view of the key epigenetic mechanisms underlying prostate cancer progression, therapy resistance, and potential actionable mechanisms and biomarkers. Recent Findings Key players in chromatin biology and epigenetic master regulators has been recently described to be crucially altered in metastatic CRPC and tumors that progress to AR independency. As such, epigenetic dysregulation represents a driving mechanism in the reprograming of prostate cancer cells as they lose AR-imposed identity. Summary Chromatin integrity and accessibility for transcriptional regulation are key features altered in cancer progression, and particularly relevant in nuclear hormone receptor-driven tumors like prostate cancer. Understanding how chromatin remodeling dictates prostate development and how its deregulation contributes to prostate cancer onset and progression may improve risk stratification and treatment selection for prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Ruggero
- Programs of Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutics in Oncology (ONCOBell), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, Granvia de l'Hopitalet, 199 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Farran-Matas
- Programs of Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutics in Oncology (ONCOBell), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, Granvia de l'Hopitalet, 199 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Martinez-Tebar
- Programs of Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutics in Oncology (ONCOBell), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, Granvia de l'Hopitalet, 199 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Aytes
- Programs of Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutics in Oncology (ONCOBell), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, Granvia de l'Hopitalet, 199 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.,Programs of Cancer Therapeutics Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
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Stathis A, Bertoni F. BET Proteins as Targets for Anticancer Treatment. Cancer Discov 2017; 8:24-36. [PMID: 29263030 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Istituto Oncologico di Ricerca, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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130
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Markowski MC, De Marzo AM, Antonarakis ES. BET inhibitors in metastatic prostate cancer: therapeutic implications and rational drug combinations. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:1391-1397. [PMID: 29032717 PMCID: PMC9774043 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1393518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family of proteins are epigenetic readers of acetylated histones regulating a vast network of protein expression across many different cancers. Therapeutic targeting of BET is an attractive area of clinical development for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), particularly due to its putative effect on c-MYC expression and its interaction with the androgen receptor (AR). Areas covered: We speculate that a combination approach using inhibitors of BET proteins (BETi) with other targeted therapies may be required to improve the therapeutic index of BET inhibition in the management of prostate cancer. Preclinical data has identified several molecular targets that may enhance the effect of BET inhibition in the clinic. This review will summarize the known preclinical data implicating BET as an important therapeutic target in advanced prostate cancer, highlight the ongoing clinical trials targeting this protein family, and speculate on rationale combination strategies using BETi together with other agents in prostate cancer. A literature search using Pubmed was performed for this review. Expert opinion: Use of BETi in the treatment of mCRPC patients may require the addition of a second novel agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Markowski
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology, Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel S. Antonarakis
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology, Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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131
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Shen G, Jiang M, Pu J. Dual inhibition of BRD4 and PI3K by SF2523 suppresses human prostate cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:567-573. [PMID: 29133261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) are both key oncogenic proteins in human prostate cancer. In the current study, we examined the anti-prostate cancer cell activity by SF2523, a BRD4 and PI3K dual inhibitor. We showed that SF2523 potently inhibited survival and proliferation of the primary human prostate cancer cells. SF2523 induced profound apoptosis activation in prostate cancer cells. The dual inhibitor was yet non-cytotoxic to the prostate epithelial cells. At the molecular level, SF2523 downregulated BRD4-regulated genes (cyclin D1, c-Myc and androgen receptor) and almost blocked AKT-S6K1 activation in prostate cancer cells. In vivo, SF2523 intraperitoneal administration at the well-tolerated dose inhibited human prostate cancer xenograft growth in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. BRD4-regulated genes (cyclin D1, c-Myc and androgen receptor) and AKT-S6K1 activation were inhibited in SF2523-treated tumors. Together, dual inhibition of BRD4 and PI3K by SF2523 suppresses human prostate cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Shen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Minjun Jiang
- Department of Urology, Wujiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinxian Pu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Functional analysis of Cullin 3 E3 ligases in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1869:11-28. [PMID: 29128526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cullin 3-RING ligases (CRL3) play pivotal roles in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes, including neoplastic events. The substrate adaptors of CRL3 typically contain a BTB domain that mediates the interaction between Cullin 3 and target substrates to promote their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. The biological implications of CRL3 adaptor proteins have been well described where they have been found to play a role as either an oncogene, tumor suppressor, or can mediate either of these effects in a context-dependent manner. Among the extensively studied CRL3-based E3 ligases, the role of the adaptor protein SPOP (speckle type BTB/POZ protein) in tumorigenesis appears to be tissue or cellular context dependent. Specifically, SPOP acts as a tumor suppressor via destabilizing downstream oncoproteins in many malignancies, especially in prostate cancer. However, SPOP has largely an oncogenic role in kidney cancer. Keap1, another well-characterized CRL3 adaptor protein, likely serves as a tumor suppressor within diverse malignancies, mainly due to its specific turnover of its downstream oncogenic substrate, NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2). In accordance with the physiological role the various CRL3 adaptors exhibit, several pharmacological agents have been developed to disrupt its E3 ligase activity, therefore blocking its potential oncogenic activity to mitigate tumorigenesis.
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134
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Fennell
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark A Dawson
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, and in the Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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135
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Stone L. Prostate cancer: Place your BETs. Nat Rev Urol 2017; 14:585. [PMID: 28858337 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2017.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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