101
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Jung D, York JP, Wang L, Yang C, Zhang A, Francis HL, Webb P, McKeehan WL, Alpini G, Lesage GD, Moore DD, Xia X. FXR-induced secretion of FGF15/19 inhibits CYP27 expression in cholangiocytes through p38 kinase pathway. Pflugers Arch 2013; 466:1011-9. [PMID: 24068255 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, bile duct lining cells, actively adjust the amount of cholesterol and bile acids in bile through expression of enzymes and channels involved in transportation and metabolism of the cholesterol and bile acids. Herein, we report molecular mechanisms regulating bile acid biosynthesis in cholangiocytes. Among the cytochrome p450 (Cyp) enzymes involved in bile acid biosynthesis, sterol 27-hydroxylase (Cyp27) that is the rate-limiting enzyme for the acidic pathway of bile acid biosynthesis expressed in cholangiocytes. Expression of other Cyp enzymes for the basic bile acid biosynthesis was hardly detected. The Cyp27 expression was negatively regulated by a hydrophobic bile acid through farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor activated by bile acid ligands. Activated FXR exerted the negative effects by inducing an expression of fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19). Similar to its repressive function against cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) expression in hepatocytes, secreted FGF15/19 triggered Cyp27 repression in cholangiocytes through interaction with its cognate receptor fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4). The involvements of FXR and FGFR4 for the bile acid-induced Cyp27 repression were confirmed in vivo using knockout mouse models. Different from the signaling in hepatocytes, wherein the FGF15/19-induced repression signaling is mediated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), FGF15/19-induced Cyp27 repression in cholangiocytes was mediated by p38 kinase. Thus, the results collectively suggest that cholangiocytes may be able to actively regulate bile acid biosynthesis in cholangiocytes and even hepatocyte by secreting FGF15/19. We suggest the presence of cholangiocyte-mediated intrahepatic feedback loop in addition to the enterohepatic feedback loop against bile acid biosynthesis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongju Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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102
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Differential activation of the human farnesoid X receptor depends on the pattern of expressed isoforms and the bile acid pool composition. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:926-39. [PMID: 23928191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a key sensor in bile acid homeostasis. Although four human FXR isoforms have been identified, the physiological role of this diversity is poorly understood. Here we investigated their subcellular localization, agonist sensitivity and response of target genes. Measurement of mRNA revealed that liver predominantly expressed FXRα1(+/-), whereas FXRα2(+/-) were the most abundant isoforms in kidney and intestine. In all cases, the proportion of FXRα(1/2)(+) and FXRα(1/2)(-) isoforms, i.e., with and without a 12bp insert, respectively, was approximately 50%. When FXR was expressed in liver and intestinal cells the magnitude of the response to GW4064 and bile acids differs among FXR isoforms. In both cell types the strongest response was that of FXRα1(-). Different efficacy of bile acids species to activate FXR was found. The four FXR isoforms shared the order of sensitivity to bile acids species. When in FXR-deficient cells FXR was transfected, unconjugated, but not taurine- and glycine-amidated bile acids, were able to activate FXR. In contrast, human hepatocytes and cell lines showing an endogenous expression of FXR were sensitive to both unconjugated and conjugated bile acids. This suggests that to activate FXR conjugated, but not unconjugated, bile acids require additional component(s) of the intracellular machinery not related with uptake processes, which are missing in some tumor cells. In conclusion, cell-specific pattern of FXR isoforms determine the overall tissue sensitivity to FXR agonists and may be involved in the differential response of FXR target genes to FXR activation.
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103
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Sharma KL, Misra S, Kumar A, Mittal B. Association of liver X receptors (LXRs) genetic variants to gallbladder cancer susceptibility. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:3959-66. [PMID: 23838803 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) α and β are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the family of nuclear receptors. LXRs play role in control of lipid homeostasis, glucose metabolism, inflammation, and proliferation. LXRs are expressed in gallbladder cholangiocytes and recent studies have shown that LXR-β (-/-) Mice exhibit an estrogen-dependent gallbladder carcinogenesis. However, there are no studies reported in humans. Therefore, using case-control design in the present study, we have evaluated the associations of LXR-α (rs7120118) and LXR-β (rs35463555 and rs2695121) genetic variants with gallbladder cancer (GBC) susceptibility in 400 cases and 200 controls. Genotypes were determined by TaqMan probes. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS and SNPstats. In silico analysis was performed using Bioinformatics tools (F-SNP, FAST-SNP). LXR-β genotypes (rs35463555) [GA + AA] and (rs2695121) [TC + CC] were associated with risk of GBC [OR = 1.46, p = 0.03; OR = 1.52, p = 0.01, respectively] as compared to healthy controls whereas LXR-α (rs7120118) was not associated with GBC risk. LXR-β haplotype [Ars35463555-Crs2695121] showed statistical significant association with GBC [OR = 5.0, p = 0.03]. On stratification based on gender, LXR-β [GA + AA] and [TC + CC] genotypes were found to be significantly associated in females GBC patients [OR = 1.5, p = 0.04; OR = 1.7, p = 0.005, respectively]. The LXR-β [TC + CC] associated with GBC patients with gallstones [OR; 1.8, p = 0.002]. The genetic risk by LXR-β was not modulated by tobacco consumption or age of onset. In silico analysis using FAST-SNP showed "Low-medium risk" by LXR-β (rs2695121) T > C variation. Our results suggest that LXR-β polymorphisms influence gallbladder cancer susceptibility through estrogen and gallstone-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Lata Sharma
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India,
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104
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Langhi C, Pedraz-Cuesta E, Haro D, Marrero PF, Rodríguez JC. Regulation of human class I alcohol dehydrogenases by bile acids. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2475-84. [PMID: 23772048 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m039404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Class I alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH1s) are the rate-limiting enzymes for ethanol and vitamin A (retinol) metabolism in the liver. Because previous studies have shown that human ADH1 enzymes may participate in bile acid metabolism, we investigated whether the bile acid-activated nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates ADH1 genes. In human hepatocytes, both the endogenous FXR ligand chenodeoxycholic acid and synthetic FXR-specific agonist GW4064 increased ADH1 mRNA, protein, and activity. Moreover, overexpression of a constitutively active form of FXR induced ADH1A and ADH1B expression, whereas silencing of FXR abolished the effects of FXR agonists on ADH1 expression and activity. Transient transfection studies and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed functional FXR response elements in the ADH1A and ADH1B proximal promoters, thus indicating that both genes are direct targets of FXR. These findings provide the first evidence for direct connection of bile acid signaling and alcohol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Langhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine of University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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105
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Egan CE, Daugherity EK, Rogers AB, Abi Abdallah DS, Denkers EY, Maurer KJ. CCR2 and CD44 promote inflammatory cell recruitment during fatty liver formation in a lithogenic diet fed mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65247. [PMID: 23762326 PMCID: PMC3676479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common disease with a spectrum of presentations. The current study utilized a lithogenic diet model of NAFLD. The diet was fed to mice that are either resistant (AKR) or susceptible (BALB/c and C57BL/6) to hepatitis followed by molecular and flow cytometric analysis. Following this, a similar approach was taken in congenic mice with specific mutations in immunological genes. The initial study identified a significant and profound increase in multiple ligands for the chemokine receptor CCR2 and an increase in CD44 expression in susceptible C57BL/6 (B6) but not resistant AKR mice. Ccr2−/− mice were completely protected from hepatitis and Cd44−/− mice were partially protected. Despite protection from inflammation, both strains displayed similar histological steatosis scores and significant increases in serum liver enzymes. CD45+CD44+ cells bound to hyaluronic acid (HA) in diet fed B6 mice but not Cd44−/− or Ccr2−/− mice. Ccr2−/− mice displayed a diminished HA binding phenotype most notably in monocytes, and CD8+ T-cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that absence of CCR2 completely and CD44 partially reduces hepatic leukocyte recruitment. These data also provide evidence that there are multiple redundant CCR2 ligands produced during hepatic lipid accumulation and describes the induction of a strong HA binding phenotype in response to LD feeding in some subsets of leukocytes from susceptible strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E. Egan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Erin K. Daugherity
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Center for Animal Resources and Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Arlin B. Rogers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Delbert S. Abi Abdallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric Y. Denkers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Kirk J. Maurer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Center for Animal Resources and Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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106
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Bjursell M, Wedin M, Admyre T, Hermansson M, Böttcher G, Göransson M, Lindén D, Bamberg K, Oscarsson J, Bohlooly-Y M. Ageing Fxr deficient mice develop increased energy expenditure, improved glucose control and liver damage resembling NASH. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64721. [PMID: 23700488 PMCID: PMC3659114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4 (Nr1h4, FXR) is a bile acid activated nuclear receptor mainly expressed in the liver, intestine, kidney and adrenal glands. Upon activation, the primary function is to suppress cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1), the rate-limiting enzyme in the classic or neutral bile acid synthesis pathway. In the present study, a novel Fxr deficient mouse line was created and studied with respect to metabolism and liver function in ageing mice fed chow diet. The Fxr deficient mice were similar to wild type mice in terms of body weight, body composition, energy intake and expenditure as well as behaviours at a young age. However, from 15 weeks of age and onwards, the Fxr deficient mice had almost no body weight increase up to 39 weeks of age mainly because of lower body fat mass. The lower body weight gain was associated with increased energy expenditure that was not compensated by increased food intake. Fasting levels of glucose and insulin were lower and glucose tolerance was improved in old and lean Fxr deficient mice. However, the Fxr deficient mice displayed significantly increased liver weight, steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning degeneration and lobular inflammation together with elevated plasma levels of ALT, bilirubin and bile acids, findings compatible with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cholestasis. In conclusion, ageing Fxr deficient mice display late onset leanness associated with elevated energy expenditure and improved glucose control but develop severe NASH-like liver pathology.
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107
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Vaquero J, Briz O, Herraez E, Muntané J, Marin JJG. Activation of the nuclear receptor FXR enhances hepatocyte chemoprotection and liver tumor chemoresistance against genotoxic compounds. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2212-9. [PMID: 23680185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The success of pharmacological treatments in primary liver cancers is limited by the marked efficacy of mechanisms of chemoresistance already present in hepatocytes. The role of the nuclear receptor FXR is unclear. Although, in non-treated liver tumors, its expression is reduced, the refractoriness to anticancer drugs is high. Moreover, the treatment with cisplatin up-regulates FXR. The aim of this study was to investigate whether FXR is involved in stimulating chemoprotection/chemoresistance in healthy and tumor liver cells. In human hepatocytes, the activation of FXR with the agonist GW4064 resulted in a significant protection against cisplatin-induced toxicity. In human hepatoma Alexander cells, with negligible endogenous expression of FXR, GW4064 also protected against cisplatin-induced toxicity, but only if they were previously transfected with FXR/RXR. Investigation of 109 genes potentially involved in chemoresistance revealed that only ABCB4, TCEA2, CCL14, CCL15 and KRT13 were up-regulated by FXR activation both in human hepatocytes and FXR/RXR-expressing hepatoma cells. In both models, cisplatin, even in the absence of FXR agonists, such as bile acids and GW4064, was able to up-regulate FXR targets genes, which was due to FXR-mediated trans-activation of response elements in the promoter region. FXR-dependent chemoprotection was also efficient against other DNA-damaging compounds, such as doxorubicin, mitomycin C and potassium dichromate, but not against non-genotoxic drugs, such as colchicine, paclitaxel, acetaminophen, artesunate and sorafenib. In conclusion, ligand-dependent and independent activation of FXR stimulates mechanisms able to enhance the chemoprotection of hepatocytes against genotoxic compounds and to reduce the response of liver tumor cells to certain pharmacological treatments.
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108
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Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases encompass a wide spectrum of disorders with different causes, resulting in impaired bile flow and accumulation of bile acids and other potentially hepatotoxic cholephils. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms of bile formation and cholestasis has recently improved significantly through new insights into nuclear receptor (patho)biology. Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors, which act as central players in the regulation of genes responsible for elimination and detoxification of biliary constituents accumulating in cholestasis. They also control other pathophysiologic processes such as inflammation, fibrogenesis, and carcinogenesis involved in the pathogenesis and disease progression of cholestasis liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emina Halilbasic
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Baghdasaryan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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109
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Smith Z, Ryerson D, Kemper JK. Epigenomic regulation of bile acid metabolism: emerging role of transcriptional cofactors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 368:59-70. [PMID: 22579755 PMCID: PMC3473118 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The traditional role of bile acids is to simply facilitate absorption and digestion of lipid nutrients, but bile acids also act as endocrine signaling molecules that activate nuclear and membrane receptors to control integrative metabolism and energy balance. The mechanisms by which bile acid signals are integrated to regulate target genes are, however, largely unknown. Recently emerging evidence has shown that transcriptional cofactors sense metabolic changes and modulate gene transcription by mediating reversible epigenomic post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones and chromatin remodeling. Importantly, targeting these epigenomic changes has been a successful approach for treating human diseases, especially cancer. Here, we review emerging roles of transcriptional cofactors in the epigenomic regulation of liver metabolism, especially focusing on bile acid metabolism. Targeting PTMs of histones and chromatin remodelers, together with the bile acid-activated receptors, may provide new therapeutic options for bile acid-related disease, such as cholestasis, obesity, diabetes, and entero-hepatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Smith
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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110
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Matsubara T, Li F, Gonzalez FJ. FXR signaling in the enterohepatic system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 368:17-29. [PMID: 22609541 PMCID: PMC3491147 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterohepatic circulation serves to capture bile acids and other steroid metabolites produced in the liver and secreted to the intestine, for reabsorption back into the circulation and reuptake to the liver. This process is under tight regulation by nuclear receptor signaling. Bile acids, produced from cholesterol, can alter gene expression in the liver and small intestine via activating the nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4), pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2), vitamin D receptor (VDR; NR1I1), G protein coupled receptor TGR5, and other cell signaling pathways (JNK1/2, AKT and ERK1/2). Among these controls, FXR is known to be a major bile acid-responsive ligand-activated transcription factor and a crucial control element for maintaining bile acid homeostasis. FXR has a high affinity for several major endogenous bile acids, notably cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and lithocholic acid. By responding to excess bile acids, FXR is a bridge between the liver and small intestine to control bile acid levels and regulate bile acid synthesis and enterohepatic flow. FXR is highly expressed in the liver and gut, relative to other tissues, and contributes to the maintenance of cholesterol/bile acid homeostasis by regulating a variety of metabolic enzymes and transporters. FXR activation also affects lipid and glucose metabolism, and can influence drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Matsubara
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Fei Li
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Correspondence: Frank J. Gonzalez, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 3106, Bethesda, MD 20892, Tel: 301-496-9067, Fax: 301-496-8419,
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111
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Abu-Hayyeh S, Papacleovoulou G, Lövgren-Sandblom A, Tahir M, Oduwole O, Jamaludin NA, Ravat S, Nikolova V, Chambers J, Selden C, Rees M, Marschall HU, Parker MG, Williamson C. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy levels of sulfated progesterone metabolites inhibit farnesoid X receptor resulting in a cholestatic phenotype. Hepatology 2013; 57:716-26. [PMID: 22961653 PMCID: PMC3592994 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is the most prevalent pregnancy-specific liver disease and is associated with an increased risk of adverse fetal outcomes, including preterm labor and intrauterine death. The endocrine signals that cause cholestasis are not known but 3α-sulfated progesterone metabolites have been shown to be elevated in ICP, leading us to study the impact of sulfated progesterone metabolites on farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-mediated bile acid homeostasis pathways. Here we report that the 3β-sulfated progesterone metabolite epiallopregnanolone sulfate is supraphysiologically raised in the serum of ICP patients. Mice challenged with cholic acid developed hypercholanemia and a hepatic gene expression profile indicative of FXR activation. However, coadministration of epiallopregnanolone sulfate with cholic acid exacerbated the hypercholanemia and resulted in aberrant gene expression profiles for hepatic bile acid-responsive genes consistent with cholestasis. We demonstrate that levels of epiallopregnanolone sulfate found in ICP can function as a partial agonist for FXR, resulting in the aberrant expression of bile acid homeostasis genes in hepatoma cell lines and primary human hepatocytes. Furthermore, epiallopregnanolone sulfate inhibition of FXR results in reduced FXR-mediated bile acid efflux and secreted FGF19. Using cofactor recruitment assays, we show that epiallopregnanolone sulfate competitively inhibits bile acid-mediated recruitment of cofactor motifs to the FXR-ligand binding domain. CONCLUSION Our results reveal a novel molecular interaction between ICP-associated levels of the 3β-sulfated progesterone metabolite epiallopregnanolone sulfate and FXR that couples the endocrine component of pregnancy in ICP to abnormal bile acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Abu-Hayyeh
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Georgia Papacleovoulou
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Anita Lövgren-Sandblom
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholm, Sweden
| | - Mehreen Tahir
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Olayiwola Oduwole
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Nurul Akmal Jamaludin
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Sabiha Ravat
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Vanya Nikolova
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Jenny Chambers
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Clare Selden
- UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus University College Medical SchoolLondon, UK
| | - Myrddin Rees
- North Hampshire Hospital National Health Service TrustBasingstoke, Hampshire, UK
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malcolm G Parker
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Catherine Williamson
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
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112
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Halilbasic E, Claudel T, Trauner M. Bile acid transporters and regulatory nuclear receptors in the liver and beyond. J Hepatol 2013; 58:155-68. [PMID: 22885388 PMCID: PMC3526785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid (BA) transporters are critical for maintenance of the enterohepatic BA circulation where BAs exert their multiple physiological functions including stimulation of bile flow, intestinal absorption of lipophilic nutrients, solubilization and excretion of cholesterol, as well as antimicrobial and metabolic effects. Tight regulation of BA transporters via nuclear receptors is necessary to maintain proper BA homeostasis. Hereditary and acquired defects of BA transporters are involved in the pathogenesis of several hepatobiliary disorders including cholestasis, gallstones, fatty liver disease and liver cancer, but also play a role in intestinal and metabolic disorders beyond the liver. Thus, pharmacological modification of BA transporters and their regulatory nuclear receptors opens novel treatment strategies for a wide range of disorders.
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Key Words
- bile acids, cholestasis, fatty liver disease, gallstones, liver regeneration, liver cancer
- 6-ecdca, 6-ethylchenodeoxycholic acid
- ae2, anion exchanger 2
- abcg5/8, cholesterol efflux pump, atp-binding cassette, subfamily g, member 5/8
- ba, bile acid
- ampk, amp activated protein kinase
- bcrp (abcg2), breast cancer resistance protein, atp-binding cassette, subfamily g, member 2
- bric, benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis
- bsep (abcb11), bile salt export pump
- car (nr1i3), constitutive androstane receptor
- egfr, epidermal growth factor receptor
- fgf15/19, fibroblast growth factor 15/19
- fxr (nr1h4), farnesoid x receptor/bile acid receptor
- glp-1, glucagon like peptide 1
- gr (nr3c1), glucocorticoid receptor
- hcc, hepatocellular carcinoma
- hnf1α, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha
- hnf4α (nr2a1), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha
- ibabp (fabp6, ilbp), intestinal bile acid-binding protein, fatty acid-binding protein 6
- icp, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
- il6, interleukin 6
- lca, lithocholic acid
- lrh-1 (nr5a2), liver receptor homolog-1
- lxrα (nr1h3), liver x receptor alpha
- mdr1 (abcb1), p-glycoprotein, atp-binding cassette, subfamily b, member 1
- mdr2/mdr3 (abcb4), multidrug resistance protein 2 (rodents)/3 (human)
- mrp2 (abcc2), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, atp-binding cassette, subfamily c, member 2
- mrp3 (abcc3), multidrug resistance-associated protein 3, atp-binding cassette, subfamily c, member 3
- mrp4 (abcc4), multidrug resistance-associated protein 4, atp-binding cassette, subfamily c, member 4
- nafld, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- nash, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- norudca, norursodeoxycholic acid
- nr, nuclear receptor
- ntcp (slc10a1), sodium/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, solute carrier family 10, member 1
- oatp1a2 (slco1a2, oatp1, oatp-a, slc21a3), solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1a2
- oatp1b1 (slco1b1, oatp2, oatp-c, slc21a6), solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1b1
- oatp1b3 (slco1b3, oatp8, slc21a8), solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1b3
- ostαβ, organic solute transporter alpha/beta
- pbc, primary biliary cirrhosis
- pfic, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis
- ph, partial hepatectomy
- pparα (nr1c1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- pparγ (nr1c3), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- psc, primary sclerosing cholangitis
- pxr (nr1i2), pregnane x receptor
- rarα (nr1b1), retinoic acid receptor alpha
- rxrα (nr2b1), retinoid x receptor alpha
- shp (nr0b2), short heterodimer partner
- src2, p160 steroid receptor coactivator
- tgr5, g protein-coupled bile acid receptor
- tnfα, tumor necrosis factor α
- tpn, total parenteral nutrition
- udca, ursodeoxycholic acid
- vdr (nr1i1), vitamin d receptor. please note that for the convenience of better readability and clarity, abbreviations for transporters and nuclear receptors were capitalized throughout this article when symbols were identical for human and rodents
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Trauner
- Corresponding author. Address: Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Tel.: +43 01 40400 4741; fax: +43 01 40400 4735.
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Lee JK, Kang HW, Kim JH, Lim YJ, Koh MS, Lee JH. Effects of Korean red ginseng as an adjuvant to bile acids in medical dissolution therapy for gallstones: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind pilot trial. Food Funct 2013; 4:116-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30196b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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114
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Otao R, Beppu T, Isiko T, Mima K, Okabe H, Hayashi H, Masuda T, Chikamoto A, Takamori H, Baba H. External biliary drainage and liver regeneration after major hepatectomy. Br J Surg 2012; 99:1569-74. [PMID: 23027074 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.8906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile acid signalling and farnesoid X receptor activation are assumed to be essential for liver regeneration. This study was designed to investigate the association between serum bile acid levels and extent of liver regeneration after major hepatectomy. METHODS Patients who underwent left- or right-sided hemihepatectomy between 2006 and 2009 at the authors' institution were eligible for inclusion. Patients were divided into two groups: those undergoing hemihepatectomy with external bile drainage by cystic duct tube (group 1) and those having hemihepatectomy without drainage (group 2). Serum bile acid levels were measured before and after hepatectomy. Computed tomography was used to calculate liver volume before hepatectomy and remnant liver volume on day 7 after surgery. RESULTS A total of 46 patients were enrolled. Mean(s.d.) serum bile acid levels on day 3 after hemihepatectomy were significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 (11·6(13·5) versus 2·7(2·1) µmol/l; P = 0·003). Regenerated liver volumes on day 7 after hepatectomy were significantly greater in group 2 138·1(135·9) ml versus 40·0(158·8) ml in group 1; P = 0·038). Liver regeneration volumes and rates on day 7 after hemihepatectomy were positively associated with serum bile acid levels on day 3 after hemihepatectomy (P = 0·006 and P < 0·001 respectively). The incidence of bile leakage was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION Initial liver regeneration after major hepatectomy was less after biliary drainage and was associated with serum bile acid levels. External biliary drainage should be used judiciously after liver resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Otao
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Lu Y, Zhang Z, Xiong X, Wang X, Li J, Shi G, Yang J, Zhang X, Zhang H, Hong J, Xia X, Ning G, Li X. Glucocorticoids promote hepatic cholestasis in mice by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of the farnesoid X receptor. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:1630-1640.e8. [PMID: 22922423 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Glucocorticoids have potent anti-inflammatory effects, but also can cause insulin resistance, osteoporosis, and muscle wasting, preventing their long-term use. Glucocorticoids also have been associated with the development of hepatic cholestasis and gallstone disease, but little is known about their pathogenic mechanisms. METHODS We analyzed levels of bile acids (BAs) and glucocorticoids in serum samples from patients with Cushing disease and obese individuals (body mass index, >30). C57BL/6 mice were injected with dexamethasone and db/db obese mice were injected with glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists or small hairpin RNAs. We analyzed farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling in HepG2 cells and cells from mice using immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter, and glutathione-s-transferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. We analyzed BA metabolism in FXR-/- mice and mice with reduced levels of the transcription factor C-terminal binding protein (CtBP). RESULTS Serum levels of BAs were higher in patients with Cushing disease or obesity than in individuals with normal levels of glucocorticoids. Administration of dexamethasone promoted cholestasis and overproduction of BAs in C57BL/6 mice, but not in FXR-/- mice. GR antagonists, or injection of an adenoviral small hairpin RNA against GR, reduced features of hepatic cholestasis in db/db mice. The GR interacted with FXR to reduce its transcriptional activity by recruiting CtBP co-repressor complexes. Mice with reduced levels of CtBP were resistant to induction of hepatic cholestasis by dexamethasone. CONCLUSIONS Glucocorticoids promote hepatic cholestasis in mice by recruiting CtBP co-repressor complexes to FXR and thereby blocking the transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Tissue specific induction of p62/Sqstm1 by farnesoid X receptor. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43961. [PMID: 22952826 PMCID: PMC3428273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and is a ligand-activated transcription factor essential for maintaining liver and intestinal homeostasis. FXR is protective against carcinogenesis and inflammation in liver and intestine as demonstrated by the development of inflammation and tumors in the liver and intestine of FXR knock-out mice. However, mechanisms for the protective effects of FXR are not completely understood. This study reports a novel role of FXR in regulating expression of Sqstm1, which encodes for p62 protein. p62 plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis through selective autophagy and activating signal transduction pathways, such as NF-κB to support cell survival and caspase-8 to initiate apoptosis. FXR regulation of Sqstm1 may serve as a protective mechanism. Methods and Results This study showed that FXR bound to the Sqstm1 gene in both mouse livers and ileums as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation. In addition, FXR activation enhanced transcriptional activation of Sqstm1 in vitro. However, wild-type mice treated with GW4064, a synthetic FXR ligand, showed that FXR activation induced mRNA and protein expression of Sqstm1/p62 in ileum, but not in liver. Interestingly, FXR-transgenic mice showed induced mRNA expression of Sqstm1 in both liver and ileum compared to wild-type mice. Conclusions Our current study has identified a novel role of FXR in regulating the expression of p62, a key factor in protein degradation and cell signaling. Regulation of p62 by FXR indicates tissue-specific and gene-dosage effects. Furthermore, FXR-mediated induction of p62 may implicate a protective mechanism of FXR.
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Hollman DAA, Milona A, van Erpecum KJ, van Mil SWC. Anti-inflammatory and metabolic actions of FXR: insights into molecular mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:1443-52. [PMID: 22820415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily. FXR plays an important role in positively regulating genes (transactivation) involved in bile acid homeostasis, fat and glucose metabolism. Recently, it has become clear that an additional important role for FXR consists of downregulating genes involved in inflammation. Because of this broad spectrum of regulated genes, therapeutically targeting FXR with full agonists will likely result in adverse side effects, in line with what is described for other NRs. It may therefore be necessary to develop selective FXR modulators. However, the molecular mechanisms that distinguish between FXR-mediated transactivation and transrepression are currently unknown. For other NRs, post-translational modifications such as SUMOylation and phosphorylation have been reported to be unique to either transactivation or transrepression. Here, we review current knowledge on post-translational regulation of FXR with respect to transactivation and transrepression. Ultimately, increased understanding of the different mechanisms of transactivation and transrepression of nuclear receptors will aid in the development of NR drugs with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A A Hollman
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, UMC Utrecht and Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, The Netherlands
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Allen RM, Marquart TJ, Albert CJ, Suchy FJ, Wang DQH, Ananthanarayanan M, Ford DA, Baldán A. miR-33 controls the expression of biliary transporters, and mediates statin- and diet-induced hepatotoxicity. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:882-95. [PMID: 22767443 PMCID: PMC3491822 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile secretion is essential for whole body sterol homeostasis. Loss-of-function mutations in specific canalicular transporters in the hepatocyte disrupt bile flow and result in cholestasis. We show that two of these transporters, ABCB11 and ATP8B1, are functional targets of miR-33, a micro-RNA that is expressed from within an intron of SREBP-2. Consequently, manipulation of miR-33 levels in vivo with adenovirus or with antisense oligonucleotides results in changes in bile secretion and bile recovery from the gallbladder. Using radiolabelled cholesterol, we show that systemic silencing of miR-33 leads to increased sterols in bile and enhanced reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. Finally, we report that simvastatin causes, in a dose-dependent manner, profound hepatotoxicity and lethality in mice fed a lithogenic diet. These latter results are reminiscent of the recurrent cholestasis found in some patients prescribed statins. Importantly, pretreatment of mice with anti-miR-33 oligonucleotides rescues the hepatotoxic phenotype. Therefore, we conclude that miR-33 mediates some of the undesired, hepatotoxic effects of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Allen
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO, USA
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119
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Caiozzi G, Wong BS, Ricketts ML. Dietary modification of metabolic pathways via nuclear hormone receptors. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 30:531-51. [PMID: 23027406 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs), as ligand-dependent transcription factors, have emerged as important mediators in the control of whole body metabolism. Because of the promiscuous nature of several members of this superfamily that have been found to bind ligand with lower affinity than the classical steroid NHRs, they consequently display a broader ligand selectivity. This promiscuous nature has facilitated various bioactive dietary components being able to act as agonist ligands for certain members of the NHR superfamily. By binding to these NHRs, bioactive dietary components are able to mediate changes in various metabolic pathways, including, glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride homeostasis among others. This review will provide a general overview of the nuclear hormone receptors that have been shown to be activated by dietary components. The physiological consequences of such receptor activation by these dietary components will then be discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianella Caiozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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120
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Uebi T, Itoh Y, Hatano O, Kumagai A, Sanosaka M, Sasaki T, Sasagawa S, Doi J, Tatsumi K, Mitamura K, Morii E, Aozasa K, Kawamura T, Okumura M, Nakae J, Takikawa H, Fukusato T, Koura M, Nish M, Hamsten A, Silveira A, Bertorello AM, Kitagawa K, Nagaoka Y, Kawahara H, Tomonaga T, Naka T, Ikegawa S, Tsumaki N, Matsuda J, Takemori H. Involvement of SIK3 in glucose and lipid homeostasis in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37803. [PMID: 22662228 PMCID: PMC3360605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3), an AMP-activated protein kinase-related kinase, is induced in the murine liver after the consumption of a diet rich in fat, sucrose, and cholesterol. To examine whether SIK3 can modulate glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver, we analyzed phenotypes of SIK3-deficent mice. Sik3(-/-) mice have a malnourished the phenotype (i.e., lipodystrophy, hypolipidemia, hypoglycemia, and hyper-insulin sensitivity) accompanied by cholestasis and cholelithiasis. The hypoglycemic and hyper-insulin-sensitive phenotypes may be due to reduced energy storage, which is represented by the low expression levels of mRNA for components of the fatty acid synthesis pathways in the liver. The biliary disorders in Sik3(-/-) mice are associated with the dysregulation of gene expression programs that respond to nutritional stresses and are probably regulated by nuclear receptors. Retinoic acid plays a role in cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis, wheras ALDH1a which produces retinoic acid, is expressed at low levels in Sik3(-/-) mice. Lipid metabolism disorders in Sik3(-/-) mice are ameliorated by the treatment with 9-cis-retinoic acid. In conclusion, SIK3 is a novel energy regulator that modulates cholesterol and bile acid metabolism by coupling with retinoid metabolism, and may alter the size of energy storage in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Uebi
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumi Itoh
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Hatano
- Department of Anatomy, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Ayako Kumagai
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Sanosaka
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Sasagawa
- Department of Bone and Cartilage Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junko Doi
- Food and Nutrition, Senri Kinran University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keita Tatsumi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kuniko Mitamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichi Morii
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Aozasa
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kawamura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Meinoshin Okumura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Nakae
- Frontier Medicine on Metabolic Syndrome, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Takikawa
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Fukusato
- Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Koura
- Animal Models for Human Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nish
- Department of Anatomy, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, CMM, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angela Silveira
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, CMM, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alejandro M. Bertorello
- Membrane Signaling Networks, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, CMM, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kazuo Kitagawa
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nagaoka
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Kawahara
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Naka
- Laboratory for Immune Signal, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ikegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Tsumaki
- Department of Bone and Cartilage Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junichiro Matsuda
- Animal Models for Human Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Porez G, Prawitt J, Gross B, Staels B. Bile acid receptors as targets for the treatment of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1723-37. [PMID: 22550135 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r024794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and atherosclerosis. When dyslipidemia coincides with other metabolic disorders such as obesity, hypertension, and glucose intolerance, defined as the metabolic syndrome (MS), individuals present an elevated risk to develop type 2 diabetes (T2D) as well as CVD. Because the MS epidemic represents a growing public health problem worldwide, the development of therapies remains a major challenge. Alterations of bile acid pool regulation in T2D have revealed a link between bile acid and metabolic homeostasis. The bile acid receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and TGR5 both regulate lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism, rendering them potential pharmacological targets for MS therapy. This review discusses the mechanisms of metabolic regulation by FXR and TGR5 and the utility relevance of natural and synthetic modulators of FXR and TGR5 activity, including bile acid sequestrants, in the treatment of the MS.
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122
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Portincasa P, Ciaula AD, Bonfrate L, Wang DQ. Therapy of gallstone disease: What it was, what it is, what it will be. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2012; 3:7-20. [PMID: 22577615 PMCID: PMC3348960 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v3.i2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol gallstone disease is a common clinical condition influenced by genetic factors, increasing age, female gender, and metabolic factors. Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy is currently considered the gold standard in treating patients with symptomatic gallstones, new perspectives regarding medical therapy of cholelithiasis are currently under discussion, also taking into account the pathogenesis of gallstones, the natural history of the disease and the analysis of the overall costs of therapy. A careful selection of patients may lead to successful non-surgical therapy in symptomatic subjects with a functioning gallbladder harboring small radiolucent stones. The classical oral litholysis by ursodeoxycholic acid has been recently paralleled by new experimental observations, suggesting that cholesterol-lowering agents which inhibit cholesterol synthesis (statins) or intestinal cholesterol absorption (ezetimibe), or drugs acting on specific nuclear receptors involved in cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis, might be proposed as additional approaches for treating cholesterol gallstones. In this review we discuss old, recent and future perspectives on medical treatment of cholesterol cholelithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Portincasa
- Piero Portincasa, Leonilde Bonfrate, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinica Medica "A. Murri", University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
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123
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Transcriptional integration of metabolism by the nuclear sterol-activated receptors LXR and FXR. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13:213-24. [PMID: 22414897 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are integrators of hormonal and nutritional signals, mediating changes to metabolic pathways within the body. Given that modulation of lipid and glucose metabolism has been linked to diseases including type 2 diabetes, obesity and atherosclerosis, a greater understanding of pathways that regulate metabolism in physiology and disease is crucial. The liver X receptors (LXRs) and the farnesoid X receptors (FXRs) are activated by oxysterols and bile acids, respectively. Mounting evidence indicates that these nuclear receptors have essential roles, not only in the regulation of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism but also in the integration of sterol, fatty acid and glucose metabolism.
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124
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Hepatic deletion of SIRT1 decreases hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α/farnesoid X receptor signaling and induces formation of cholesterol gallstones in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:1226-36. [PMID: 22290433 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05988-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT1, a highly conserved NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylase, is a key metabolic sensor that directly links nutrient signals to animal metabolic homeostasis. Although SIRT1 has been implicated in a number of hepatic metabolic processes, the mechanisms by which hepatic SIRT1 modulates bile acid metabolism are still not well understood. Here we report that deletion of hepatic SIRT1 reduces the expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor that regulates bile acid homeostasis. We provide evidence that SIRT1 regulates the expression of FXR through hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α). SIRT1 deficiency in hepatocytes leads to decreased binding of HNF1α to the FXR promoter. Furthermore, we show that hepatocyte-specific deletion of SIRT1 leads to derangements in bile acid metabolism, predisposing the mice to development of cholesterol gallstones on a lithogenic diet. Taken together, our findings indicate that SIRT1 plays a vital role in the regulation of hepatic bile acid homeostasis through the HNF1α/FXR signaling pathway.
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125
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Sugiyama MG, Agellon LB. Sex differences in lipid metabolism and metabolic disease risk. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 90:124-41. [PMID: 22221155 DOI: 10.1139/o11-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of nutrients to regulate specific metabolic pathways is often overshadowed by their role in basic sustenance. Consequently, the mechanisms whereby these nutrients protect against or promote a variety of acquired metabolic syndromes remains poorly understood. Premenopausal women are generally protected from the adverse effects of obesity despite having a greater proportion of body fat than men. Menopause is often associated with a transformation in body fat morphology and a gradual increase in the susceptibility to metabolic complications, eventually reaching the point where women and men are at equal risk. These phenomena are not explained solely by changes in food preference or nutrient intake suggesting an important role for the sex hormones in regulating the metabolic fate of nutrients and protecting against metabolic disease pathophysiology. Here, we discuss how differences in the acquisition, trafficking, and subceullular metabolism of fats and other lipid soluble nutrients in major organ systems can create overt sex-specific phenotypes, modulate metabolic disease risk, and contribute to the rise in obesity in the modern sedentary climate. Identifying the molecular mechanisms underpinning sex differences in fat metabolism requires the unravelling of the interactions among sex chromosome effects, the hormonal milieu, and diet composition. Understanding the mechanisms that give rise to sex differences in metabolism will help to rationalize treatment strategies for the management of sex-specific metabolic disease risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Sugiyama
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Macdonald-Stewart Building, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
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126
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Stokes CS, Lammert F. Transporters in cholelithiasis. Biol Chem 2012; 393:3-10. [DOI: 10.1515/bc-2011-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Gallstones are a common and costly disease with a projected increase in prevalence due to the increasing ageing population. Numerous endogenous and environmental factors are aetiologically related to this multifactorial disease, and genetic studies continue to unravel the pathobiological mechanisms related to gallstone formation. In particular, variants of genes encoding hepatobiliary transporters have been implicated in gallstone disease and, given their ability to influence biliary lipid composition, have undergone considerable investigation. Here we summarize the role of enterohepatic transporters in cholelithogenesis with a particular focus on pertinent ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCB4, ABCB11, ABCC7, and ABCG5/G8).
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127
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Abstract
This review aims to provide a snapshot of the actual state of knowledge on genetic variants of nuclear receptors (NR) involved in regulating important aspects of liver metabolism. It recapitulates recent evidence for the application of NR in genetic diagnosis of monogenic ("Mendelian") liver disease and their use in clinical diagnosis. Genetic analysis of multifactorial liver diseases such as viral hepatitis or fatty liver disease identifies key players in disease predisposition and progression. Evidence from these analyses points towards a role of NR polymorphisms in common diseases, linking regulatory networks to complex and variable phenotypes. The new insights into NR variants also offer perspectives and cautionary advice for their use as handles towards diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Müllenbach
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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128
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Abstract
This review aims to provide a snapshot of the actual state of knowledge on genetic variants of nuclear receptors (NR) involved in regulating important aspects of liver metabolism. It recapitulates recent evidence for the application of NR in genetic diagnosis of monogenic (“Mendelian”) liver disease and their use in clinical diagnosis. Genetic analysis of multifactorial liver diseases such as viral hepatitis or fatty liver disease identifies key players in disease predisposition and progression. Evidence from these analyses points towards a role of NR polymorphisms in common diseases, linking regulatory networks to complex and variable phenotypes. The new insights into NR variants also offer perspectives and cautionary advice for their use as handles towards diagnosis and treatment.
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129
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Limited effects of bile acids and small heterodimer partner on hepatitis B virus biosynthesis in vivo. J Virol 2011; 86:2760-8. [PMID: 22171277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06742-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple nuclear receptors, including hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) plus peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), RXRα plus farnesoid X receptor α (FXRα), liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH1), and estrogen-related receptors (ERRs), have been shown to support efficient viral biosynthesis in nonhepatoma cells in the absence of additional liver-enriched transcription factors. Although HNF4α has been shown to be critical for the developmental expression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) biosynthesis in the liver, the relative importance of the various nuclear receptors capable of supporting viral transcription and replication in the adult in vivo has not been clearly established. To investigate the role of the nuclear receptor FXR and the corepressor small heterodimer partner (SHP) in viral biosynthesis in vivo, SHP-expressing and SHP-null HBV transgenic mice were fed a bile acid-supplemented diet. The increased FXR activity and SHP expression levels resulting from bile acid treatment did not greatly modulate HBV RNA and DNA synthesis. Therefore, FXR and SHP appear to play a limited role in modulating HBV biosynthesis, suggesting that alternative nuclear receptors are more critical determinants of viral transcription in the HBV transgenic mouse model of chronic viral infection. These observations suggest that hepatic bile acid levels or therapeutic agents targeting FXR may not greatly modulate viremia during natural infection.
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130
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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Link between Nuclear Receptor Function and Cholesterol Gallstone Formation. J Lipids 2011; 2012:547643. [PMID: 22132343 PMCID: PMC3206498 DOI: 10.1155/2012/547643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol gallstone disease is highly prevalent in western countries, particularly in women and some specific ethnic groups. The formation of water-insoluble cholesterol crystals is due to a misbalance between the three major lipids present in the bile: cholesterol, bile salts, and phospholipids. Many proteins implicated in biliary lipid secretion in the liver are regulated by several transcription factors, including nuclear receptors LXR and FXR. Human and murine genetic, physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological evidence is consistent with the relevance of these nuclear receptors in gallstone formation. In addition, there is emerging data that also suggests a role for estrogen receptor ESR1 in abnormal cholesterol metabolism leading to gallstone disease. A better comprehension of the role of nuclear receptor function in gallstone formation may help to design new and more effective therapeutic strategies for this highly prevalent disease condition.
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131
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Conformationally constrained farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists: Alternative replacements of the stilbene. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6154-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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132
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Role of nuclear receptors for bile acid metabolism, bile secretion, cholestasis, and gallstone disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:867-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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133
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Oude Elferink RP, Beuers U. Targeting the ABCB4 gene to control cholesterol homeostasis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:1173-82. [PMID: 21801087 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.607163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multidrug resistance 3 (MDR3) P-glycoprotein is a lipid floppase that is encoded by the ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 4 (ABCB4) gene and plays a crucial role in proper bile formation by transporting phosphatidylcholine across the canalicular plasma membrane of the hepatocyte into bile. The relevance of this function is underscored by the severe pathology that develops in patients with ABCB4 deficiency. This deficiency leads to the destruction of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes by bile salts, because their cytolytic action is not reduced by formation of mixed micelles with phospholipid. AREAS COVERED Evidence that phospholipid secretion into bile is also essential for biliary cholesterol secretion as cholesterol dissolves much better in mixed micelles of bile salts and phospholipid than in pure bile salt micelles. As a consequence, net biliary cholesterol secretion depends on the amount of phospholipid secreted and hence, the expression of ABCB4 indirectly determines biliary cholesterol output. EXPERT OPINION It can be argued that upregulation of the ABCB4 gene expression may not only be beneficial for liver pathology in patients with partial ABCB4 deficiency, but also for the prevention of gallstone formation and optimal cholesterol disposition in a much larger population.
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Abstract
Most asymptomatic gallstone carriers require no therapy. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the best definitive therapy for symptomatic gallstone disease. Selective laparoscopic cholecystectomy can provide secondary prevention of symptoms and complications in certain instances (in a complex clinical setting such as sickle cell disease or to prevent gallbladder carcinoma from developing in those at risk with large gallstones or with a calcified gallbladder). Primary prevention is unproven but focuses on early identification and risk alteration to decrease the possibility of developing gallstones. Ursodeoxycholic acid has a limited role for stone dissolution but can prevent stone development in severe obesity during rapid weight reduction with diet or after bariatric surgery. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with endoscopic sphincterotomy represents the therapeutic cornerstone for managing severe pancreatitis and cholangitis.
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135
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Zanlungo S, Rigotti A, Miquel JF, Nervi F. Abnormalities of lipid metabolism, gallstone disease and gallbladder function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.11.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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136
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Dwivedi SKD, Singh N, Kumari R, Mishra JS, Tripathi S, Banerjee P, Shah P, Kukshal V, Tyagi AM, Gaikwad AN, Chaturvedi RK, Mishra DP, Trivedi AK, Sanyal S, Chattopadhyay N, Ramachandran R, Siddiqi MI, Bandyopadhyay A, Arora A, Lundåsen T, Anakk SP, Moore DD, Sanyal S. Bile acid receptor agonist GW4064 regulates PPARγ coactivator-1α expression through estrogen receptor-related receptor α. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:922-32. [PMID: 21493670 PMCID: PMC5417256 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is induced in energy-starved conditions and is a key regulator of energy homeostasis. This makes PGC-1α an attractive therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome and diabetes. In our effort to identify new regulators of PGC-1α expression, we found that GW4064, a widely used synthetic agonist for the nuclear bile acid receptor [farnesoid X receptor (FXR)] strongly enhances PGC-1α promoter reporter activity, mRNA, and protein expression. This induction in PGC-1α concomitantly enhances mitochondrial mass and expression of several PGC-1α target genes involved in mitochondrial function. Using FXR-rich or FXR-nonexpressing cell lines and tissues, we found that this effect of GW4064 is not mediated directly by FXR but occurs via activation of estrogen receptor-related receptor α (ERRα). Cell-based, biochemical and biophysical assays indicate GW4064 as an agonist of ERR proteins. Interestingly, FXR disruption alters GW4064 induction of PGC-1α mRNA in a tissue-dependent manner. Using FXR-null [FXR knockout (FXRKO)] mice, we determined that GW4064 induction of PGC-1α expression is not affected in oxidative soleus muscles of FXRKO mice but is compromised in the FXRKO liver. Mechanistic studies to explain these differences revealed that FXR physically interacts with ERR and protects them from repression by the atypical corepressor, small heterodimer partner in liver. Together, this interplay between ERRα-FXR-PGC-1α and small heterodimer partner offers new insights into the biological functions of ERRα and FXR, thus providing a knowledge base for therapeutics in energy balance-related pathophysiology.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Isoxazoles/chemistry
- Isoxazoles/pharmacology
- Liver/metabolism
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Rats
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/chemistry
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Thermodynamics
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- ERRalpha Estrogen-Related Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Kumar Dhar Dwivedi
- Endocrinology Division, Institute of Toxicological Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226001, India
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137
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He J, Nishida S, Xu M, Makishima M, Xie W. PXR prevents cholesterol gallstone disease by regulating biosynthesis and transport of bile salts. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:2095-106. [PMID: 21354151 PMCID: PMC3109201 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholesterol gallstone disease (CGD) results from a biochemical imbalance of lipids and bile salts in the gallbladder bile. We investigated whether the xenobiotic receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) has a role in pathogenesis of CGD. METHODS Wild-type, PXR-null (PXR-/-), and CGD-sensitive C57L mice were placed on a lithogenic diet and then analyzed for CGD at the biochemical, histological, and gene-regulation levels. RESULTS Loss of PXR sensitized mice to lithogenic diet-induced CGD, characterized by decreases in biliary concentrations of bile salts and phospholipids and an increases in the cholesterol saturation index and formation of cholesterol crystals. The decreased bile acid pool size in PXR-/- mice that received lithogenic diets was associated with reduced expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol catabolism and bile acid formation. The reduced expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase most likely resulted from activation of farnesoid X receptor and induction of fibroblast growth factor 15 in the intestine. In C57L mice given the PXR agonist, pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile, or the herbal medicine, St John's wort, cholesterol precipitation was prevented by increases in concentrations of biliary bile salt and a reduced cholesterol saturation index. PXR prevented CGD via its coordinate regulation of the biosynthesis and transport of bile salts in the liver and intestine. CONCLUSIONS PXR maintains biliary bile acid homeostasis and may be developed as a therapeutic target for CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhan He
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Shigeru Nishida
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Meishu Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261,Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261,Correspondence: Dr. Wen Xie, Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261. Telephone: 412-648-9941; Fax: 412-648-1664;
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138
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Modica S, Murzilli S, Moschetta A. Characterizing Bile Acid and Lipid Metabolism in the Liver and Gastrointestinal Tract of Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 1:289-321. [PMID: 26069056 DOI: 10.1002/9780470942390.mo100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models that mimic human diseases are invaluable tools to study and discover genetic and pharmacological therapies for human diseases. The protocols described in this article are intended to assess general clinical parameters in the context of the enterohepatic system under both normal and pathological conditions. Methods are presented for characterizing liver and intestinal function with a focus on bile acid and lipid metabolism in the gut-liver axis. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:289-321 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Modica
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Murzilli
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Translational Pharmacology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Translational Pharmacology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy.,Clinica Medica "A. Murri," Department of Internal and Public Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Bari, Italy
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139
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Van Erpecum KJ. Pathogenesis of cholesterol and pigment gallstones: an update. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2011; 35:281-7. [PMID: 21353662 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation of cholesterol crystals from supersaturated bile is still considered the key event in cholesterol gallstone formation. In this review, we will first provide a basal framework of the interactions between the sterol, bile salts and phospholipids in aqueous solutions and then summarize new developments. The hepatocytic apical membrane harbours specific transport proteins for these lipids. Polymorphisms in the gene encoding the cholesterol transporter ABCG5-G8 have been found to increase overall gallstone risk, whereas functional mutations in the gene encoding the phospholipid floppase ABCB4 lead to the rare clinical syndrome of low phospholipid associated cholelithiasis. Expression of bile salt and phospholipid transport proteins is regulated bij the bile salt nuclear receptor Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), while the Liver X Receptor (LXR) α regulates ABCG5-G8. Although data from murine experiments suggest a critical role of FXR in gallstone formation, its role in human lithogenesis remains controversial. Variants of the gene encoding UGT1A1 (uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1) responsible for bilirubin conjugation were recently associated with risk of gallstones as well as stone bilirubin content, suggesting common factors in cholesterol and pigment gallstone pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Johannes Van Erpecum
- Dept of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, HP. F.02.618, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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140
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Trauner M, Halilbasic E. Nuclear receptors as new perspective for the management of liver diseases. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:1120-1125.e1-12. [PMID: 21334334 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that act as sensors for a broad range of natural and synthetic ligands and regulate several key hepatic functions including bile acid homeostasis, bile secretion, lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as drug deposition. Moreover, NRs control hepatic inflammation, regeneration, fibrosis, and tumor formation. Therefore, NRs are key for understanding the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of a wide range of hepatic disorders. Finally, targeting NRs and their alterations offers exciting new perspectives for the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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141
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Abstract
Interindividual differences in drug transporter expression can result in variability in drug response. This variation in gene expression is determined, in part, by the actions of nuclear hormone receptors that act as xenobiotic- and endobiotic-sensing transcription factors. Among the ligand-activated nuclear receptors, signaling through the pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and vitamin D receptor (VDR) constitute major pathways regulating drug transporter expression in tissues. Hence, these endobiotic- and xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors are intrinsically involved in environmental influences of drug response. Moreover, because nuclear receptor genes are polymorphic, these transcription factors are also thought to contribute to heritability of variable drug action. In this chapter, the molecular aspects of drug transporter gene regulation by ligand-activated nuclear receptors will be reviewed including their clinical relevance.
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142
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Vacca M, Degirolamo C, Mariani-Costantini R, Palasciano G, Moschetta A. Lipid-sensing nuclear receptors in the pathophysiology and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 3:562-87. [PMID: 21755605 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of different diseases, namely central obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, together with a pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory state. These metabolic abnormalities are often associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. Dietary and lifestyle modifications are currently believed more effective than pharmacological therapies in the management of MS patients. Nevertheless, the relatively low grade of compliance of patients to these recommendations, as well as the failure of current therapies, highlights the need for the discovery of new pharmacological and nutraceutic approaches. A deeper knowledge of the patho-physiological events that initiate and support the MS is mandatory. Lipid-sensing nuclear receptors (NRs) are the master transcriptional regulators of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and inflammatory responses, thus standing as suitable targets. This review focuses on the physiological relevance of the NRs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, liver X receptors, and farnesoid X receptor) in the control of whole-body homeostasis, with a special emphasis on lipid and glucose metabolism, and on the relationships between metabolic unbalances, systemic inflammation, and the onset of CVD. Future perspectives and possible clinical applications are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Vacca
- Clinica Medica Augusto Murri, Aldo Moro University of Bari, and Department of Translational Pharmacology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (CH), Italy
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143
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Conformationally constrained farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists: Heteroaryl replacements of the naphthalene. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1206-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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144
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Richter HG, Benson G, Bleicher K, Blum D, Chaput E, Clemann N, Feng S, Gardes C, Grether U, Hartman P, Kuhn B, Martin R, Plancher JM, Rudolph M, Schuler F, Taylor S. Optimization of a novel class of benzimidazole-based farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists to improve physicochemical and ADME properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1134-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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145
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Zhu Y, Li F, Guo GL. Tissue-specific function of farnesoid X receptor in liver and intestine. Pharmacol Res 2011; 63:259-65. [PMID: 21211565 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcriptional factors that are involved in various physiological, developmental, and toxicological processes. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a NR that belongs to the NR superfamily. The endogenous ligands of FXR are bile acids. FXR is essential in regulating a network of genes involved in maintaining bile acid and lipid homeostasis. It is clear that FXR is critical for liver and intestinal function. In mice FXR deficiency leads to the development of cholestasis, gallstone disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, liver tumor, and colon tumor. Using mouse models where FXR is deleted either in the whole-body, or selectively in hepatocytes or enterocytes, we start to reveal the importance of tissue-specific FXR function in regulating bile acid and lipid homeostasis. However, a great challenge exists for developing tissue-specific FXR modulators to prevent and treat diseases associated with bile acid or lipid disorders. With further understanding of FXR function in both rodents and humans, this nuclear receptor may emerge as a novel target to prevent and treat liver, gastrointestinal and systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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146
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Locker J. Transcriptional Control of Hepatocyte Differentiation. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY LIBRARY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7107-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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147
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Abstract
SIRT1
is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase implicated in longevity and
diverse physiological processes. SIRT1, as a key mediator of beneficial
effects of caloric restriction, regulates lipid and glucose metabolism by
deacetylating metabolic regulators, as well as histones, in response to
nutritional deprivation. Here we discuss how SIRT1 levels are regulated by
microRNAs (miRs) which are emerging as important metabolic regulators; the
recently identified nuclear receptor FXR/SHP cascade pathway that controls
the expression of miR-34a and its target SIRT1; and a FXR/SIRT1 positive
feedback regulatory loop, which is deregulated in metabolic disease
states. The FXR/miR-34a pathway and other miRs controlling SIRT1 may be
useful therapeutic targets for age-related diseases, including metabolic
disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Lee
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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148
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Regulation of FXR transcriptional activity in health and disease: Emerging roles of FXR cofactors and post-translational modifications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1812:842-50. [PMID: 21130162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abnormally elevated lipid and glucose levels due to the disruption of metabolic homeostasis play causative roles in the development of metabolic diseases. A cluster of metabolic conditions, including dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, and insulin resistance, is referred to as metabolic syndrome, which has been increasing globally at an alarming rate. The primary nuclear bile acid receptor, Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR, NR1H4), plays important roles in controlling lipid and glucose levels by regulating expression of target genes in response to bile acid signaling in enterohepatic tissues. In this review, I discuss how signal-dependent FXR transcriptional activity is dynamically regulated under normal physiological conditions and how it is dysregulated in metabolic disease states. I focus on the emerging roles of post-translational modifications (PTMs) and transcriptional cofactors in modulating FXR transcriptional activity and pathways. Dysregulation of nuclear receptor transcriptional signaling due to aberrant PTMs and cofactor interactions are key determinants in the development of metabolic diseases. Therefore, targeting such abnormal PTMs and transcriptional cofactors of FXR in disease states may provide a new molecular strategy for development of pharmacological agents to treat metabolic syndrome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translating nuclear receptors from health to disease.
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149
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Modica S, Gadaleta RM, Moschetta A. Deciphering the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR paradigm. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2010; 8:e005. [PMID: 21383957 PMCID: PMC3049226 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.08005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Originally called retinoid X receptor interacting protein 14 (RIP14), the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) was renamed after the ability of its rat form to bind supra-physiological concentrations of farnesol. In 1999 FXR was de-orphanized since primary bile acids were identified as natural ligands. Strongly expressed in the liver and intestine, FXR has been shown to be the master transcriptional regulator of several entero-hepatic metabolic pathways with relevance to the pathophysiology of conditions such as cholestasis, fatty liver disease, cholesterol gallstone disease, intestinal inflammation and tumors. Furthermore, given the importance of FXR in the gut-liver axis feedbacks regulating lipid and glucose homeostasis, FXR modulation appears to have great input in diseases such as metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Exciting results from several cellular and animal models have provided the impetus to develop synthetic FXR ligands as novel pharmacological agents. Fourteen years from its discovery, FXR has gone from bench to bedside; a novel nuclear receptor ligand is going into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Modica
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
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150
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Profile of David J. Mangelsdorf. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:17463-5. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1012718107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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