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In vivo imaging in NHP models of malaria: challenges, progress and outlooks. Parasitol Int 2013; 63:206-15. [PMID: 24042056 PMCID: PMC7108422 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of malaria, mainly mice, have made a large contribution to our knowledge of host-pathogen interactions and immune responses, and to drug and vaccine design. Non-human primate (NHP) models for malaria are admittedly under-used, although they are probably closer models than mice for human malaria; in particular, NHP models allow the use of human pathogens (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium knowlesi). NHPs, whether natural hosts or experimentally challenged with a simian Plasmodium, can also serve as robust pre-clinical models. Some simian parasites are closely related to a human counterpart, with which they may share a common ancestor, and display similar major features with the human infection and pathology. NHP models allow longitudinal studies, from the early events following sporozoite inoculation to the later events, including analysis of organs and tissues, particularly liver, spleen, brain and bone marrow. NHP models have one other significant advantage over mouse models: NHPs are our closest relatives and thus their biology is very similar to ours. Recently developed in vivo imaging tools have provided insight into malaria parasite infection and disease in mouse models. One advantage of these tools is that they limit the need for invasive procedures, such as tissue biopsies. Many such technologies are now available for NHP studies and provide new opportunities for elucidating host/parasite interactions. The aim of this review is to bring the malaria community up to date on what is currently possible and what soon will be, in terms of in vivo imaging in NHP models of malaria, to consider the pros and the cons of the various techniques, and to identify challenges.
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Specific somatostatin receptor II expression in arterial plaque: 68Ga-DOTATATE autoradiographic, immunohistochemical and flow cytometric studies in apoE-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2013; 230:33-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Segers FM, den Adel B, Bot I, van der Graaf LM, van der Veer EP, Gonzalez W, Raynal I, de Winther M, Wodzig WK, Poelmann RE, van Berkel TJ, van der Weerd L, Biessen EA. Scavenger Receptor-AI–Targeted Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for In Vivo MRI Detection of Atherosclerotic Lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1812-9. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip M.E. Segers
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Brigit den Adel
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Ilze Bot
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Linda M. van der Graaf
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Eric P. van der Veer
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Walter Gonzalez
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Isabelle Raynal
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Menno de Winther
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Will K. Wodzig
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Robert E. Poelmann
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Theo J.C. van Berkel
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Louise van der Weerd
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Erik A.L. Biessen
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
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Mardiguian S, Serres S, Ladds E, Campbell SJ, Wilainam P, McFadyen C, McAteer M, Choudhury RP, Smith P, Saunders F, Watt G, Sibson NR, Anthony DC. Anti-IL-17A treatment reduces clinical score and VCAM-1 expression detected by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging in chronic relapsing EAE ABH mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:2071-81. [PMID: 23602647 PMCID: PMC3703548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
IL-17 is argued to play an important role in the multiple sclerosis-like disease experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). We investigated the therapeutic effects of anti-IL-17A in a chronic relapsing EAE ABH mouse model using conventional scoring, quantitative behavioral outcomes, and a novel vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)-targeted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent [anti-VCAM-microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO)] to identify conventionally undetectable neuropathology. Mice were administered prophylactic or treatment regimens of anti-IL-17A or IgG and two injections of anti-VCAM-MPIO before undergoing T2*-weighted three-dimensional and gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid T1-weighted MRI. Rotarod, inverted screen, and open field motor function tests were performed, conventional clinical scores calculated, and central IL-17A mRNA expression quantified during acute disease, remission, and relapse. Prophylactic anti-IL-17A prevents acute disease and relapse and is associated with reduced clinical and functional severity. Treatment regimens delay relapse, improve functional scores, and are associated with reduced VCAM-MPIO lesions during remission. No significant alteration was detectable in levels of gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid- or VCAM-MPIO-positive lesions during relapse. Prophylactic and treatment anti-IL-17A were therapeutically effective in chronic relapsing EAE, improving clinical and quantifiable functional outcomes. IL-17A expression seems significant during acute disease but less important chronically. Disease-related immunoneuropathology is more sensitively detected using VCAM-MPIO MRI, which may, therefore, be used to monitor therapy meaningfully.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Brain/metabolism
- Contrast Media
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Gadolinium DTPA
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Interleukin-17/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Biozzi
- Motor Activity
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Remission Induction
- Secondary Prevention
- Severity of Illness Index
- Treatment Outcome
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvy Mardiguian
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Serres
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Ladds
- Clinical Medical School, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra J. Campbell
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Panop Wilainam
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charles McFadyen
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martina McAteer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robin P. Choudhury
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, UCB Pharma S.A., Great Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Fay Saunders
- Department of Antibody Biology, UCB Pharma S.A., Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Watt
- Department of Pharmacology, UCB Pharma S.A., Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola R. Sibson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel C. Anthony
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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105
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Jefferson A, Ruparelia N, Choudhury RP. Exogenous microparticles of iron oxide bind to activated endothelial cells but, unlike monocytes, do not trigger an endothelial response. Theranostics 2013; 3:428-36. [PMID: 23781289 PMCID: PMC3677413 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting particles to sites of inflammation is of considerable interest for applications relating to molecular imaging and drug delivery. We and others have described micron-sized particles of iron oxide (MPIO) that can be directed using specific ligands (e.g. antibodies, peptides and oligosaccharides) to bind to mediators of vascular inflammation in vivo. Since leukocyte binding to these molecules can induce changes in the target cell, an outstanding question has been whether the binding of imaging particles to these mediators induces biologically significant changes in the endothelial cells, potentially initiating or propagating inflammation. Here, we address these questions by looking for changes in endothelial cells following binding of contrast agent. Specifically, we have quantified calcium flux, rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis and potential secondary changes, such as changes in gene and protein expression follow binding events to primary endothelial cells in vitro. Although leukocytes induced changes to endothelial cell function, we did not see any significant changes to endothelial calcium flux, cytoskeletal organisation, production of ROS or induction of apoptosis in response to antibody-MPIO binding. Furthermore, there were no changes to gene expression monitored via real-time RT-PCR or presentation of protein on the cell surface measured using flow cytometry. Our experiments demonstrate that whilst antibody-targeted microparticles mimic the binding capability of leukocytes to inflamed endothelium, they do not trigger the same cellular responses and do not appear to initiate or compound inflammation. These properties are desirable for targeted therapeutic and diagnostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin P Choudhury
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Oxford Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
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106
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107
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den Adel B, Daemen MJ, Poelmann RE, van der Weerd L. Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection of Vulnerable Plaques: Is It Possible?: Retracted. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013:ATVBAHA.112.300108. [PMID: 23413424 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular resonance imaging of atherosclerosis enable to visualize atherosclerotic plaques in vivo using molecular targeted contrast agents. This offers opportunities to study atherosclerosis development and plaque vulnerability noninvasively. In this review, we discuss MRI contrast agents targeted toward atherosclerotic plaques and illustrate how these new imaging platforms could assist in our understanding of atherogenesis and atheroprogression. In particular, we highlight the challenges and limitations of the different contrast agents and hurdles for clinical application. We describe the most promising existing compounds to detect atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability. Of particular interest are the fibrin-targeted compounds that detect thrombi and, furthermore, the contrast agents targeted to integrins that allow to visualize plaque neovascularization. Moreover, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1-targeted iron oxides seem promising for early detection of atherosclerosis. These targeted MRI contrast agents, however promising and well characterized in (pre)clinical models, lack specificity for plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigit den Adel
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (B.d.A., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.)
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Li XX, Li KA, Qin JB, Ye KC, Yang XR, Li WM, Xie QS, Jiang ME, Zhang GX, Lu XW. In vivo MRI tracking of iron oxide nanoparticle-labeled human mesenchymal stem cells in limb ischemia. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:1063-73. [PMID: 23515426 PMCID: PMC3598527 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s42578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cell transplantation has been investigated for repairing damaged tissues in various injury models. Monitoring the safety and fate of transplanted cells using noninvasive methods is important to advance this technique into clinical applications. Methods In this study, lower-limb ischemia models were generated in nude mice by femoral artery ligation. As negative-contrast agents, positively charged magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (aminopropyltriethoxysilane-coated Fe2O3) were investigated in terms of in vitro labeling efficiency, effects on human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) proliferation, and in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) visualization. Ultimately, the mice were sacrificed for histological analysis three weeks after transplantation. Results With efficient labeling, aminopropyltriethoxysilane-modified magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (APTS-MNPs) did not significantly affect hMSC proliferation. In vivo, APTS-MNP-labeled hMSCs could be monitored by clinical 3 Tesla MRI for at least three weeks. Histological examination detected numerous migrated Prussian blue-positive cells, which was consistent with the magnetic resonance images. Some migrated Prussian blue-positive cells were positive for mature endothelial cell markers of von Willebrand factor and anti-human proliferating cell nuclear antigen. In the test groups, Prussian blue-positive nanoparticles, which could not be found in other organs, were detected in the spleen. Conclusion APTS-MNPs could efficiently label hMSCs, and clinical 3 Tesla MRI could monitor the labeled stem cells in vivo, which may provide a new approach for the in vivo monitoring of implanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Xiang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
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Thurman JM, Rohrer B. Noninvasive detection of complement activation through radiologic imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 735:271-82. [PMID: 23402034 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4118-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of experimental and clinical data demonstrates that the complement system is involved in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory diseases. Complement activation contributes to injury in disorders that involve nearly every tissue in the body. Concerted effort has been expended in recent years to develop therapeutic complement inhibitors. Eculizumab, an inhibitory antibody to C5, was recently approved for the treatment of several diseases, and many other complement inhibitors are in clinical development. As these drugs are developed, the need for improved methods of detecting and monitoring complement activation within particular tissues will be increasingly important. We have developed a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based method for noninvasive detection of complement activation. This method utilizes iron-oxide nanoparticles that are targeted to sites of complement activation with a recombinant protein that contains the C3d-binding region of complement receptor (CR) 2. Iron-oxide nanoparticles darken (negatively enhance) images obtained by T2-weighted MRI. We have demonstrated that the CR2-targeted nanoparticles bind within the kidneys of mice with lupus-like kidney disease (MRL/1pr mice), causing a decrease in the T2 signal within the kidneys. This method discriminates diseased kidneys from healthy controls, and the magnitude of the negative enhancement in the cortex of MRL/lpr mice correlates with their disease severity. This method may be useful for identifying those patients most likely to benefit from complement inhibitors and for monitoring the response of these patients to treatment. These results may open up new avenues to develop tools for the monitoring of disease progression in complement-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80045, USA.
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Tourdias T, Dousset V. Neuroinflammatory imaging biomarkers: relevance to multiple sclerosis and its therapy. Neurotherapeutics 2013; 10:111-23. [PMID: 23132327 PMCID: PMC3557362 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-012-0155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging is an established tool in the management of multiple sclerosis (MS). Loss of blood brain barrier integrity assessed by gadolinium (Gd) enhancement is the current standard marker of MS activity. To explore the complex cascade of the inflammatory events, other magnetic resonance imaging, but also positron emission tomographic markers reviewed in this article are being developed to address active neuroinflammation with increased sensitivity and specificity. Alternative magnetic resonance contrast agents, positron emission tomographic tracers and imaging techniques could be more sensitive than Gd to early blood brain barrier alteration, and they could assess the inflammatory cell recruitment and/or the associated edema accumulation. These markers of active neuroinflammation, although some of them are limited to experimental studies, could find great relevance to complete Gd information and thereby increase our understanding of acute lesion pathophysiology and its noninvasive follow-up, especially to monitor treatment efficacy. Furthermore, such accurate markers of inflammation combined with those of neurodegeneration hold promise to provide a more complete picture of MS, which will be of great benefit for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tourdias
- INSERM Unit 1049 Neuroinflammation, Imagerie et Thérapie de la Sclérose en Plaques, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France.
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McAteer MA, Choudhury RP. Targeted molecular imaging of vascular inflammation in cardiovascular disease using nano- and micro-sized agents. Vascul Pharmacol 2013; 58:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Fréchou M, Beray-Berthat V, Raynaud JS, Mériaux S, Gombert F, Lancelot E, Plotkine M, Marchand-Leroux C, Ballet S, Robert P, Louin G, Margaill I. Detection of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression with USPIO-enhanced molecular MRI in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2012; 8:157-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - V. Beray-Berthat
- Equipe de recherche ‘Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale’ EA 4475; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; 75006; Paris; France
| | - J.-S. Raynaud
- Guerbet, Division Recherche - Service Imagerie Expérimentale; 95943; Roissy; CDG; France
| | - S. Mériaux
- NeuroSpin, Centre CEA; 91191; Gif-sur-Yvette; France
| | - F. Gombert
- Guerbet, Division Recherche - Service Imagerie Expérimentale; 95943; Roissy; CDG; France
| | - E. Lancelot
- Guerbet, Division Recherche - Service Imagerie Expérimentale; 95943; Roissy; CDG; France
| | - M. Plotkine
- Equipe de recherche ‘Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale’ EA 4475; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; 75006; Paris; France
| | - C. Marchand-Leroux
- Equipe de recherche ‘Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale’ EA 4475; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; 75006; Paris; France
| | - S. Ballet
- Guerbet, Division Recherche - Service Imagerie Expérimentale; 95943; Roissy; CDG; France
| | - P. Robert
- Guerbet, Division Recherche - Service Imagerie Expérimentale; 95943; Roissy; CDG; France
| | - G. Louin
- Guerbet, Division Recherche - Service Imagerie Expérimentale; 95943; Roissy; CDG; France
| | - I. Margaill
- Equipe de recherche ‘Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale’ EA 4475; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; 75006; Paris; France
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Krol S, Macrez R, Docagne F, Defer G, Laurent S, Rahman M, Hajipour MJ, Kehoe PG, Mahmoudi M. Therapeutic Benefits from Nanoparticles: The Potential Significance of Nanoscience in Diseases with Compromise to the Blood Brain Barrier. Chem Rev 2012; 113:1877-903. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200472g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Krol
- Fondazione IRCCS Institute of Neurology “Carlo Besta”, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Macrez
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Fabian Docagne
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
| | - Gilles Defer
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Department of General, Organic, and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau, 19, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Masoud Rahman
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad J. Hajipour
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Patrick G. Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, John James Laboratories, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, U.K
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Current address: School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Montagne A, Gauberti M, Macrez R, Jullienne A, Briens A, Raynaud JS, Louin G, Buisson A, Haelewyn B, Docagne F, Defer G, Vivien D, Maubert E. Ultra-sensitive molecular MRI of cerebrovascular cell activation enables early detection of chronic central nervous system disorders. Neuroimage 2012; 63:760-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Lindsay AC, Choudhury RP. MRI of acute vascular syndromes: the emerging role of cardiovascular MRI in the diagnosis and treatment of AMI and stroke. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2012; 10:1101-8. [PMID: 23098146 DOI: 10.1586/erc.12.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
MRI is a safe and reproducible noninvasive method of obtaining high-resolution images of the heart and vascular system. As MRI has developed a more widespread clinical application over the last decade, attention has been increasing on how this technique can be used to aid the diagnosis of cardio- and cerebro-vascular diseases in the acute setting. While much of the initial development of cardiac MRI was based around describing the myocardium in the chronic stable state, much recent research has investigated the use of MRI to assess acute coronary syndromes. Similarly, arterial wall imaging using MRI was initially confined to relatively stable research populations; however, more recent work has suggested a possible future clinical role for vascular MRI techniques in acute settings. This study highlights recent advances in MRI of the cardiovascular system, with a particular emphasis on those techniques that can be of use in the setting of acute vascular syndromes, namely acute coronary syndrome, transient ischemic attack and stroke.
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116
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Grieve SM, Lønborg J, Mazhar J, Tan TC, Ho E, Liu CC, Lay W, Gill AJ, Kuchel P, Bhindi R, Figtree GA. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of rapid VCAM-1 up-regulation in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2012; 42:61-70. [PMID: 23052973 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-012-0857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory response plays an important role in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Up-regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM) contributes to this. We examined the feasibility of using intravenously administered VCAM-MPIO (microparticle iron oxide) to characterize VCAM expression patterns in myocardial IR injury. Myocardial ischemia was simulated by 30 min of transient ligation of the left coronary vessel in rats. Purified, monoclonal, rat-specific, mouse VCAM antibody coupled to MPIO was administered through the tail vein at 3 h post reperfusion and the rats were sacrificed 1 h later. High resolution 3D ex vivo MRI images were acquired at 9.4 Tesla. Extensive foci of signal voids were observed on T2*-weighted gradient-echo sequences, which corresponded to focal deposits of MPIOs observed in histological sections. The spatial density of the signal voids (expressed as a percentage of pixels below a threshold value) was increased in the peri-infarct zone compared with non-infarct zone (32.5 ± 4% vs. 13.9 ± 5%; n = 6; p < 0.05) and was substantially greater than the signal loss due to non-specific binding seen in rats administered IgG control MPIO (2.0 ± 1%; n = 6; p < 0.05). The VCAM-specific MPIO signal was also seen in myocardium and pericardium in segments remote from the IR injury, but not in rats undergoing a sham operation. In conclusion, molecular imaging in a model of myocardial IR injury is possible using high field MRI and VCAM-MPIOs and may provide novel insights beyond those achieved by standard histological and molecular analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Grieve
- North Shore Heart Research Group, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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117
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Zhu Y, Ling Y, Zhong J, Liu X, Wei K, Huang S. Magnetic resonance imaging of radiation-induced brain injury using targeted microparticles of iron oxide. Acta Radiol 2012; 53:812-9. [PMID: 22798291 DOI: 10.1258/ar.2012.120040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation-induced brain injury (RBI) is the most serious complication of primary and metastatic brain and neck malignant tumors following radiation therapy. However, at present, RBI is difficult to diagnose in the early period. Recently, studies have demonstrated that the early stage of RBI is characterized by an inflammatory reaction, and that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is significantly up-regulated in the irradiated brain tissues. PURPOSE To provide an early diagnosis of RBI using molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO) targeted to ICAM-1 in the vascular endothelium of brains. MATERIAL AND METHODS A monoclonal antibody against ICAM-1 was conjugated to MPIO to form the targeted MRI contrast agent ICAM-MPIO. The adhesion of ICAM-MPIO to endothelial cells was quantified by optical imaging and MRI. Sprague-Dawley rats were irradiated to establish an animal model of the early period of RBI. ICAM-MPIO and free-MPIO were injected via tail vein, respectively. T(2) signal intensity and T(2) values of the irradiated brains and normal brains were subsequently evaluated by MRI. RESULTS In vitro, the adhesion of ICAM-MPIO to the activated endothelial cells was 5 ± 0.5-fold greater than to the non-stimulated cells, which could be detected by optical imaging and MRI (R(2) = 1.0, P < 0.01). In vivo, ICAM-MPIO caused a marked negative MRI contrast effect in irradiated brains. As compared with brains without irradiation, the specific contrast effect increased more than seven-fold after administration of ICAM-MPIO (F = 751.495, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION MPIO coated with monoclonal antibody of ICAM-1 could be used for detecting the early period of RBI by optical imaging and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - You Ling
- China and College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou
| | - Jinglian Zhong
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Xueguo Liu
- Department of Radiology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Kun Wei
- China and College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou
| | - Suiqiao Huang
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
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118
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Hsieh V, Jasanoff A. Bioengineered probes for molecular magnetic resonance imaging in the nervous system. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:593-602. [PMID: 22896803 DOI: 10.1021/cn300059r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of molecular imaging probes has changed the nature of neurobiological research. Some of the most notable successes have involved the use of biological engineering techniques for the creation of fluorescent protein derivatives for optical imaging, but recent work has also led to a number of bioengineered probes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the preeminent technique for noninvasive investigation of brain structure and function. Molecular MRI agents are beginning to be applied for experiments in the nervous system, where they have the potential to bridge from molecular to systems or organismic levels of analysis. Compared with canonical synthetic small molecule agents, biomolecular or semibiosynthetic MRI contrast agents offer special advantages due to their amenability to molecular engineering approaches, their properties in some cases as catalysts, and their specificity in targeting and ligand binding. Here, we discuss an expanding list of instances where biological engineering techniques have aided in the design of MRI contrast agents and reporter systems, examining both advantages and limitations of these types of probes for studies in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hsieh
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, ‡Biological Engineering, §Brain & Cognitive Sciences, and ∥Nuclear Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 16-561, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alan Jasanoff
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, ‡Biological Engineering, §Brain & Cognitive Sciences, and ∥Nuclear Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 16-561, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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119
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Dorward DA, Lucas CD, Rossi AG, Haslett C, Dhaliwal K. Imaging inflammation: molecular strategies to visualize key components of the inflammatory cascade, from initiation to resolution. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:182-99. [PMID: 22627270 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of inflammation is central to the pathogenesis of innumerable human diseases. Understanding and tracking the critical events in inflammation are crucial for disease monitoring and pharmacological drug discovery and development. Recent progress in molecular imaging has provided novel insights into spatial associations, molecular events and temporal sequelae in the inflammatory process. While remaining a burgeoning field in pre-clinical research, increasing application in man affords researchers the opportunity to study disease pathogenesis in humans in situ thereby revolutionizing conventional understanding of pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets. This review provides a description of commonly used molecular imaging modalities, including optical, radionuclide and magnetic resonance imaging, and details key advances and translational opportunities in imaging inflammation from initiation to resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Dorward
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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120
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Geelen T, Paulis LEM, Coolen BF, Nicolay K, Strijkers GJ. Contrast-enhanced MRI of murine myocardial infarction - part I. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:953-968. [PMID: 22308108 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of contrast agents has added considerable value to the existing cardiac MRI toolbox that can be used to study murine myocardial infarction, as it enables detailed in vivo visualization of the molecular and cellular processes that occur in the infarcted and remote tissue. A variety of non-targeted and targeted contrast agents to study myocardial infarction are available and under development. Manganese, which acts as a calcium analogue, can be used to assess cell viability. Traditionally, low-molecular-weight Gd-containing contrast agents are employed to measure infarct size in a late gadolinium enhancement experiment. Gd-based blood-pool agents are used to study the vascular status of the myocardium. The use of targeted contrast agents facilitates more detailed imaging of pathophysiological processes in the acute and chronic infarct. Cell death was visualized by contrast agents functionalized with annexin A5 that binds specifically to phosphatidylserine accessible on dying cells and with an agent that binds to the exposed DNA of dead cells. Inflammation in the myocardium was depicted by contrast agents that target cell adhesion molecules expressed on activated endothelium, by contrast agents that are phagocytosed by inflammatory cells, and by using a probe that targets enzymes excreted by inflammatory cells. Cardiac remodeling processes were visualized with a contrast agent that binds to angiogenic vasculature and with an MR probe that specifically binds to collagen in the fibrotic myocardium. These recent advances in murine contrast-enhanced cardiac MRI have made a substantial contribution to the visualization of the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction, cardiac remodeling processes and the progression to heart failure, which helps to design new treatments. This review discusses the advances and challenges in the development and application of MRI contrast agents to study murine myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Geelen
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands
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121
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Nahrendorf M, McCarthy JR, Libby P. Over a hump for imaging atherosclerosis: nanobodies visualize vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in inflamed plaque. Circ Res 2012; 110:902-3. [PMID: 22461358 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.267260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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122
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Jacobs AH, Tavitian B. Noninvasive molecular imaging of neuroinflammation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:1393-415. [PMID: 22549622 PMCID: PMC3390799 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a highly dynamic and complex adaptive process to preserve and restore tissue homeostasis. Originally viewed as an immune-privileged organ, the central nervous system (CNS) is now recognized to have a constant interplay with the innate and the adaptive immune systems, where resident microglia and infiltrating immune cells from the periphery have important roles. Common diseases of the CNS, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), and neurodegeneration, elicit a neuroinflammatory response with the goal to limit the extent of the disease and to support repair and regeneration. However, various disease mechanisms lead to neuroinflammation (NI) contributing to the disease process itself. Molecular imaging is the method of choice to try to decipher key aspects of the dynamic interplay of various inducers, sensors, transducers, and effectors of the orchestrated inflammatory response in vivo in animal models and patients. Here, we review the basic principles of NI with emphasis on microglia and common neurologic disease mechanisms, the molecular targets which are being used and explored for imaging, and molecular imaging of NI in frequent neurologic diseases, such as stroke, MS, neurodegeneration, epilepsy, encephalitis, and gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI) at the Westfalian Wilhelms-University of Münster (WWU), Münster, Germany.
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123
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Paulis LEM, Jacobs I, van den Akker NM, Geelen T, Molin DG, Starmans LWE, Nicolay K, Strijkers GJ. Targeting of ICAM-1 on vascular endothelium under static and shear stress conditions using a liposomal Gd-based MRI contrast agent. J Nanobiotechnology 2012; 10:25. [PMID: 22716048 PMCID: PMC3563567 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-10-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on the endothelium of blood vessels in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli is of major importance for the regulation of local inflammation in cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and stroke. In vivo molecular imaging of ICAM-1 will improve diagnosis and follow-up of patients by non-invasive monitoring of the progression of inflammation. RESULTS A paramagnetic liposomal contrast agent functionalized with anti-ICAM-1 antibodies for multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence imaging of endothelial ICAM-1 expression is presented. The ICAM-1-targeted liposomes were extensively characterized in terms of size, morphology, relaxivity and the ability for binding to ICAM-1-expressing endothelial cells in vitro. ICAM-1-targeted liposomes exhibited strong binding to endothelial cells that depended on both the ICAM-1 expression level and the concentration of liposomes. The liposomes had a high longitudinal and transversal relaxivity, which enabled differentiation between basal and upregulated levels of ICAM-1 expression by MRI. The liposome affinity for ICAM-1 was preserved in the competing presence of leukocytes and under physiological flow conditions. CONCLUSION This liposomal contrast agent displays great potential for in vivo MRI of inflammation-related ICAM-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie E M Paulis
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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124
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Shirai T, Kohara H, Tabata Y. Inflammation imaging by silica nanoparticles with antibodies orientedly immobilized. J Drug Target 2012; 20:535-43. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.693500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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125
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Evans MC, Modo M, Talbot K, Sibson N, Turner MR. Magnetic resonance imaging of pathological processes in rodent models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:288-301. [DOI: 10.3109/17482968.2011.623300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Evans
- Oxford University Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital,
Oxford, UK
| | - Michel Modo
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Radiology & McGowan Center for Regenerative Medicine,
Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Oxford University Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital,
Oxford, UK
| | - Niki Sibson
- Oxford University Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Churchill Hospital,
Oxford, UK
| | - Martin R. Turner
- Oxford University Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital,
Oxford, UK
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126
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Anna Sargsyan
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Joshua M. Thurman
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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127
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McAteer MA, Mankia K, Ruparelia N, Jefferson A, Nugent HB, Stork LA, Channon KM, Schneider JE, Choudhury RP. A leukocyte-mimetic magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent homes rapidly to activated endothelium and tracks with atherosclerotic lesion macrophage content. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1427-35. [PMID: 22499989 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.241844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial cell activation is an important mediator of monocyte recruitment to sites of vascular inflammation. We hypothesized that high-affinity dual-ligand microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO), targeted to P-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (PV-MPIO), would identify activated endothelial cells during atherosclerosis progression. METHODS AND RESULTS In vivo magnetic resonance imaging in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice showed rapid binding of PV-MPIO to the aortic root, which was maximal 30 minutes post-MPIO injection and maintained at 60 minutes. Minimal binding was observed for control IgG-MPIO. Intensely low magnetic resonance signal areas, corresponding to PV-MPIO binding, were detected early (14 weeks), during foam cell formation. Contrast effects increased at 20 weeks during fibrofatty lesion development (P<0.05), but reduced by 30 weeks (P<0.01). Across all lesion severities, magnetic resonance imaging contrast effects correlated with lesion macrophage area quantified by immunohistochemistry (R=0.53; P<0.01). Near-infrared fluorescently labeled PV-MPIO were shown, by flow cytometry, to bind only activated endothelial cells and not to macrophages. Using en face immunofluorescence, we further demonstrate selective PV-MPIO accumulation at atherosclerosis-susceptible sites, with minimal binding to atherosclerosis-spared regions. CONCLUSIONS This high-affinity leukocyte-mimetic magnetic resonance imaging agent reveals endothelial activation. PV-MPIO demonstrate exceptionally rapid in vivo steady state accumulation, providing conspicuous magnetic resonance contrast effects that can be objectively quantified. In atherosclerosis progression, PV-MPIO tracked closely with the burden and distribution of plaque macrophages, not merely plaque size. On a biocompatible platform, this approach has potential for quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of inflammatory disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina A McAteer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Level 6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
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128
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Imaging seizure-induced inflammation using an antibody targeted iron oxide contrast agent. Neuroimage 2012; 60:1149-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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129
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Molecular MRI enables early and sensitive detection of brain metastases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:6674-9. [PMID: 22451897 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117412109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis to the brain is a leading cause of cancer mortality. The current diagnostic method of gadolinium-enhanced MRI is sensitive only to larger tumors, when therapeutic options are limited. Earlier detection of brain metastases is critical for improved treatment. We have developed a targeted MRI contrast agent based on microparticles of iron oxide that enables imaging of endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Our objectives here were to determine whether VCAM-1 is up-regulated on vessels associated with brain metastases, and if so, whether VCAM-1-targeted MRI enables early detection of these tumors. Early up-regulation of cerebrovascular VCAM-1 expression was evident on tumor-associated vessels in two separate murine models of brain metastasis. Metastases were detectable in vivo using VCAM-1-targeted MRI 5 d after induction (<1,000 cells). At clinical imaging resolutions, this finding is likely to translate to detection at tumor volumes two to three orders of magnitude smaller (0.3-3 × 10(5) cells) than those volumes detectable clinically (10(7)-10(8) cells). VCAM-1 expression detected by MRI increased significantly (P < 0.0001) with tumor progression, and tumors showed no gadolinium enhancement. Importantly, expression of VCAM-1 was shown in human brain tissue containing both established metastases and micrometastases. Translation of this approach to the clinic could increase therapeutic options and change clinical management in a substantial number of cancer patients.
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130
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Jefferson A, Wijesurendra RS, McAteer MA, Choudhury RP. Development and application of endothelium-targeted microparticles for molecular magnetic resonance imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 4:247-56. [PMID: 22407676 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging of disease states can enhance diagnosis allowing for accurate and more effective treatment. By specifically targeting molecules differentially expressed in disease states, researchers and clinicians have a means of disease characterization at a cellular or tissue level. Targeted micron-sized particles of iron oxide (MPIO) have been used as molecule-specific contrast agents for use with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and early evidence suggests they may be suitable for use with other imaging modalities. Targeting of MPIO to markers of disease is commonly achieved through the covalent attachment of antibodies to the surface of the particles, providing an imaging agent that is both highly specific and which binds with high affinity. When comparing micron-sized particles with nanometre-sized particles, the former provide substantial signal dropout in MRI and confer the sensitivity to detect low levels of target. Furthermore, larger particles appear to bind to targets more potently than smaller particles. Animal models have also demonstrated favorable blood clearance characteristics of MPIO, which are important in achieving favorable signal over background and to attain clearance and disposal. Although the current generation of commercially available MPIO are not suitable for administration into humans, future work may focus on the development of biodegradable and nonimmunogenic MPIO that may allow the use of these imaging agents in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jefferson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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131
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Jefferson A, Wijesurendra RS, McAteer MA, Digby JE, Douglas G, Bannister T, Perez-Balderas F, Bagi Z, Lindsay AC, Choudhury RP. Molecular imaging with optical coherence tomography using ligand-conjugated microparticles that detect activated endothelial cells: rational design through target quantification. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219:579-87. [PMID: 21872249 PMCID: PMC3234340 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.07.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high resolution imaging technique used to assess superficial atherosclerotic plaque morphology. Utility of OCT may be enhanced by contrast agents targeting molecular mediators of inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS Microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO; 1 and 4.5 μm diameter) in suspension were visualized and accurately quantified using a clinical optical coherence tomography system. Bound to PECAM-1 on a plane of cultured endothelial cells under static conditions, 1 μm MPIO were also readily detected by OCT. To design a molecular contrast probe that would bind activated endothelium under conditions of shear stress, we quantified the expression (basal vs. TNF-activated; molecules μm(-2)) of VCAM-1 (not detected vs. 16 ± 1); PECAM-1 (132 ± 6 vs. 198 ± 10) and E-selectin (not detected vs. 46 ± 0.6) using quantitative flow cytometry. We then compared the retention of antibody-conjugated MPIO targeting each of these molecules plus a combined VCAM-1 and E-selectin (E+V) probe across a range of physiologically relevant shear stresses. E+V MPIO were consistently retained with highest efficiency (P < 0.001) and at a density that provided conspicuous contrast effects on OCT pullback. CONCLUSION Microparticles of iron oxide were detectable using a clinical OCT system. Assessment of binding under flow conditions recommended an approach that targeted both E-selectin and VCAM-1. Bound to HUVEC under conditions of flow, targeted 1 μm E+V MPIO were readily identified on OCT pullback. Molecular imaging with OCT may be feasible in vivo using antibody targeted MPIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jefferson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Oxford Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Rohan S. Wijesurendra
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Oxford Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Martina A. McAteer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Oxford Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Janet E. Digby
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Oxford Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Douglas
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Oxford Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Bannister
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Oxford Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Perez-Balderas
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Bagi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair C. Lindsay
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Oxford Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Robin P. Choudhury
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Oxford Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
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132
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Dijkhuizen RM. Advances in MRI-Based Detection of Cerebrovascular Changes after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Transl Stroke Res 2011; 2:524-32. [PMID: 22207884 PMCID: PMC3236292 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a heterogeneous and multifaceted neurological disorder that involves diverse pathophysiological pathways and mechanisms. Thorough characterization and monitoring of the brain’s status after neurotrauma is therefore highly complicated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a versatile tool for in vivo spatiotemporal assessment of various aspects of central nervous system injury, such as edema formation, perfusion disturbances and structural tissue damage. Moreover, recent advances in MRI methods that make use of contrast agents have opened up additional opportunities for measurement of events at the level of the cerebrovasculature, such as blood–brain barrier permeability, leukocyte infiltration, cell adhesion molecule upregulation and vascular remodeling. It is becoming increasingly clear that these cerebrovascular alterations play a significant role in the progression of post-traumatic brain injury as well as in the process of post-traumatic brain repair. Application of advanced multiparametric MRI strategies in experimental, preclinical studies may significantly aid in the elucidation of pathomechanisms, monitoring of treatment effects, and identification of predictive markers after traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick M. Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Building Nieuw Gildestein, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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133
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De M, Chou SS, Joshi HM, Dravid VP. Hybrid magnetic nanostructures (MNS) for magnetic resonance imaging applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1282-99. [PMID: 21851844 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of MRI contrast agents has experienced its version of the gilded age over the past decade, thanks largely to the rapid advances in nanotechnology. In addition to progress in single mode contrast agents, which ushered in unprecedented R(1) or R(2) sensitivities, there has also been a boon in the development of agents covering more than one mode of detection. These include T(1)-PET, T(2)-PET T(1)-optical, T(2)-optical, T(1)-T(2) agents and many others. In this review, we describe four areas which we feel have experienced particular growth due to nanotechnology, specifically T(2) magnetic nanostructure development, T(1)/T(2)-optical dual mode agents, and most recently the T(1)-T(2) hybrid imaging systems. In each of these systems, we describe applications including in vitro, in vivo usage and assay development. In all, while the benefits and drawbacks of most MRI contrast agents depend on the application at hand, the recent development in multimodal nanohybrids may curtail the shortcomings of single mode agents in diagnostic and clinical settings by synergistically incorporating functionality. It is hoped that as nanotechnology advances over the next decade, it will produce agents with increased diagnostics and assay relevant capabilities in streamlined packages that can meaningfully improve patient care and prognostics. In this review article, we focus on T(2) materials, its surface functionalization and coupling with optical and/or T(1) agents.
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134
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The use of cellular magnetic resonance imaging to track the fate of iron-labeled multipotent stromal cells after direct transplantation in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Mol Imaging Biol 2011; 13:702-11. [PMID: 20686855 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to track the fate of iron-labeled, multipotent stromal cells (MSC) after their direct transplantation into mice with spinal cord injuries using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PROCEDURES Mice with spinal cord injuries received a direct transplant of (1) live MSC labeled with micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIO); (2) dead, MPIO-labeled MSC; (3) unlabeled MSC; or (4) free MPIO and were imaged at 3 T for 6 weeks after transplantation. RESULTS Live, iron-labeled MSC appeared as a well-defined region of signal loss in the mouse spinal cord at the site of transplant. However, the MR appearance of dead, iron-labeled MSC and free iron particles was similar and persisted for the 6 weeks of the study. CONCLUSIONS Iron-labeled stem cells can be detected and monitored in vivo after direct transplantation into the injured spinal cord of mice. However, the fate of the iron label is not clear. Our investigation indicates that caution should be taken when interpreting MR images after direct transplantation of iron-labeled cells.
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135
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Duerschmied D, Meiner M, Peter K, Neudorfer I, Roming F, Zirlik A, Bode C, von Elverfeldt D, von zur Muhlen C. Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Allows the Detection of Activated Platelets in a New Mouse Model of Coronary Artery Thrombosis. Invest Radiol 2011; 46:618-23. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e31821e62fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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136
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Nahrendorf M, Sosnovik DE. Science to practice: will magnetic guidance of microbubbles play a role in clinical molecular imaging? Radiology 2011; 260:309-10. [PMID: 21778448 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.11111017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The elegant study by Wu et al presents additional evidence that vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) imaging in atherosclerotic mice is feasible and of substantial preclinical value. The current study is well performed and enhances the diagnostic armamentarium of ultrasonography (US) in molecular imaging of the endothelium. The technique is likely to have a substantial impact in the preclinical arena, where it will assist in the elucidation of endothelial biology and the assessment of new therapies in mice. The impact of the technique in the clinical arena, however, is likely to be more limited. Although final judgment will need to be held until large animal studies are performed with this approach, it is likely that more tomographic and quantitative techniques that are capable of imaging the coronary arteries, such as magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and positron emission tomography (PET), will be of greatest value in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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137
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Serres S, Mardiguian S, Campbell SJ, McAteer MA, Akhtar A, Krapitchev A, Choudhury RP, Anthony DC, Sibson NR. VCAM-1-targeted magnetic resonance imaging reveals subclinical disease in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. FASEB J 2011; 25:4415-22. [PMID: 21908714 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-183772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) currently requires lesion identification by gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced or T(2)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, these methods only identify late-stage pathology associated with blood-brain barrier breakdown. There is a growing belief that more widespread, but currently undetectable, pathology is present in the MS brain. We have previously demonstrated that an anti-VCAM-1 antibody conjugated to microparticles of iron oxide (VCAM-MPIO) enables in vivo detection of VCAM-1 by MRI. Here, in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS, we have shown that presymptomatic lesions can be quantified using VCAM-MPIO when they are undetectable by Gd-enhancing MRI. Moreover, in symptomatic animals VCAM-MPIO binding was present in all regions showing Gd-DTPA enhancement and also in areas of no Gd-DTPA enhancement, which were confirmed histologically to be regions of leukocyte infiltration. VCAM-MPIO binding correlated significantly with increasing disability. Negligible MPIO-induced contrast was found in either EAE animals injected with an equivalent nontargeted contrast agent (IgG-MPIO) or in control animals injected with the VCAM-MPIO. These findings describe a highly sensitive molecular imaging tool that may enable detection of currently invisible pathology in MS, thus accelerating diagnosis, guiding treatment, and enabling quantitative disease assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Serres
- Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
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138
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Zhou J, Tsai YT, Weng H, Baker DW, Tang L. Real time monitoring of biomaterial-mediated inflammatory responses via macrophage-targeting NIR nanoprobes. Biomaterials 2011; 32:9383-90. [PMID: 21893338 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Medical implant-mediated inflammatory responses, often involving high levels of macrophages, are typically determined by histological analyses. These methods however are time consuming and require many animals to monitor the kinetics of inflammatory reactions and to generate reproducible outcomes. Recent studies have shown that activated macrophages in inflamed tissue express high levels of folate receptor (FR). In this study, FR-targeting NIR nanoprobes were fabricated and then tested for their ability to detect and quantify the extent of biomaterial-mediated inflammatory responses in vivo. Indeed, FR-targeting nanoprobes preferentially accumulate on activated macrophage surfaces. When administered intravenously, we found that the FR-targeting nanoprobes distinctively gathered in the inflamed tissues and that a different extent of FR-targeting nanoprobe gathering could be found in tissues implanted with different types of biomaterials. Most importantly, we found that there was a good relationship between the extent of inflammatory reactions and the intensity of nanoprobe-associated NIR signal in tissue. Our results support that FR-targeting NIR nanoprobes can be used to monitor and quantify the extent of macrophage recruitment and the degree of an implants' biocompatibility in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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139
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Figtree GA, Lønborg J, Grieve SM, Ward MR, Bhindi R. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for the interventional cardiologist. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 4:137-48. [PMID: 21349451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2010.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive technique for assessing heart structure and function without the need for ionizing radiation. Its ability to precisely outline regions of myocardial ischemia and infarction gives it an important role in guiding interventional cardiologists in revascularization. Its ability to characterize and precisely quantify abnormal regurgitant flow volumes or abnormal shunts also makes it a valuable tool for many noncoronary interventions. This review will discuss the evidence for cardiac magnetic resonance in guiding complex therapies in the catheter laboratory, as well as practical issues that need to be addressed to allow the application of this powerful tool to an increasing number of our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma A Figtree
- North Shore Heart Research Group, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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140
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Pan D, Caruthers SD, Senpan A, Yalaz C, Stacy AJ, Hu G, Marsh JN, Gaffney PJ, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Synthesis of NanoQ, a copper-based contrast agent for high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging characterization of human thrombus. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:9168-71. [PMID: 21599030 PMCID: PMC3124378 DOI: 10.1021/ja201918u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new site-targeted molecular imaging contrast agent based on a nanocolloidal suspension of lipid-encapsulated, organically soluble divalent copper has been developed. Concentrating a high payload of divalent copper ions per nanoparticle, this agent provides a high per-particle r1 relaxivity, allowing sensitive detection in T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging when targeted to fibrin clots in vitro. The particle also exhibits a defined clearance and safety profile in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Pan
- C-TRAIN and Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4320 Forest Park Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
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141
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Chacko AM, Hood ED, Zern BJ, Muzykantov VR. Targeted Nanocarriers for Imaging and Therapy of Vascular Inflammation. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 16:215-227. [PMID: 21709761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular inflammation is a common, complex mechanism involved in pathogenesis of a plethora of disease conditions including ischemia-reperfusion, atherosclerosis, restenosis and stroke. Specific targeting of imaging probes and drugs to endothelial cells in inflammation sites holds promise to improve management of these conditions. Nanocarriers of diverse compositions and geometries, targeted with ligands to endothelial adhesion molecules exposed in inflammation foci are devised for this goal. Imaging modalities that employ these nanoparticle probes include radioisotope imaging, MRI and ultrasound that are translatable from animal to human studies, as well as optical imaging modalities that at the present time are more confined to animal studies. Therapeutic cargoes for these drug delivery systems include diverse anti-inflammatory agents, anti-proliferative drugs for prevention of restenosis, and antioxidants. This article reviews recent advances in the area of image-guided translation of targeted nanocarrier diagnostics and therapeutics in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Chacko
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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143
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Mankia KS, McAteer MA, Choudhury RP. Microparticle-Based Molecular MRI of Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Tissue Ischemia. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-010-9059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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144
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Abstract
Inflammation is a key component of many neurological diseases, yet our understanding of the contribution of these processes to tissue damage remains poor. For many such diseases, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the method of choice for clinical diagnosis. However, many of the MRI parameters that enable disease detection, such as passive contrast enhancement across a compromised blood-brain barrier, are weighted towards late-stage disease. Moreover, whilst these methods may report on disease severity, they are not able to provide information on either disease activity or the underlying molecular processes. There is a need, therefore, to develop methods that enable earlier disease detection, potentially long before clinical symptoms become apparent, together with identification of specific molecular processes that may guide specific therapy. This chapter describes the methodology for the synthesis and validation of two novel, functional MRI-detectable probes, based on microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO), which target endothelial adhesion molecules. These contrast agents enable the detection of acute brain inflammation in vivo, at a time when pathology is undetectable by conventional MRI. Such molecular MRI methods are opening new vistas for the acute diagnosis of CNS disease, together with the possibility for individually tailored therapy and earlier, more sensitive assessment of the efficacy of novel therapies.
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145
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Anthony DC, Sibson NR, McAteer MA, Davis B, Choudhury RP. Detection of brain pathology by magnetic resonance imaging of iron oxide micro-particles. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 686:213-227. [PMID: 21082373 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-938-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Contrast agents are widely used with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to increase the contrast between regions of interest and the background signal, thus providing better quality information. Such agents can work in one of two ways, either to specifically enhance the signal that is produced or to localize in a specific cell type of tissue. Commonly used image contrast agents are typically based on gadolinium complexes or super-paramagnetic iron oxide, the latter of which is used for imaging lymph nodes. When blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is a feature of central nervous system (CNS) pathology, intravenously administered contrast agent enters into the CNS and alters contrast on MR scans. However, BBB breakdown reflects downstream or end-stage pathology. The initial recruitment of leukocytes to sites of disease such as multiple sclerosis (MS), ischemic lesions, or tumours takes place across an intact, but activated, brain endothelium. Molecular imaging affords the ability to obtain a "non-invasive biopsy" to reveal the presence of brain pathology in the absence of significant structural changes. We have developed smart contrast agents that target and reversibly adhere to sites of disease and have been used to reveal activated brain endothelium when images obtained by conventional MRI look normal. Indeed, our selectively targeted micro-particles of iron oxide have revealed the early presence of cerebral malaria pathology and ongoing MS-like plaques in clinically relevant models of disease.
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146
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Denic A, Macura SI, Mishra P, Gamez JD, Rodriguez M, Pirko I. MRI in rodent models of brain disorders. Neurotherapeutics 2011; 8:3-18. [PMID: 21274681 PMCID: PMC3075741 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-010-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-established tool in clinical practice and research on human neurological disorders. Translational MRI research utilizing rodent models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is becoming popular with the increased availability of dedicated small animal MRI systems. Projects utilizing this technology typically fall into one of two categories: 1) true "pre-clinical" studies involving the use of MRI as a noninvasive disease monitoring tool which serves as a biomarker for selected aspects of the disease and 2) studies investigating the pathomechanism of known human MRI findings in CNS disease models. Most small animal MRI systems operate at 4.7-11.7 Tesla field strengths. Although the higher field strength clearly results in a higher signal-to-noise ratio, which enables higher resolution acquisition, a variety of artifacts and limitations related to the specific absorption rate represent significant challenges in these experiments. In addition to standard T1-, T2-, and T2*-weighted MRI methods, all of the currently available advanced MRI techniques have been utilized in experimental animals, including diffusion, perfusion, and susceptibility weighted imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, chemical shift imaging, heteronuclear imaging, and (1)H or (31)P MR spectroscopy. Selected MRI techniques are also exclusively utilized in experimental research, including manganese-enhanced MRI, and cell-specific/molecular imaging techniques utilizing negative contrast materials. In this review, we describe technical and practical aspects of small animal MRI and provide examples of different MRI techniques in anatomical imaging and tract tracing as well as several models of neurological disorders, including inflammatory, neurodegenerative, vascular, and traumatic brain and spinal cord injury models, and neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Denic
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905 USA
| | - Slobodan I. Macura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905 USA
| | - Prasanna Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905 USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Gamez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905 USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905 USA
| | - Istvan Pirko
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905 USA
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147
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McAteer MA, von Zur Muhlen C, Anthony DC, Sibson NR, Choudhury RP. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain inflammation using microparticles of iron oxide. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 680:103-115. [PMID: 21153376 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-901-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
For molecular magnetic resonance imaging (mMRI), microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO) create potent hypointense contrast effects that extend a distance far exceeding their physical size. The potency of the contrast effects derive from their high iron content and are significantly greater than that of ultra-small particles of iron oxide (USPIO), commonly used for MRI. Due to their size and incompressible nature, MPIO are less susceptible to nonspecific vascular egress or uptake by endothelial cells. Therefore, MPIO may be useful contrast agents for detection of endovascular molecular targets by MRI. This Chapter describes the methodology of a novel, functional MPIO probe targeting vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), for detection of acute brain inflammation in vivo, at a time when pathology is undetectable by conventional MRI. Protocols are included for conjugation of MPIO to mouse monoclonal antibodies against VCAM-1 (VCAM-MPIO), the validation of VCAM-MPIO binding specificity to activated endothelial cells in vitro, and the application of VCAM-MPIO for in vivo targeted MRI of acute brain inflammation in mice. This functional molecular imaging tool may potentially accelerate accurate diagnosis of early cerebral vascular inflammation by MRI, and guide specific therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina A McAteer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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148
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Large-scale production of magnetosomes by chemostat culture of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense at high cell density. Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:99. [PMID: 21144001 PMCID: PMC3019156 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetotactic bacteria have long intrigued researchers because they synthesize intracellular nano-scale (40-100 nm) magnetic particles composed of Fe3O4, termed magnetosomes. Current research focuses on the molecular mechanisms of bacterial magnetosome formation and its practical applications in biotechnology and medicine. Practical applications of magnetosomes are based on their ferrimagnetism, nanoscale size, narrow size distribution, dispersal ability, and membrane-bound structure. However, the applications of magnetosomes have not yet been developed commercially, mainly because magnetotactic bacteria are difficult to cultivate and consistent, high yields of magnetosomes have not yet been achieved. RESULTS We report a chemostat culture technique based on pH-stat feeding that yields a high cell density of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense strain MSR-1 in an auto-fermentor. In a large-scale fermentor, the magnetosome yield was significantly increased by adjusting the stirring rate and airflow which regulates the level of dissolved oxygen (DO). Low concentration of sodium lactate (2.3 mmol l-1) in the culture medium resulted in more rapid cell growth and higher magnetosome yield than high concentration of lactate (20 mmol l-1). The optical density of M. gryphiswaldense cells reached 12 OD565 nm after 36 hr culture in a 42 L fermentor. Magnetosome yield and productivity were 83.23 ± 5.36 mg l-1 (dry weight) and 55.49 mg l-1 day-1, respectively, which were 1.99 and 3.32 times higher than the corresponding values in our previous study. CONCLUSIONS Compared to previously reported methods, our culture technique with the MSR-1 strain significantly increased cell density, cell yield, and magnetosome yield in a shorter time window and thus reduced the cost of production. The cell density and magnetosome yield reported here are the highest so far achieved with a magnetotactic bacteria. Refinement of this technique will enable further increase of cell density and magnetosome yield.
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149
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Price AN, Cheung KK, Cleary JO, Campbell AE, Riegler J, Lythgoe MF. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in experimental models. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2010; 4:278-92. [PMID: 21331311 PMCID: PMC3040459 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401004010278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is the modality of choice for clinical studies of the heart and vasculature, offering detailed images of both structure and function with high temporal resolution. Small animals are increasingly used for genetic and translational research, in conjunction with models of common pathologies such as myocardial infarction. In all cases, effective methods for characterising a wide range of functional and anatomical parameters are crucial for robust studies. CMR is the gold-standard for the non-invasive examination of these models, although physiological differences, such as rapid heart rate, make this a greater challenge than conventional clinical imaging. However, with the help of specialised magnetic resonance (MR) systems, novel gating strategies and optimised pulse sequences, high-quality images can be obtained in these animals despite their small size. In this review, we provide an overview of the principal CMR techniques for small animals for example cine, angiography and perfusion imaging, which can provide measures such as ejection fraction, vessel anatomy and local blood flow, respectively. In combination with MR contrast agents, regional dysfunction in the heart can also be identified and assessed. We also discuss optimal methods for analysing CMR data, particularly the use of semi-automated tools for parameter measurement to reduce analysis time. Finally, we describe current and emerging methods for imaging the developing heart, aiding characterisation of congenital cardiovascular defects. Advanced small animal CMR now offers an unparalleled range of cardiovascular assessments. Employing these methods should allow new insights into the structural, functional and molecular basis of the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony N Price
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Department of Medicine and UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
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150
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Jozwiak S, Habich A, Kotulska K, Sarnowska A, Kropiwnicki T, Janowski M, Jurkiewicz E, Lukomska B, Kmiec T, Walecki J, Roszkowski M, Litwin M, Oldak T, Boruczkowski D, Domanska-Janik K. Intracerebroventricular Transplantation of Cord Blood-Derived Neural Progenitors in a Child With Severe Global Brain Ischemic Injury. CELL MEDICINE 2010; 1:71-80. [PMID: 26966631 PMCID: PMC4776166 DOI: 10.3727/215517910x536618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem/precursor cells has recently been proposed as a promising, albeit still controversial, approach to brain repair. Human umbilical cord blood could be a source of such therapeutic cells, proven beneficial in several preclinical models of stroke. Intracerebroventricular infusion of neutrally committed cord blood-derived cells allows their broad distribution in the CNS, whereas additional labeling with iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO) enables to follow the fate of engrafted cells by MRI. A 16-month-old child at 7 months after the onset of cardiac arrest-induced global hypoxic/ischemic brain injury, resulting in a permanent vegetative state, was subjected to intracerebroventricular transplantation of the autologous neutrally committed cord blood cells. These cells obtained by 10-day culture in vitro in neurogenic conditions were tagged with SPIO nanoparticles and grafted monthly by three serial injections (12 × 10(6) cells/0.5 ml) into lateral ventricle of the brain. Neural conversion of cord blood cells and superparamagnetic labeling efficiency was confirmed by gene expression, immunocytochemistry, and phantom study. MRI examination revealed the discrete hypointense areas appearing immediately after transplantation in the vicinity of lateral ventricles wall with subsequent lowering of the signal during entire period of observation. The child was followed up for 6 months after the last transplantation and his neurological status slightly but significantly improved. No clinically significant adverse events were noted. This report indicates that intracerebroventricular transplantation of autologous, neutrally committed cord blood cells is a feasible, well tolerated, and safe procedure, at least during 6 months of our observation period. Moreover, a cell-related MRI signal persisted at a wall of lateral ventricle for more than 4 months and could be monitored in transplanted brain hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiusz Jozwiak
- *Department of Neurology and Epileptology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Habich
- †NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kotulska
- *Department of Neurology and Epileptology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sarnowska
- †NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kropiwnicki
- ‡Department of Neurosurgery, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- †NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Jurkiewicz
- §Department of Radiology, MR Unit, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- †NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kmiec
- *Department of Neurology and Epileptology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Walecki
- ¶Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Postgraduate Medical Centre and Experimental Pharmacology Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Roszkowski
- ‡Department of Neurosurgery, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczyslaw Litwin
- #Department of Nephrology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Krystyna Domanska-Janik
- †NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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