101
|
Lin H, Vartanian O. A Neuroeconomic Framework for Creative Cognition. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018; 13:655-677. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691618794945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroeconomics is the study of the neurobiological bases of subjective preferences and choices. We present a novel framework that synthesizes findings from the literatures on neuroeconomics and creativity to provide a neurobiological description of creative cognition. We propose that value-based decision-making processes and activity in the locus ceruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) neuromodulatory system underlie creative cognition, as well as the large-scale brain network dynamics shown to be associated with creativity. This reconceptualization leads to several falsifiable hypotheses that can further understanding of creativity, decision making, and brain network dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hause Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
| | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Chakravarthy S, Balasubramani PP, Mandali A, Jahanshahi M, Moustafa AA. The many facets of dopamine: Toward an integrative theory of the role of dopamine in managing the body's energy resources. Physiol Behav 2018; 195:128-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
103
|
Del Giudice M, Crespi BJ. Basic functional trade-offs in cognition: An integrative framework. Cognition 2018; 179:56-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
104
|
London J, Ndiaye FK, Bui LC, Souchet B, Daubigney F, Magnan C, Luquet S, Dairou J, Janel N, Rouch C. Alterations in the Serotonin and Dopamine Pathways by Cystathionine Beta Synthase Overexpression in Murine Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3958-3971. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
105
|
Venkatraghavan L, Li L, Bailey T, Manninen PH, Tymianski M. Sumatriptan improves postoperative quality of recovery and reduces postcraniotomy headache after cranial nerve decompression. Br J Anaesth 2018; 117:73-9. [PMID: 27317706 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aew152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microvascular decompression (MVD) is a surgical treatment for cranial nerve disorders via a small craniotomy. The postoperative pain of this procedure can be classified as surgical site somatic pain and postcraniotomy headache similar in nature to a migraine, including its association with photophobia, nausea, and vomiting. This headache can be difficult to treat and can impact on postoperative recovery. Sumatriptan is used to treat migraine-like headaches in various settings. This single-centre randomized controlled trial investigated whether postoperative administration of sumatriptan after MVD surgery impacts the quality of postoperative recovery. METHODS Fifty patients who complained of postoperative headache after MVD were randomized to receive an s.c. injection of sumatriptan (6 mg) or saline. The primary outcome was quality of recovery as measured by the Quality of Recovery-40 (QoR-40) score at 24 h. RESULTS The QoR-40 scores were significantly higher in the sumatriptan group (median 184; interquartile range 169-196) than in the placebo group (133; 119-155; P<0.01), suggesting higher quality of recovery. The sumatriptan group also had significantly lower headache scores at 4, 12, and 24 h. There were no significant differences in other secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Use of sumatriptan improved the quality of recovery as measured by the QoR-40 and reduction of headache at 24 h after surgery. Sumatriptan is a useful alternative treatment for postcraniotomy headache. The mechanism remains unknown but could be related to reduction in headache, mood modulation, or both, mediated by a serotonin effect. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01632657.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - L Li
- Department of Anesthesia Present address: Department of Anaesthesia, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - T Bailey
- Department of Anesthesia Present address: Department of Anaesthesia, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton 3204, New Zealand
| | | | - M Tymianski
- Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Chen Z, Jamadar SD, Li S, Sforazzini F, Baran J, Ferris N, Shah NJ, Egan GF. From simultaneous to synergistic MR-PET brain imaging: A review of hybrid MR-PET imaging methodologies. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:5126-5144. [PMID: 30076750 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning is a recent major development in biomedical imaging. The full integration of the PET detector ring and electronics within the MR system has been a technologically challenging design to develop but provides capacity for simultaneous imaging and the potential for new diagnostic and research capability. This article reviews state-of-the-art MR-PET hardware and software, and discusses future developments focusing on neuroimaging methodologies for MR-PET scanning. We particularly focus on the methodologies that lead to an improved synergy between MRI and PET, including optimal data acquisition, PET attenuation and motion correction, and joint image reconstruction and processing methods based on the underlying complementary and mutual information. We further review the current and potential future applications of simultaneous MR-PET in both systems neuroscience and clinical neuroimaging research. We demonstrate a simultaneous data acquisition protocol to highlight new applications of MR-PET neuroimaging research studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Chen
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharna D Jamadar
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shenpeng Li
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jakub Baran
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Nicholas Ferris
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Imaging, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadim Jon Shah
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gary F Egan
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Neurobiology and pharmacology of activational and effort-related aspects of motivation: rodent studies. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
108
|
Intellectual Investment, Dopaminergic Gene Variation, and Life Events: A Critical Examination. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 1:e3. [PMID: 32435725 PMCID: PMC7219688 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2018.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Need for Cognition (NFC) and Openness to Ideas are intellectual investment traits that are characterized by a tendency to seek out, engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activity. Little, however, is known about the extent to which they are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. With the present contribution, we aim at furthering our knowledge on the mechanisms underlying intellectual investment traits by following-up on a recent investigation of the role of dopaminergic gene variation in intellectual investment. Employing a standard approach that relied on null-hypothesis significance testing, we found that, first, two dopaminergic genetic variants interacted in modulating individual differences in NFC, but not in Openness to Ideas; that, second, negative life events played a role in the modulation of Openness to Ideas, but not of NFC; and that, third, negative life events as assessed using another measure were only marginally related to Openness to Ideas while positive life events were associated with both Openness to Ideas and NFC, with the latter effect being also dependent on DRD4 exon III genotype. However, employing a Bayesian approach, the assumption of a genetic effect on investment traits was overall not supported, while the assumption of a role of positive life events in the modulation of investment traits could be confirmed, with a tentative increment in the prediction of NFC by adding an interaction of positive life events and DRD4 variation to the main effect of positive life events. Our findings underscore the importance to use different approaches in the field of personality neuroscience. To gain deeper insight into the basis of personality traits does not only require to consider genetic as well as environmental influences and their interplay, but also requires more differentiated statistical analyses that can at least in part tackle the often inconsistent findings in this field.
Collapse
|
109
|
Jean-Richard-Dit-Bressel P, Killcross S, McNally GP. Behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of punishment: implications for psychiatric disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1639-1650. [PMID: 29703994 PMCID: PMC6006171 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Punishment involves learning about the relationship between behavior and its adverse consequences. Punishment is fundamental to reinforcement learning, decision-making and choice, and is disrupted in psychiatric disorders such as addiction, depression, and psychopathy. However, little is known about the brain mechanisms of punishment and much of what is known is derived from study of superficially similar, but fundamentally distinct, forms of aversive learning such as fear conditioning and avoidance learning. Here we outline the unique conditions that support punishment, the contents of its learning, and its behavioral consequences. We consider evidence implicating GABA and monoamine neurotransmitter systems, as well as corticostriatal, amygdala, and dopamine circuits in punishment. We show how maladaptive punishment processes are implicated in addictions, impulse control disorders, psychopathy, anxiety, and depression and argue that a better understanding of the cellular, circuit, and cognitive mechanisms of punishment will make important contributions to next generation therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
110
|
Neukam PT, Kroemer NB, Deza Araujo YI, Hellrung L, Pooseh S, Rietschel M, Witt SH, Schwarzenbolz U, Henle T, Smolka MN. Risk-seeking for losses is associated with 5-HTTLPR, but not with transient changes in 5-HT levels. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2151-2165. [PMID: 29730700 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Serotonin (5-HT) plays a key role in different aspects of value-based decision-making. A recent framework proposed that tonic 5-HT (together with dopamine, DA) codes future average reward expectations, providing a baseline against which possible choice outcomes are compared to guide decision-making. OBJECTIVES To test whether high 5-HT levels decrease loss aversion, risk-seeking for gains, and risk-seeking for losses. METHODS In a first session, 611 participants were genotyped for 5-HTTLPR and performed a mixed gambles (MGA) task and two probability discounting tasks for gains and losses, respectively (PDG/PDL). Afterwards, a subsample of 105 participants (44 with S/S, 6 with S/L, 55 with L/L genotype) completed the pharmacological study using a crossover design with tryptophan depletion (ATD), loading (ATL), and balanced (BAL) conditions. The same decision constructs were assessed. RESULTS We found increased risk-seeking for losses in S/S compared to L/L individuals at the first visit (p = 0.002). Neither tryptophan depletion nor loading affected decision-making, nor did we observe an interaction between intervention and 5-HTTLPR genotype. CONCLUSION Our data do not support the idea that transient changes of tonic 5-HT affect value-based decision-making. We provide evidence for an association of 5-HTTLPR with risk-seeking for losses, independent of acute 5-HT levels. This indicates that the association of 5-HTTLPR and risk-seeking for losses is mediated via other mechanisms, possibly by differences in the structural development of neural circuits of the 5-HT system during early life phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp T Neukam
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nils B Kroemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yacila I Deza Araujo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lydia Hellrung
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Economics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Shakoor Pooseh
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Uwe Schwarzenbolz
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Henle
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
London J, Rouch C, Bui LC, Assayag E, Souchet B, Daubigney F, Medjaoui H, Luquet S, Magnan C, Delabar JM, Dairou J, Janel N. Overexpression of the DYRK1A Gene (Dual-Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation-Regulated Kinase 1A) Induces Alterations of the Serotoninergic and Dopaminergic Processing in Murine Brain Tissues. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:3822-3831. [PMID: 28540658 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trisomy 21 (T21) or Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic disorder associated with intellectual disability and affects around 5 million persons worldwide. Neuroanatomical phenotypes associated with T21 include slight reduction of brain size and weight, abnormalities in several brain areas including spines dysgenesis, dendritic morphogenesis, and early neuroanatomical characteristics of Alzheimer's disease. Monoamine neurotransmitters are involved in dendrites development, functioning of synapses, memory consolidation, and their levels measured in the cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or brain areas that are modified in individuals with T21. DYRK1A is one of the recognized key genes that could explain some of the deficits present in individuals with T21. We investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection the contents and processing of monoamines neurotransmitters in four brain areas of female and male transgenic mice for the Dyrk1a gene (mBactgDyrk1a). DYRK1A overexpression induced dramatic deficits in the serotonin contents of the four brain areas tested and major deficits in dopamine and adrenaline contents especially in the hypothalamus. These results suggest that DYRK1A overexpression might be associated with the modification of monoamines content found in individuals with T21 and reinforce the interest to target the level of DYRK1A expression as a therapeutic approach for persons with T21.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline London
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, F-75205, Paris, France.
| | - Claude Rouch
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, F-75205, Paris, France
| | - Linh Chi Bui
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, F-75205, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Assayag
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, F-75205, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Souchet
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, F-75205, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Daubigney
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, F-75205, Paris, France
| | - Hind Medjaoui
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, F-75205, Paris, France
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, F-75205, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, F-75205, Paris, France
| | - Jean Maurice Delabar
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, F-75205, Paris, France
- UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Julien Dairou
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, F-75205, Paris, France
- UMR 8601 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, 75270, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Janel
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, F-75205, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Di Ciano P, Le Foll B. The Rat Gambling Task as a model for the preclinical development of treatments for gambling disorder. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2018.1448428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Di Ciano
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) , Toronto, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Addiction Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) , Toronto, Canada
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry, Family and Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Chronic nicotine exposure impairs uncertainty modulation on reinforcement learning in anterior cingulate cortex and serotonin system. Neuroimage 2018; 169:323-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
114
|
Environmental complexity buffers against stress-induced negative judgement bias in female chickens. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5404. [PMID: 29599444 PMCID: PMC5876351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive processes are often biased by emotions. In humans, affective disorders are accompanied by pessimistic judgement, while optimistic judgement is linked to emotional stability. Similar to humans, animals tend to interpret ambiguous stimuli negatively after experiencing stressful events, although the long-lasting impact on judgement bias has rarely been investigated. We measure judgement bias in female chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) after exposure to cold stress, and before and after exposure to additional unpredictable stressors. Additionally, we explore if brain monoamines can explain differences in judgement bias. Chicks exposed to cold stress did not differ in judgement bias compared to controls, but showed sensitivity to additional stressors by having higher motivation for social reinstatement. Environmental complexity reduced stress-induced negative judgement bias, by maintaining an optimistic bias in individuals housed in complex conditions even after stress exposure. Moreover, judgement bias was related to dopamine turnover rate in mesencephalon, with higher activity in individuals that had a more optimistic response. These results demonstrate that environmental complexity can buffer against negative effects of additive stress and that dopamine relates to judgement bias in chicks. These results reveal that both internal and external factors can mediate emotionally biased judgement in animals, thus showing similarities to findings in humans.
Collapse
|
115
|
Fouragnan E, Retzler C, Philiastides MG. Separate neural representations of prediction error valence and surprise: Evidence from an fMRI meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:2887-2906. [PMID: 29575249 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning occurs when an outcome differs from expectations, generating a reward prediction error signal (RPE). The RPE signal has been hypothesized to simultaneously embody the valence of an outcome (better or worse than expected) and its surprise (how far from expectations). Nonetheless, growing evidence suggests that separate representations of the two RPE components exist in the human brain. Meta-analyses provide an opportunity to test this hypothesis and directly probe the extent to which the valence and surprise of the error signal are encoded in separate or overlapping networks. We carried out several meta-analyses on a large set of fMRI studies investigating the neural basis of RPE, locked at decision outcome. We identified two valence learning systems by pooling studies searching for differential neural activity in response to categorical positive-versus-negative outcomes. The first valence network (negative > positive) involved areas regulating alertness and switching behaviours such as the midcingulate cortex, the thalamus and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex whereas the second valence network (positive > negative) encompassed regions of the human reward circuitry such as the ventral striatum and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. We also found evidence of a largely distinct surprise-encoding network including the anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula and dorsal striatum. Together with recent animal and electrophysiological evidence this meta-analysis points to a sequential and distributed encoding of different components of the RPE signal, with potentially distinct functional roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Fouragnan
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Retzler
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Behavioural & Social Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Marios G Philiastides
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Serotonin enhances the impact of health information on food choice. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 17:542-553. [PMID: 28116581 PMCID: PMC5403870 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin has been implicated in promoting self-control, regulation of hunger and physiological homeostasis, and regulation of caloric intake. However, it remains unclear whether the effects of serotonin on caloric intake reflect purely homeostatic mechanisms, or whether serotonin also modulates cognitive processes involved in dietary decision making. We investigated the effects of an acute dose of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram on choices between food items that differed along taste and health attributes, compared with placebo and the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine. Twenty-seven participants attended three sessions and received single doses of atomoxetine, citalopram, and placebo in a double-blind randomised cross-over design. Relative to placebo, citalopram increased choices of more healthy foods over less healthy foods. Citalopram also increased the emphasis on health considerations in decisions. Atomoxetine did not affect decision making relative to placebo. The results support the hypothesis that serotonin may influence food choice by enhancing a focus on long-term goals. The findings are relevant for understanding decisions about food consumption and also for treating health conditions such as eating disorders and obesity.
Collapse
|
117
|
Rincón-Pérez I, Sánchez-Carmona AJ, Albert J, Hinojosa JA. The association of monoamine-related gene polymorphisms with behavioural correlates of response inhibition: A meta-analytic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 84:49-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
118
|
Smith R, Alkozei A, Killgore WDS, Lane RD. Nested positive feedback loops in the maintenance of major depression: An integration and extension of previous models. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:374-397. [PMID: 28943294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several theories of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) have previously been proposed, focusing largely on either a psychological (i.e., cognitive/affective), biological, or neural/computational level of description. These theories appeal to somewhat distinct bodies of work that have each highlighted separate factors as being of considerable potential importance to the maintenance of MDD. Such factors include a range of cognitive/attentional information-processing biases, a range of structural and functional brain abnormalities, and also dysregulation within the autonomic, endocrine, and immune systems. However, to date there have been limited efforts to integrate these complimentary perspectives into a single multi-level framework. Here we review previous work in each of these MDD research domains and illustrate how they can be synthesized into a more comprehensive model of how a depressive episode is maintained. In particular, we emphasize how plausible (but insufficiently studied) interactions between the various MDD-related factors listed above can lead to a series of nested positive feedback loops, which are each capable of maintaining an individual in a depressive episode. We also describe how these different feedback loops could be active to different degrees in different individual cases, potentially accounting for heterogeneity in both depressive symptoms and treatment response. We conclude by discussing how this integrative model might extend understanding of current treatment mechanisms, and also potentially guide the search for markers to inform treatment selection in individual cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Anna Alkozei
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Richard D Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Millner AJ, Gershman SJ, Nock MK, den Ouden HEM. Pavlovian Control of Escape and Avoidance. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 30:1379-1390. [PMID: 29244641 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To survive in complex environments, animals need to have mechanisms to select effective actions quickly, with minimal computational costs. As perhaps the computationally most parsimonious of these systems, Pavlovian control accomplishes this by hardwiring specific stereotyped responses to certain classes of stimuli. It is well documented that appetitive cues initiate a Pavlovian bias toward vigorous approach; however, Pavlovian responses to aversive stimuli are less well understood. Gaining a deeper understanding of aversive Pavlovian responses, such as active avoidance, is important given the critical role these behaviors play in several psychiatric conditions. The goal of the current study was to establish a behavioral and computational framework to examine aversive Pavlovian responses (activation vs. inhibition) depending on the proximity of an aversive state (escape vs. avoidance). We introduce a novel task in which participants are exposed to primary aversive (noise) stimuli and characterized behavior using a novel generative computational model. This model combines reinforcement learning and drift-diffusion models so as to capture effects of invigoration/inhibition in both explicit choice behavior as well as changes in RT. Choice and RT results both suggest that escape is associated with a bias for vigorous action, whereas avoidance is associated with behavioral inhibition. These results lay a foundation for future work seeking insights into typical and atypical aversive Pavlovian responses involved in psychiatric disorders, allowing us to quantify both implicit and explicit indices of vigorous choice behavior in the context of aversion.
Collapse
|
120
|
Higgs S, Spetter MS, Thomas JM, Rotshtein P, Lee M, Hallschmid M, Dourish CT. Interactions between metabolic, reward and cognitive processes in appetite control: Implications for novel weight management therapies. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:1460-1474. [PMID: 29072515 PMCID: PMC5700796 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117736917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traditional models of appetite control have emphasised the role of parallel homeostatic and hedonic systems, but more recently the distinction between independent homeostatic and hedonic systems has been abandoned in favour of a framework that emphasises the cross talk between the neurochemical substrates of the two systems. In addition, evidence has emerged more recently, that higher level cognitive functions such as learning, memory and attention play an important role in everyday appetite control and that homeostatic signals also play a role in cognition. Here, we review this evidence and present a comprehensive model of the control of appetite that integrates cognitive, homeostatic and reward mechanisms. We discuss the implications of this model for understanding the factors that may contribute to disordered patterns of eating and suggest opportunities for developing more effective treatment approaches for eating disorders and weight management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Higgs
- 1 School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Jason M Thomas
- 2 Department of Psychology, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pia Rotshtein
- 1 School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michelle Lee
- 3 Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- 4 Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- 6 Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Yeung EW, Craggs JG, Gizer IR. Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Chronic Pain: Genetic Influences on Brain Reward and Stress Systems. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1831-1848. [PMID: 29048744 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is highly comorbid with chronic pain (CP). Evidence has suggested that neuroadaptive processes characterized by reward deficit and stress surfeit are involved in the development of AUD and pain chronification. Neurological data suggest that shared genetic architecture associated with the reward and stress systems may contribute to the comorbidity of AUD and CP. This monograph first delineates the prevailing theories of the development of AUD and pain chronification focusing on the reward and stress systems. It then provides a brief summary of relevant neurological findings followed by an evaluation of evidence documented by molecular genetic studies. Candidate gene association studies have provided some initial support for the genetic overlap between AUD and CP; however, these results must be interpreted with caution until studies with sufficient statistical power are conducted and replications obtained. Genomewide association studies have suggested a number of genes (e.g., TBX19, HTR7, and ADRA1A) that are either directly or indirectly related to the reward and stress systems in the AUD and CP literature. Evidence reviewed in this monograph suggests that shared genetic liability underlying the comorbidity between AUD and CP, if present, is likely to be complex. As the advancement in molecular genetic methods continues, future studies may show broader central nervous system involvement in AUD-CP comorbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen W Yeung
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Jason G Craggs
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,School of Health Professions, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ian R Gizer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Serotonin Decreases the Gain of Visual Responses in Awake Macaque V1. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11390-11405. [PMID: 29042433 PMCID: PMC5700422 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1339-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin, an important neuromodulator in the brain, is implicated in affective and cognitive functions. However, its role even for basic cortical processes is controversial. For example, in the mammalian primary visual cortex (V1), heterogenous serotonergic modulation has been observed in anesthetized animals. Here, we combined extracellular single-unit recordings with iontophoresis in awake animals. We examined the role of serotonin on well-defined tuning properties (orientation, spatial frequency, contrast, and size) in V1 of two male macaque monkeys. We find that in the awake macaque the modulatory effect of serotonin is surprisingly uniform: it causes a mainly multiplicative decrease of the visual responses and a slight increase in the stimulus-selective response latency. Moreover, serotonin neither systematically changes the selectivity or variability of the response, nor the interneuronal correlation unexplained by the stimulus ("noise-correlation"). The modulation by serotonin has qualitative similarities with that for a decrease in stimulus contrast, but differs quantitatively from decreasing contrast. It can be captured by a simple additive change to a threshold-linear spiking nonlinearity. Together, our results show that serotonin is well suited to control the response gain of neurons in V1 depending on the animal's behavioral or motivational context, complementing other known state-dependent gain-control mechanisms.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Serotonin is an important neuromodulator in the brain and a major target for drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders. Nonetheless, surprisingly little is known about how it shapes information processing in sensory areas. Here we examined the serotonergic modulation of visual processing in the primary visual cortex of awake behaving macaque monkeys. We found that serotonin mainly decreased the gain of the visual responses, without systematically changing their selectivity, variability, or covariability. This identifies a simple computational function of serotonin for state-dependent sensory processing, depending on the animal's affective or motivational state.
Collapse
|
123
|
Wong-Lin K, Wang DH, Moustafa AA, Cohen JY, Nakamura K. Toward a multiscale modeling framework for understanding serotonergic function. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:1121-1136. [PMID: 28417684 PMCID: PMC5606304 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117699612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite its importance in regulating emotion and mental wellbeing, the complex structure and function of the serotonergic system present formidable challenges toward understanding its mechanisms. In this paper, we review studies investigating the interactions between serotonergic and related brain systems and their behavior at multiple scales, with a focus on biologically-based computational modeling. We first discuss serotonergic intracellular signaling and neuronal excitability, followed by neuronal circuit and systems levels. At each level of organization, we will discuss the experimental work accompanied by related computational modeling work. We then suggest that a multiscale modeling approach that integrates the various levels of neurobiological organization could potentially transform the way we understand the complex functions associated with serotonin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- KongFatt Wong-Lin
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, School of Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Ulster, Magee Campus, Derry~Londonderry, UK
| | - Da-Hui Wang
- School of Systems Science, and National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, and Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Kae Nakamura
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Neural correlates of altered feedback learning in women recovered from anorexia nervosa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5421. [PMID: 28710363 PMCID: PMC5511172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with exaggerated self-control and altered reward-based decision making, but the underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. Consistent with the notion of excessive cognitive control, we recently found increased dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation in acutely ill patients (acAN) on lose-shift trials in a probabilistic reversal learning (PRL) task. However, undernutrition may modulate brain function. In attempt to disentangle trait from state factors, the current fMRI study investigated cognitive control in recovered patients (recAN). Thirty-one recAN and 31 healthy controls (HC) completed a PRL task during fMRI. Based on previous findings, we focused on hemodynamic responses during lose-shift behaviour and conducted supplementary functional connectivity analysis. RecAN showed elevated lose-shift behaviour relative to HC. On the neural level, recAN showed normal dACC responses, but increased activation in fronto-parietal control regions. A trend for increased coupling between frontal and parietal regions of interest was also evident in recAN. The current findings in recAN differ from those in our previous study in acAN. While aberrant dACC response to negative feedback may be a correlate of the underweight state in acAN, impaired behavioural adaptation and elevated activation of cognitive control regions in recAN is suggestive of altered neural efficiency.
Collapse
|
125
|
Yang KC, Stepanov V, Martinsson S, Ettrup A, Takano A, Knudsen GM, Halldin C, Farde L, Finnema SJ. Fenfluramine Reduces [11C]Cimbi-36 Binding to the 5-HT2A Receptor in the Nonhuman Primate Brain. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:683-691. [PMID: 28911007 PMCID: PMC5581490 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND [11C]Cimbi-36 is a serotonin 2A receptor agonist positron emission tomography radioligand that has recently been examined in humans. The binding of agonist radioligand is expected to be more sensitive to endogenous neurotransmitter concentrations than antagonist radioligands. In the current study, we compared the effect of serotonin releaser fenfluramine on the binding of [11C]Cimbi-36, [11C]MDL 100907 (a serotonin 2A receptor antagonist radioligand), and [11C]AZ10419369 (a serotonin 1B receptor partial agonist radioligand with established serotonin sensitivity) in the monkey brain. METHODS Eighteen positron emission tomography measurements, 6 for each radioligand, were performed in 3 rhesus monkeys before or after administration of 5.0 mg/kg fenfluramine. Binding potential values were determined with the simplified reference tissue model using cerebellum as the reference region. RESULTS Fenfluramine significantly decreased [11C]Cimbi-36 (26-62%) and [11C]AZ10419369 (35-58%) binding potential values in most regions (P < 0.05). Fenfluramine-induced decreases in [11C]MDL 100907 binding potential were 8% to 30% and statistically significant in 3 regions. Decreases in [11C]Cimbi-36 binding potential were larger than for [11C]AZ10419369 in neocortical and limbic regions (~35%) but smaller in striatum and thalamus (~40%). Decreases in [11C]Cimbi-36 binding potential were 0.9 to 2.8 times larger than for [11C]MDL 100907, and the fraction of serotonin 2A receptor in the high-affinity state was estimated as 54% in the neocortex. CONCLUSIONS The serotonin sensitivity of serotonin 2A receptor agonist radioligand [11C]Cimbi-36 was higher than for antagonist radioligand [11C]MDL 100907. The serotonin sensitivity of [11C]Cimbi-36 was similar to [11C]AZ10419369, which is one of the most sensitive radioligands. [11C]Cimbi-36 is a promising radioligand to examine serotonin release in the primate brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Yang
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde).,Correspondence: Kai-Chun Yang, MD, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska University Hospital, Building R5:02, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden ()
| | - Vladimir Stepanov
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Stefan Martinsson
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Anders Ettrup
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Akihiro Takano
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Gitte M Knudsen
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Christer Halldin
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Lars Farde
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Motamedi S, Karimi I, Jafari F. The interrelationship of metabolic syndrome and neurodegenerative diseases with focus on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): Kill two birds with one stone. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:651-665. [PMID: 28361262 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-9997-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) like Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and depression. If one factor plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of two diseases, it can be concluded that there might be a common root in these two diseases, as well. This review was aimed to highlight the crucial roles of BDNF in the pathogenesis of MetS and NDD and to introduce sole prophylactic or therapeutic applications, BDNF gene therapy and BDFN administration, in controlling MetS and NDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shima Motamedi
- Graduate of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Isaac Karimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Fariba Jafari
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Richards JS, Vásquez AA, van Rooij D, van der Meer D, Franke B, Hoekstra PJ, Heslenfeld DJ, Oosterlaan J, Faraone SV, Hartman CA, Buitelaar JK. Testing differential susceptibility: Plasticity genes, the social environment, and their interplay in adolescent response inhibition. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:308-321. [PMID: 27170266 PMCID: PMC5435559 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2016.1173724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Impaired inhibitory control is a key feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigated gene-environment interaction (GxE) as a possible contributing factor to response inhibition variation in context of the differential susceptibility theory. This states individuals carrying plasticity gene variants will be more disadvantaged in negative, but more advantaged in positive environments. METHODS Behavioural and neural measures of response inhibition were assessed during a Stop-signal task in participants with (N = 197) and without (N = 295) ADHD, from N = 278 families (age M = 17.18, SD =3.65). We examined GxE between candidate plasticity genes (DAT1, 5-HTT, DRD4) and social environments (maternal expressed emotion, peer affiliation). RESULTS A DRD4 × Positive peer affiliation interaction was found on the right fusiform gyrus (rFG) activation during successful inhibition. Further, 5-HTT short allele carriers showed increased rFG activation during failed inhibitions. Maternal warmth and positive peer affiliation were positively associated with right inferior frontal cortex activation during successful inhibition. Deviant peer affiliation was positively related to the error rate. CONCLUSIONS While a pattern of differential genetic susceptibility was found, more clarity on the role of the FG during response inhibition is warranted before firm conclusions can be made. Positive and negative social environments were related to inhibitory control. This extends previous research emphasizing adverse environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Richards
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias Vásquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- SUNY Upstate Medical University Center, Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, Syracuse, USA and the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Chronic and Acute Stress Promote Overexploitation in Serial Decision Making. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5681-5689. [PMID: 28483979 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3618-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many decisions that humans make resemble foraging problems in which a currently available, known option must be weighed against an unknown alternative option. In such foraging decisions, the quality of the overall environment can be used as a proxy for estimating the value of future unknown options against which current prospects are compared. We hypothesized that such foraging-like decisions would be characteristically sensitive to stress, a physiological response that tracks biologically relevant changes in environmental context. Specifically, we hypothesized that stress would lead to more exploitative foraging behavior. To test this, we investigated how acute and chronic stress, as measured by changes in cortisol in response to an acute stress manipulation and subjective scores on a questionnaire assessing recent chronic stress, relate to performance in a virtual sequential foraging task. We found that both types of stress bias human decision makers toward overexploiting current options relative to an optimal policy. These findings suggest a possible computational role of stress in decision making in which stress biases judgments of environmental quality.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Many of the most biologically relevant decisions that we make are foraging-like decisions about whether to stay with a current option or search the environment for a potentially better one. In the current study, we found that both acute physiological and chronic subjective stress are associated with greater overexploitation or staying at current options for longer than is optimal. These results suggest a domain-general way in which stress might bias foraging decisions through changing one's appraisal of the overall quality of the environment. These novel findings not only have implications for understanding how this important class of foraging decisions might be biologically implemented, but also for understanding the computational role of stress in behavior and cognition more broadly.
Collapse
|
129
|
Panksepp J, Lane RD, Solms M, Smith R. Reconciling cognitive and affective neuroscience perspectives on the brain basis of emotional experience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:187-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
130
|
Matias S, Lottem E, Dugué GP, Mainen ZF. Activity patterns of serotonin neurons underlying cognitive flexibility. eLife 2017; 6:e20552. [PMID: 28322190 PMCID: PMC5360447 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is implicated in mood and affective disorders. However, growing evidence suggests that a core endogenous role is to promote flexible adaptation to changes in the causal structure of the environment, through behavioral inhibition and enhanced plasticity. We used long-term photometric recordings in mice to study a population of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons, whose activity we could link to normal reversal learning using pharmacogenetics. We found that these neurons are activated by both positive and negative prediction errors, and thus report signals similar to those proposed to promote learning in conditions of uncertainty. Furthermore, by comparing the cue responses of serotonin and dopamine neurons, we found differences in learning rates that could explain the importance of serotonin in inhibiting perseverative responding. Our findings show how the activity patterns of serotonin neurons support a role in cognitive flexibility, and suggest a revised model of dopamine-serotonin opponency with potential clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Matias
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
- MIT-Portugal Program, Porto Salvo, Portugal
| | - Eran Lottem
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Guillaume P Dugué
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Zachary F Mainen
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Diekhof EK, Kraft S. The association between endogenous testosterone level and behavioral flexibility in young men - Evidence from stimulus-outcome reversal learning. Horm Behav 2017; 89:193-200. [PMID: 28185881 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to flexibly adapt responding to unexpected changes in the environment is crucial for survival. Several neurotransmitters have been implicated in stimulus-outcome reversal learning. Yet, it remains an open question whether inter-individual differences in the neuroactive hormone testosterone may also be related to this type of behavioral flexibility. In this study we assessed the association between endogenous testosterone level and reversal learning in young healthy men. We used an observer reversal learning task, in which subjects viewed computer-based decisions between two stimuli, of which one was currently rewarded while the other one was punished. Contingencies reversed unpredictably every 5-9 trials. Subjects had to indicate the current outcome association before the actual outcome was revealed. In the trial following an unexpected reversal either the same stimulus from the reversal (experienced reversal), or its alternative, for which the reversal had not yet been shown (inferred reversal), could be chosen by the computer, and subjects had to adapt responding accordingly. We found that testosterone predicted better post-reversal performance. This correlation was strongest in the more difficult inferred reversal condition, particularly in impulsive individuals. Collectively, these data support the view that endogenous testosterone may enhance behavioral flexibility in men, particularly when working memory demand is high and subjects have to update several stimulus-outcome contingencies at the same time. It remains to be further elucidated whether this testosterone effect was achieved through an interaction with dopaminergic transmission or through direct interplay with androgen receptors in the brain regions implicated in reversal learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther K Diekhof
- University of Hamburg, Biological Department, Zoological Institute, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Germany.
| | - Susanne Kraft
- University of Hamburg, Biological Department, Zoological Institute, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Correia PA, Lottem E, Banerjee D, Machado AS, Carey MR, Mainen ZF. Transient inhibition and long-term facilitation of locomotion by phasic optogenetic activation of serotonin neurons. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28193320 PMCID: PMC5308893 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is associated with mood and motivation but the function of endogenous 5-HT remains controversial. Here, we studied the impact of phasic optogenetic activation of 5-HT neurons in mice over time scales from seconds to weeks. We found that activating dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) 5-HT neurons induced a strong suppression of spontaneous locomotor behavior in the open field with rapid kinetics (onset ≤1 s). Inhibition of locomotion was independent of measures of anxiety or motor impairment and could be overcome by strong motivational drive. Repetitive place-contingent pairing of activation caused neither place preference nor aversion. However, repeated 15 min daily stimulation caused a persistent increase in spontaneous locomotion to emerge over three weeks. These results show that 5-HT transients have strong and opposing short and long-term effects on motor behavior that appear to arise from effects on the underlying factors that motivate actions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20975.001 The brain controls sleep, movement and the other behaviors that an animal needs to survive. A chemical called serotonin plays an important role in controlling these behaviors as it regulates the activity of nerve cells (known as neurons) throughout the brain. Serotonin is produced by a specific group of neurons found in an area at the base of the brain called the raphe nuclei. From there, serotonin is released into other parts of the brain to influence different behaviors. Although drugs that target serotonin are widely used as antidepressants, how this chemical signal acts in the brain remains a mystery. This is due, in part, to it being technically challenging to carry out experiments on the serotonin-producing neurons. A technique called optogenetics uses light to selectively activate or inhibit individual cells in live animals. Here, Correia, Lottem et al. use optogenetics to activate serotonin-producing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of mice. The experiments show that triggering serotonin production for a few seconds causes the mice to move around more slowly as they explore their surroundings. This short-term release of serotonin only slows the mice down if they are not already occupied with other activities, such as finding water or balancing on a moving object. These experiments suggest that serotonin decreases an individual’s motivation to move but that this can be overcome by sufficiently powerful goals. In contrast, repeatedly activating the serotonin neurons over a period of several weeks led to long-term changes of the opposite kind – the mice begin to move around more quickly. The findings of Correia, Lottem et al. have possible implications for the use of drugs that target serotonin to treat mental disorders as it suggests important links between serotonin, movement, and the ability of the brain to change how it responds to certain situations. The next steps will be to investigate how the two different effects of serotonin are connected, which areas in the brain are involved and how best to apply these findings to clinical studies. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20975.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia A Correia
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eran Lottem
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dhruba Banerjee
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.,School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Ana S Machado
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Megan R Carey
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Zachary F Mainen
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Opposing effects of reward and punishment on human vigor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42287. [PMID: 28205567 PMCID: PMC5304224 DOI: 10.1038/srep42287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The vigor with which humans and animals engage in a task is often a determinant of the likelihood of the task's success. An influential theoretical model suggests that the speed and rate at which responses are made should depend on the availability of rewards and punishments. While vigor facilitates the gathering of rewards in a bountiful environment, there is an incentive to slow down when punishments are forthcoming so as to decrease the rate of punishments, in conflict with the urge to perform fast to escape punishment. Previous experiments confirmed the former, leaving the latter unanswered. We tested the influence of punishment in an experiment involving economic incentives and contrasted this with reward related behavior on the same task. We found that behavior corresponded with the theoretical model; while instantaneous threat of punishment caused subjects to increase the vigor of their response, subjects' response times would slow as the overall rate of punishment increased. We quantitatively show that this is in direct contrast to increases in vigor in the face of increased overall reward rates. These results highlight the opposed effects of rewards and punishments and provide further evidence for their roles in the variety of types of human decisions.
Collapse
|
134
|
Evers EA, Stiers P, Ramaekers JG. High reward expectancy during methylphenidate depresses the dopaminergic response to gain and loss. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:311-318. [PMID: 27677943 PMCID: PMC5390715 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine plays an important role in goal-directed behavior, through its modulatory influence on striatal neurons. It is unclear whether tonic dopamine levels, which regulate the vigor of acting, interact with the phasic dopamine response to reward that drives instrumental behavior. In a randomized placebo-controlled study in healthy volunteers, we show that methylphenidate, a drug that increases tonic dopamine levels, systematically reduced striatal phasic BOLD responses to gain and loss in a gambling task as measured with fMRI. It also increased response vigor and reward expectancy-related BOLD signals in the ventral striatum. These findings suggest that striatal tonic dopamine levels constitute an average reward expectation signal that modulates the phasic dopaminergic response to reward. This offers opportunities for treatment of behavioral disorders associated with abnormal reward sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Evers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - P Stiers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - J G Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Maddox WT, Gorlick MA, Koslov S, McGeary JE, Knopik VS, Beevers CG. Serotonin Transporter Genetic Variation is Differentially Associated with Reflexive- and Reflective-Optimal Learning. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:1182-1192. [PMID: 26679194 PMCID: PMC6169470 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning to respond optimally under a broad array of environmental conditions is a critical brain function that requires engaging the cognitive systems that are optimal for solving the task at hand. Serotonin is implicated in learning and decision-making, but the specific functions of serotonin in system-level cognitive control remain unclear. Across 3 studies, we examined the influence of a polymorphism within the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR polymorphism in SLC6A4) on participants' ability to engage the task appropriate cognitive system when the reflexive (Experiments 1 and 2) or the reflective (Experiment 3) system was optimal. Critically, we utilized a learning task for which all aspects remain fixed with only the nature of the optimal cognitive processing system varying across experiments. Using large community samples, Experiments 1 and 2 (screened for psychiatric diagnosis) found that 5-HTTLPR S/LG allele homozygotes, with putatively lower serotonin transport functionality, outperformed LA allele homozygotes in a reflexive-optimal learning task. Experiment 3 used a large community sample, also screened for psychiatric diagnosis, and found that 5-HTTLPR LA homozygotes, with putatively higher serotonin transport functionality, outperformed S/LG allele homozygotes in a reflective-optimal learning task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W. Todd Maddox
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research
,
University of Texas at Austin
,
Austin, TX 78712
,
USA
| | | | - Seth Koslov
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research
,
University of Texas at Austin
,
Austin, TX 78712
,
USA
| | - John E. McGeary
- Psychiatry and Human Behavior
,
Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center
,
Providence, RI
,
USA
| | | | - Christopher G. Beevers
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research
,
University of Texas at Austin
,
Austin, TX 78712
,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Ibrahim DS. Neuroprotective effect of Cucumis melo Var. flexuosus leaf extract on the brains of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:69-75. [PMID: 27488111 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9886-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system is one of the most vulnerable organs affected by the oxidative stress associated with diabetes mellitus. Healthy food provides an important source for antioxidants. Therefore, the protective effect of Cucumis melo var. flexuosus (C. melo var. flexuosus) leaf extract on the brains of diabetic rats was investigated. Adult male albino rats divided into 5 groups of 6 rats each were assigned into a normal control group and four diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 60 mg/kg bw). One of the four diabetic groups was left untreated and was considered as a diabetic control group while the three other groups were treated with C. melo var. flexuosus leaf extract at the doses of 30, 60 and 120 mg/kg bw for a period of 30 days. After completion of experimental duration plasma and brains were used for evaluating biochemical changes. The obtained data showed that C. melo var. flexuosus leaf extract treatment lowered blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, brain tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin levels, brain malondialdehyde content and caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, the treatment resulted in a marked increase in plasma dopamine, melatonin, brain vascular endothelial growth factor-A levels, brain catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. From the present study, it can be concluded that the C. melo var. flexuosus leaf extract exerts a neuroprotective effect against oxidative damage associated with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doaa S Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Banha, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Perseveration in a spatial-discrimination serial reversal learning task is differentially affected by MAO-A and MAO-B inhibition and associated with reduced anxiety and peripheral serotonin levels. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1557-1571. [PMID: 28251298 PMCID: PMC5420387 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Impairments in behavioral flexibility lie at the core of anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Few studies, however, have investigated the neural substrates of natural variation in behavioral flexibility and whether inflexible behavior is linked to anxiety and peripheral markers of stress and monoamine function. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate peripheral and central markers associated with perseverative behavior on a spatial-discrimination serial reversal learning task. METHODS Rats were trained on a reversal learning task prior to blood sampling, anxiety assessment, and the behavioral evaluation of selective monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) and MAO-B inhibitors, which block the degradation of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and noradrenaline (NA). RESULTS Perseveration correlated positively with 5-HT levels in blood plasma and inversely with trait anxiety, as measured on the elevated plus maze. No significant relationships were found between perseveration and the stress hormone corticosterone or the 5-HT precursor tryptophan. Reversal learning was significantly improved by systemic administration of the MAO-A inhibitor moclobemide but not by the MAO-B inhibitor lazabemide. Moclobemide also increased latencies to initiate a new trial following an incorrect response suggesting a possible role in modulating behavioral inhibition to negative feedback. MAO-A but not MAO-B inhibition resulted in pronounced increases in 5-HT and NA content in the orbitofrontal cortex and dorsal raphé nuclei and increased 5-HT and DA content in the basolateral amygdala and dorsomedial striatum. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that central and peripheral monoaminergic mechanisms underlie inter-individual variation in behavioral flexibility, which overlaps with trait anxiety and depends on functional MAO-A activity.
Collapse
|
138
|
Xu L, He J, Kaiser A, Gräber N, Schläger L, Ritze Y, Scholz H. A Single Pair of Serotonergic Neurons Counteracts Serotonergic Inhibition of Ethanol Attraction in Drosophila. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167518. [PMID: 27936023 PMCID: PMC5147910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Attraction to ethanol is common in both flies and humans, but the neuromodulatory mechanisms underlying this innate attraction are not well understood. Here, we dissect the function of the key regulator of serotonin signaling—the serotonin transporter–in innate olfactory attraction to ethanol in Drosophila melanogaster. We generated a mutated version of the serotonin transporter that prolongs serotonin signaling in the synaptic cleft and is targeted via the Gal4 system to different sets of serotonergic neurons. We identified four serotonergic neurons that inhibit the olfactory attraction to ethanol and two additional neurons that counteract this inhibition by strengthening olfactory information. Our results reveal that compensation can occur on the circuit level and that serotonin has a bidirectional function in modulating the innate attraction to ethanol. Given the evolutionarily conserved nature of the serotonin transporter and serotonin, the bidirectional serotonergic mechanisms delineate a basic principle for how random behavior is switched into targeted approach behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Zoology, Albertus Magnus University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Jianzheng He
- Zoology, Albertus Magnus University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Andrea Kaiser
- Zoology, Albertus Magnus University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Nikolas Gräber
- Zoology, Albertus Magnus University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Laura Schläger
- Zoology, Albertus Magnus University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Yvonne Ritze
- Institute of Genetics and Neurobiology, Julius Maximillian University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Henrike Scholz
- Zoology, Albertus Magnus University Cologne, Köln, Germany
- Institute of Genetics and Neurobiology, Julius Maximillian University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Musumeci G, Castrogiovanni P, Szychlinska MA, Imbesi R, Loreto C, Castorina S, Giunta S. Protective effects of high Tryptophan diet on aging-induced passive avoidance impairment and hippocampal apoptosis. Brain Res Bull 2016; 128:76-82. [PMID: 27889579 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In our previous work we have shown that L-Tryptophan (TrP) enriched diet prevents the age-induced decline of hippocampal Serotonin (5-HT) production. Considering that loss or reduction in 5-HT neurotransmission may contribute to age-related cognitive decline, here we have investigated the effect of such diet on passive avoidance (PA) behavior, cell death, pro- and anti- apoptotic molecules (BAX, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3) and an important transcription factor involved in synaptic plasticity and memory (CREB). The increase in 5-HT neurotransmission in the Hippocampus (Hp) of aged rats was induced by 1 month of high TrP administration. In the first phase of our study we found that high TrP diet improves PA behaviour of aged rats and this correlated with a decrease of TUNEL positive cells in all hippocampal regions tested (CA1, CA2, CA3, DG). Interestingly, the Hp of aged animals fed with high TrP diet showed a significant downregulation of proapoptotic proteins, caspase-3 and BAX, and an increase of antiapoptotic molecules Bcl-2 as indicated by Western Blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Also, high TrP diet partially rescued the age-induced inhibition of hippocampal CREB phosphorylation. Altogether, our data suggest that enhanced TrP intake, and in consequence a potential increase in 5-HT neurotransmission, might be beneficial in preventing age-related detrimental features by inhibition of hippocampal apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Marta Anna Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Rosa Imbesi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Carla Loreto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Sergio Castorina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Giunta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Barrett LF, Quigley KS, Hamilton P. An active inference theory of allostasis and interoception in depression. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20160011. [PMID: 28080969 PMCID: PMC5062100 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we integrate recent theoretical and empirical developments in predictive coding and active inference accounts of interoception (including the Embodied Predictive Interoception Coding model) with working hypotheses from the theory of constructed emotion to propose a biologically plausible unified theory of the mind that places metabolism and energy regulation (i.e. allostasis), as well as the sensory consequences of that regulation (i.e. interoception), at its core. We then consider the implications of this approach for understanding depression. We speculate that depression is a disorder of allostasis, whose myriad symptoms result from a 'locked in' brain that is relatively insensitive to its sensory context. We conclude with a brief discussion of the ways our approach might reveal new insights for the treatment of depression.This article is part of the themed issue 'Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen S Quigley
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Hamilton
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Meyniel F, Goodwin GM, Deakin JW, Klinge C, MacFadyen C, Milligan H, Mullings E, Pessiglione M, Gaillard R. A specific role for serotonin in overcoming effort cost. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27824554 PMCID: PMC5100997 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is implicated in many aspects of behavioral regulation. Theoretical attempts to unify the multiple roles assigned to serotonin proposed that it regulates the impact of costs, such as delay or punishment, on action selection. Here, we show that serotonin also regulates other types of action costs such as effort. We compared behavioral performance in 58 healthy humans treated during 8 weeks with either placebo or the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram. The task involved trading handgrip force production against monetary benefits. Participants in the escitalopram group produced more effort and thereby achieved a higher payoff. Crucially, our computational analysis showed that this effect was underpinned by a specific reduction of effort cost, and not by any change in the weight of monetary incentives. This specific computational effect sheds new light on the physiological role of serotonin in behavioral regulation and on the clinical effect of drugs for depression. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN75872983.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Meyniel
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-P6), Paris, France.,Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, NeuroSpin Center, INSERM U992, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Direction de la recherche fondamentale, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guy M Goodwin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jf William Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Corinna Klinge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christine MacFadyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Milligan
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Mullings
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Pessiglione
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-P6), Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Gaillard
- Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service de Psychiatrie, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM U894, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Zoratto F, Romano E, Pascale E, Pucci M, Falconi A, Dell'Osso B, Maccarrone M, Laviola G, D'Addario C, Adriani W. Down-regulation of serotonin and dopamine transporter genes in individual rats expressing a gambling-prone profile: A possible role for epigenetic mechanisms. Neuroscience 2016; 340:101-116. [PMID: 27789384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gambling Disorder (GD) is characterized by excessive gambling despite adverse consequences on individual functioning. In spite of some positive findings, it is difficult to draw any conclusion on the genetics of GD. Indeed, beyond DNA sequence variation, other regulatory mechanisms (like those that engage epigenetics) may explain gene alterations in this addictive disease. Wistar male rats underwent an operant task for the evaluation of individual propensity to gamble. Few rats, after having learnt to prefer nose-poking for a large over a small food reward, were sacrificed to obtain a baseline profile of gene expression at both central and peripheral levels. In the remaining rats, probability of occurrence of large-reward delivery decreased progressively to very low levels. Thus, rats were faced with temptation to "gamble", i.e. to nose-poke for a binge reward, whose delivery was omitted the majority of times. After 3weeks of testing, rats showing a clear-cut profile of either gambling proneness or aversion were selected and sacrificed after the last session. A selective down-regulation of i) serotonin transporter in prefrontal cortex, ii) tyrosine hydroxylase in ventral striatum, iii) dopamine transporter in lymphocytes was evidenced in "gambler" vs "non-gambler" rats. The exposure to such operant task (compared to home-cage alone) modulated ventrostriatal but not prefrontal genes. A consistent increase of DNA methylation, in one specific CpG site at serotonin transporter gene, was evident in prefrontal cortex of "gambler" rats. Elucidation of epigenetic changes occurring during GD progression may pave the way to the development of new therapeutic strategies through specific modulation of epigenetic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zoratto
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Romano
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Esterina Pascale
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences & Biotechnology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Pucci
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Anastasia Falconi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Bernardo Dell'Osso
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- School of Medicine and Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy; European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio D'Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Walter Adriani
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Bergamini G, Sigrist H, Ferger B, Singewald N, Seifritz E, Pryce CR. Depletion of nucleus accumbens dopamine leads to impaired reward and aversion processing in mice: Relevance to motivation pathologies. Neuropharmacology 2016; 109:306-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
144
|
Iglesias S, Tomiello S, Schneebeli M, Stephan KE. Models of neuromodulation for computational psychiatry. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2016; 8. [PMID: 27653804 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatry faces fundamental challenges: based on a syndrome-based nosology, it presently lacks clinical tests to infer on disease processes that cause symptoms of individual patients and must resort to trial-and-error treatment strategies. These challenges have fueled the recent emergence of a novel field-computational psychiatry-that strives for mathematical models of disease processes at physiological and computational (information processing) levels. This review is motivated by one particular goal of computational psychiatry: the development of 'computational assays' that can be applied to behavioral or neuroimaging data from individual patients and support differential diagnosis and guiding patient-specific treatment. Because the majority of available pharmacotherapeutic approaches in psychiatry target neuromodulatory transmitters, models that infer (patho)physiological and (patho)computational actions of different neuromodulatory transmitters are of central interest for computational psychiatry. This article reviews the (many) outstanding questions on the computational roles of neuromodulators (dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, and noradrenaline), outlines available evidence, and discusses promises and pitfalls in translating these findings to clinical applications. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1420. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1420 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Iglesias
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Tomiello
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maya Schneebeli
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaas E Stephan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Learning the opportunity cost of time in a patch-foraging task. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 15:837-53. [PMID: 25917000 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-015-0350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although most decision research concerns choice between simultaneously presented options, in many situations options are encountered serially, and the decision is whether to exploit an option or search for a better one. Such problems have a rich history in animal foraging, but we know little about the psychological processes involved. In particular, it is unknown whether learning in these problems is supported by the well-studied neurocomputational mechanisms involved in more conventional tasks. We investigated how humans learn in a foraging task, which requires deciding whether to harvest a depleting resource or switch to a replenished one. The optimal choice (given by the marginal value theorem; MVT) requires comparing the immediate return from harvesting to the opportunity cost of time, which is given by the long-run average reward. In two experiments, we varied opportunity cost across blocks, and subjects adjusted their behavior to blockwise changes in environmental characteristics. We examined how subjects learned their choice strategies by comparing choice adjustments to a learning rule suggested by the MVT (in which the opportunity cost threshold is estimated as an average over previous rewards) and to the predominant incremental-learning theory in neuroscience, temporal-difference learning (TD). Trial-by-trial decisions were explained better by the MVT threshold-learning rule. These findings expand on the foraging literature, which has focused on steady-state behavior, by elucidating a computational mechanism for learning in switching tasks that is distinct from those used in traditional tasks, and suggest connections to research on average reward rates in other domains of neuroscience.
Collapse
|
146
|
Cools R. The costs and benefits of brain dopamine for cognitive control. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2016; 7:317-29. [DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Cools
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Prenatal maternal depression and child serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) genotype predict negative emotionality from 3 to 36 months. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 29:901-917. [PMID: 27427178 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal maternal depression and a multilocus genetic profile of two susceptibility genes implicated in the stress response were examined in an interaction model predicting negative emotionality in the first 3 years. In 179 mother-infant dyads from the Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability, and Neurodevelopment cohort, prenatal depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depressions Scale) was assessed at 24 to 36 weeks. The multilocus genetic profile score consisted of the number of susceptibility alleles from the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region gene (5-HTTLPR): no long-rs25531(A) (LA: short/short, short/long-rs25531(G) [LG], or LG/LG] vs. any LA) and the dopamine receptor D4 gene (six to eight repeats vs. two to five repeats). Negative emotionality was extracted from the Infant Behaviour Questionnaire-Revised at 3 and 6 months and the Early Child Behavior Questionnaire at 18 and 36 months. Mixed and confirmatory regression analyses indicated that prenatal depression and the multilocus genetic profile interacted to predict negative emotionality from 3 to 36 months. The results were characterized by a differential susceptibility model at 3 and 6 months and by a diathesis-stress model at 36 months.
Collapse
|
148
|
Ma I, van Holstein M, Mies GW, Mennes M, Buitelaar J, Cools R, Cillessen AHN, Krebs RM, Scheres A. Ventral striatal hyperconnectivity during rewarded interference control in adolescents with ADHD. Cortex 2016; 82:225-236. [PMID: 27399612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by cognitive deficits (e.g., interference control) and altered reward processing. Cognitive control is influenced by incentive motivation and according to current theoretical models, ADHD is associated with abnormal interactions between incentive motivation and cognitive control. However, the neural mechanisms by which reward modulates cognitive control in individuals with ADHD are unknown. METHOD We used event-related functional resonance imaging (fMRI) to study neural responses during a rewarded Stroop color-word task in adolescents (14-17 years) with ADHD (n = 25; 19 boys) and healthy controls (n = 33; 22 boys). RESULTS Adolescents with ADHD showed increased reward signaling within the superior frontal gyrus and ventral striatum (VS) relative to controls. Importantly, functional connectivity analyses revealed a hyperconnectivity between VS and motor control regions in the ADHD group, as a function of reward-cognitive control integration. Connectivity was associated with performance improvement in controls but not in the ADHD group, suggesting inefficient connectivity. CONCLUSION Adolescents with ADHD show increased neural sensitivity to rewards and its interactions with interference control in VS and motor regions, respectively. The findings support theoretical models of altered reward-cognitive control integration in individuals with ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ili Ma
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mieke van Holstein
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabry W Mies
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Mennes
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roshan Cools
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ruth M Krebs
- Ghent University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anouk Scheres
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Cremers HR, Roelofs K. Social anxiety disorder: a critical overview of neurocognitive research. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2016; 7:218-32. [DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henk R. Cremers
- Department of Clinical Psychology; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry; The University of Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - Karin Roelofs
- Behavioural Science Institute; Radboud University Nijmegen; Nijmegen Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour; Radboud University Nijmegen; Nijmegen Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Cilia R, Benfante R, Asselta R, Marabini L, Cereda E, Siri C, Pezzoli G, Goldwurm S, Fornasari D. Tryptophan hydroxylase type 2 variants modulate severity and outcome of addictive behaviors in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 29:96-103. [PMID: 27237108 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulse control disorders and compulsive medication intake may occur in a minority of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). We hypothesize that genetic polymorphisms associated with addiction in the general population may increase the risk for addictive behaviors also in PD. METHODS Sixteen polymorphisms in candidate genes belonging to five neurotransmitter systems (dopaminergic, catecholaminergic, serotonergic, glutamatergic, opioidergic) and the BDNF were screened in 154 PD patients with addictive behaviors and 288 PD control subjects. Multivariate analysis investigated clinical and genetic predictors of outcome (remission vs. persistence/relapse) after 1 year and at the last follow-up (5.1 ± 2.5 years). RESULTS Addictive behaviors were associated with tryptophan hydroxylase type 2 (TPH2) and dopamine transporter gene variants. A subsequent analysis within the group of cases showed a robust association between TPH2 genotype and the severity of addictive behaviors, which survived Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. At multivariate analysis, TPH2 genotype resulted the strongest predictor of no remission at the last follow-up (OR[95%CI], 7.4[3.27-16.78] and 13.2[3.89-44.98] in heterozygous and homozygous carriers, respectively, p < 0.001). The extent of medication dose reduction was not a predictor. TPH2 haplotype analysis confirmed the association with more severe symptoms and lower remission rates in the short- and the long-term (p < 0.005 for all analyses). CONCLUSION The serotonergic system is likely to be involved in the pathophysiology of addictive behaviors in PD, modulating the severity of symptoms and the rate of remission at follow-up. If confirmed in larger independent cohorts, TPH2 genotype may become a useful biomarker for the identification of at-risk individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cilia
- Parkinson Institute, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberta Benfante
- CNR - Neuroscience Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Marabini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cereda
- Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Siri
- Parkinson Institute, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Parkinson Institute, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Diego Fornasari
- CNR - Neuroscience Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|