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Holmes SE, Honhar P, Tinaz S, Naganawa M, Hilmer AT, Gallezot JD, Dias M, Yang Y, Toyonaga T, Esterlis I, Mecca A, Van Dyck C, Henry S, Ropchan J, Nabulsi N, Louis ED, Comley R, Finnema SJ, Carson RE, Matuskey D. Author Correction: Synaptic loss and its association with symptom severity in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:55. [PMID: 38472206 PMCID: PMC10933370 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Praveen Honhar
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sule Tinaz
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ansel T Hilmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Mark Dias
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yanghong Yang
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Takuya Toyonaga
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Irina Esterlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam Mecca
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Shannan Henry
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Richard E Carson
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Toyonaga T, Khattar N, Wu Y, Lu Y, Naganawa M, Gallezot JD, Matuskey D, Mecca AP, Pittman B, Dias M, Nabulsi NB, Finnema SJ, Chen MK, Arnsten A, Radhakrishnan R, Skosnik PD, D'Souza DC, Esterlis I, Huang Y, van Dyck CH, Carson RE. The regional pattern of age-related synaptic loss in the human brain differs from gray matter volume loss: in vivo PET measurement with [ 11C]UCB-J. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 51:1012-1022. [PMID: 37955791 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aging is a major societal concern due to age-related functional losses. Synapses are crucial components of neural circuits, and synaptic density could be a sensitive biomarker to evaluate brain function. [11C]UCB-J is a positron emission tomography (PET) ligand targeting synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A), which can be used to evaluate brain synaptic density in vivo. METHODS We evaluated age-related changes in gray matter synaptic density, volume, and blood flow using [11C]UCB-J PET and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a wide age range of 80 cognitive normal subjects (21-83 years old). Partial volume correction was applied to the PET data. RESULTS Significant age-related decreases were found in 13, two, and nine brain regions for volume, synaptic density, and blood flow, respectively. The prefrontal cortex showed the largest volume decline (4.9% reduction per decade: RPD), while the synaptic density loss was largest in the caudate (3.6% RPD) and medial occipital cortex (3.4% RPD). The reductions in caudate are consistent with previous SV2A PET studies and likely reflect that caudate is the site of nerve terminals for multiple major tracts that undergo substantial age-related neurodegeneration. There was a non-significant negative relationship between volume and synaptic density reductions in 16 gray matter regions. CONCLUSION MRI and [11]C-UCB-J PET showed age-related decreases of gray matter volume, synaptic density, and blood flow; however, the regional patterns of the reductions in volume and SV2A binding were different. Those patterns suggest that MR-based measures of GM volume may not be directly representative of synaptic density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Toyonaga
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Nikkita Khattar
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yanjun Wu
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yihuan Lu
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Mika Naganawa
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jean-Dominique Gallezot
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam P Mecca
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark Dias
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Nabeel B Nabulsi
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ming-Kai Chen
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Amy Arnsten
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajiv Radhakrishnan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick D Skosnik
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University Schools of Nursing & Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deepak Cyril D'Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Irina Esterlis
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Christopher H van Dyck
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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Holmes SE, Honhar P, Tinaz S, Naganawa M, Hilmer AT, Gallezot JD, Dias M, Yang Y, Toyonaga T, Esterlis I, Mecca A, Van Dyck C, Henry S, Ropchan J, Nabulsi N, Louis ED, Comley R, Finnema SJ, Carson RE, Matuskey D. Synaptic loss and its association with symptom severity in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:42. [PMID: 38402233 PMCID: PMC10894197 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the fastest growing neurodegenerative disease, but at present there is no cure, nor any disease-modifying treatments. Synaptic biomarkers from in vivo imaging have shown promise in imaging loss of synapses in PD and other neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we provide new clinical insights from a cross-sectional, high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) study of 30 PD individuals and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) with the radiotracer [11C]UCB-J, which binds to synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A), and is therefore, a biomarker of synaptic density in the living brain. We also examined a measure of relative brain perfusion from the early part of the same PET scan. Our results provide evidence for synaptic density loss in the substantia nigra that had been previously reported, but also extend this to other early-Braak stage regions known to be affected in PD (brainstem, caudate, olfactory cortex). Importantly, we also found a direct association between synaptic density loss in the nigra and severity of symptoms in patients. A greater extent and wider distribution of synaptic density loss in PD patients with longer illness duration suggests that [11C]UCB-J PET can be used to measure synapse loss with disease progression. We also demonstrate lower brain perfusion in PD vs. HC groups, with a greater extent of abnormalities in those with longer duration of illness, suggesting that [11C]UCB-J PET can simultaneously provide information on changes in brain perfusion. These results implicate synaptic imaging as a useful PD biomarker for future disease-modifying interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Praveen Honhar
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sule Tinaz
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ansel T Hilmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Mark Dias
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yanghong Yang
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Takuya Toyonaga
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Irina Esterlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam Mecca
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Shannan Henry
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Richard E Carson
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Deng K, Lu Y, Finnema SJ, Vangjeli K, Huang J, Huang L, Goodearl A. Application of In vitro transcytosis models to brain targeted biologics. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289970. [PMID: 37611031 PMCID: PMC10446226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) efficiently limits the penetration of biologics drugs from blood to brain. Establishment of an in vitro BBB model can facilitate screening of central nervous system (CNS) drug candidates and accelerate CNS drug development. Despite many established in vitro models, their application to biologics drug selection has been limited. Here, we report the evaluation of in vitro transcytosis of anti-human transferrin receptor (TfR) antibodies across human, cynomolgus and mouse species. We first evaluated human models including human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 and human colon epithelial cell line Caco-2 models. hCMEC/D3 model displayed low trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), strong paracellular transport, and similar transcytosis of anti-TfR and control antibodies. In contrast, the Caco-2 model displayed high TEER value and low paracellular transport. Anti-hTfR antibodies demonstrated up to 70-fold better transcytosis compared to control IgG. Transcytosis of anti-hTfR.B1 antibody in Caco-2 model was dose-dependent and saturated at 3 μg/mL. Enhanced transcytosis of anti-hTfR.B1 was also observed in a monkey brain endothelial cell based (MBT) model. Importantly, anti-hTfR.B1 showed relatively high brain radioactivity concentration in a non-human primate positron emission tomography study indicating that the in vitro transcytosis from both Caco-2 and MBT models aligns with in vivo brain exposure. Typically, brain exposure of CNS targeted biologics is evaluated in mice. However, antibodies, such as the anti-human TfR antibodies, do not cross-react with the mouse target. Therefore, validation of a mouse in vitro transcytosis model is needed to better understand the in vitro in vivo correlation. Here, we performed transcytosis of anti-mouse TfR antibodies in mouse brain endothelial cell-based models, bEnd3 and the murine intestinal epithelial cell line mIEC. There is a good correlation between in vitro transcytosis of anti-mTfR antibodies and bispecifics in mIEC model and their mouse brain uptake. These data strengthen our confidence in the predictive power of the in vitro transcytosis models. Both mouse and human in vitro models will serve as important screening assays for brain targeted biologics selection in CNS drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangwen Deng
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Yifeng Lu
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Kostika Vangjeli
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Junwei Huang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Lili Huang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Andrew Goodearl
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States of America
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5
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Naganawa M, Gallezot JD, Finnema SJ, Maguire RP, Mercier J, Nabulsi NB, Kervyn S, Henry S, Nicolas JM, Huang Y, Chen MK, Hannestad J, Klitgaard H, Stockis A, Carson RE. Drug characteristics derived from kinetic modeling: combined 11C-UCB-J human PET imaging with levetiracetam and brivaracetam occupancy of SV2A. EJNMMI Res 2022; 12:71. [PMID: 36346513 PMCID: PMC9643320 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-022-00944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiepileptic drugs, levetiracetam (LEV) and brivaracetam (BRV), bind to synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A). In their anti-seizure activity, speed of brain entry may be an important factor. BRV showed faster entry into the human and non-human primate brain, based on more rapid displacement of SV2A tracer 11C-UCB-J. To extract additional information from previous human studies, we developed a nonlinear model that accounted for drug entry into the brain and binding to SV2A using brain 11C-UCB-J positron emission tomography (PET) data and the time-varying plasma drug concentration, to assess the kinetic parameter K1 (brain entry rate) of the drugs. METHOD Displacement (LEV or BRV p.i. 60 min post-tracer injection) and post-dose scans were conducted in five healthy subjects. Blood samples were collected for measurement of drug concentration and the tracer arterial input function. Fitting of nonlinear differential equations was applied simultaneously to time-activity curves (TACs) from displacement and post-dose scans to estimate 5 parameters: K1 (drug), K1(11C-UCB-J, displacement), K1(11C-UCB-J, post-dose), free fraction of 11C-UCB-J in brain (fND(11C-UCB-J)), and distribution volume of 11C-UCB-J (VT(UCB-J)). Other parameters (KD(drug), KD(11C-UCB-J), fP(drug), fP(11C-UCB-J, displacement), fP(11C-UCB-J, post-dose), fND(drug), koff(drug), koff(11C-UCB-J)) were fixed to literature or measured values. RESULTS The proposed model described well the TACs in all subjects; however, estimates of drug K1 were unstable in comparison with 11C-UCB-J K1 estimation. To provide a conservative estimate of the relative speed of brain entry for BRV vs. LEV, we determined a lower bound on the ratio BRV K1/LEV K1, by finding the lowest BRV K1 or highest LEV K1 that were statistically consistent with the data. Specifically, we used the F test to compare the residual sum of squares with fixed BRV K1 to that with floating BRV K1 to obtain the lowest possible BRV K1; the same analysis was performed to find the highest LEV K1. The lower bound of the ratio BRV K1/LEV K1 was ~ 7. CONCLUSIONS Under appropriate conditions, this advanced nonlinear model can directly estimate entry rates of drugs into tissue by analysis of PET TACs. Using a conservative statistical cutoff, BRV enters the brain at least sevenfold faster than LEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Naganawa
- Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Nabeel B Nabulsi
- Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Shannan Henry
- Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Yiyun Huang
- Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ming-Kai Chen
- Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Richard E Carson
- Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, USA
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Carson RE, Naganawa M, Toyonaga T, Koohsari S, Yang Y, Chen MK, Matuskey D, Finnema SJ. Imaging of Synaptic Density in Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Nucl Med 2022; 63:60S-67S. [PMID: 35649655 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.263201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PET technology has produced many radiopharmaceuticals that target specific brain proteins and other measures of brain function. Recently, a new approach has emerged to image synaptic density by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A), an integral glycoprotein in the membrane of synaptic vesicles and widely distributed throughout the brain. Multiple SV2A ligands have been developed and translated to human use. The most successful of these to date is 11C-UCB-J, because of its high uptake, moderate metabolism, and effective quantification with a 1-tissue-compartment model. Further, since SV2A is the target of the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam, human blocking studies have characterized specific binding and potential reference regions. Regional brain SV2A levels were shown to correlate with those of synaptophysin, another commonly used marker of synaptic density, providing the basis for SV2A PET imaging to have broad utility across neuropathologic diseases. In this review, we highlight the development of SV2A tracers and the evaluation of quantification methods, including compartment modeling and simple tissue ratios. Mouse and rat models of neurodegenerative diseases have been studied with small-animal PET, providing validation by comparison to direct tissue measures. Next, we review human PET imaging results in multiple neurodegenerative disorders. Studies on Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease have progressed most rapidly at multiple centers, with generally consistent results of patterns of SV2A or synaptic loss. In Alzheimer disease, the synaptic loss patterns differ from those of amyloid, tau, and 18F-FDG, although intertracer and interregional correlations have been found. Smaller studies have been reported in other disorders, including Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. In conclusion, PET imaging of SV2A has rapidly developed, and qualified radioligands are available. PET studies on humans indicate that SV2A loss might be specific to disease-associated brain regions and consistent with synaptic density loss. The recent availability of new 18F tracers, 18F-SynVesT-1 and 18F-SynVesT-2, will substantially broaden the application of SV2A PET. Future studies are needed in larger patient cohorts to establish the clinical value of SV2A PET and its potential for diagnosis and progression monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as efficacy assessment of disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Takuya Toyonaga
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sheida Koohsari
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yanghong Yang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ming-Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Translational Imaging, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
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Skaddan MB, Wooten DW, Wilcox KC, Voorbach MJ, Reuter DR, Jia ZJ, Foster-Duke KD, Hickson JA, Vaidyanathan S, Reed AD, Tovcimak AE, Guo Q, Comley RA, Lee L, Finnema SJ, Mudd SR. [ 18F]BTK-1: A Novel Positron Emission Tomography Tracer for Imaging Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:830-841. [PMID: 35482146 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key component of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling, and as such a critical regulator of cell proliferation and survival. Aberrant BCR signaling is important in the pathogenesis of various B cell malignancies and autoimmune disorders. Here, we describe the development of a novel positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for imaging BTK expression and/or occupancy by small molecule therapeutics. METHODS Radiochemistry was carried out by reacting the precursor with [18F]fluoride on a GE FX-FN TracerLab synthesis module to produce [18F]BTK-1 with a 6% decay-corrected radiochemical yield, 100 ± 6 GBq/µmol molar activity, and a radiochemical purity of 99%. Following intravenous administration of [18F]BTK-1 (3.63 ± 0.59 MBq, 0.084 ± 0.05 µg), 60-min dynamic images were acquired in two xenograft models: REC-1, an efficacious mantle cell lymphoma model, and U87MG, a non-efficacious glioblastoma model. Subsequent studies included vehicle, pretreatment (10 min prior to tracer injection), and displacement (30 min post-tracer injection) studies with different reversible BTK inhibitors to examine BTK binding. Human radiation dosimetry was estimated based on PET imaging in healthy rats. RESULTS Uptake of [18F]BTK-1 was significantly higher in BTK expressing REC-1 tumors than non-BTK expressing U87MG tumors. Administration of BTK inhibitors prior to tracer administration blocked [18F]BTK-1 binding in the REC-1 tumor model consistent with [18F]BTK-1 binding to BTK. The predicted effective dose in humans was 0.0199 ± 0.0007 mSv/MBq. CONCLUSION [18F]BTK-1 is a promising PET tracer for imaging of BTK, which could provide valuable information for patient selection, drug dose determination, and improving our understanding of BTK biology in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc B Skaddan
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Dustin W Wooten
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Kyle C Wilcox
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | | | - David R Reuter
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Zhaozhong J Jia
- AbbVie, 1000 Gateway Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | - Aimee D Reed
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Ann E Tovcimak
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Qi Guo
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Robert A Comley
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Lance Lee
- AbbVie, 1000 Gateway Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Sarah R Mudd
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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Zheng C, Holden D, Zheng MQ, Pracitto R, Wilcox KC, Lindemann M, Felchner Z, Zhang L, Tong J, Fowles K, Finnema SJ, Nabulsi N, Carson RE, Huang Y, Cai Z. A metabolically stable PET tracer for imaging synaptic vesicle protein 2A: synthesis and preclinical characterization of [ 18F]SDM-16. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:1482-1496. [PMID: 34761284 PMCID: PMC8940841 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) changes in the whole central nervous system (CNS) under pathophysiological conditions, a high affinity SV2A PET radiotracer with improved in vivo stability is desirable to minimize the potential confounding effect of radiometabolites. The aim of this study was to develop such a PET tracer based on the molecular scaffold of UCB-A, and evaluate its pharmacokinetics, in vivo stability, specific binding, and nonspecific binding signals in nonhuman primate brains, in comparison with [11C]UCB-A, [11C]UCB-J, and [18F]SynVesT-1. METHODS The racemic SDM-16 (4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-1-((2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-2-one) and its two enantiomers were synthesized and assayed for in vitro binding affinities to human SV2A. We synthesized the enantiopure [18F]SDM-16 using the corresponding enantiopure arylstannane precursor. Nonhuman primate brain PET scans were performed on FOCUS 220 scanners. Arterial blood was drawn for the measurement of plasma free fraction (fP), radiometabolite analysis, and construction of the plasma input function. Regional time-activity curves (TACs) were fitted with the one-tissue compartment (1TC) model to obtain the volume of distribution (VT). Nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) was calculated using either the nondisplaceable volume of distribution (VND) or the centrum semiovale (CS) as the reference region. RESULTS SDM-16 was synthesized in 3 steps with 44% overall yield and has the highest affinity (Ki = 0.9 nM) to human SV2A among all reported SV2A ligands. [18F]SDM-16 was prepared in about 20% decay-corrected radiochemical yield within 90 min, with greater than 99% radiochemical and enantiomeric purity. This radiotracer displayed high specific binding in monkey brains and was metabolically more stable than the other SV2A PET tracers. The fP of [18F]SDM-16 was 69%, which was higher than those of [11C]UCB-J (46%), [18F]SynVesT-1 (43%), [18F]SynVesT-2 (41%), and [18F]UCB-H (43%). The TACs were well described with the 1TC. The averaged test-retest variability (TRV) was 7 ± 3%, and averaged absolute TRV (aTRV) was 14 ± 7% for the analyzed brain regions. CONCLUSION We have successfully synthesized a novel SV2A PET tracer [18F]SDM-16, which has the highest SV2A binding affinity and metabolical stability among published SV2A PET tracers. The [18F]SDM-16 brain PET images showed superb contrast between gray matter and white matter. Moreover, [18F]SDM-16 showed high specific and reversible binding in the NHP brains, allowing for the reliable and sensitive quantification of SV2A, and has potential applications in the visualization and quantification of SV2A beyond the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Daniel Holden
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ming-Qiang Zheng
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Richard Pracitto
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Kyle C Wilcox
- Translational Imaging, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Marcel Lindemann
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Zachary Felchner
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jie Tong
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Krista Fowles
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- Translational Imaging, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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9
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Angarita GA, Worhunsky PD, Naganawa M, Toyonaga T, Nabulsi NB, Li CSR, Esterlis I, Skosnik PD, Radhakrishnan R, Pittman B, Gueorguieva R, Potenza MN, Finnema SJ, Huang Y, Carson RE, Malison RT. Lower prefrontal cortical synaptic vesicle binding in cocaine use disorder: An exploratory 11 C-UCB-J positron emission tomography study in humans. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13123. [PMID: 34852401 PMCID: PMC8891080 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have revealed robust and long-lasting alterations in dendritic spines in the brain following cocaine exposure. Such alterations are hypothesized to underlie enduring maladaptive behaviours observed in cocaine use disorder (CUD). The current study explored whether synaptic density is altered in CUD. Fifteen individuals with DSM-5 CUD and 15 demographically matched healthy control (HC) subjects participated in a single 11 C-UCB-J positron emission tomography scan to assess density of synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A). The volume of distribution (VT ) and the plasma-free fraction-corrected form of the total volume of distribution (VT /fP ) were analysed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC), lateral and medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and ventral striatum. A significant diagnostic-group-by-region interaction was observed for VT and VT /fP . Post hoc analyses revealed no differences on VT , while for VT /fP showed lower values in CUD as compared with HC subjects in the ACC (-10.9%, p = 0.02), ventromedial PFC (-9.9%, p = 0.02) and medial OFC (-9.9%, p = 0.04). Regional VT /fP values in CUD, though unrelated to measures of lifetime cocaine use, were positively correlated with the frequency of recent cocaine use (p = 0.02-0.03) and negatively correlated with cocaine abstinence (p = 0.008-0.03). These findings provide initial preliminary in vivo evidence of altered (lower) synaptic density in the PFC of humans with CUD. Cross-sectional variation in SV2A availability as a function of recent cocaine use and abstinence suggests that synaptic density may be dynamically and plastically regulated by acute cocaine, an observation that merits direct testing by studies using more definitive longitudinal designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A. Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite # 901, New Haven, CT 06511
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Patrick D. Worhunsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite # 901, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Takuya Toyonaga
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Nabeel B. Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Chiang-Shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite # 901, New Haven, CT 06511
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Irina Esterlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite # 901, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Patrick D. Skosnik
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite # 901, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Rajiv Radhakrishnan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite # 901, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Brian Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite # 901, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Ralitza Gueorguieva
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven CT 06520
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite # 901, New Haven, CT 06511
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, 100 Great Meadow Road, Wethersfield, CT 06109
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 234 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Sjoerd J. Finnema
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Richard E. Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Robert T. Malison
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite # 901, New Haven, CT 06511
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519
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10
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Bini J, Lattin CR, Toyonaga T, Finnema SJ, Carson R. Optimized Methodology for Reference Region and Image-Derived Input Function Kinetic Modeling in Preclinical PET. IEEE Trans Radiat Plasma Med Sci 2022; 6:454-462. [PMID: 36185820 PMCID: PMC9524424 DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2021.3088606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PET imaging of small animals is often used for assessing biodistribution of a novel radioligand and pharmacology in small animal models of disease. PET acquisition and processing settings may affect reference region or image-derived input function (IDIF) kinetic modeling estimates. We examined four different factors in comparing quantitative results: 1) effect of reconstruction algorithm, 2) number of MAP iterations, 3) strength of the MAP prior, and 4) Attenuation and scatter. The effect of these parameters has not been explored for small-animal reference region and IDIF kinetic modeling approaches. Dynamic PET/CT scans were performed in 3 species with 3 different tracers: house sparrows with [11C]raclopride, rats with [18F]AS2471907 (11βHSD1) and mice with [11C]UCB-J (SV2A). FBP yielded lower kinetic modeling estimates compared to 3D-OSEM-MAP reconstructions, in sparrow and rat studies. Target resolutions (MAP prior strength) of 1.5 and 3.0mm demonstrated reduced VT in rats but only 3.0mm reduced BP ND in sparrows. Therefore, use of the highest target resolution (0.8mm) is warranted. We demonstrated using kinetic modeling that forgoing CT-based attenuation and scatter correction may be appropriate to improve animal throughput when using short-lived radioisotopes in sparrows and mice. This work provides recommendations and a framework for future optimization of kinetic modeling for preclinical PET methodology with novel radioligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bini
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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11
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Pracitto R, Wilcox KC, Lindemann M, Tong J, Zheng C, Li S, Finnema SJ, Huang Y, Cai Z. Further Investigation of Synaptic Vesicle Protein 2A (SV2A) Ligands Designed for Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging: Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship of Substituted Pyridinylmethyl-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-ones. ACS Omega 2021; 6:27676-27683. [PMID: 34722967 PMCID: PMC8552234 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) ligands were synthesized to explore the structure-activity relationship and to help further investigate a hydrogen bonding pharmacophore hypothesis. Racemic SynVesT-1 was used as a lead compound to explore the replacement of the 3-methyl group on the pyridinyl moiety with halogens and hydrocarbons. Pyridinyl isomers of racemic SynVesT-1 were also investigated. Highly potent analogs were discovered including a 3-iodo pyridinyl ligand amenable to investigation as a PET or SPECT imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Pracitto
- PET
Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Kyle C. Wilcox
- Translational
Imaging Neuroscience, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Marcel Lindemann
- PET
Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jie Tong
- PET
Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Chao Zheng
- PET
Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Songye Li
- PET
Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sjoerd J. Finnema
- PET
Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Translational
Imaging Neuroscience, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET
Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- PET
Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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12
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Chen MK, Mecca AP, Naganawa M, Gallezot JD, Toyonaga T, Mondal J, Finnema SJ, Lin SF, O’Dell RS, McDonald JW, Michalak HR, Vander Wyk B, Nabulsi NB, Huang Y, Arnsten AFT, van Dyck CH, Carson RE. Comparison of [ 11C]UCB-J and [ 18F]FDG PET in Alzheimer's disease: A tracer kinetic modeling study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2395-2409. [PMID: 33757318 PMCID: PMC8393289 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211004312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[11C]UCB-J PET for synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 A (SV2A) has been proposed as a suitable marker for synaptic density in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We compared [11C]UCB-J binding for synaptic density and [18F]FDG uptake for metabolism (correlated with neuronal activity) in 14 AD and 11 cognitively normal (CN) participants. We assessed both absolute and relative outcome measures in brain regions of interest, i.e., K1 or R1 for [11C]UCB-J perfusion, VT (volume of distribution) or DVR to cerebellum for [11C]UCB-J binding to SV2A; and Ki or KiR to cerebellum for [18F]FDG metabolism. [11C]UCB-J binding and [18F]FDG metabolism showed a similar magnitude of reduction in the medial temporal lobe of AD -compared to CN participants. However, the magnitude of reduction of [11C]UCB-J binding in neocortical regions was less than that observed with [18F]FDG metabolism. Inter-tracer correlations were also higher in the medial temporal regions between synaptic density and metabolism, with lower correlations in neocortical regions. [11C]UCB-J perfusion showed a similar pattern to [18F]FDG metabolism, with high inter-tracer regional correlations. In summary, we conducted the first in vivo PET imaging of synaptic density and metabolism in the same AD participants and reported a concordant reduction in medial temporal regions but a discordant reduction in neocortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam P Mecca
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jean-Dominique Gallezot
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Takuya Toyonaga
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jayanta Mondal
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shu-fei Lin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ryan S O’Dell
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julia W McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hannah R Michalak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brent Vander Wyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel B Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amy FT Arnsten
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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13
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Naganawa M, Gallezot JD, Finnema SJ, Matuskey D, Mecca A, Nabulsi NB, Labaree D, Ropchan J, Malison RT, D'Souza DC, Esterlis I, Detyniecki K, van Dyck CH, Huang Y, Carson RE. Simplified Quantification of 11C-UCB-J PET Evaluated in a Large Human Cohort. J Nucl Med 2021; 62:418-421. [PMID: 32646875 PMCID: PMC8049341 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.243949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
11C-UCB-J ((R)-1-((3-(11C-methyl-11C)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)-4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one) is a PET tracer for synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A, which may be a marker of synaptic density. To simplify the scan protocol, SUV ratios (SUVRs) were compared with model-based nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) to select the optimal time window in healthy and neuropsychiatric subjects. Methods: In total, 141 scans were acquired for 90 min. Arterial blood sampling and metabolite analysis were conducted. SUVR-1 (centrum semiovale reference region) was computed for six 30-min windows and compared with 1-tissue-compartment model BPND Simulations were performed to assess the time dependency of SUVR-1. Results: Greater correlation and less bias were observed for SUVR-1 at later time windows for all subjects. Simulations showed that the agreement between SUVR-1 and BPND is time-dependent. Conclusion: The 60- to 90-min period provided the best match between SUVR-1 and BPND (-1% ± 7%); thus, a short scan is sufficient for accurate quantification of 11C-UCB-J-specific binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Naganawa
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jean-Dominique Gallezot
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David Matuskey
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Adam Mecca
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Nabeel B Nabulsi
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David Labaree
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jim Ropchan
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert T Malison
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | | | - Irina Esterlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Kamil Detyniecki
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Richard E Carson
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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14
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Varnäs K, Finnema SJ, Johnström P, Arakawa R, Halldin C, Eriksson LI, Farde L. Effects of sevoflurane anaesthesia on radioligand binding to monoamine oxidase-B in vivo. Br J Anaesth 2020; 126:238-244. [PMID: 33036760 PMCID: PMC8258980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular actions underlying the clinical effects of inhaled anaesthetics such as sevoflurane and isoflurane are not fully understood. Unexpected observations in positron emission tomography (PET) studies with [11C]AZD9272, a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) radioligand with possible affinity for monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), suggest that its binding is sensitive to anaesthesia with sevoflurane. The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of sevoflurane anaesthesia on the binding of [11C]AZD9272 and of [11C]L-deprenyl-D2, a radioligand selective for MAO-B in non-human primates (NHPs). Methods Altogether, 12 PET measurements were conducted with a high-resolution research tomograph using the ligands [11C]AZD9272 or [11C]L-deprenyl-D2 in six cynomolgus monkeys anaesthetised with sevoflurane or ketamine/xylazine. Results The specific binding of [11C]AZD9272 and [11C]L-deprenyl-D2 was markedly reduced during anaesthesia with sevoflurane compared with ketamine/xylazine. The reduction was 80–90% (n=3) for [11C]AZD9272 and 77–80% (n=3) for [11C]L-deprenyl-D2. Conclusions Sevoflurane anaesthesia inhibited radioligand binding to MAO-B in the primate brain. The observation of lower MAO-B binding at clinically relevant concentrations of sevoflurane warrants further exploration of the potential role of MAO-B related mechanisms in regulation of systemic blood pressure during anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Varnäs
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Johnström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Biosamples, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ryosuke Arakawa
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars I Eriksson
- Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Farde
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Finnema SJ, Toyonaga T, Detyniecki K, Chen MK, Dias M, Wang Q, Lin SF, Naganawa M, Gallezot JD, Lu Y, Nabulsi NB, Huang Y, Spencer DD, Carson RE. Reduced synaptic vesicle protein 2A binding in temporal lobe epilepsy: A [ 11 C]UCB-J positron emission tomography study. Epilepsia 2020; 61:2183-2193. [PMID: 32944949 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this positron emission tomography (PET) study with [11 C]UCB-J, we evaluated synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) binding, which is decreased in resected brain tissues from epilepsy patients, in subjects with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and compared the regional binding pattern to [18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake. METHODS Twelve TLE subjects and 12 control subjects were examined. Regional [11 C]UCB-J binding potential (BPND ) values were estimated using the centrum semiovale as a reference region. [18 F]FDG uptake in TLE subjects was quantified using mean radioactivity values. Asymmetry in outcome measures was assessed by comparison of ipsilateral and contralateral regions. Partial volume correction (PVC) with the iterative Yang algorithm was applied based on the FreeSurfer segmentation. RESULTS In 11 TLE subjects with medial temporal lobe sclerosis (MTS), the hippocampal volumetric asymmetry was 25 ± 11%. After PVC, [11 C]UCB-J BPND asymmetry indices were 37 ± 19% in the hippocampus, with very limited asymmetry in other brain regions. Reductions in [11 C]UCB-J BPND values were restricted to the sclerotic hippocampus when compared to control subjects. The corresponding asymmetry in hippocampal [18 F]FDG uptake was 22 ± 7% and correlated with that of [11 C]UCB-J BPND across subjects (R2 = .38). Hippocampal asymmetries in [11 C]UCB-J binding were 1.7-fold larger than those of [18 F]FDG uptake. SIGNIFICANCE [11 C]UCB-J binding is reduced in the seizure onset zone of TLE subjects with MTS. PET imaging of SV2A may be a promising biomarker approach in the presurgical selection and evaluation of TLE patients and may improve the sensitivity of molecular imaging for seizure focus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J Finnema
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Takuya Toyonaga
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kamil Detyniecki
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ming-Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mark Dias
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Qianyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jean-Dominique Gallezot
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yihuan Lu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nabeel B Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dennis D Spencer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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16
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Rossano S, Toyonaga T, Finnema SJ, Naganawa M, Lu Y, Nabulsi N, Ropchan J, De Bruyn S, Otoul C, Stockis A, Nicolas JM, Martin P, Mercier J, Huang Y, Maguire RP, Carson RE. Assessment of a white matter reference region for 11C-UCB-J PET quantification. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1890-1901. [PMID: 31570041 PMCID: PMC7446568 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19879230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
11C-UCB-J is a positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand that has been used in humans for synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) imaging and as a potential synaptic density marker. The centrum semiovale (CS) is a proposed reference region for noninvasive quantification of 11C-UCB-J, due to negligible concentrations of SV2A in this region in baboon brain assessed by in vitro methods. However, in displacement scans with SV2A-specific drug levetiracetam in humans, a decrease in 11C-UCB-J concentration was observed in the CS, consistent with some degree of specific binding. The current study aims to validate the CS as a reference region by (1) optimizing CS region of interest (ROI) to minimize spill-in from gray matter with high radioactivity concentrations; (2) investigating convergence of CS ROI values using ordered subset expectation maximization (OS-EM) reconstruction, and (3) comparing baseline CS volume of distribution (VT) to nondisplaceable uptake in gray matter, VND. Improving ROI definition and increasing OS-EM iterations during reconstruction decreased the difference between CS VT and VND. However, even with these corrections, CS VT overestimated VND by ∼35-40%. These measures showed significant correlation, suggesting that, though biased, the CS may be a useful estimate of nondisplaceable uptake, allowing for noninvasive quantification for SV2A PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Rossano
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Takuya Toyonaga
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yihuan Lu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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17
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Baldassarri SR, Park E, Finnema SJ, Planeta B, Nabulsi N, Najafzadeh S, Ropchan J, Huang Y, Hannestad J, Maloney K, Bhagwagar Z, Carson RE. Inverse changes in raphe and cortical 5-HT 1B receptor availability after acute tryptophan depletion in healthy human subjects. Synapse 2020; 74:e22159. [PMID: 32324935 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic neurotransmission plays a key role in the pathophysiology and treatment of various neuropsychiatric diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in serotonergic neurotransmission after acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) using positron emission tomography (PET) with [11 C]P943, a 5-HT1B receptor radioligand previously shown to be sensitive to changes in 5-HT. Five healthy subjects were scanned on a high resolution PET scanner twice on the same day, before and approximately 5 hours after ingesting capsules containing an amino acid mixture that lacks tryptophan. For each scan, emission data were acquired for 120 min after intravenous bolus injection of [11 C]P943. Binding potential (BPND ) values were estimated from parametric images using the second version of the multilinear reference tissue model (MRTM2, t* = 20 min) with cerebellar grey matter used as a reference region. The change in [11 C]P943 binding (ΔBPND , %) was calculated as (BPND,post - BPND,pre )/(BPND,pre ) × 100, and correlation analysis was performed to measure linear associations of ΔBPND between raphe and other regions of interest (ROIs). ΔBPND ranged from -6% to 45% in the raphe, with positive values indicating reduced competition from 5-HT. In cortical regions, ΔBPND ranged from -28% to 7%. While these changes did not reach significance, there were significant negative correlations of ΔBPND of the raphe with those of cerebral cortical regions and the thalamus (e.g., r = -.96, p = .011 for average cortex). These findings support the hypothesis that raphe serotonin is a critical modulator of cortical serotonin release via projecting neurons in healthy human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Baldassarri
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eunkyung Park
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Beata Planeta
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Soheila Najafzadeh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonas Hannestad
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kathleen Maloney
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zubin Bhagwagar
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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18
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Matuskey D, Tinaz S, Wilcox KC, Naganawa M, Toyonaga T, Dias M, Henry S, Pittman B, Ropchan J, Nabulsi N, Suridjan I, Comley RA, Huang Y, Finnema SJ, Carson RE. Synaptic Changes in Parkinson Disease Assessed with in vivo Imaging. Ann Neurol 2020; 87:329-338. [PMID: 31953875 PMCID: PMC7065227 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parkinson disease is characterized by motor and nonmotor symptoms, reduced striatal dopamine signaling, and loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. It is now known that the pathological process in Parkinson disease may begin decades before the clinical diagnosis and include a variety of neuronal alterations in addition to the dopamine system. METHODS This study examined the density of all synapses with synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) in Parkinson disease subjects with mild bilateral disease (n = 12) and matched normal controls (n = 12) using in vivo high-resolution positron emission tomographic imaging as well as postmortem autoradiography in an independent sample with Parkinson disease (n = 15) and normal controls (n = 13) in the substantia nigra and putamen. RESULTS A group-by-brain region interaction effect (F10, 22 = 3.52, p = 0.007) was observed in the primary brain areas with in vivo SV2A binding. Post hoc analyses revealed that the Parkinson disease group exhibited lower SV2A in the substantia nigra (-45%; p < 0.001), red nucleus (-31%; p = 0.03), and locus coeruleus (-17%; p = 0.03). Exploratory analyses also revealed lower SV2A binding in clinically relevant cortical areas. Using autoradiography, we confirmed lower SV2A in the substantia nigra (-17%; p < 0.005) and nonsignificant findings in the putamen (-4%; p = 0.06). INTERPRETATION This work provides the first evidence of synaptic loss in brainstem nuclei involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease in living patients. SV2A imaging holds promise for understanding synaptic changes central to the disease. Ann Neurol 2020;87:329-338.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Matuskey
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingYale UniversityNew HavenCT
- Department of PsychiatryYale UniversityNew HavenCT
- Department of NeurologyYale UniversityNew HavenCT
| | - Sule Tinaz
- Department of NeurologyYale UniversityNew HavenCT
| | - Kyle C. Wilcox
- Translational ImagingIntegrated Science and TechnologyAbbVieNorth ChicagoIL
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingYale UniversityNew HavenCT
| | - Takuya Toyonaga
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingYale UniversityNew HavenCT
| | - Mark Dias
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingYale UniversityNew HavenCT
| | - Shannan Henry
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingYale UniversityNew HavenCT
| | | | - Jim Ropchan
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingYale UniversityNew HavenCT
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingYale UniversityNew HavenCT
| | - Ivonne Suridjan
- Translational ImagingIntegrated Science and TechnologyAbbVieNorth ChicagoIL
| | - Robert A. Comley
- Translational ImagingIntegrated Science and TechnologyAbbVieNorth ChicagoIL
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingYale UniversityNew HavenCT
| | - Sjoerd J. Finnema
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingYale UniversityNew HavenCT
- Translational ImagingIntegrated Science and TechnologyAbbVieNorth ChicagoIL
| | - Richard E. Carson
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingYale UniversityNew HavenCT
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19
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Cai Z, Li S, Zhang W, Pracitto R, Wu X, Baum E, Finnema SJ, Holden D, Toyonaga T, Lin SF, Lindemann M, Shirali A, Labaree DC, Ropchan J, Nabulsi N, Carson RE, Huang Y. Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of an 18F-Labeled Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A PET Imaging Probe: [ 18F]SynVesT-2. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:592-603. [PMID: 31961649 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) is a 12-pass transmembrane glycoprotein ubiquitously expressed in presynaptic vesicles. In vivo imaging of SV2A using PET has potential applications in the diagnosis and prognosis of a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases, e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, autism, epilepsy, stroke, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, etc. Herein, we report the synthesis and evaluation of a new 18F-labeled SV2A PET imaging probe, [18F]SynVesT-2, which possesses fast in vivo binding kinetics and high specific binding signals in non-human primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxin Cai
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Songye Li
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Richard Pracitto
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Xiaoai Wu
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Evan Baum
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sjoerd J. Finnema
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Daniel Holden
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Takuya Toyonaga
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Shu-fei Lin
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Marcel Lindemann
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Anupama Shirali
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - David C. Labaree
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jim Ropchan
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Richard E. Carson
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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20
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Chen MK, Mecca AP, Naganawa M, Finnema SJ, Toyonaga T, Lin SF, Najafzadeh S, Ropchan J, Lu Y, McDonald JW, Michalak HR, Nabulsi NB, Arnsten AFT, Huang Y, Carson RE, van Dyck CH. Assessing Synaptic Density in Alzheimer Disease With Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A Positron Emission Tomographic Imaging. JAMA Neurol 2019; 75:1215-1224. [PMID: 30014145 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Importance Synaptic loss is well established as the major structural correlate of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease (AD). The ability to measure synaptic density in vivo could accelerate the development of disease-modifying treatments for AD. Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A is an essential vesicle membrane protein expressed in virtually all synapses and could serve as a suitable target for synaptic density. Objective To compare hippocampal synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) binding in participants with AD and cognitively normal participants using positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study recruited 10 participants with AD and 11 participants who were cognitively normal between November 2015 and June 2017. We hypothesized a reduction in hippocampal SV2A binding in AD, based on the early degeneration of entorhinal cortical cell projections to the hippocampus (via the perforant path) and hippocampal SV2A reductions that had been observed in postmortem studies. Participants underwent high-resolution PET scanning with ((R)-1-((3-(11C-methyl-11C)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)-4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one), a compound more commonly known as 11C-UCB-J, for SV2A. They also underwent high-resolution PET scanning with carbon 11-labeled Pittsburgh Compound B (11C-PiB) for β-amyloid, magnetic resonance imaging, and cognitive and neurologic evaluation. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes were 11C-UCB-J-specific binding (binding potential [BPND]) via PET imaging in brain regions of interest in participants with AD and participants who were cognitively normal. Results Ten participants with AD (5 male and 5 female; mean [SD] age, 72.7 [6.3] years; 10 [100%] β-amyloid positive) were compared with 11 participants who were cognitively normal (5 male and 6 female; mean [SD] age, 72.9 [8.7] years; 11 [100%] β-amyloid negative). Participants with AD spanned the disease stages from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (n = 5) to mild dementia (n = 5). Participants with AD had significant reduction in hippocampal SV2A specific binding (41%) compared with cognitively normal participants, as assessed by 11C-UCB-J-PET BPND (cognitively normal participants: mean [SD] BPND, 1.47 [0.37]; participants with AD: 0.87 [0.50]; P = .005). These reductions remained significant after correction for atrophy (ie, partial volume correction; participants who were cognitively normal: mean [SD], 2.71 [0.46]; participants with AD: 2.15 [0.55]; P = .02). Hippocampal SV2A-specific binding BPND was correlated with a composite episodic memory score in the overall sample (R = 0.56; P = .01). Conclusions and Relevance To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate synaptic density in vivo in AD using 11C-UCB-J-PET imaging. This approach may provide a direct measure of synaptic density, and it therefore holds promise as an in vivo biomarker for AD and as an outcome measure for trials of disease-modifying therapies, particularly those targeted at the preservation and restoration of synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Adam P Mecca
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Takuya Toyonaga
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Soheila Najafzadeh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yihuan Lu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Julia W McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hannah R Michalak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nabeel B Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Amy F T Arnsten
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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21
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Yang KC, Stepanov V, Amini N, Martinsson S, Takano A, Bundgaard C, Bang-Andersen B, Sanchez C, Halldin C, Farde L, Finnema SJ. Effect of clinically relevant doses of vortioxetine and citalopram on serotonergic PET markers in the nonhuman primate brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1706-1713. [PMID: 31216565 PMCID: PMC6784989 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vortioxetine is a multimodal antidepressant approved for treatment of major depressive disorder. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the mechanism of action of vortioxetine might be different from selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), including larger serotonin (5-HT) release and direct modulation of several 5-HT receptors. In the current positron emission tomography (PET) study, we evaluated the mechanism of action of vortioxetine by comparing its effect to the SSRI citalopram on the binding of [11C]AZ10419369 to the 5-HT1B receptor in the nonhuman primate brain. Initially, the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) binding of vortioxetine was determined by [11C]MADAM PET measurements before and after administration of vortioxetine (0.1-3.0 mg/kg) and data were used to confirm clinically relevant dosing in subsequent PET measurements with [11C]AZ10419369. The 5-HT1B receptor binding was significantly decreased after 0.3 mg/kg of citalopram in the dorsal raphe nucleus (5%), as well as after 0.3 mg/kg of vortioxetine in six brain regions (~25%) or 1.0 mg/kg of vortioxetine in all 12 examined regions (~48%). Moreover, there was no effect of 1.0 mg/kg of vortioxetine on the binding of [11C]Cimbi-36 to the 5-HT2A receptor, which has comparable sensitivity to 5-HT release as [11C]AZ10419369 binding. In conclusion, at clinically relevant doses, vortioxetine induced larger reductions in [11C]AZ10419369 binding than citalopram. These observations suggest that vortioxetine binds to the 5-HT1B receptor at clinically relevant doses. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the role of the 5-HT1B receptor in the therapeutic effects of vortioxetine and as a potential target for the development of novel antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Yang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Vladimir Stepanov
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nahid Amini
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Martinsson
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akihiro Takano
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Christer Halldin
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Farde
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden ,0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sjoerd J. Finnema
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden ,0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
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22
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Toyonaga T, Smith LM, Finnema SJ, Gallezot JD, Naganawa M, Bini J, Mulnix T, Cai Z, Ropchan J, Huang Y, Strittmatter SM, Carson RE. In Vivo Synaptic Density Imaging with 11C-UCB-J Detects Treatment Effects of Saracatinib in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:1780-1786. [PMID: 31101744 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.223867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
11C-UCB-J is a new PET tracer for synaptic density imaging. Recently, we conducted 11C-UCB-J PET on patients with mild cognitive impairment or early Alzheimer disease (AD) and found a 41% decrease in specific binding in the hippocampus compared with healthy subjects. We hypothesized that 11C-UCB-J may have potential to be a general biomarker for evaluating AD treatment effects via monitoring of synaptic density changes. In this study, we performed longitudinal 11C-UCB-J PET on AD mice to measure the treatment effects of saracatinib, which previously demonstrated synaptic changes with postmortem methods. Methods: Nine wild-type (WT) mice and 9 amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 double-transgenic (APPswe/PS1ΔE9 [APP/PS1]) mice underwent 3 11C-UCB-J PET measurements: at baseline, after treatment, and during drug washout. After baseline measurements, saracatinib, a Fyn kinase inhibitor currently in clinical development for AD treatment, was administered by oral gavage for 41 ± 11 d. Treatment-phase measurements were performed on the last day of treatment, and washout-phase measurements occurred more than 27 d after the end of treatment. SUVs from 30 to 60 min after injection of 11C-UCB-J were calculated and normalized by the whole-brain (WB) or brain stem (BS) average values as SUV ratio (SUVR(WB) or SUVR-1(BS)). Results: Hippocampal SUVR(WB) at baseline was significantly lower in APP/PS1 than WT mice (APP/PS1: 1.11 ± 0.04, WT: 1.15 ± 0.02, P = 0.033, unpaired t test). Using SUVR-1(BS) in the hippocampus, there was also a significant difference at baseline (APP/PS1: 0.48 ± 0.13, WT: 0.65 ± 0.10, P = 0.017, unpaired t test). After treatment with saracatinib, hippocampal SUVR(WB) in APP/PS1 mice was significantly increased (P = 0.037, paired t test). A trend-level treatment effect was seen with hippocampal SUVR-1(BS). Saracatinib treatment effects may persist, as there were no significant differences between WT and APP/PS1 mice after drug washout. Conclusion: On the basis of the 11C-UCB-J PET results, hippocampal synaptic density was lower in APP/PS1 mice than in WT mice at baseline, and this deficit was normalized by treatment with saracatinib. These results support the use of 11C-UCB-J PET to identify disease-specific synaptic deficits and to monitor treatment effects in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Toyonaga
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Levi M Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jean-Dominique Gallezot
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mika Naganawa
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jason Bini
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tim Mulnix
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jim Ropchan
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and.,Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Richard E Carson
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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23
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Finnema SJ, Rossano S, Naganawa M, Henry S, Gao H, Pracitto R, Maguire RP, Mercier J, Kervyn S, Nicolas J, Klitgaard H, DeBruyn S, Otoul C, Martin P, Muglia P, Matuskey D, Nabulsi NB, Huang Y, Kaminski RM, Hannestad J, Stockis A, Carson RE. A single-center, open-label positron emission tomography study to evaluate brivaracetam and levetiracetam synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A binding in healthy volunteers. Epilepsia 2019; 60:958-967. [PMID: 30924924 PMCID: PMC6532410 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brivaracetam (BRV) and levetiracetam (LEV) are antiepileptic drugs that bind synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A). In vitro and in vivo animal studies suggest faster brain penetration and SV2A occupancy (SO) after dosing with BRV than LEV. We evaluated human brain penetration and SO time course of BRV and LEV at therapeutically relevant doses using the SV2A positron emission tomography (PET) tracer 11 C-UCB-J (EP0074; NCT02602860). METHODS Healthy volunteers were recruited into three cohorts. Cohort 1 (n = 4) was examined with PET at baseline and during displacement after intravenous BRV (100 mg) or LEV (1500 mg). Cohort 2 (n = 5) was studied during displacement and 4 hours postdose (BRV 50-200 mg or LEV 1500 mg). Cohort 3 (n = 4) was examined at baseline and steady state after 4 days of twice-daily oral dosing of BRV (50-100 mg) and 4 hours postdose of LEV (250-600 mg). Half-time of 11 C-UCB-J signal change was computed from displacement measurements. Half-saturation concentrations (IC50 ) were determined from calculated SO. RESULTS Observed tracer displacement half-times were 18 ± 6 minutes for BRV (100 mg, n = 4), 9.7 and 10.1 minutes for BRV (200 mg, n = 2), and 28 ± 6 minutes for LEV (1500 mg, n = 6). Estimated corrected half-times were 8 minutes shorter. The SO was 66%-70% for 100 mg intravenous BRV, 84%-85% for 200 mg intravenous BRV, and 78%-84% for intravenous 1500 mg LEV. The IC50 of BRV (0.46 μg/mL) was 8.7-fold lower than of LEV (4.02 μg/mL). BRV data fitted a single SO versus plasma concentration relationship. Steady state SO for 100 mg BRV was 86%-87% (peak) and 76%-82% (trough). SIGNIFICANCE BRV achieves high SO more rapidly than LEV when intravenously administered at therapeutic doses. Thus, BRV may have utility in treating acute seizures; further clinical studies are needed for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J. Finnema
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingPositron Emission Tomography CenterYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Samantha Rossano
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingPositron Emission Tomography CenterYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingPositron Emission Tomography CenterYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Shannan Henry
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingPositron Emission Tomography CenterYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingPositron Emission Tomography CenterYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Richard Pracitto
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingPositron Emission Tomography CenterYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Matuskey
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingPositron Emission Tomography CenterYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Nabeel B. Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingPositron Emission Tomography CenterYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingPositron Emission Tomography CenterYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | | | | | | | - Richard E. Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingPositron Emission Tomography CenterYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
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24
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Holmes SE, Scheinost D, Finnema SJ, Naganawa M, Davis MT, DellaGioia N, Nabulsi N, Matuskey D, Angarita GA, Pietrzak RH, Duman RS, Sanacora G, Krystal JH, Carson RE, Esterlis I. Lower synaptic density is associated with depression severity and network alterations. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1529. [PMID: 30948709 PMCID: PMC6449365 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic loss and deficits in functional connectivity are hypothesized to contribute to symptoms associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) can be used to index the number of nerve terminals, an indirect estimate of synaptic density. Here, we used positron emission tomography (PET) with the SV2A radioligand [11C]UCB-J to examine synaptic density in n = 26 unmedicated individuals with MDD, PTSD, or comorbid MDD/PTSD. The severity of depressive symptoms was inversely correlated with SV2A density, and individuals with high levels of depression showing lower SV2A density compared to healthy controls (n = 21). SV2A density was also associated with aberrant network function, as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) functional connectivity. This is the first in vivo evidence linking lower synaptic density to network alterations and symptoms of depression. Our findings provide further incentive to evaluate interventions that restore synaptic connections to treat depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Margaret T Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Nicole DellaGioia
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Gustavo A Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Gerard Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Irina Esterlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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25
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Finnema SJ, Nabulsi NB, Mercier J, Lin SF, Chen MK, Matuskey D, Gallezot JD, Henry S, Hannestad J, Huang Y, Carson RE. Kinetic evaluation and test-retest reproducibility of [ 11C]UCB-J, a novel radioligand for positron emission tomography imaging of synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:2041-2052. [PMID: 28792356 PMCID: PMC6259313 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17724947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) is ubiquitously present in presynaptic terminals. Here we report kinetic modeling and test-retest reproducibility assessment of the SV2A positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand [11C]UCB-J in humans. Five volunteers were examined twice on the HRRT after bolus injection of [11C]UCB-J. Arterial blood samples were collected for measurements of radiometabolites and free fraction. Regional time-activity curves were analyzed with 1-tissue (1T) and 2-tissue (2T) compartment models to estimate volumes of distribution ( VT). Parametric maps were generated using the 1T model. [11C]UCB-J metabolized fairly quickly, with parent fraction of 36 ± 13% at 15 min after injection. Plasma free fraction was 32 ± 1%. Regional time-activity curves displayed rapid kinetics and were well described by the 1T model, except for the cerebellum and hippocampus. VT values estimated with the 2T model were similar to 1T values. Parametric maps were of high quality and VT values correlated well with time activity curve (TAC)-based estimates. Shortening of acquisition time from 120 min to 60 min had a negligible effect on VT values. The mean absolute test-retest reproducibility for VT was 3-9% across regions. In conclusion, [11C]UCB-J exhibited excellent PET tracer characteristics and has potential as a general purpose tool for measuring synaptic density in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J Finnema
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center,
Yale
University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel B Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center,
Yale
University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Shu-fei Lin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center,
Yale
University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ming-Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center,
Yale
University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center,
Yale
University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jean-Dominique Gallezot
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center,
Yale
University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shannan Henry
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center,
Yale
University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center,
Yale
University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center,
Yale
University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Yale
University, New Haven, CT, USA
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26
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Andersson JD, Matuskey D, Finnema SJ. Positron emission tomography imaging of the γ-aminobutyric acid system. Neurosci Lett 2018; 691:35-43. [PMID: 30102960 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the recent development of positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands for γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors and their potential to measure changes in endogenous GABA levels and highlight the clinical and translational applications of GABA-sensitive PET radioligands. We review the basic physiology of the GABA system with a focus on the importance of GABAA receptors in the brain and specifically the benzodiazepine binding site. Challenges for the development of central nervous system radioligands and particularly for radioligands with increased GABA sensitivity are outlined, as well as the status of established benzodiazepine site PET radioligands and agonist GABAA radioligands. We underline the challenge of using allosteric interactions to measure GABA concentrations and review the current state of PET imaging of changes in GABA levels. We conclude that PET tracers with increased GABA sensitivity are required to efficiently measure GABA release and that such a tool could be broadly applied to assess GABA transmission in vivo across several disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan D Andersson
- University of Alberta, Medical Isotope and Cyclotron Facility, Edmonton, Canada
| | - David Matuskey
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Yang KC, Takano A, Halldin C, Farde L, Finnema SJ. Serotonin concentration enhancers at clinically relevant doses reduce [ 11C]AZ10419369 binding to the 5-HT 1B receptors in the nonhuman primate brain. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:132. [PMID: 30013068 PMCID: PMC6048172 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin (5-HT) system plays an important role in the pathophysiology and treatment of several major psychiatric disorders. Currently, no suitable positron emission tomography (PET) imaging paradigm is available to assess 5-HT release in the living human brain. [11C]AZ10419369 binds to 5-HT1B receptors and is one of the most 5-HT-sensitive radioligands available. This study applied 5-HT concentration enhancers which can be safely studied in humans, and examined their effect on [11C]AZ10419369 binding at clinically relevant doses, including amphetamine (1 mg/kg), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 1 mg/kg) or 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP; 5 mg/kg). Twenty-six PET measurements (14 for amphetamine, 6 for MDMA and 6 for 5-HTP) using a bolus and constant infusion protocol were performed in four cynomolgus monkeys before or after drug administration. Binding potential (BPND) values were determined with the equilibrium method (integral interval: 63-123 min) using cerebellum as the reference region. BPND values were significantly decreased in several examined brain regions after administration of amphetamine (range: 19-31%), MDMA (16-25%) or 5-HTP (13-31%). Reductions in [11C]AZ10419369 binding were greater in striatum than cortical regions after administration of 5-HTP, while no prominent regional differences were found for amphetamine and MDMA. In conclusion, [11C]AZ10419369 binding is sensitive to changes in 5-HT concentration induced by amphetamine, MDMA or 5-HTP. The robust changes in BPND, following pretreatment drugs administered at clinically relevant doses, indicate that the applied PET imaging paradigms hold promise to be successfully used in future human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Yang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Akihiro Takano
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Farde
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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28
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Chen MK, Mecca AP, Naganawa M, Finnema SJ, Toyonaga T, Gallezot JD, McDonald JW, Michalak HR, Nabulsi NB, Huang Y, Arnsten AF, Carson RE, Dyck CH. P2‐365: PET IMAGING OF SYNAPTIC DENSITY (SYNAPTIC VESICLE GLYCOPROTEIN 2A, SV2A) IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: INITIAL EXPERIENCE. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Mecca AP, Chen MK, Naganawa M, Finnema SJ, Toyonaga T, Lin SF, Gallezot JD, McDonald JW, Michalak HR, Nabulsi NB, Huang Y, Arnsten AF, Carson RE, Dyck CH. IC‐P‐183: PET IMAGING OF SYNAPTIC DENSITY (SYNAPTIC VESICLE GLYCOPROTEIN 2A, SV2A) IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: INITIAL EXPERIENCE. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Varnäs K, Juréus A, Finnema SJ, Johnström P, Raboisson P, Amini N, Takano A, Stepanov V, Halldin C, Farde L. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 radioligand [ 11C]AZD9272 identifies unique binding sites in primate brain. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:455-463. [PMID: 29608920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is a target for drug development and for imaging studies of the glutamate system in neurological and psychiatric disorders. [11C]AZD9272 is a selective mGluR5 PET radioligand that is structurally different from hitherto applied mGluR5 radioligands. In the present investigation we compared the binding patterns of radiolabeled AZD9272 and other mGluR5 radioligands in the non-human primate (NHP) brain. PET studies were undertaken using [11C]AZD9272 and the commonly applied mGluR5 radioligand [11C]ABP688. Autoradiography studies were performed in vitro using [3H]AZD9272 and the standard mGluR5 radioligands [3H]M-MTEP and [3H]ABP688 in NHP tissue. Competition binding studies were undertaken in vivo and in vitro using different mGluR5 selective compounds as inhibitors. In comparison to other mGluR5 radioligands radiolabeled AZD9272 displayed a distinct regional distribution pattern with high binding in ventral striatum, midbrain, thalamus and cerebellum. While the binding of [11C]AZD9272 was almost completely inhibited by the structurally unique mGluR5 compound fenobam (2.0 mg/kg; 98% occupancy), it was only partially inhibited (46% and 20%, respectively) by the mGluR5 selective compounds ABP688 and MTEP, at a dose (2.0 mg/kg) expected to saturate the mGluR5. Autoradiography studies using [3H]AZD9272 confirmed a distinct pharmacologic profile characterized by preferential sensitivity to fenobam. The distinctive binding in ventral striato-pallido-thalamic circuits and shared pharmacologic profile with the pro-psychotic compound fenobam warrants further examination of [11C]AZD9272 for potential application in psychiatric neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Varnäs
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Johnström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Genomics, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | | | - Nahid Amini
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akihiro Takano
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Stepanov
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Farde
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Genomics, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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31
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Malmquist J, Varnäs K, Svedberg M, Vallée F, Albert JS, Finnema SJ, Schou M. Discovery of a Novel Muscarinic Receptor PET Radioligand with Rapid Kinetics in the Monkey Brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:224-229. [PMID: 29072902 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET), together with a suitable radioligand, is one of the more prominent methods for measuring changes in synaptic neurotransmitter concentrations in vivo. The radioligand of choice for such measurements on the cholinergic system is the muscarinic receptor antagonist N-[1-11C]propyl-3-piperidyl benzilate (PPB). In an effort to overcome the shortcomings with the technically cumbersome synthesis of [11C]PPB, we designed and synthesized four structurally related analogues of PPB, of which (S,R)-1-methylpiperidin-3-yl)2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate (1) was found to bind muscarinic receptors with similar affinity as PPB (3.5 vs 7.9 nM, respectively). (S,R)-1 was radiolabeled via N-11C-methylation at high radiochemical purity (>99%) and high specific radioactivity (>130 GBq/μmol). In vitro studies by autoradiography on human brain tissue and in vivo studies by PET in nonhuman primates demonstrated excellent signal-to-noise ratios and a kinetic profile in brain comparable to that of [11C]PBB. (S,R)-[11C]1 is a promising candidate for measuring changes in endogenous acetylcholine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Malmquist
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Country Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Varnäs
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Country Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Svedberg
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Country Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sjoerd J. Finnema
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Country Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Schou
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Country Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- PET Science Centre at Karolinska Institutet, Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca R&D, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Finnema SJ, Nabulsi NB, Eid T, Detyniecki K, Lin SF, Chen MK, Dhaher R, Matuskey D, Baum E, Holden D, Spencer DD, Mercier J, Hannestad J, Huang Y, Carson RE. Imaging synaptic density in the living human brain. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:348ra96. [PMID: 27440727 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf6667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synapses are the predominant neuron-to-neuron contact in the central nervous system. Presynaptic boutons of neurons contain hundreds of vesicles filled with neurotransmitters, the diffusible signaling chemicals. Changes in the number of synapses are associated with numerous brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy. However, all current approaches for measuring synaptic density in humans require brain tissue from autopsy or surgical resection. We report the use of the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) radioligand [(11)C]UCB-J combined with positron emission tomography (PET) to quantify synaptic density in the living human brain. Validation studies in a baboon confirmed that SV2A is an alternative synaptic density marker to synaptophysin. First-in-human PET studies demonstrated that [(11)C]UCB-J had excellent imaging properties. Finally, we confirmed that PET imaging of SV2A was sensitive to synaptic loss in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Thus, [(11)C]UCB-J PET imaging is a promising approach for in vivo quantification of synaptic density with several potential applications in diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J Finnema
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Nabeel B Nabulsi
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kamil Detyniecki
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ming-Kai Chen
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Roni Dhaher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Evan Baum
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Daniel Holden
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dennis D Spencer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | - Yiyun Huang
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Yang KC, Stepanov V, Martinsson S, Ettrup A, Takano A, Knudsen GM, Halldin C, Farde L, Finnema SJ. Fenfluramine Reduces [11C]Cimbi-36 Binding to the 5-HT2A Receptor in the Nonhuman Primate Brain. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:683-691. [PMID: 28911007 PMCID: PMC5581490 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND [11C]Cimbi-36 is a serotonin 2A receptor agonist positron emission tomography radioligand that has recently been examined in humans. The binding of agonist radioligand is expected to be more sensitive to endogenous neurotransmitter concentrations than antagonist radioligands. In the current study, we compared the effect of serotonin releaser fenfluramine on the binding of [11C]Cimbi-36, [11C]MDL 100907 (a serotonin 2A receptor antagonist radioligand), and [11C]AZ10419369 (a serotonin 1B receptor partial agonist radioligand with established serotonin sensitivity) in the monkey brain. METHODS Eighteen positron emission tomography measurements, 6 for each radioligand, were performed in 3 rhesus monkeys before or after administration of 5.0 mg/kg fenfluramine. Binding potential values were determined with the simplified reference tissue model using cerebellum as the reference region. RESULTS Fenfluramine significantly decreased [11C]Cimbi-36 (26-62%) and [11C]AZ10419369 (35-58%) binding potential values in most regions (P < 0.05). Fenfluramine-induced decreases in [11C]MDL 100907 binding potential were 8% to 30% and statistically significant in 3 regions. Decreases in [11C]Cimbi-36 binding potential were larger than for [11C]AZ10419369 in neocortical and limbic regions (~35%) but smaller in striatum and thalamus (~40%). Decreases in [11C]Cimbi-36 binding potential were 0.9 to 2.8 times larger than for [11C]MDL 100907, and the fraction of serotonin 2A receptor in the high-affinity state was estimated as 54% in the neocortex. CONCLUSIONS The serotonin sensitivity of serotonin 2A receptor agonist radioligand [11C]Cimbi-36 was higher than for antagonist radioligand [11C]MDL 100907. The serotonin sensitivity of [11C]Cimbi-36 was similar to [11C]AZ10419369, which is one of the most sensitive radioligands. [11C]Cimbi-36 is a promising radioligand to examine serotonin release in the primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Yang
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde).,Correspondence: Kai-Chun Yang, MD, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska University Hospital, Building R5:02, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden ()
| | - Vladimir Stepanov
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Stefan Martinsson
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Anders Ettrup
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Akihiro Takano
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Gitte M Knudsen
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Christer Halldin
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Lars Farde
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
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Yang KC, Stepanov V, Amini N, Martinsson S, Takano A, Nielsen J, Bundgaard C, Bang-Andersen B, Grimwood S, Halldin C, Farde L, Finnema SJ. Characterization of [ 11C]Lu AE92686 as a PET radioligand for phosphodiesterase 10A in the nonhuman primate brain. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 44:308-320. [PMID: 27817159 PMCID: PMC5215309 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose [11C]Lu AE92686 is a positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand that has recently been validated for examining phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) in the human striatum. [11C]Lu AE92686 has high affinity for PDE10A (IC50 = 0.39 nM) and may also be suitable for examination of the substantia nigra, a region with low density of PDE10A. Here, we report characterization of regional [11C]Lu AE92686 binding to PDE10A in the nonhuman primate (NHP) brain. Methods A total of 11 PET measurements, seven baseline and four following pretreatment with unlabeled Lu AE92686 or the structurally unrelated PDE10A inhibitor MP-10, were performed in five NHPs using a high resolution research tomograph (HRRT). [11C]Lu AE92686 binding was quantified using a radiometabolite-corrected arterial input function and compartmental and graphical modeling approaches. Results Regional time-activity curves were best described with the two-tissue compartment model (2TCM). However, the distribution volume (VT) values for all regions were obtained by the Logan plot analysis, as reliable cerebellar VT values could not be derived by the 2TCM. For cerebellum, a proposed reference region, VT values increased by ∼30 % with increasing PET measurement duration from 63 to 123 min, while VT values in target regions remained stable. Both pretreatment drugs significantly decreased [11C]Lu AE92686 binding in target regions, while no significant effect on cerebellum was observed. Binding potential (BPND) values, derived with the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM), were 13–17 in putamen and 3–5 in substantia nigra and correlated well to values from the Logan plot analysis. Conclusions The method proposed for quantification of [11C]Lu AE92686 binding in applied studies in NHP is based on 63 min PET data and SRTM with cerebellum as a reference region. The study supports that [11C]Lu AE92686 can be used for PET examinations of PDE10A binding also in substantia nigra. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00259-016-3544-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Yang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Vladimir Stepanov
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nahid Amini
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Martinsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akihiro Takano
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Nielsen
- Synaptic Transmission, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Sarah Grimwood
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Farde
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Varnäs K, Finnema SJ, Stepanov V, Takano A, Tóth M, Svedberg M, Møller Nielsen S, Khanzhin NA, Juhl K, Bang-Andersen B, Halldin C, Farde L. Neurokinin-3 Receptor Binding in Guinea Pig, Monkey, and Human Brain: In Vitro and in Vivo Imaging Using the Novel Radioligand, [18F]Lu AF10628. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw023. [PMID: 26993630 PMCID: PMC5006196 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous autoradiography studies have suggested a marked interspecies variation in the neuroanatomical localization and expression levels of the neurokinin 3 receptor, with high density in the brain of rat, gerbil, and guinea pig, but at the time offered no conclusive evidence for its presence in the human brain. Hitherto available radioligands have displayed low affinity for the human neurokinin 3 receptor relative to the rodent homologue and may thus not be optimal for cross-species analyses of the expression of this protein. METHODS A novel neurokinin 3 receptor radioligand, [(18)F]Lu AF10628 ((S)-N-(cyclobutyl(3-fluorophenyl)methyl)-8-fluoro-2-((3-[(18)F]-fluoropropyl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-1,2-dihydroisoquinoline-4-carboxamide), was synthesized and used for autoradiography studies in cryosections from guinea pig, monkey, and human brain as well as for positron emission tomography studies in guinea pig and monkey. RESULTS The results confirmed previous observations of interspecies variation in the neurokinin 3 receptor brain localization with more extensive distribution in guinea pig than in primate brain. In the human brain, specific binding to the neurokinin 3 receptor was highest in the amygdala and in the hypothalamus and very low in other regions examined. Positron emission tomography imaging showed a pattern consistent with that observed using autoradiography. The radioactivity was, however, found to accumulate in skull bone, which limits the use of this radioligand for in vivo quantification of neurokinin 3 receptor binding. CONCLUSION Species differences in the brain distribution of neurokinin 3 receptors should be considered when using animal models for predicting human neurokinin 3 receptor pharmacology. For positron emission tomography imaging of brain neurokinin 3 receptors, additional work is required to develop a radioligand with more favorable in vivo properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Varnäs
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Varnäs, Finnema, Stepanov, Takano, Tóth, Svedberg, Halldin, and Farde); Lundbeck Research, H. Lundbeck A/S, 9 Ottiliavej, DK-2500 Copenhagen-Valby, Denmark (Drs Møller Nielsen, Khanzhin, Juhl, and Bang-Andersen); AstraZeneca Translational Science Centre at Karolinska Institutet, PET CoE, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde).Present address: Glycom A/S, Diplomvej 373, 1, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (N.A.K.).
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36
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Schou M, Varnäs K, Jureus A, Ahlgren C, Malmquist J, Häggkvist J, Tari L, Wesolowski SS, Throner SR, Brown DG, Nilsson M, Johnström P, Finnema SJ, Nakao R, Amini N, Takano A, Farde L. Discovery and Preclinical Validation of [(11)C]AZ13153556, a Novel Probe for the Histamine Type 3 Receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:177-84. [PMID: 26529287 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The histamine type 3 receptor (H3) is a G protein-coupled receptor implicated in several disorders of the central nervous system. Herein, we describe the radiolabeling and preclinical evaluation of a candidate radioligand for the H3 receptor, 4-(1S,2S)-2-(4-cyclobutylpiperazine-1-carbonyl)cyclopropyl]-N-methyl-benzamide (5), and its comparison with one of the frontrunner radioligands for H3 imaging, namely, GSK189254 (1). Compounds 1 and 5 were radiolabeled with tritium and carbon-11 for in vitro and in vivo imaging experiments. The in vitro binding of [(3)H]1 and [(3)H]5 was examined by (i) saturation binding to rat and nonhuman primate brain tissue homogenate and (ii) in vitro autoradiography on tissue sections from rat, guinea pig, and human brain. The in vivo binding of [(11)C]1 and [(11)C]5 was examined by PET imaging in mice and nonhuman primates. Bmax values obtained from Scatchard analysis of [(3)H]1 and [(3)H]5 binding were in good agreement. Autoradiography with [(3)H]5 on rat, guinea pig, and human brain slices showed specific binding in regions known to be enhanced in H3 receptors, a high degree of colocalization with [(3)H]1, and virtually negligible nonspecific binding in tissue. PET measurements in mice and nonhuman primates demonstrated that [(11)C]5 binds specifically and reversibly to H3 receptors in vivo with low nonspecific binding in brain tissue. Whereas [(11)C]1 showed similar binding characteristics in vivo, the binding kinetics appeared faster for [(11)C]5 than for [(11)C]1. CONCLUSIONS [(11)C]5 has suitable properties for quantification of H3 receptors in nonhuman primate brain and has the potential to offer improved binding kinetics in man compared to [(11)C]1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Schou
- AstraZeneca Translational
Science Centre at Karolinska Institutet, PET Centre of Excellence,
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Varnäs
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Jureus
- AstraZeneca, Research & Development, Innovative Medicines, S-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Ahlgren
- AstraZeneca, Research & Development, Innovative Medicines, S-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Jonas Malmquist
- AstraZeneca, Research & Development, Innovative Medicines, S-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Jenny Häggkvist
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lenke Tari
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven S. Wesolowski
- AstraZeneca, Research & Development, Innovative Medicines, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Scott R. Throner
- AstraZeneca, Research & Development, Innovative Medicines, Waltham, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dean G. Brown
- AstraZeneca, Research & Development, Innovative Medicines, Waltham, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maria Nilsson
- AstraZeneca, Research & Development, Innovative Medicines, S-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Peter Johnström
- AstraZeneca Translational
Science Centre at Karolinska Institutet, PET Centre of Excellence,
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sjoerd J. Finnema
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ryuji Nakao
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nahid Amini
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akihiro Takano
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Farde
- AstraZeneca Translational
Science Centre at Karolinska Institutet, PET Centre of Excellence,
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Finnema SJ, Halldin C, Bang-Andersen B, Bundgaard C, Farde L. Serotonin transporter occupancy by escitalopram and citalopram in the non-human primate brain: a [(11)C]MADAM PET study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4159-67. [PMID: 25980484 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3961-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A number of serotonin receptor positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands have been shown to be sensitive to changes in extracellular serotonin concentration, in a generalization of the well-known dopamine competition model. High doses of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) decrease serotonin receptor availability in monkey brain, consistent with increased serotonin concentrations. However, two recent studies on healthy human subjects, using a single, lower and clinically relevant SSRI dose, showed increased cortical serotonin receptor radioligand binding, suggesting potential decreases in serotonin concentration in projection regions when initiating treatment. OBJECTIVES The cross-species differential SSRI effect may be partly explained by serotonin transporter (SERT) occupancy in monkey brain being higher than is clinically relevant. We here determine SERT occupancy after single doses of escitalopram or citalopram by conducting PET measurements with [(11)C]MADAM in monkeys. Relationships between dose, plasma concentration and SERT occupancy were estimated by one-site binding analyses. Binding affinity was expressed as dose (ID50) or plasma concentration (K i) where 50 % SERT occupancy was achieved. RESULTS Estimated ID50 and K i values were 0.020 mg/kg and 9.6 nmol/L for escitalopram and 0.059 mg/kg and 9.7 nmol/L for citalopram, respectively. Obtained K i values are comparable to values reported in humans. CONCLUSIONS Escitalopram or citalopram doses nearly saturated SERT in previous monkey studies which examined serotonin sensitivity of receptor radioligands. PET-measured cross-species differential effects of SSRI on cortical serotonin concentration may thus be related to SSRI dose. Future monkey studies using SSRI doses inducing clinically relevant SERT occupancy may further illuminate the delayed onset of SSRI therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J Finnema
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Building R5:02, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Building R5:02, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Lars Farde
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Building R5:02, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden.,AstraZeneca, Translational Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Schou M, Varnäs K, Lundquist S, Nakao R, Amini N, Takano A, Finnema SJ, Halldin C, Farde L. Large Variation in Brain Exposure of Reference CNS Drugs: a PET Study in Nonhuman Primates. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyv036. [PMID: 25813017 PMCID: PMC4648157 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positron emission tomography microdosing of radiolabeled drugs allows for noninvasive studies of organ exposure in vivo. The aim of the present study was to examine and compare the brain exposure of 12 commercially available CNS drugs and one non-CNS drug. METHODS The drugs were radiolabeled with (11)C (t 1/2 = 20.4 minutes) and examined using a high resolution research tomograph. In cynomolgus monkeys, each drug was examined twice. In rhesus monkeys, a first positron emission tomography microdosing measurement was repeated after preadministration with unlabeled drug to examine potential dose-dependent effects on brain exposure. Partition coefficients between brain and plasma (KP) were calculated by dividing the AUC0-90 min for brain with that for plasma or by a compartmental analysis (VT). Unbound KP (KP u,u) was obtained by correction for the free fraction in brain and plasma. RESULTS After intravenous injection, the maximum radioactivity concentration (C max, %ID) in brain ranged from 0.01% to 6.2%. For 10 of the 12 CNS drugs, C max, %ID was >2%, indicating a preferential distribution to brain. A lower C max, %ID was observed for morphine, sulpiride, and verapamil. K P ranged from 0.002 (sulpiride) to 68 (sertraline) and 7 of 13 drugs had KP u,u close to unity. For morphine, sulpiride, and verapamil, K P u,u was <0.3, indicating impaired diffusion and/or active efflux. Brain exposure at microdosing agreed with pharmacological dosing conditions for the investigated drugs. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the largest positron emission tomography study on brain exposure of commercially available CNS drugs in nonhuman primates and may guide interpretation of positron emission tomography microdosing data for novel drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Schou
- AstraZeneca Translational Science Centre at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Schou and Farde); Psychiatry Section, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Varnäs, Lundquist, Nakao, Amini, Takano, Finnema, and Halldin); AstraZeneca, Innovative Medicines, CNS & Pain, Södertälje, Sweden (Dr Lundquist).
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Finnema SJ, Hughes ZA, Haaparanta-Solin M, Stepanov V, Nakao R, Varnäs K, Varrone A, Arponen E, Marjamäki P, Pohjanoksa K, Vuorilehto L, Babalola PA, Solin O, Grimwood S, Sallinen J, Farde L, Scheinin M, Halldin C. Amphetamine decreases α2C-adrenoceptor binding of [11C]ORM-13070: a PET study in the primate brain. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu081. [PMID: 25522417 PMCID: PMC4360244 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurotransmitter norepinephrine has been implicated in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Examination of synaptic norepinephrine concentrations in the living brain may be possible with positron emission tomography (PET), but has been hampered by the lack of suitable radioligands. METHODS We explored the use of the novel α2C-adrenoceptor antagonist PET tracer [(11)C]ORM-13070 for measurement of amphetamine-induced changes in synaptic norepinephrine. The effect of amphetamine on [(11)C]ORM-13070 binding was evaluated ex vivo in rat brain sections and in vivo with PET imaging in monkeys. RESULTS Microdialysis experiments confirmed amphetamine-induced elevations in rat striatal norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations. Regional [(11)C]ORM-13070 receptor binding was high in the striatum and low in the cerebellum. After injection of [(11)C]ORM-13070 in rats, mean striatal specific binding ratios, determined using cerebellum as a reference region, were 1.4±0.3 after vehicle pretreatment and 1.2±0.2 after amphetamine administration (0.3mg/kg, subcutaneous). Injection of [(11)C]ORM-13070 in non-human primates resulted in mean striatal binding potential (BP ND) estimates of 0.65±0.12 at baseline. Intravenous administration of amphetamine (0.5 and 1.0mg/kg, i.v.) reduced BP ND values by 31-50%. Amphetamine (0.3mg/kg, subcutaneous) increased extracellular norepinephrine (by 400%) and dopamine (by 270%) in rat striata. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results indicate that [(11)C]ORM-13070 may be a useful tool for evaluation of synaptic norepinephrine concentrations in vivo. Future studies are required to further understand a potential contribution of dopamine to the amphetamine-induced effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J Finnema
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Finnema, Stepanov, Nakao, Varnäs, Varrone, Farde, and Halldin); Pfizer, Neuroscience Research Unit, Cambridge, MA (Drs Hughes, Babalola, and Grimwood); University of Turku, Turku PET Centre, Turku, Finland (Drs Haaparanta-Solin, Arponen, Marjamäki, and Solin); University of Turku, Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, and Turku University Hospital, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku, Finland (Drs Pohjanoksa, Vuorilehto, and Scheinin); Orion Corporation, Orion Pharma, Research and Development, Turku, Finland (Dr Sallinen); AstraZeneca, Translational Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
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Lehto J, Hirvonen MM, Johansson J, Kemppainen J, Luoto P, Naukkarinen T, Oikonen V, Arponen E, Rouru J, Sallinen J, Scheinin H, Vuorilehto L, Finnema SJ, Halldin C, Rinne JO, Scheinin M. Validation of [(11) C]ORM-13070 as a PET tracer for alpha2c -adrenoceptors in the human brain. Synapse 2015; 69:172-81. [PMID: 25530024 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the use of the α2C -adrenoceptor PET tracer [(11) C]ORM-13070 to monitor α2C -AR occupancy in the human brain. The subtype-nonselective α2 -AR antagonist atipamezole was administered to eight healthy volunteer subjects to determine its efficacy and potency (Emax and EC50 ) at inhibiting tracer uptake. We also explored whether the tracer could reveal changes in the synaptic concentrations of endogenous noradrenaline in the brain, in response to several pharmacological and sensory challenge conditions. We assessed occupancy from the bound-to-free ratio measured during 5-30 min post injection. Based on extrapolation of one-site binding, the maximal extent of inhibition of striatal [(11) C]ORM-13070 uptake (Emax ) achievable by atipamezole was 78% (95% CI 69-87%) in the caudate nucleus and 65% (53-77%) in the putamen. The EC50 estimates of atipamezole (1.6 and 2.5 ng/ml, respectively) were in agreement with the drug's affinity to α2C -ARs. These findings represent clear support for the use of [(11) C]ORM-13070 for monitoring drug occupancy of α2C -ARs in the living human brain. Three of the employed noradrenaline challenges were associated with small, approximately 10-16% average reductions in tracer uptake in the dorsal striatum (atomoxetine, ketamine, and the cold pressor test; P < 0.05 for all), but insulin-induced hypoglycemia did not affect tracer uptake. The tracer is suitable for studying central nervous system receptor occupancy by α2C -AR ligands in human subjects. [(11) C]ORM-13070 also holds potential as a tool for in vivo monitoring of synaptic concentrations of noradrenaline, but this remains to be further evaluated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Lehto
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Clinical Research Services Turku CRST, Turku, Finland; Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Finnema SJ, Scheinin M, Shahid M, Lehto J, Borroni E, Bang-Andersen B, Sallinen J, Wong E, Farde L, Halldin C, Grimwood S. Application of cross-species PET imaging to assess neurotransmitter release in brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4129-57. [PMID: 25921033 PMCID: PMC4600473 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE This review attempts to summarize the current status in relation to the use of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in the assessment of synaptic concentrations of endogenous mediators in the living brain. OBJECTIVES Although PET radioligands are now available for more than 40 CNS targets, at the initiation of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) "Novel Methods leading to New Medications in Depression and Schizophrenia" (NEWMEDS) in 2009, PET radioligands sensitive to an endogenous neurotransmitter were only validated for dopamine. NEWMEDS work-package 5, "Cross-species and neurochemical imaging (PET) methods for drug discovery", commenced with a focus on developing methods enabling assessment of changes in extracellular concentrations of serotonin and noradrenaline in the brain. RESULTS Sharing the workload across institutions, we utilized in vitro techniques with cells and tissues, in vivo receptor binding and microdialysis techniques in rodents, and in vivo PET imaging in non-human primates and humans. Here, we discuss these efforts and review other recently published reports on the use of radioligands to assess changes in endogenous levels of dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, acetylcholine, and opioid peptides. The emphasis is on assessment of the availability of appropriate translational tools (PET radioligands, pharmacological challenge agents) and on studies in non-human primates and human subjects, as well as current challenges and future directions. CONCLUSIONS PET imaging directed at investigating changes in endogenous neurochemicals, including the work done in NEWMEDS, have highlighted an opportunity to further extend the capability and application of this technology in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J. Finnema
- />Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mika Scheinin
- />Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland , />Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mohammed Shahid
- />Research and Development, Orion Corporation, Orion Pharma, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Lehto
- />Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Edilio Borroni
- />Neuroscience Department, Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jukka Sallinen
- />Research and Development, Orion Corporation, Orion Pharma, Turku, Finland
| | - Erik Wong
- />Neuroscience Innovative Medicine Unit, AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE USA
| | - Lars Farde
- />Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden , />Translational Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, AstraZeneca, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- />Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Grimwood
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Tóth M, Häggkvist J, Varrone A, Finnema SJ, Doorduin J, Tokunaga M, Higuchi M, Gulyás B, Halldin C. ABC transporter-dependent brain uptake of the 5-HT1B receptor radioligand [ (11)C]AZ10419369: a comparative PET study in mouse, rat, and guinea pig. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:64. [PMID: 26116125 PMCID: PMC4452686 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-014-0064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have explored the possibility that the serotonin 1B receptor radioligand [11C]AZ10419369 is a substrate for adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), Mrp4, and Bcrp, in rodents and whether there is a species difference regarding its blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Methods In a series of preclinical positron emission tomography measurements, we have administered [11C]AZ10419369 to mice, rats, and guinea pigs under baseline conditions and, on separate experimental days, after administration of the ABC transporter inhibitor, cyclosporin A (CsA). Results During baseline conditions, the brain uptake was low in mice and rats, but not in guinea pigs. After CsA pretreatment, the peak whole brain uptake values of [11C]AZ10419369 increased by 207% in mice, 94% in rats, and 157% in guinea pigs. Binding potentials (BPND) could not be estimated during baseline conditions in mice and rats. After CsA pretreatment, the highest BPND values were obtained in the striatum and thalamus (BPND ≈ 0.4) in mice, while in rats, the highest binding areas were the striatum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray (BPND ≈ 0.5). In guinea pigs, we did not find any significant changes in BPND between baseline and CsA pretreatment, except in the striatum. Conclusions The results indicate that BBB penetration of [11C]AZ10419369 was hindered by ABC transporter activity in mouse, rat, and guinea pig. This study highlights the importance of ABC transporters in the design of preclinical positron emission tomography (PET) studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-014-0064-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Tóth
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden,
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Finnema SJ, Stepanov V, Nakao R, Sromek AW, Zhang T, Neumeyer JL, George SR, Seeman P, Stabin MG, Jonsson C, Farde L, Halldin C. (18)F-MCL-524, an (18)F-Labeled Dopamine D2 and D3 Receptor Agonist Sensitive to Dopamine: A Preliminary PET Study. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:1164-70. [PMID: 24790219 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.133876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED PET has been used to examine changes in neurotransmitter concentrations in the living brain. Pioneering PET studies on the dopamine system have used D2 and D3 receptor (D2/D3) antagonists such as (11)C-raclopride. However, more recently developed agonist radioligands have shown enhanced sensitivity to endogenous dopamine. A limitation of available agonist radioligands is that they incorporate the short-lived radioisotope (11)C. In the current study, we developed the (18)F-labeled D2/D3 receptor agonist (R)-(-)-2-(18)F-fluoroethoxy-N-n-propylnorapomorphine ((18)F-MCL-524). METHODS In total, 10 PET measurements were conducted on 5 cynomolgus monkeys. Initially, the binding of (18)F-MCL-524 was compared with that of (11)C-MNPA in 3 monkeys. Second, the specificity of (18)F-MCL-524 binding was examined in pretreatment studies using raclopride (1.0 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg). Third, a preliminary kinetic analysis was performed using the radiometabolite-corrected arterial input function of the baseline studies. Finally, 2 whole-body PET measurements were conducted to evaluate biodistribution and radiation dosimetry after intravenous injection of (18)F-MCL-524. RESULTS (18)F-MCL-524 entered the brain and provided striatum-to-cerebellum ratios suitable for reliable quantification of receptor binding using the multilinear reference tissue model. Mean striatal nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) values were 2.0 after injection of (18)F-MCL-524 and 1.4 after (11)C-MNPA. The ratio of the BPND values of (18)F-MCL-524 and (11)C-MNPA was 1.5 across striatal subregions. After administration of raclopride and d-amphetamine, the (18)F-MCL-524 BPND values were reduced by 89% and 56%, respectively. Preliminary kinetic analysis demonstrated that BPND values obtained with the 1-tissue- and 2-tissue-compartment models were similar to values obtained with the multilinear reference tissue model. Estimated radiation doses were highest for gallbladder (0.27 mSv/MBq), upper large intestine (0.19 mSv/MBq), and small intestine (0.17 mSv/MBq). The estimated effective dose was 0.035 mSv/MBq. CONCLUSION The (18)F-labeled agonist (18)F-MCL-524 appears suitable for quantification of D2/D3 receptor binding in vivo, and the results encourage extension to human studies. The longer half-life of (18)F makes (18)F-MCL-524 attractive for studies on modulation of the dopamine concentration-for example, in combination with simultaneous measurement of changes in blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal using bimodal PET/functional MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J Finnema
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Stepanov
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ryuji Nakao
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna W Sromek
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Tangzhi Zhang
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - John L Neumeyer
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Michael G Stabin
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Cathrine Jonsson
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Lars Farde
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden AstraZeneca, Translational Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden
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Yamanaka H, Yokoyama C, Mizuma H, Kurai S, Finnema SJ, Halldin C, Doi H, Onoe H. A possible mechanism of the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum 5-HT1B receptors underlying the antidepressant action of ketamine: a PET study with macaques. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e342. [PMID: 24399045 PMCID: PMC3905222 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a unique anesthetic reagent known to produce various psychotic symptoms. Ketamine has recently been reported to elicit a long-lasting antidepressant effect in patients with major depression. Although recent studies provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of the effects of ketamine, the antidepressant mechanism has not been fully elucidated. To understand the involvement of the brain serotonergic system in the actions of ketamine, we performed a positron emission tomography (PET) study on non-human primates. Four rhesus monkeys underwent PET studies with two serotonin (5-HT)-related PET radioligands, [(11)C]AZ10419369 and [(11)C]DASB, which are highly selective for the 5-HT1B receptor and serotonin transporter (SERT), respectively. Voxel-based analysis using standardized brain images revealed that ketamine administration significantly increased 5-HT1B receptor binding in the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum, whereas it significantly reduced SERT binding in these brain regions. Fenfluramine, a 5-HT releaser, significantly decreased 5-HT1B receptor binding, but no additional effect was observed when it was administered with ketamine. Furthermore, pretreatment with 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX), a potent antagonist of the glutamate α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor, blocked the action of ketamine on the 5-HT1B receptor but not SERT binding. This indicates the involvement of AMPA receptor activation in ketamine-induced alterations of 5-HT1B receptor binding. Because NBQX is known to block the antidepressant effect of ketamine in rodents, alterations in the serotonergic neurotransmission, particularly upregulation of postsynaptic 5-HT1B receptors in the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum may be critically involved in the antidepressant action of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamanaka
- Bio-Function Imaging Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - C Yokoyama
- Bio-Function Imaging Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - H Mizuma
- Bio-Function Imaging Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - S Kurai
- Labelling Chemistry Team, Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - S J Finnema
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Halldin
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Doi
- Labelling Chemistry Team, Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - H Onoe
- Bio-Function Imaging Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan,Bio-Function Imaging Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan. E-mail:
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Airaksinen AJ, Finnema SJ, Balle T, Varnäs K, Bang-Andersen B, Gulyás B, Farde L, Halldin C. Radiosynthesis and evaluation of new α1-adrenoceptor antagonists as PET radioligands for brain imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:747-54. [PMID: 23810488 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evaluation of the α1-adrenoceptors in relation to brain pathophysiology and drug treatment has been hindered by lack of α1-adrenoceptor specific radioligands with sufficient brain exposure. Our aim was to develop an α1-adrenoceptor specific PET radioligand for brain imaging. METHODS Two sertindole analogues 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-3-(1-[(11)C]methylpiperidin-4-yl)-1H-indole [(11)C]3 and 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(1-[(11)C]methylpiperidin-4-yl)-5-(pyrimidin-5-yl)-1H-indole ([(11)C]Lu AA27122) [(11)C]4 were synthesized and evaluated as α1-adrenoceptor PET radioligands in cynomolgus monkey. Compounds 3 and 4 were selected due to their promising in vitro preclinical profile; high affinity and selectivity for the α1-adrenoceptor, favourable blood brain barrier permeability rates in Caco-2 monolayers and promising brain tissue/plasma ratio, assessed by equilibrium dialysis of free fraction in plasma and brain homogenate. RESULTS Compounds [(11)C]3 and [(11)C]4 were synthesized from their desmethyl piperidine precursors with high specific radioactivity (>370 GBq/μmol) using [(11)C]methyl iodide. The 1,2,4-triazole analogue [(11)C]3 exhibited poor brain uptake, but the corresponding pyrimidyl analogue [(11)C]4 exhibited high brain exposure and binding in α1-adrenoceptor rich brain regions. However, the binding could not be inhibited by pretreatment with prazosin (0.1 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg). The results were extended by autoradiography of [(11)C]4 binding in human brain sections and competition with antagonists from different structural families, revealing that only a minor portion of the observed binding of [(11)C]4 in brain was α1-adrenoceptor specific. CONCLUSION Though [(11)C]3 and [(11)C]4 proved not suitable as PET radioligands, the study provided further understanding of structural features influencing brain exposure of the chemical class of compounds related to the antipsychotic drug sertindole. It provided valuable insight in the delicacy of blood brain barrier penetration for structurally related compounds and underlines the importance for improved protocols for evaluation of brain penetration of future PET ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu J Airaksinen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Fuchigami T, Takano A, Gulyás B, Jia Z, Finnema SJ, Andersson JD, Nakao R, Magata Y, Haratake M, Nakayama M, Halldin C. Synthesis and evaluation of 2-chloro N-[(S)-{(S)-1-[11 C]methylpiperidin-2-yl} (phenyl)methyl]3-trifluoromethyl-benzamide ([11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734) as a PET radioligand for glycine transporter 1. EJNMMI Res 2012; 2:37. [PMID: 22776065 PMCID: PMC3531252 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-2-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Dysfunction of the glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) has been suggested to be involved in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. GlyT1 inhibitors have therefore been considered to have antipsychotic therapeutic potential. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging probes for GlyT1 are, consequently, expected to be useful for investigating the mechanism of such disease conditions and for measuring occupancy of GlyT1 inhibitors in vivo. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of 2-chloro N-[(S)-{(S)-1-[11 C]methylpiperidin-2-yl} (phenyl)methyl] 3-trifluoromethyl-benzamide ([11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734) as a PET imaging agent for GlyT1. METHODS [11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734 was synthesized by N-[11 C]methylation of SSR504734 via [11 C]CH3OTf. In vitro brain distribution of [11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734 was tested in whole-hemisphere autoradiography (ARG) on human brain slices. Initial PET studies were performed using a cynomolgus monkey at baseline and after pretreatment with 0.1 to 1.5 mg/kg of SSR504734. Then, PET studies using rhesus monkeys were performed with arterial blood sampling at baseline and after pretreatment with 1.5 to 4.5 mg/kg SSR504734. Distribution volumes (VT) were calculated with a two-tissue compartment model, and GlyT1 occupancy by SSR504734 was estimated using a Lassen plot approach. RESULTS [11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734 was successfully synthesized in moderate radiochemical yield and high specific radioactivity. In the ARG experiments, [11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734 showed specific binding in the white matter and pons. In the initial PET experiments in a cynomolgus monkey, [11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734 showed high brain uptake and consistent distribution with previously reported GlyT1 expression in vivo (thalamus, brainstem > cerebellum > cortical regions). However, the brain uptake increased after pretreatment with SSR504734. Further PET studies in rhesus monkeys showed a similar increase of brain uptake after pretreatment with SSR504734. However, the VT of [11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734 was found to decrease after pretreatment of SSR504734 in a dose-dependent manner. GlyT1 occupancy was calculated to be 45% and 73% at 1.5 and 4.5 mg/kg of SSR504734, respectively. CONCLUSIONS [11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734 is demonstrated to be a promising PET radioligand for GlyT1 in nonhuman primates. The present results warrant further PET studies in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fuchigami
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska University Hospital, R5:02, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden.
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Finnema SJ, Varrone A, Hwang TJ, Halldin C, Farde L. Confirmation of fenfluramine effect on 5-HT(1B) receptor binding of [(11)C]AZ10419369 using an equilibrium approach. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:685-95. [PMID: 22167236 PMCID: PMC3318146 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of serotonin release in the living brain with positron emission tomography (PET) may have been hampered by the lack of suitable radioligands. We previously reported that fenfluramine caused a dose-dependent reduction in specific binding in monkeys using a classical displacement paradigm with bolus administration of [(11)C]AZ10419369. The aim of this study was to confirm our previous findings using an equilibrium approach in monkey. A total of 24 PET measurements were conducted using a bolus infusion protocol of [(11)C]AZ10419369 in three cynomolgus monkeys. Initial PET measurements were performed to assess suitable K(bol) values. The fenfluramine effect on [(11)C]AZ10419369 binding was evaluated in a displacement and pretreatment paradigm. The effect of fenfluramine on [(11)C]AZ10419369 binding potential (BP(ND)) was dose-dependent in the displacement paradigm and confirmed in the pretreatment paradigm. After pretreatment administration of fenfluramine (5.0 mg/kg), the mean BP(ND) of the occipital cortex decreased by 39%, from 1.38±0.04 to 0.84±0.09. This study confirms that the new 5-HT(1B) receptor radioligand [(11)C]AZ10419369 is sensitive to fenfluramine-induced changes in endogenous serotonin levels in vivo. The more advanced methodology is suitable for exploring the sensitivity limit to serotonin release as measured using [(11)C]AZ10419369 and PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J Finnema
- Psychiatry Section, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Seneca N, Finnema SJ, Laszlovszky I, Kiss B, Horváth A, Pásztor G, Kapás M, Gyertyán I, Farkas S, Innis RB, Halldin C, Gulyás B. Occupancy of dopamine D₂ and D₃ and serotonin 5-HT₁A receptors by the novel antipsychotic drug candidate, cariprazine (RGH-188), in monkey brain measured using positron emission tomography. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 218:579-87. [PMID: 21625907 PMCID: PMC3210913 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cariprazine is a novel antipsychotic drug candidate that exhibits high selectivity and affinity to dopamine D(3) and D(2) receptors and moderate affinity to serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptors. Targeting receptors other than D(2) may provide a therapeutic benefit for both positive and negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Positron emission tomography (PET) can be used as a tool in drug development to assess the in vivo distribution and pharmacological properties of a drug. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine dopamine D(2)/D(3) and serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptor occupancy in monkey brain after the administration of cariprazine. METHODS We examined three monkeys using the following PET radioligands: [(11)C]MNPA (an agonist at D(2) and D(3) receptors), [(11)C]raclopride (an antagonist at D(2) and D(3) receptors), and [(11)C]WAY-100635 (an antagonist at 5-HT(1A) receptors). During each experimental day, the first PET measurement was a baseline study, the second after a low dose of cariprazine, and the third after the administration of a high dose. RESULTS We found that cariprazine occupied D(2)/D(3) receptors in a dose-dependent and saturable manner, with the lowest dose occupying ~5% of receptors and the highest dose showing more than 90% occupancy. 5-HT(1A) receptor occupancy was considerably lower compared with D(2)/D(3) occupancy at the same doses, with a maximal value of ~30% for the raphe nuclei. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that cariprazine binds preferentially to dopamine D(2)/D(3) rather than to serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptors in monkey brain. These findings can be used to guide the selection of cariprazine dosing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Seneca
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden,Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sjoerd J. Finnema
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | | | - Béla Kiss
- Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert B. Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Balás Gulyás
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
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Andersson JD, Varnäs K, Cselényi Z, Gulyás B, Wensbo D, Finnema SJ, Swahn BM, Svensson S, Nyberg S, Farde L, Halldin C. Radiosynthesis of the candidate beta-amyloid radioligand [(11)C]AZD2184: Positron emission tomography examination and metabolite analysis in cynomolgus monkeys. Synapse 2010; 64:733-41. [PMID: 20698029 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid accumulation is associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AZD2184, a new radioligand for high-contrast positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of Abeta-deposits, has recently been developed and characterized in vitro and in rodents ex vivo. The objective of this study was to label AZD2184 with carbon-11, to perform in vivo characterization of [(11)C]AZD2184 ([(11)C]5) in the cynomolgus monkey brain as well as whole-body dosimetry, and to examine the metabolism of the labeled radioligand. [(11)C]5 was prepared by a two-step radiosynthesis starting with the reaction of 5-(6-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine with [(11)C]methyl iodide followed by deprotection using water. Four brain PET measurements in two cynomolgus monkeys and one whole-body PET measurement were performed with [(11)C]5. There was a high and rapid brain uptake (2.2-3.4% of injected dose at 2 min). The distribution of brain radioactivity was fairly uniform, with early to late-brain concentration ratios (peak vs. 60 min) higher for [(11)C]5 than ratios previously reported for [(11)C]PIB (8.2 and 4.6, respectively). Based on the whole-body data, it was estimated that an effective dose in an adult male would be 6.2 muSv/MBq and thus would be safe from a radiation point of view for multiple scans within the same year. [(11)C]5 shows binding characteristics, suggesting low levels of white-matter retention, and may thus provide improved contrast when compared with currently used PET radioligands for visualization of Abeta-deposits. On the basis of the labeling chemistry and the results of the biological evaluation, we conclude that [(11)C]5 should be useful for routine clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan D Andersson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden.
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J. Finnema S, Bang-Andersen B, V. Wikstrom H, Halldin C. Current State of Agonist Radioligands for Imaging of Brain Dopamine D2/D3 Receptors In Vivo with Positron Emission Tomography. Curr Top Med Chem 2010; 10:1477-98. [DOI: 10.2174/156802610793176837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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