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Ernst MPT, Broeders M, Herrero-Hernandez P, Oussoren E, van der Ploeg AT, Pijnappel WWMP. Ready for Repair? Gene Editing Enters the Clinic for the Treatment of Human Disease. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:532-557. [PMID: 32775490 PMCID: PMC7393410 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We present an overview of clinical trials involving gene editing using clustered interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), or zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and discuss the underlying mechanisms. In cancer immunotherapy, gene editing is applied ex vivo in T cells, transgenic T cell receptor (tTCR)-T cells, or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells to improve adoptive cell therapy for multiple cancer types. This involves knockouts of immune checkpoint regulators such as PD-1, components of the endogenous TCR and histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex to generate universal allogeneic CAR-T cells, and CD7 to prevent self-destruction in adoptive cell therapy. In cervix carcinoma caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), E6 and E7 genes are disrupted using topically applied gene editing machinery. In HIV infection, the CCR5 co-receptor is disrupted ex vivo to generate HIV-resistant T cells, CAR-T cells, or hematopoietic stem cells. In β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease, hematopoietic stem cells are engineered ex vivo to induce the production of fetal hemoglobin. AAV-mediated in vivo gene editing is applied to exploit the liver for systemic production of therapeutic proteins in hemophilia and mucopolysaccharidoses, and in the eye to restore splicing of the CEP920 gene in Leber's congenital amaurosis. Close consideration of safety aspects and education of stakeholders will be essential for a successful implementation of gene editing technology in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn P T Ernst
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mike Broeders
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pablo Herrero-Hernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esmee Oussoren
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ans T van der Ploeg
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W W M Pim Pijnappel
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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102
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Yuan X, Sun Z, Yuan Q, Hou W, Liang Q, Wang Y, Mo W, Wang H, Yu M. Dual-function chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting c-Met and PD-1 exhibit potent anti-tumor efficacy in solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2020; 39:34-51. [PMID: 32772342 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-00978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), which is upregulated under the continuous induction of the tumor microenvironment, causes chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell hypofunction via interaction with programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). This study aimed to construct CAR-T cells that are resistant to PD-1 inhibition to improve the effect of CAR-T cells in solid tumors. Methods We constructed a type of dual-function CAR-T cell that targets tumor-associated antigen c-Met and blocks the binding of PD-1 with PD-L1. The expression of c-Met, PD-L1, and inhibitory receptors was measured using flow cytometry. The cytotoxicity, cytokine release, and differentiation level of CAR-T cells were determined using lactate dehydrogenase release assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. The levels of p-Akt, p-MAPK, caspase-3, and Bcl2 were detected by western blot. The in vivo anti-tumor effect was evaluated using tumor xenograft models. Results Dual-function CAR-T cells could mediate enhanced active signals upon encountering target antigens and had targeted cytotoxicity to target cells. However, the cytotoxicity of c-Met-CAR-PD-1+ T cells was impaired due to the interaction of PD-1 with PD-L1. By blocking the binding of PD-1 and PD-L1, the novel dual-function CAR-PD-1+ T cells could maintain cytotoxicity to PD-L1+ tumor cells. In tumor tissue, the dual-function CAR-T cells showed lower inhibitory receptor expression and lower differentiation characteristics, which resulted in potent anti-tumor effects and prolonged survival in PD-L1+ tumor xenograft models compared to single-target CAR-T cells. Conclusion These results confirm that the novel dual-function CAR-T cells exhibit stronger anti-tumor activity against solid tumors than traditional single-target CAR-T cells and present a new approach that enhance the activity of CAR-T cells in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fudan University, P.O. Box #238, No. 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zujun Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fudan University, P.O. Box #238, No. 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Qingyun Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fudan University, P.O. Box #238, No. 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fudan University, P.O. Box #238, No. 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoyan Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fudan University, P.O. Box #238, No. 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxiong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fudan University, P.O. Box #238, No. 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Mo
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fudan University, P.O. Box #238, No. 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Min Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fudan University, P.O. Box #238, No. 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, China.
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103
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Caligiuri A, Pastore M, Lori G, Raggi C, Di Maira G, Marra F, Gentilini A. Role of Chemokines in the Biology of Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082215. [PMID: 32784743 PMCID: PMC7463556 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a heterogeneous tumor with poor prognosis, can arise at any level in the biliary tree. It may derive from epithelial cells in the biliary tracts and peribiliary glands and possibly from progenitor cells or even hepatocytes. Several risk factors are responsible for CCA onset, however an inflammatory milieu nearby the biliary tree represents the most common condition favoring CCA development. Chemokines play a key role in driving the immunological response upon liver injury and may sustain tumor initiation and development. Chemokine receptor-dependent pathways influence the interplay among various cellular components, resulting in remodeling of the hepatic microenvironment towards a pro-inflammatory, pro-fibrogenic, pro-angiogenic and pre-neoplastic setting. Moreover, once tumor develops, chemokine signaling may influence its progression. Here we review the role of chemokines in the regulation of CCA development and progression, and the modulation of angiogenesis, metastasis and immune control. The potential role of chemokines and their receptors as possible biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for hepatobiliary cancer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabio Marra
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (A.G.); Tel.: +39-055-2758095 or +39-055-2758498 or +39-055-2758499 (F.M.); +39-055-2751801 (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Gentilini
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (A.G.); Tel.: +39-055-2758095 or +39-055-2758498 or +39-055-2758499 (F.M.); +39-055-2751801 (A.G.)
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104
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Lee YE, Ju A, Choi HW, Kim JC, Kim EE, Kim TS, Kang HJ, Kim SY, Jang JY, Ku JL, Kim SC, Jun E, Jang M. Rationally designed redirection of natural killer cells anchoring a cytotoxic ligand for pancreatic cancer treatment. J Control Release 2020; 326:310-323. [PMID: 32682905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of T-cell engineering with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has led to attractive therapeutics; however, autologous CAR-T cells are associated with poor clinical outcomes in solid tumors because of low safety and efficacy. Therefore, the aim of our study was to develop a CAR therapy with enhanced cytotoxicity against solid cancer using allogeneic NK cells. In this study, we engineered "off-the-shelf" NK cells to redirect them towards pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) by improving their target-specific cytotoxic potential. By integrated bioinformatic and clinicopathological analyses, folate receptor alpha (FRα) and death receptor 4 (DR4) were significantly highly expressed in patient-derived tumor cells. The combined expression of FRα and DR4/5 was associated with inferior clinical outcomes, therefore indicating their use as potential targets for biomolecular treatment. Thus, FRα and DR4 expression pattern can be a strong prognostic factor as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of PDAC. For effective PDAC treatment, allogeneic CAR-NK cells were reprogrammed to carry an apoptosis-inducing ligand and to redirect them towards FRα and initiate DR4/5-mediated cancer-selective cell death in FRα- and DR4/5-positive tumors. As a result, the redirected cytotoxic ligand-loaded NK cells led to a significantly enhanced tumor-selective apoptosis. Accordingly, use of allogeneic CAR-NK cells that respond to FRα and DR4/5 double-positive cancers might improve clinical outcomes based on personal genome profiles. Thus, therapeutic modalities based on allogeneic NK cells can potentially be used to treat large numbers of patients with optimally selective cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Anna Ju
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Hwi Wan Choi
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Natural Constituents of Research Center, Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, South Korea
| | - Eunice EunKyeong Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Jin-Young Jang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Ja-Lok Ku
- Korean Cell Line Bank, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Song Cheol Kim
- Division of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Eunsung Jun
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea; Division of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea.
| | - Mihue Jang
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02792, South Korea; KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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105
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Honda T, Ando M, Ando J, Ishii M, Sakiyama Y, Ohara K, Toyota T, Ohtaka M, Masuda A, Terao Y, Nakanishi M, Nakauchi H, Komatsu N. Sustainable Tumor-Suppressive Effect of iPSC-Derived Rejuvenated T Cells Targeting Cervical Cancers. Mol Ther 2020; 28:2394-2405. [PMID: 32710827 PMCID: PMC7646217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy utilizing induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has great potential. Functionally rejuvenated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can survive long-term as young memory T cells in vivo, with continuous tumor eradication. Banking of iPSCs as an unlimited “off-the-shelf” source of therapeutic T cells may be feasible. To generate safer iPSCs, we reprogrammed human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV16) E6-specific CTLs by Sendai virus vector without cotransduction of SV40 large T antigen. The iPSCs efficiently differentiated into HPV16-specific rejuvenated CTLs that demonstrated robust cytotoxicity against cervical cancer. The tumor-suppressive effect of rejuvenated CTLs was stronger and more persistent than that of original peripheral blood CTLs. These rejuvenated HPV16-specific CTLs provide a sustained tumor-suppressive effect even for epithelial cancers and constitute promising immunotherapy for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Honda
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Miki Ando
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Jun Ando
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Midori Ishii
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yumi Sakiyama
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohara
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tokuko Toyota
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Manami Ohtaka
- TOKIWA-Bio, Inc., Tsukuba Center Inc. (TCI), Building G, 2-1-6 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Ayako Masuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Terao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- TOKIWA-Bio, Inc., Tsukuba Center Inc. (TCI), Building G, 2-1-6 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Norio Komatsu
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy with engineered T cells is at the forefront of cancer treatment. T cells can be engineered to express T-cell receptors (TCRs) specific for tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) derived from intracellular or cell surface proteins. T cells engineered with TCRs (TCR-T) allow for targeting diverse types of TAAs, including proteins overexpressed in malignant cells, those with lineage-restricted expression, cancer-testis antigens, and neoantigens created from abnormal, malignancy-restricted proteins. Minor histocompatibility antigens can also serve as TAAs for TCR-T to treat relapsed hematologic malignancies after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Moreover, TCR constructs can be modified to improve safety and enhance function and persistence of TCR-T. Transgenic T-cell receptor therapies targeting 3 different TAAs are in early-phase clinical trials for treatment of hematologic malignancies. Preclinical studies of TCR-T specific for many other TAAs are underway and offer great promise as safe and effective therapies for a wide range of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A Biernacki
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Michelle Brault
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Marie Bleakley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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107
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Amini A, Wiegmann V, Patel H, Veraitch F, Baganz F. Bioprocess considerations for T-cell therapy: Investigating the impact of agitation, dissolved oxygen, and pH on T-cell expansion and differentiation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3018-3028. [PMID: 32568407 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT) has emerged as a promising new way to treat systemic cancers such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, the robustness and reproducibility of the manufacturing process remains a challenge. Here, a single-use 24-well microbioreactor (micro-Matrix) was assessed for its use as a high-throughput screening tool to investigate the effect and the interaction of different shaking speeds, dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH levels on the growth and differentiation of primary T cells in a perfusion-mimic process. The full factorial design allowed for the generation of predictive models, which were used to find optimal culture conditions. Agitation was shown to play a fundamental role in the proliferation of T cells. A shaking speed of 200 rpm drastically improved the final viable cell concentration (VCC), while the viability was maintained above 90% throughout the cultivation. VCCs reached a maximum of 9.22 × 106 cells/ml. The distribution of CD8+ central memory T cells (TCM ), was found to be largely unaffected by the shaking speed. A clear interaction between pH and DO (p < .001) was established for the cell growth and the optimal culture conditions were identified for a combination of 200 rpm, 25% DO, and pH of 7.4. The combination of microbioreactor technology and Design of Experiment methodology provides a powerful tool to rapidly gain an understanding of the design space of the T-cell manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Amini
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.,Oribiotech Ltd., London, UK
| | - Vincent Wiegmann
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hamza Patel
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Farlan Veraitch
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.,Oribiotech Ltd., London, UK
| | - Frank Baganz
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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108
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Development of CAR-T cell therapies for multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2020; 34:2317-2332. [PMID: 32572190 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Currently available data on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has demonstrated efficacy and manageable toxicity in heavily pretreated multiple myeloma (MM) patients. The CAR-T field in MM is rapidly evolving with >50 currently ongoing clinical trials across all phases, different CAR-T design, or targets. Most of the CAR-T trials are performed in China and the United States, while European centers organize or participate in only a small fraction of current clinical investigations. Autologous CAR-T cell therapy against B cell maturation antigen shows the best evidence of efficacy so far but main issues remain to be addressed: duration of response, longer follow-up, prolonged cytopenia, patients who may benefit the most such as those with extramedullary disease, outcome prediction, and the integration of CAR-T cell therapy within the MM treatment paradigm. Other promising targets are, i.a.,: CD38, SLAMF7/CS1, or GPRC5D. Although no product has been approved to date, cost and production time for autologous products are expected to be the main obstacles for broad use, for which reason allogeneic CAR-T cells are currently explored. However, the inherent risk of graft-versus-host disease requires additional modification which still need to be validated. This review aims to present the current status of CAR-T cell therapy in MM with an overview on current targets, designs, and stages of CAR-T cell development. Main challenges to CAR-T cell therapy will be highlighted as well as strategies to structurally improve the CAR-T cell product, and thereby its efficacy and safety. The need for comparability of the most promising therapies will be emphasized to balance risks and benefits in an evidence-based but personalized approach to further improve outcome of patients with MM.
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109
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Meng X, Jing R, Qian L, Zhou C, Sun J. Engineering Cytoplasmic Signaling of CD28ζ CARs for Improved Therapeutic Functions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1046. [PMID: 32636832 PMCID: PMC7318076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells (CAR-T) have yielded impressive clinical outcomes in treating hematopoietic malignancies. However, relapses have occurred in a substantial number of patients and limited the development of CAR-T therapy. Most underlying reasons for these relapses can be attributed to poor persistence and rapid exhaustion of CAR-T cells in vivo. Despite multiple strategies having been developed, how to improve CAR-T persistence or resist exhaustion while maintaining sufficient cytotoxic functions is still a great challenge. Here we discuss engineering cytoplasmic signaling as an important strategy for CAR optimization. This review summarizes recent advances showing that the anti-tumor function of CAR-T cells can be improved by optimizing the CD3ζ domain or downstream signaling of CD28ζ CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Meng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruirui Jing
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liling Qian
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- School of Public Health and Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou, China
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Stelmach P, Wethmar K, Groth C, Wenge DV, Albring J, Mikesch JH, Schliemann C, Reicherts C, Berdel WE, Lenz G, Stelljes M. Blinatumomab or Inotuzumab Ozogamicin as Bridge to Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for Relapsed or Refractory B-lineage Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Retrospective Single-Center Analysis. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2020; 20:e724-e733. [PMID: 32646833 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blinatumomab and inotuzumab ozogamicin are now widely used to treat relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (r/r B-ALL). PATIENTS AND METHODS We have reported the clinical course of 34 adult patients with r/r B-ALL receiving blinatumomab or inotuzumab ozogamicin at our institution from 2009 to 2019. RESULTS Blinatumomab-based salvage therapy was applied for overt r/r B-ALL (n = 13) or minimal residual disease (MRD) positivity (n = 5). Of the 13 patients with r/r B-ALL, 9 (69%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 39%-91%) achieved complete remission (CR), with 78% of CR patients (95% CI, 40%-97%) reaching MRD negativity. MRD negativity was also achieved in all 5 patients treated for MRD positivity. The 1-year overall survival of patients receiving blinatumomab for r/r B-ALL and MRD positivity was 54% (n = 13; 95% CI, 26%-81%) and 80% (n = 5; 95% CI, 44-100), respectively. In the inotuzumab ozogamicin group, all 16 patients were treated for overt r/r B-ALL. The rate of CR was 94% (95% CI, 70%-100%), with 67% (95% CI, 38%-88%) of CR patients reaching MRD negativity. The 1-year OS after the first application of inotuzumab ozogamicin was 46% (95% CI, 18%-74%). Of those patients receiving blinatumomab and inotuzumab ozogamicin as a bridge-to-transplant strategy, 79% and 80%, respectively, proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The most frequent drug-specific adverse events were similar to those previously reported, including cytokine release syndrome, capillary leak syndrome, and neurotoxicity for blinatumomab and transplant-associated veno-occlusive disease of the liver for inotuzumab ozogamicin. CONCLUSION Together with previous observations from phase III clinical trials, these data suggest that blinatumomab and inotuzumab ozogamicin are highly effective salvage regimens in r/r B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Stelmach
- Department of Medicine A - Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Wethmar
- Department of Medicine A - Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Groth
- Department of Medicine A - Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniela V Wenge
- Department of Medicine A - Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörn Albring
- Department of Medicine A - Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan-Henrik Mikesch
- Department of Medicine A - Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Schliemann
- Department of Medicine A - Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Reicherts
- Department of Medicine A - Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Berdel
- Department of Medicine A - Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Lenz
- Department of Medicine A - Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Stelljes
- Department of Medicine A - Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Yang CY, Fan MH, Miao CH, Liao YJ, Yuan RH, Liu CL. Engineering Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells against Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors PD-1/PD-L1 for Treating Pancreatic Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 17:571-585. [PMID: 32637575 PMCID: PMC7321819 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease with a 5-year survival rate of 9%. Major obstacles to successful treatment of pancreatic cancer are the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and antigenic complexity or heterogeneity. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed on PDAC and immunosuppressed cells within the TME, providing suitable immunotherapy targets. We applied a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) strategy to target immune checkpoint programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 interactions. Lentiviral vectors were used to express the extracellular domain of human PD-1 (PD-1-CD28-4-1BB activating chimeric receptor [PD1ACR]) or the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) region of anti-PD-L1 (PDL1CAR) that binds to PD-L1, and each was fused to intracellular signaling domains containing CD3 zeta, CD28, and 4-1BB (CD137). Both engineered CAR T cells recognized and eliminated PD-L1-overexpressing CFPAC1 cells efficiently at approximately 80% in vitro. Adoptive transfer of both CAR T cells enhanced T cell persistence and induced specific regression of established CFPAC1 cancer by >80% in both xenograft and orthotopic models. Ki67 expression in tumors decreased, whereas proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines increased in CAR T cell-treated mouse sera. PD1ACR and PDL1CAR obtained a similar therapeutic efficacy. Thus, these armed third-generation PD-L1-targeted CAR T cells confer antitumor activity and the ability to combat T cell exhaustion, providing a potentially new and innovative CAR T cell immunotherapy against pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yao Yang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ming Huei Fan
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Carol H. Miao
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Yi Jen Liao
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Hwang Yuan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital Biomedical Park Hospital, Hsinchu County 30261, Taiwan
| | - Chao Lien Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Corresponding author: Chao Lien Liu, School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Wang X, Gao Y, Zhang X, Wang X, Wang B, Meng X, Yoshikai Y, Wang Y, Sun X. CD30L/CD30 signaling regulates the formation of the tumor immune microenvironment and inhibits intestinal tumor development of colitis-associated colon cancer in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106531. [PMID: 32353687 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is one of the major causes of colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC). Therefore, it is necessary to explore new therapies to prevent colon cancer (CRC) in view of the relationship between chronic inflammation and tumor development. Previous studies on the correlation between CD30L/CD30 and cancer were mostly limited to lymphoid or homogenous tumors, while there have been only a few reports on the role of CD30L/CD30 signal transduction in the pathogenesis of CAC. In this study, we established an AOM/DSS-induced CAC model with CD30LKO mice to explore the effect of CD30L/CD30 signal transduction on the formation of the intestinal tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) during the development of intestinal tumors. Our results revealed that CD30L deficiency promoted the accumulation of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), increased the expression of PD-L1 on MDSCs and tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), and enhanced the secretion of various inflammatory and immunosuppressive factors in the intestinal mucosa of CAC mice. Furthermore, CD30L gene deletion could selectively promote the upregulation of PD-1 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and inhibit their activation, differentiation and secretion of effector cytokines, which led to an attenuation of antitumor immune responses mediated by TEM (CD44+CD62L-) cells. Thus, our data suggest that CD30L/CD30 signaling might be a potential candidate target for immunological therapy in CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yaxian Gao
- Department of Immunology, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, PR China; Department of Immunology, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Xin Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yasunobu Yoshikai
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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Combined Expression of Genetic Adjuvants Via mRNA Electroporation Exerts Multiple Immunostimulatory Effects on Antitumor T Cells. J Immunother 2020; 42:43-50. [PMID: 30489430 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) or gene-modified T cells expressing antitumor TCRs or chimeric antigen receptors often yields a high rate of clinical response in several types of cancer. New approaches for enhancing the functional properties of antitumor T cells could improve the clinical outcome of these treatments. To this end, we created 3 classes of genes, each designed to operate autonomously upon expression in T cells. We recently reported on the enhancing effects of constitutively active toll-like receptor 4 (caTLR4), membrane (mem) interleukin-2, memIL-12, and memIL-15, and self-oligomerizing, constitutively active CD40 (caCD40). Here, we evaluated their combined effects on peripheral blood CD8 T cells and different antimelanoma TIL cultures following mRNA electroporation. Expression in CD8 T cells induced transient production of interferon-γ and prolonged and robust upregulation of CD25, CD69, 4-1BB, and OX40. The adjuvants enhanced cytolytic activity of TILs and production of interferon-γ and TNF-α in the presence of autologous, but not mismatched, melanoma for at least 3 days after electroporation. Expression of the 3 adjuvants in young TILs from different patients markedly increased the expression of CD25, OX40, 4-1BB, CD127, and CD28 and exhibited cooperative and, at times, synergistic effects. Furthermore, predefined mixtures of mRNA encoding these adjuvants markedly enhanced the specific antitumor response of selected TILs and killing of autologous melanoma cells by young TILs. Our findings suggest that combinations of these new genetic adjuvants can substantially improve the functional properties of antitumor T cells, offering a new tool of unique versatility in adoptive cell therapy.
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114
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Lyman GH, Nguyen A, Snyder S, Gitlin M, Chung KC. Economic Evaluation of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy by Site of Care Among Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e202072. [PMID: 32250433 PMCID: PMC7136832 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies are currently administered at a limited number of cancer centers and are primarily delivered in an inpatient setting. However, variations in total costs associated with these therapies remain unknown. Objective To estimate the economic differences in the administration of CAR T-cell therapy by the site of care and the incidence of key adverse events. Design, Setting, and Participants A decision-tree model was designed to capture clinical outcomes and associated costs during a predefined period (from lymphodepletion to 30 days after the receipt of CAR T-cell infusion) to account for the potential incidence of acute adverse events and to evaluate variations in total costs for the administration of CAR T-cell therapy by site of care. Cost estimates were from the health care practitioner perspective and were based on data obtained from the literature and publicly available databases, including the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample, the Medicare Hospital Outpatient Prospective Payment System, the Medicare physician fee schedule, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System, and the IBM Micromedex RED BOOK. The model evaluated an average adult patient with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma who received CAR T-cell therapy in an academic inpatient hospital or nonacademic specialty oncology network. Intervention The administration of CAR T-cell therapy. Main Outcomes and Measures Total cost of the administration of CAR T-cell therapy by site of care. The costs associated with lymphodepletion, acquisition and infusion of CAR T cells, and management of acute adverse events were also examined. Results The estimated total cost of care associated with the administration of CAR T-cell therapy was $454 611 (95% CI, $452 466-$458 267) in the academic hospital inpatient setting compared with $421 624 (95% CI, $417 204-$422 325) in the nonacademic specialty oncology network setting, for a difference of $32 987. After excluding the CAR T-cell acquisition cost, hospitalization and office visit costs were $53 360 (65.3% of the total cost) in academic inpatient hospitals and $23 526 (48.4% of the total cost) in nonacademic specialty oncology networks. The administration of CAR T-cell therapy in nonacademic specialty oncology networks was associated with a $29 834 (55.9%) decrease in hospitalization and office visit costs and a $3154 (20.1%) decrease in procedure costs. Conclusions and Relevance The potential availability of CAR T-cell therapies that are associated with a lower incidence of adverse events and are suitable for outpatient administration may reduce the total costs of care by enabling the use of these therapies in nonacademic specialty oncology networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary H. Lyman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | | | | | - Karen C. Chung
- Juno Therapeutics, a Celgene company, Seattle, Washington
- Now with GRAIL, Menlo Park, California
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115
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Ma X, Shou P, Smith C, Chen Y, Du H, Sun C, Porterfield Kren N, Michaud D, Ahn S, Vincent B, Savoldo B, Pylayeva-Gupta Y, Zhang S, Dotti G, Xu Y. Interleukin-23 engineering improves CAR T cell function in solid tumors. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:448-459. [PMID: 32015548 PMCID: PMC7466194 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines that stimulate T cell proliferation, such as interleukin (IL)-15, have been explored as a means of boosting the antitumor activity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. However, constitutive cytokine signaling in T cells and activation of bystander cells may cause toxicity. IL-23 is a two-subunit cytokine known to promote proliferation of memory T cells and T helper type 17 cells. We found that, upon T cell antigen receptor (TCR) stimulation, T cells upregulated the IL-23 receptor and the IL-23α p19 subunit, but not the p40 subunit. We engineered expression of the p40 subunit in T cells (p40-Td cells) and obtained selective proliferative activity in activated T cells via autocrine IL-23 signaling. In comparison to CAR T cells, p40-Td CAR T cells showed improved antitumor capacity in vitro, with increased granzyme B and decreased PD-1 expression. In two xenograft and two syngeneic solid tumor mouse models, p40-Td CAR T cells showed superior efficacy in comparison to CAR T cells and attenuated side effects in comparison to CAR T cells expressing IL-18 or IL-15.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Hypoxia/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p40/genetics
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p40/metabolism
- Interleukin-23/genetics
- Interleukin-23/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcong Ma
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an, Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peishun Shou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christof Smith
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hongwei Du
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chuang Sun
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nancy Porterfield Kren
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Michaud
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah Ahn
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin Vincent
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yuliya Pylayeva-Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an, Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Yang Xu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Identification of biomarkers related to CD8 + T cell infiltration with gene co-expression network in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:3694-3712. [PMID: 32081834 PMCID: PMC7066925 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is an extremely common kind of kidney cancer in adults. Immunotherapy and targeted therapy are particularly effective at treating ccRCC. In this study, weighted gene co-expression network analysis and a deconvolution algorithm that quantifies the cellular composition of immune cells were used to analyze ccRCC expression data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and identify modules related to CD8+ T cells. Ten hub genes (LCK, CD2, CD3D, CD3G, IRF1, IFNG, CCR5, CD8A, CCL5, and CXCL9) were identified by co-expression network and protein-protein interactions network analysis. Datasets obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas were analyzed and the data revealed that the hub genes were meaningfully up-regulated in tumor tissues and correlated with promotion of tumor progression. After Kaplan-Meier analysis and Oncomine meta-analysis, CCL5 was selected as a prognostic biomarker. Finally, the experimental results show that reduced expression of CCL5 decreased cell proliferation and invasion in the ccRCC cell line. Various analyses were performed and verified, CCL5 is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target which related to CD8+ T cell infiltration in ccRCC.
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Saab S, Zalzale H, Rahal Z, Khalifeh Y, Sinjab A, Kadara H. Insights Into Lung Cancer Immune-Based Biology, Prevention, and Treatment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:159. [PMID: 32117295 PMCID: PMC7026250 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer-related deaths. The malignancy is characterized by dismal prognosis and poor clinical outcome mostly due to advanced-stage at diagnosis, thereby inflicting a heavy burden on public health worldwide. Recent breakthroughs in immunotherapy have greatly benefited a subset of lung cancer patients, and more importantly, they are undauntedly bringing forth a paradigm shift in the drugs approved for cancer treatment, by introducing "tumor-type agnostic therapies". Yet, and to fulfill immunotherapy's potential of personalized cancer treatment, demarcating the immune and genomic landscape of cancers at their earliest possible stages will be crucial to identify ideal targets for early treatment and to predict how a particular patient will fare with immunotherapy. Recent genomic surveys of premalignant lung cancer have shed light on early alterations in the evolution of lung cancer. More recently, the advent of immunogenomic technologies has provided prodigious opportunities to study the multidimensional landscape of lung tumors as well as their microenvironment at the molecular, genomic, and cellular resolution. In this review, we will summarize the current state of immune-based therapies for cancer, with a focus on lung malignancy, and highlight learning outcomes from clinical and preclinical studies investigating the naïve immune biology of lung cancer. The review also collates immunogenomic-based evidence from seminal reports which collectively warrant future investigations of premalignancy, the tumor-adjacent normal-appearing lung tissue, pulmonary inflammatory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as systemic microbiome imbalance. Such future directions enable novel insights into the evolution of lung cancers and, thus, can provide a low-hanging fruit of targets for early immune-based treatment of this fatal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Saab
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussein Zalzale
- School of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zahraa Rahal
- School of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yara Khalifeh
- School of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ansam Sinjab
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Humam Kadara
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Lee SH, Soh H, Chung JH, Cho EH, Lee SJ, Ju JM, Sheen JH, Kim H, Oh SJ, Lee SJ, Chung J, Choi K, Kim SY, Ryu JS. Feasibility of real-time in vivo 89Zr-DFO-labeled CAR T-cell trafficking using PET imaging. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0223814. [PMID: 31910217 PMCID: PMC6946129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have been recently developed and are producing impressive outcomes in patients with hematologic malignancies. However, there is no standardized method for cell trafficking and in vivo CAR T-cell monitoring. We assessed the feasibility of real-time in vivo89Zr-p-Isothiocyanatobenzyl-desferrioxamine (Df-Bz-NCS, DFO) labeled CAR T-cell trafficking using positron emission tomography (PET). Results The 89Zr-DFO radiolabeling efficiency of Jurkat/CAR and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC)/CAR T-cells was 70%–79%, and cell radiolabeling activity was 98.1–103.6 kBq/106 cells. Cell viability after radiolabeling was >95%. Cell proliferation was not significantly different during the early period after radiolabeling, compared with unlabeled cells; however, the proliferative capacity decreased over time (day 7 after labeling). IL-2 or IFN-γ secretion was not significantly different between unlabeled and labeled CAR T-cells. PET/magnetic resonance imaging in the xenograft model showed that most of the 89Zr-DFO-labeled Jurkat/CAR T-cells were distributed in the lung (24.4% ± 3.4%ID) and liver (22.9% ± 5.6%ID) by one hour after injection. The cells gradually migrated from the lung to the liver and spleen by day 1, and remained stable in these sites until day 7 (on day 7: lung 3.9% ± 0.3%ID, liver 36.4% ± 2.7%ID, spleen 1.4% ± 0.3%ID). No significant accumulation of labeled cells was identified in tumors. A similar pattern was observed in ex vivo biodistributions on day 7 (lung 3.0% ± 1.0%ID, liver 19.8% ± 2.2%ID, spleen 2.3% ± 1.7%ID). 89Zr-DFO-labeled hPBMC/CAR T-cells showed a similar distribution, compared with Jurkat/CAR T-cells, on serial PET images. CAR T cell distribution was cross-confirmed by flow cytometry, Alu polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. Conclusion Real-time in vivo cell trafficking is feasible using PET imaging of 89Zr-DFO-labeled CAR T-cells. This can be used to investigate cellular kinetics, initial in vivo biodistribution, and safety profiles in future CAR T-cell development.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Deferoxamine/analogs & derivatives
- Deferoxamine/pharmacology
- Hematologic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Hematologic Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Isothiocyanates/pharmacology
- Isotope Labeling
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/chemistry
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Positron-Emission Tomography
- Radioisotopes/chemistry
- Radioisotopes/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/chemistry
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tissue Distribution
- Zirconium/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Hyun Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Soh
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwa Chung
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Cho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ju Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Ju
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Hyuk Sheen
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyori Kim
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog-Young Kim
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (JR)
| | - Jin-Sook Ryu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (JR)
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119
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Wang M, Chen Y, Cai W, Feng H, Du T, Liu W, Jiang H, Pasquarelli A, Weizmann Y, Wang X. In situ self-assembling Au-DNA complexes for targeted cancer bioimaging and inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:308-316. [PMID: 31843938 PMCID: PMC6955332 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915512116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most challenging diseases to treat. For accurate cancer diagnosis and targeted therapy, it is important to assess the localization of the affected area of cancers. The general approaches for cancer diagnostics include pathological assessments and imaging. However, these methods only generally assess the tumor area. In this study, by taking advantage of the unique microenvironment of cancers, we effectively utilize in situ self-assembled biosynthetic fluorescent gold nanocluster-DNA (GNC-DNA) complexes to facilitate safe and targeted cancer theranostics. In in vitro and in vivo tumor models, our self-assembling biosynthetic approach allowed for precise bioimaging and inhibited cancer growth after one injection of DNA and gold precursors. These results demonstrate that in situ bioresponsive self-assembling GNC-PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) complexes could be an effective noninvasive technique for accurate cancer bioimaging and treatment, thus providing a safe and promising cancer theranostics platform for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Weijuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Alberto Pasquarelli
- Institute of Electron Devices and Circuits, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yossi Weizmann
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China;
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120
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Repellin CE, Ganesan P, Alcudia JF, Lakshmireddy HKD, Patel P, Beviglia L, Javitz HS, Sambucetti L, Bhatnagar P. Engineered Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines for Validation of CAR T Cell Function. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2020; 4:e1900224. [PMID: 32293122 PMCID: PMC7162992 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A set of genetically engineered isogenic cell lines is developed to express either folate receptor alpha or mesothelin, and a control cell line negative for both antigens. These cell lines also express fluorescent and bioluminescent reporter transgenes. The cell lines are used to authenticate specificity and function of a T-cell biofactory, a living vector that is developed to express proportionate amounts of engineered proteins upon engaging with disease cells through their specific antigenic biomarkers. The engineered cell lines are also used to assess the cytolytic function and specificity of primary T cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptors; and the specificity of monoclonal antibodies. The strategy described can be used to generate other cell lines to present different disease-specific biomarkers for use as quality control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priya Ganesan
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025
| | | | | | - Puja Patel
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025
| | - Lucia Beviglia
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025
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121
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Abstract
Advances in academic and clinical studies during the last several years have resulted in practical outcomes in adoptive immune therapy of cancer. Immune cells can be programmed with molecular modules that increase their therapeutic potency and specificity. It has become obvious that successful immunotherapy must take into account the full complexity of the immune system and, when possible, include the use of multifactor cell reprogramming that allows fast adjustment during the treatment. Today, practically all immune cells can be stably or transiently reprogrammed against cancer. Here, we review works related to T cell reprogramming, as the most developed field in immunotherapy. We discuss factors that determine the specific roles of αβ and γδ T cells in the immune system and the structure and function of T cell receptors in relation to other structures involved in T cell target recognition and immune response. We also discuss the aspects of T cell engineering, specifically the construction of synthetic T cell receptors (synTCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and the use of engineered T cells in integrative multifactor therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Katz
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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122
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Abstract
Responses of solid tumors to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy are often minimal. This is potentially due to a lack of sustained activation and proliferation of CAR T cells when encountering antigen in a profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this study, we investigate if inducing an interaction between CAR T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in lymphoid tissue, away from an immunosuppressive microenvironment, could enhance solid-tumor responses. We combined CAR T cell transfer with the bacterial enterotoxin staphylococcal enterotoxin-B (SEB), which naturally links a proportion of T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ subtypes to MHC-II, present on APCs. CAR T cell proliferation and function was significantly enhanced by SEB. Solid tumor-growth inhibition in mice was increased when CAR T cells were administered in combination with SEB. CAR T cell expansion in lymphoid tissue was demonstrated, and inhibition of lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes using FTY720 abrogated the benefit of SEB. We also demonstrate that a bispecific antibody, targeting a c-Myc tag on CAR T cells and cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40), could also enhance CAR T cell activity and mediate increased antitumor activity of CAR T cells. These model systems serve as proof-of-principle that facilitating the interaction of CAR T cells with APCs can enhance their ability to mediate antitumor activity.
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123
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CD19 chimeric antigen receptor-T cells in B-cell leukemia and lymphoma: current status and perspectives. Leukemia 2019; 33:2767-2778. [PMID: 31690821 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The approval of tisagenlecleucel and axicabtagene ciloleucel represents a breakthrough in the field of immune and cellular therapy for hematologic malignancies. These anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor-T cells (CAR) proved to be highly effective in the treatment of relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and specific histologic subtypes of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. This expert review aims to summarize the current available research evidence in this field, with a special focus on the different challenges faced by treating physicians, and we also provide future perspectives.
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124
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Young PA, Yamada RE, Trinh KR, Vasuthasawat A, De Oliveira S, Yamada DH, Morrison SL, Timmerman JM. Activity of Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Against B Cell Lymphoma Is Enhanced by Antibody-Targeted Interferon-Alpha. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 38:239-254. [PMID: 29920129 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An important emerging form of immunotherapy targeting B cell malignancies is chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. Despite encouraging response rates of anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy in B cell lymphomas, limited durability of response necessitates further study to potentiate CAR T cell efficacy. Antibody-targeted interferon (IFN) therapy is a novel approach in immunotherapy. Given the ability of IFNs to promote T cell activation and survival, target cell recognition, and cytotoxicity, we asked whether antibody-targeted IFN could enhance the antitumor effects of anti-CD19 CAR T cells. We produced an anti-CD20-IFN fusion protein containing the potent type 1 IFN isoform alpha14 (α14), and demonstrated its ability to suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis of human B cell lymphomas. Indeed, with the combination of anti-CD20-hIFNα14 and CAR T cells, we found enhanced cell killing among B cell lymphoma lines. Importantly, for all cell lines pretreated with anti-CD20-hIFNα14, the subsequent cytokine production by CAR T cells was markedly increased regardless of the degree of cell killing. Thus, several activities of CD19 CAR T cells were enhanced in the presence of anti-CD20-hIFNα14. These data suggest that antibody-targeted IFN may be an important novel approach to improving the efficacy of CAR T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Young
- 1 Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Reiko E Yamada
- 1 Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kham R Trinh
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alex Vasuthasawat
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Satiro De Oliveira
- 3 Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Douglas H Yamada
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sherie L Morrison
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - John M Timmerman
- 1 Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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125
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Xu X, Li T, Shen S, Wang J, Abdou P, Gu Z, Mo R. Advances in Engineering Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:7889-7905. [PMID: 31695806 PMCID: PMC6831467 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy aims to utilize the host immune system to kill cancer cells. Recent representative immunotherapies include T-cell transfer therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, antibody-based immunomodulator therapies, such as immune checkpoint blockade therapy, and cytokine therapies. Recently developed therapies leveraging engineered cells for immunotherapy against cancers have been reported to enhance antitumor efficacy while reducing side effects. Such therapies range from biologically, chemically and physically -engineered cells to bioinspired and biomimetic nanomedicines. In this review, advances of engineering cells for cancer immunotherapy are summarized, and prospects of this field are discussed.
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126
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Zhao L, Cao YJ. Engineered T Cell Therapy for Cancer in the Clinic. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2250. [PMID: 31681259 PMCID: PMC6798078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a key role in cell-mediated immunity, and strategies to genetically modify T cells, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy and T cell receptor (TCR) T cell therapy, have achieved substantial advances in the treatment of malignant tumors. In clinical trials, CAR-T cell and TCR-T cell therapies have produced encouraging clinical outcomes, thereby demonstrating their therapeutic potential in mitigating tumor development. This article summarizes the current applications of CAR-T cell and TCR-T cell therapies in clinical trials worldwide. It is predicted that genetically engineered T cell immunotherapies will become safe, well-tolerated, and effective therapeutics and bring hope to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu J Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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127
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Hao Y, Zhou X, Li R, Song Z, Min Y. Advances of functional nanomaterials for cancer immunotherapeutic applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 12:e1574. [PMID: 31566896 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has made great progress by modulating the body's own immune system to fight against cancer cells. However, the low response rates of related drugs limit the development of immunotherapy strategies. Fortunately, the advantages of nanotechnology can just make up for this shortcoming. Nanocarriers of diverse systems are utilized to co-deliver antigens and adjuvants, combined with drugs for immunomodulatory, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and photodynamic. Here we review recent studies on immunotherapy with biomimetic, organic, and inorganic nanomaterials. They are going to potentially overcome the drawbacks in cancer immunotherapy with delivering immunomodulatory drugs, delivering cancer vaccine, and monitoring the immune systems. This article is characterized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Hao
- CAS Key Lab of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xingyu Zhou
- CAS Key Lab of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Li
- CAS Key Lab of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zechenxi Song
- CAS Key Lab of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanzeng Min
- CAS Key Lab of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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128
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The emerging role of epigenetic therapeutics in immuno-oncology. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 17:75-90. [PMID: 31548600 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen the emergence of immunotherapy as a prime approach to cancer treatment, revolutionizing the management of many types of cancer. Despite the promise of immunotherapy, most patients do not have a response or become resistant to treatment. Thus, identifying combinations that potentiate current immunotherapeutic approaches will be crucial. The combination of immune-checkpoint inhibition with epigenetic therapy is one such strategy that is being tested in clinical trials, encompassing a variety of cancer types. Studies have revealed key roles of epigenetic processes in regulating immune cell function and mediating antitumour immunity. These interactions make combined epigenetic therapy and immunotherapy an attractive approach to circumvent the limitations of immunotherapy alone. In this Review, we highlight the basic dynamic mechanisms underlying the synergy between immunotherapy and epigenetic therapies and detail current efforts to translate this knowledge into clinical benefit for patients.
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129
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Li D, Li X, Zhou WL, Huang Y, Liang X, Jiang L, Yang X, Sun J, Li Z, Han WD, Wang W. Genetically engineered T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:35. [PMID: 31637014 PMCID: PMC6799837 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells in the immune system protect the human body from infection by pathogens and clear mutant cells through specific recognition by T cell receptors (TCRs). Cancer immunotherapy, by relying on this basic recognition method, boosts the antitumor efficacy of T cells by unleashing the inhibition of immune checkpoints and expands adaptive immunity by facilitating the adoptive transfer of genetically engineered T cells. T cells genetically equipped with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or TCRs have shown remarkable effectiveness in treating some hematological malignancies, although the efficacy of engineered T cells in treating solid tumors is far from satisfactory. In this review, we summarize the development of genetically engineered T cells, outline the most recent studies investigating genetically engineered T cells for cancer immunotherapy, and discuss strategies for improving the performance of these T cells in fighting cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Lin Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058 Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, 310058 Zhejing, China
| | - Zonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200032 Shanghai, China
- CARsgen Therapeutics, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Dong Han
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Biotherapeutic Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, 100853 Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
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130
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Wu D, Yu Y, Zhao C, Shou X, Piao Y, Zhao X, Zhao Y, Wang S. NK-Cell-Encapsulated Porous Microspheres via Microfluidic Electrospray for Tumor Immunotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:33716-33724. [PMID: 31454227 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has recently garnered significant research interest in the field of clinical cancer management. The potential of tumor immunotherapy has been demonstrated for targeting a variety of tumors, both in vivo and in vitro, yielding some remarkable therapeutic effects. Herein, inspired by the stem cell niche, we developed a scale-up approach to generating porous microspheres with encapsulated natural killer (NK) cells via microfluidic electrospray for in situ tumor immunotherapy. The generated microspheres contained porous microstructures with tunable morphologies because of versatile but precise fluid control in the microfluidic electrospray system. NK-92MI cells encapsulated in porous microspheres were protected from the outer complex environment, allowing for improved proliferation and functionality. As observed, perforin and granzymes were sustainably secreted from the encapsulated NK-92MI cells, which exhibited robust killing effects on tumors both in vitro and in vivo. With continual proliferation, NK-92MI cells budded from the surface of porous microspheres and migrated into the surrounding residual tumor tissues, further destroying tumor cells. More importantly, no side effects owing to the native host immune system were observed by injecting the NK-92MI cell-encapsulated microspheres into tumors in vivo. Therefore, the NK-cell-encapsulated porous microspheres show great potential for tumor immunotherapy, offering a robust and attractive treatment option for cancer patient management.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Immobilized/immunology
- Cells, Immobilized/pathology
- Cells, Immobilized/transplantation
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunotherapy
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Killer Cells, Natural/transplantation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Microspheres
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Porosity
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province 310003 , China
- Institute for Translational Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province 310029 , China
| | - Yunru Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital , Medical School of Nanjing University , Nanjing 210002 , China
| | - Xin Shou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province 310003 , China
- Institute for Translational Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province 310029 , China
| | - Yun Piao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province 310003 , China
- Institute for Translational Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province 310029 , China
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131
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Fu Y, Liu S, Zeng S, Shen H. From bench to bed: the tumor immune microenvironment and current immunotherapeutic strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:396. [PMID: 31500650 PMCID: PMC6734524 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks the most common primary liver malignancy and the third leading cause of tumor-related mortality worldwide. Unfortunately, despite advances in HCC treatment, less than 40% of HCC patients are eligible for potentially curative therapies. Recently, cancer immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising approaches for cancer treatment. It has been proven therapeutically effective in many types of solid tumors, such as non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma. As an inflammation-associated tumor, it's well-evidenced that the immunosuppressive microenvironment of HCC can promote immune tolerance and evasion by various mechanisms. Triggering more vigorous HCC-specific immune response represents a novel strategy for its management. Pre-clinical and clinical investigations have revealed that various immunotherapies might extend current options for needed HCC treatment. In this review, we provide the recent progress on HCC immunology from both basic and clinical perspectives, and discuss potential advances and challenges of immunotherapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojie Fu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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132
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Subbarayan RS, Arnold L, Gomez JP, Thomas SM. The role of the innate and adaptive immune response in HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2019; 4:508-512. [PMID: 31637294 PMCID: PMC6793605 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) has been implicated in the development of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and is directly attributed to its increasing incidence. The immune microenvironment surrounding HPV‐associated OPSCC tumors is complex and plays a critical role in the carcinogenic process. The neoplastic mechanism includes cells of the innate immunity such as macrophages, and dendritic cells as well as cells of the adaptive immune process such as CD8+ T‐cells. The intricate interactions between these two arms of the immune system allow for a pro‐inflammatory and pro‐tumorigenic environment. Intensive efforts are underway to gain a greater understanding of the mechanisms involved in the immune system's role in tumor development. This study seeks to summarize the current knowledge pertaining to role of the innate and adaptive immune response in HPV‐associated OPSCC. Level of Evidence 3a
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Levi Arnold
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas U.S.A.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas U.S.A
| | - Juan Pineda Gomez
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas U.S.A
| | - Sufi Mary Thomas
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas U.S.A.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas U.S.A.,Department of Cancer Biology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas U.S.A
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133
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Phuengkham H, Ren L, Shin IW, Lim YT. Nanoengineered Immune Niches for Reprogramming the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment and Enhancing Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1803322. [PMID: 30773696 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies that harness the body's immune system to combat tumors have received extensive attention and become mainstream strategies for treating cancer. Despite promising results, some problems remain, such as the limited patient response rate and the emergence of severe immune-related adverse effects. For most patients, the therapeutic efficacy of cancer immunotherapy is mainly limited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). To overcome such obstacles in the TME, the immunomodulation of immunosuppressive factors and therapeutic immune cells (e.g., T cells and antigen-presenting cells) should be carefully designed and evaluated. Nanoengineered synthetic immune niches have emerged as highly customizable platforms with a potent capability for reprogramming the immunosuppressive TME. Here, recent developments in nano-biomaterials that are rationally designed to modulate the immunosuppressive TME in a spatiotemporal manner for enhanced cancer immunotherapy which are rationally designed to modulate the immunosuppressive TME in a spatiotemporal manner for enhanced cancer immunotherapy are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hathaichanok Phuengkham
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Long Ren
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Woo Shin
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Taik Lim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
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134
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Fernandes RA, Ganzinger KA, Tzou JC, Jönsson P, Lee SF, Palayret M, Santos AM, Carr AR, Ponjavic A, Chang VT, Macleod C, Lagerholm BC, Lindsay AE, Dushek O, Tilevik A, Davis SJ, Klenerman D. A cell topography-based mechanism for ligand discrimination by the T cell receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14002-14010. [PMID: 31221762 PMCID: PMC6628812 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817255116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) initiates the elimination of pathogens and tumors by T cells. To avoid damage to the host, the receptor must be capable of discriminating between wild-type and mutated self and nonself peptide ligands presented by host cells. Exactly how the TCR does this is unknown. In resting T cells, the TCR is largely unphosphorylated due to the dominance of phosphatases over the kinases expressed at the cell surface. However, when agonist peptides are presented to the TCR by major histocompatibility complex proteins expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), very fast receptor triggering, i.e., TCR phosphorylation, occurs. Recent work suggests that this depends on the local exclusion of the phosphatases from regions of contact of the T cells with the APCs. Here, we developed and tested a quantitative treatment of receptor triggering reliant only on TCR dwell time in phosphatase-depleted cell contacts constrained in area by cell topography. Using the model and experimentally derived parameters, we found that ligand discrimination likely depends crucially on individual contacts being ∼200 nm in radius, matching the dimensions of the surface protrusions used by T cells to interrogate their targets. The model not only correctly predicted the relative signaling potencies of known agonists and nonagonists but also achieved this in the absence of kinetic proofreading. Our work provides a simple, quantitative, and predictive molecular framework for understanding why TCR triggering is so selective and fast and reveals that, for some receptors, cell topography likely influences signaling outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Fernandes
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina A Ganzinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Justin C Tzou
- Department of Applied & Computational Mathematics & Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Peter Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthieu Palayret
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander R Carr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aleks Ponjavic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica T Chang
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Macleod
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - B Christoffer Lagerholm
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alan E Lindsay
- Mathematics Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Tilevik
- School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom;
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom;
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135
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Huff WX, Kwon JH, Henriquez M, Fetcko K, Dey M. The Evolving Role of CD8 +CD28 - Immunosenescent T Cells in Cancer Immunology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112810. [PMID: 31181772 PMCID: PMC6600236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional, tumor-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes drive the adaptive immune response to cancer. Thus, induction of their activity is the ultimate aim of all immunotherapies. Success of anti-tumor immunotherapy is precluded by marked immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) leading to CD8+ effector T cell dysfunction. Among the many facets of CD8+ T cell dysfunction that have been recognized—tolerance, anergy, exhaustion, and senescence—CD8+ T cell senescence is incompletely understood. Naïve CD8+ T cells require three essential signals for activation, differentiation, and survival through T-cell receptor, costimulatory receptors, and cytokine receptors. Downregulation of costimulatory molecule CD28 is a hallmark of senescent T cells and increased CD8+CD28− senescent populations with heterogeneous roles have been observed in multiple solid and hematogenous tumors. T cell senescence can be induced by several factors including aging, telomere damage, tumor-associated stress, and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Tumor-induced T cell senescence is yet another mechanism that enables tumor cell resistance to immunotherapy. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of CD8+CD28− senescent T cell population, their origin, their function in immunology and pathologic conditions, including TME and their implication for immunotherapy. Further characterization and investigation into this subset of CD8+ T cells could improve the efficacy of future anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei X Huff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Jae Hyun Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Mario Henriquez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Kaleigh Fetcko
- Department of Neurology, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Mahua Dey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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136
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Mardiana S, Solomon BJ, Darcy PK, Beavis PA. Supercharging adoptive T cell therapy to overcome solid tumor–induced immunosuppression. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:11/495/eaaw2293. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of new cancer immunotherapies including checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment. CAR T cells have shown tremendous success in certain B cell malignancies, resulting in U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of this approach for certain types of leukemia and lymphoma. However, response rates against solid cancer have been less successful to date. Approaches to modulate the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment including targeting checkpoint pathways, modulating metabolic pathways, and generating cytokine-producing T cells have led to considerable enhancement of adoptive T cell immunotherapy, first in preclinical models and now in patients. This review provides a discussion of the most recent strategies to enhance the efficacy of CAR T cell antitumor responses in solid cancers.
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137
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Ouchi Y, Patil A, Tamura Y, Nishimasu H, Negishi A, Paul SK, Takemura N, Satoh T, Kimura Y, Kurachi M, Nureki O, Nakai K, Kiyono H, Uematsu S. Generation of tumor antigen-specific murine CD8+ T cells with enhanced anti-tumor activity via highly efficient CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Int Immunol 2019; 30:141-154. [PMID: 29617862 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have led to the successful development of novel therapies for cancer. However, there is increasing concern regarding the adverse effects caused by non-tumor-specific immune responses. Here, we report an effective strategy to generate high-avidity tumor-antigen-specific CTLs, using Cas9/single-guide RNA (sgRNA) ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we selected the gp100 melanoma-associated tumor antigen, and cloned the gp100-specific high-avidity TCR from gp100-immunized mice. To enable rapid structural dissection of the TCR, we developed a 3D protein structure modeling system for the TCR/antigen-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) interaction. Combining these technologies, we efficiently generated gp100-specific PD-1(-) CD8+ T cells, and demonstrated that the genetically engineered CD8+ T cells have high avidity against melanoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our methodology offers computational prediction of the TCR response, and enables efficient generation of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells that can neutralize tumor-induced immune suppression leading to a potentially powerful cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Ouchi
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ashwini Patil
- Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tamura
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimasu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo; JST, PRESTO, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aina Negishi
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sudip Kumar Paul
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoki Takemura
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Satoh
- Division of Systems Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Kimura
- Division of Systems Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kurachi
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Nakai
- Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Mucosal Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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138
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Mardiana S, Lai J, House IG, Beavis PA, Darcy PK. Switching on the green light for chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1046. [PMID: 31073403 PMCID: PMC6500780 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy involving genetic modification of T cells with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) transgene offers a promising strategy to broaden the efficacy of this approach for the effective treatment of cancer. Although remarkable antitumor responses have been observed following CAR T‐cell therapy in a subset of B‐cell malignancies, this has yet to be extended in the context of solid cancers. A number of promising strategies involving reprogramming the tumor microenvironment, increasing the specificity and safety of gene‐modified T cells and harnessing the endogenous immune response have been tested in preclinical models that may have a significant impact in patients with solid cancers. This review will discuss these exciting new developments and the challenges that must be overcome to deliver a more sustained and potent therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherly Mardiana
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Junyun Lai
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Imran Geoffrey House
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Paul Andrew Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Phillip Kevin Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Pathology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Immunology Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
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139
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has an increasing incidence and dismal prognosis, with few systemic treatments approved, including several small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to HCC has resulted in durable activity, and further evaluation is ongoing. In this review, we discuss the immunologic principles and the mechanism of action of the ICIs and present the relevant clinical data. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the current and emerging immunotherapeutic approaches for HCC, such as combination treatments, vaccines, and cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos S Floudas
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm B2L312, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1078, USA.
| | - Gagandeep Brar
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm B2L312, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1078, USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm B2L312, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1078, USA
- Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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140
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Wang Y, Zuo X. Cytokines frequently implicated in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Cytokine X 2019; 1:100005. [PMID: 33604548 PMCID: PMC7885877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2019.100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MPN is a chronic inflammation-driven tumor model. Many cytokines are involved in pathogenesis and progression of MPN. IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF, PDGF, TGF-β and IFNs are critical in MPN. Cytokine directed therapy could be an alternative treatment for MPN in future.
Classical myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) include polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). MPN has been defined as a chronic inflammation-driven tumor model. It is clear that there is a close link between chronic inflammation and MPN pathogenesis. Several studies have demonstrated cytokine profiles in MPN patients. Other studies have used cell lines or animal models aiming to clarify the underlying mechanism of cytokines in the pathogenesis of MPN. However, important questions remain: (1) among all these cytokines, which are more predictive? and (2) which are more critical? In this review, we summarize cytokines that have been investigated in MPN and highlight several cytokines that may be more significant in MPN. We suggest that cytokines are more critical in PMF than PV or ET. These cytokines include IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF, PDGF, IFNs and TGF-β, all of which should be more closely investigated in MPN. Based on our extensive literature search, several key factors have emerged in our understanding of MPN: first, TNF-α could correlate with MPN progression including PMF, PV and ET. IL-1β plays a role in PMF progression, while it showed no relation with PV or ET. Second, IL-8 could be a prognostic factor for PMF, and IL-6 could be important for MPN progression. Third, VEGF and PDGF play an indirect role in MPN development and their inhibitors could be effective. Fourth, different subtypes of IFNs could have different effects in MPN. Finally, TGF-β is closely linked to MF, although the data are inconsistent. Agents that have targeted these cytokines described above are already in clinical trials, and some of them have even been used to treat MPN patients. Taken together, it will be critical to continue to investigate the precise role of these cytokines in the pathogenesis and progression of MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Xuelan Zuo
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
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141
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Yang Y, Wang Q, Li Q, Men K, He Z, Deng H, Ji W, Wei Y. Recent Advances in Therapeutic Genome Editing in China. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 29:136-145. [PMID: 29446996 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Editing of the genome to correct disease-causing mutations is a promising approach for the treatment of human diseases. Recent advances in the development of programmable nuclease-based genome editing tools have substantially improved the ability to make precise changes in the human genome. Genome editing technologies are already being used to correct genetic mutations in affected tissues and cells to treat diseases that are refractory to traditional gene therapies. Chinese scientists have made remarkable breakthroughs in the field of therapeutic genome editing, particularly with the first clinical trial involving the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-caspase 9 system that began in China. Herein, current progress toward developing programmable nuclease-based gene therapies is introduced, as well as future prospects and challenges in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center , Chengdu, China
| | - Qingnan Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center , Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center , Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Men
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center , Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyao He
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center , Chengdu, China
| | - Hongxin Deng
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center , Chengdu, China
| | - Weizhi Ji
- 3 Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center , Chengdu, China
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142
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Eisenberg V, Hoogi S, Shamul A, Barliya T, Cohen CJ. T-cells "à la CAR-T(e)" - Genetically engineering T-cell response against cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 141:23-40. [PMID: 30653988 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The last decade will be remembered as the dawn of the immunotherapy era during which we have witnessed the approval by regulatory agencies of genetically engineered CAR T-cells and of checkpoint inhibitors for cancer treatment. Understandably, T-lymphocytes represent the essential player in these approaches. These cells can mediate impressive tumor regression in terminally-ill cancer patients. Moreover, they are amenable to genetic engineering to improve their function and specificity. In the present review, we will give an overview of the most recent developments in the field of T-cell genetic engineering including TCR-gene transfer and CAR T-cells strategies. We will also elaborate on the development of other types of genetic modifications to enhance their anti-tumor immune response such as the use of co-stimulatory chimeric receptors (CCRs) and unconventional CARs built on non-antibody molecules. Finally, we will discuss recent advances in genome editing and synthetic biology applied to T-cell engineering and comment on the next challenges ahead.
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143
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Ali AI, Oliver AJ, Samiei T, Chan JD, Kershaw MH, Slaney CY. Genetic Redirection of T Cells for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:56. [PMID: 30809507 PMCID: PMC6379296 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional treatments for pancreatic cancer are largely ineffective, and the prognosis for the vast majority of patients is poor. Clearly, new treatment options are desperately needed. Immunotherapy offers hope for the development of treatments for pancreatic cancer. A central requirement for the efficacy of this approach is the existence of cancer antigen-specific T cells, but these are often not present or difficult to isolate for most pancreatic tumors. Nevertheless, specific T cells can be generated using genetic modification to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), which can enable T cell responses against pancreatic tumor cells. CAR T cells can be produced ex vivo and expanded in vitro for infusion into patients. Remarkable responses have been documented using CAR T cells against several malignancies, including leukemias and lymphomas. Based on these successes, the extension of CAR T cell therapy for pancreatic cancer holds great promise. However, there are a number of challenges that limit the full potential of CAR T cell therapies for pancreatic cancer, including the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In this article, we will review the recent progress in using CAR T cells in pancreatic cancer preclinical and clinical settings, discuss hurdles for utilizing the full potential of CAR T cell therapy and propose research strategies and future perspectives. Research into the use of CAR T cell therapy in pancreatic cancer setting is rapidly gaining momentum and understanding strategies to overcome the current challenges in the pancreatic cancer setting will allow the development of effective CAR T cell therapies, either alone or in combination with other treatments to benefit pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aesha I Ali
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amanda J Oliver
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tinaz Samiei
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack D Chan
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Clare Y Slaney
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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144
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Dwivedi A, Karulkar A, Ghosh S, Rafiq A, Purwar R. Lymphocytes in Cellular Therapy: Functional Regulation of CAR T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3180. [PMID: 30713539 PMCID: PMC6345708 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes especially autologous T cells have been used for the treatment of numerous indications including cancers, autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases. Very recently, FDA approved Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells (CAR T cells) therapy for relapse and refractory CD19+ B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (r/r B-ALL) and r/r diffuse large B cell lymphoma (r/r DLBCL) upon their remarkable success in multiple Phase I-II clinical trials. While CAR T cells are considered as major breakthrough in the field of cancer immunotherapy, the regulation of CAR T cells remains poorly understood. In this review we will discuss the strategies that regulate the CAR T cells efficacy and persistence with focus on roles of different structural component of CAR construct. Different domains of CAR construct, for example, antigen binding domain, hinge, transmembrane, and signaling domain as well as immune-regulatory cytokines have significant impact on CAR T cell efficacy. Finally, this review will highlight the strategies that will promote CAR T cells efficacy and will reduce the toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Dwivedi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Atharva Karulkar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Sarbari Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Afrin Rafiq
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Rahul Purwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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145
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Michie J, Beavis PA, Freeman AJ, Vervoort SJ, Ramsbottom KM, Narasimhan V, Lelliott EJ, Lalaoui N, Ramsay RG, Johnstone RW, Silke J, Darcy PK, Voskoboinik I, Kearney CJ, Oliaro J. Antagonism of IAPs Enhances CAR T-cell Efficacy. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:183-192. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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146
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Ghiringhelli F. Nouvelles stratégies innovantes en immunothérapie. Bull Cancer 2019; 105 Suppl 1:S101-S112. [PMID: 30595191 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-4551(18)30395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
NOVEL STRATEGY IN ONCOIMMUNOLOGY Recent advances in immuno-oncology with the development of anti-PD1/PD-L1 antibodies are revolutionizing oncological management. Immuno-oncology I currently developing in most histological types of cancer. However, the rate of success of anti-PD1/PD-L1 antibodies in monotherapy is limited by a limited to a subpopulation of patients accounting for about 25-30 % of patients in most indications. The development of new strategies is based on this observation with the aim to predict response or enhancing response rate. Thus, we note the development of different strategies aimed at better selecting patients or combining inhibitory checkpoints with other therapies in order to increase their effectiveness. This review will study therapeutic test strategies to validate these new associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Ghiringhelli
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; Centre Georges-François-Leclerc, département d'oncologie médicale, 1, rue du Professeur-Marion, 21000 Dijon, France; Inserm LNC U1231, 21000 Dijon, France.
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147
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Neesse A, Bauer CA, Öhlund D, Lauth M, Buchholz M, Michl P, Tuveson DA, Gress TM. Stromal biology and therapy in pancreatic cancer: ready for clinical translation? Gut 2019; 68:159-171. [PMID: 30177543 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is notoriously aggressive and hard to treat. The tumour microenvironment (TME) in PDA is highly dynamic and has been found to promote tumour progression, metastasis niche formation and therapeutic resistance. Intensive research of recent years has revealed an incredible heterogeneity and complexity of the different components of the TME, including cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells, extracellular matrix components, tumour vessels and nerves. It has been hypothesised that paracrine interactions between neoplastic epithelial cells and TME compartments may result in either tumour-promoting or tumour-restraining consequences. A better preclinical understanding of such complex and dynamic network systems is required to develop more powerful treatment strategies for patients. Scientific activity and the number of compelling findings has virtually exploded during recent years. Here, we provide an update of the most recent findings in this area and discuss their translational and clinical implications for basic scientists and clinicians alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Neesse
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medicine Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christian Alexander Bauer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Infectiology, University Hospital Marburg, UKGM, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Öhlund
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias Lauth
- Department of Medicine, Philipps University, Center for Tumour and Immune Biology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Malte Buchholz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Infectiology, University Hospital Marburg, UKGM, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Michl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin, Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - David A Tuveson
- Lustgarten Foundation Designated Pancreatic Cancer Research Lab at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, USA
| | - Thomas M Gress
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Infectiology, University Hospital Marburg, UKGM, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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148
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Li W, Pan H, He H, Meng X, Ren Q, Gong P, Jiang X, Liang Z, Liu L, Zheng M, Shao X, Ma Y, Cai L. Bio-Orthogonal T Cell Targeting Strategy for Robustly Enhancing Cytotoxicity against Tumor Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1804383. [PMID: 30566283 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
T cells can kill tumor cells by cell surface immunological recognition, but low affinity for tumor-associated antigens could lead to T cell off-target effects. Herein, a universal T cell targeting strategy based on bio-orthogonal chemistry and glycol-metabolic engineering is introduced to enhance recognition and cytotoxicity of T cells in tumor immunotherapy. Three kinds of bicycle [6.1.0] nonyne (BCN)-modified sugars are designed and synthesized, in which Ac4 ManN-BCN shows efficient incorporation into wide tumor cells with a BCN motif on surface glycans. Meanwhile, activated T cells are treated with Ac4 GalNAz to introduce azide (N3 ) on the cell surface, initiating specific tumor targeting through a bio-orthogonal click reaction between N3 and BCN. This artificial targeting strategy remarkably enhances recognition and migration of T cells to tumor cells, and increases the cytotoxicity 2 to 4 times for T cells against different kinds of tumor cells. Surprisingly, based on this strategy, the T cells even exhibit similar cytotoxicity with the chimeric antigen receptor T-cell against Raji cells in vitro at the effector: target cell ratios (E:T) of 1:1. Such a universal bio-orthogonal T cell-targeting strategy might further broaden applications of T cell therapy against tumors and provide a new strategy for T cell modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hong Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Huamei He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Meng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qian Ren
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ping Gong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhenguo Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lanlan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mingbin Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ximing Shao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lintao Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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149
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Makita Y, Kunii N, Sakurai D, Ihara F, Motohashi S, Suzuki A, Nakayama T, Okamoto Y. Activated iNKT cells enhance the anti-tumor effect of antigen specific CD8 T cells on mesothelin-expressing salivary gland cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1254. [PMID: 30558663 PMCID: PMC6296067 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salivary gland cancers are not sensitive to conventional radiotherapy or chemotherapy regimens. Therefore, the development of a new treatment strategy is of critical importance for improving the prognosis. We examined the expression of mesothelin molecules in salivary gland cancers and the efficacy of adoptive cell therapy based on mesothelin-specific chimeric antigen receptor transduced T cells. Methods The expression of mesothelin molecule was studied in salivary gland cancer samples obtained from 16 patients as well as a salivary gland cancer cell line (A-253) and five other cell lines. The activation of mesothelin-specific chimeric antigen receptor-expressing CD8 T cells after stimulation with mesothelin and the effects of invariant natural killer T cells on this activation were evaluated. Results Mesothelin was detected in the A-253 cells and the surgical specimens except for the case of squamous cell carcinoma to various degrees. Following stimulation with mesothelin expressing cancer cells, chimeric antigen receptor T cells were dose-dependently activated; this activation was enhanced by co-culture with invariant natural killer T cells and subsequently abrogated by treatment with anti-interferon-γ antibodies. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of chimeric antigen receptor T cells against various cancer cells was further augmented by invariant natural killer T cells. Conclusions The use of adoptive transfer with mesothelin-specific chimeric antigen receptor-expressing CD8 T cells against salivary gland cancers is an effective therapy and invariant natural killer T cells are expected to be used in adjuvant treatment for T cell-based immunotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-5179-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Makita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Naoki Kunii
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Daiju Sakurai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Fumie Ihara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Motohashi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akane Suzuki
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Okamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
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150
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Shirjang S, Alizadeh N, Mansoori B, Mahmoodpoor A, Kafil HS, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Yousefi M. Promising immunotherapy: Highlighting cytokine-induced killer cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:8863-8883. [PMID: 30556298 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For many years, cancer therapy has appeared to be a challenging issue for researchers and physicians. By the introduction of novel methods in immunotherapy, the prospect of cancer therapy even more explained than before. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell-based immunotherapy demonstrated to have potentiality in improving clinical outcomes and relieving major side effects of standard treatment options. In addition, given the distinctive features such as high safety, low toxicity effects on healthy cells, numerous clinical trials conducted on CIK cells. Due to the shortcomings that observed in CIK cell immunotherapy alone, arising a tendency to make modifications (combined modality therapy or combination therapy) including the addition of various types of cytokines, genetic engineering, combination with immune checkpoints, and so on. In this review, we have tried to bring forth the latest immunotherapy methods and their overview. We have discussed the combination therapies with CIK cells and the conducted clinical trials. This helps the future studies to use integrated therapies with CIK cells as a promising treatment of many types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Shirjang
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Alizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ata Mahmoodpoor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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