101
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Dubrovsky L, Dao T, Gejman RS, Brea EJ, Chang AY, Oh CY, Casey E, Pankov D, Scheinberg DA. T cell receptor mimic antibodies for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1049803. [PMID: 26942058 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1049803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The major hurdle to the creation of cancer-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) exhibiting limited cross-reactivity with healthy human cells is the paucity of known tumor-specific or mutated protein epitopes expressed on the cancer cell surface. Mutated and overexpressed oncoproteins are typically cytoplasmic or nuclear. Cells can present peptides from these distinguishing proteins on their cell surface in the context of human leukocyte antigen (HLA). T cell receptor mimic (TCRm) mAb can be discovered that react specifically to these complexes, allowing for selective targeting of cancer cells. The state-of-the-art for TCRm and the challenges and opportunities are discussed. Several such TCRm are moving toward clinical trials now.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Dao
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center ; New York, NY USA
| | - Ron S Gejman
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center ; New York, NY USA
| | - Elliott J Brea
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center ; New York, NY USA
| | - Aaron Y Chang
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center ; New York, NY USA
| | - Claire Y Oh
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center ; New York, NY USA
| | - Emily Casey
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center ; New York, NY USA
| | - Dmitry Pankov
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center ; New York, NY USA
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102
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Chevalier MF, Bobisse S, Costa-Nunes C, Cesson V, Jichlinski P, Speiser DE, Harari A, Coukos G, Romero P, Nardelli-Haefliger D, Jandus C, Derré L. High-throughput monitoring of human tumor-specific T-cell responses with large peptide pools. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1029702. [PMID: 26451296 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1029702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In immune intervention trials, the comprehensive investigation of immunogenicity or T-cell epitope-mapping is challenging especially when a large set of epitopes needs to be screened and limited sample material is available. To this end, T-cell responses are often monitored using peptide pools. Here, we assessed the magnitude and sensitivity of detection of antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells using a single peptide alone or mixed into large pools. Interestingly the magnitude of ex vivo anti-viral and anti-tumor T-cell responses was identical irrespective of the presence and number of irrelevant peptides, in different functional assays with PBMCs from healthy donors and cancer patients. Moreover, the presence of up to 300 irrelevant peptides did not affect the threshold of responsiveness of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells to single cognate peptides. These data demonstrate the relevance of using very large peptide pools for the sensitive and specific immune-monitoring of epitope-specific T cells in natural or immune-modulated context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu F Chevalier
- Urology Research Unit; Department of Urology; University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV) ; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Bobisse
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics; Department of Oncology; University Hospital of Lausanne ; Lausanne, Switzerland ; Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at University of Lausanne ; Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Carla Costa-Nunes
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at University of Lausanne ; Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Cesson
- Urology Research Unit; Department of Urology; University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV) ; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Jichlinski
- Urology Research Unit; Department of Urology; University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV) ; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at University of Lausanne ; Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics; Department of Oncology; University Hospital of Lausanne ; Lausanne, Switzerland ; Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at University of Lausanne ; Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at University of Lausanne ; Epalinges, Switzerland ; Ovarian Cancer Research Center; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania ; Philadelphia, PA USA ; Department of Oncology; University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV) ; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at University of Lausanne ; Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Denise Nardelli-Haefliger
- Urology Research Unit; Department of Urology; University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV) ; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Jandus
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at University of Lausanne ; Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Derré
- Urology Research Unit; Department of Urology; University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV) ; Lausanne, Switzerland
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103
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Srivastava RM, Trivedi S, Concha-Benavente F, Hyun-Bae J, Wang L, Seethala RR, Branstetter BF, Ferrone S, Ferris RL. STAT1-Induced HLA Class I Upregulation Enhances Immunogenicity and Clinical Response to Anti-EGFR mAb Cetuximab Therapy in HNC Patients. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:936-45. [PMID: 25972070 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying cetuximab-mediated upregulation of HLA class I antigen-processing machinery components in head and neck cancer (HNC) cells and to determine the clinical significance of these changes in cetuximab-treated HNC patients. Flow cytometry, signaling studies, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed using HNC cells treated with cetuximab alone or with Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-bearing lymphocytes to establish the mechanism of EGFR-dependent regulation of HLA APM expression. A prospective phase II clinical trial of neoadjuvant cetuximab was used to correlate HLA class I expression with clinical response in HNC patients. EGFR blockade triggered STAT1 activation and HLA upregulation, in a src homology-containing protein (SHP)-2-dependent fashion, more prominently in HLA-B/C than in HLA-A alleles. EGFR signaling blockade also enhanced IFNγ receptor 1 (IFNAR) expression, augmenting induction of HLA class I and TAP1/2 expression by IFNγ, which was abrogated in STAT1(-/-) cells. Cetuximab enhanced HNC cell recognition by EGFR853-861-specific CTLs, and notably enhanced surface presentation of a non-EGFR peptide (MAGE-3271-279). HLA class I upregulation was significantly associated with clinical response in cetuximab-treated HNC patients. EGFR induces HLA downregulation through SHP-2/STAT1 suppression. Reversal of HLA class I downregulation was more prominent in clinical responders to cetuximab therapy, supporting an important role for adaptive immunity in cetuximab antitumor activity. Abrogating EGFR-induced immune escape mechanisms and restoring STAT1 signaling to reverse HLA downregulation using cetuximab should be combined with strategies to enhance adaptive cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumita Trivedi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jie Hyun-Bae
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Raja R Seethala
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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104
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Early Kinetics of the HLA Class I-Associated Peptidome of MVA.HIVconsv-Infected Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:5760-71. [PMID: 25810538 PMCID: PMC4442425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03627-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cytotoxic T cells substantially contribute to the control of intracellular pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Here, we evaluated the immunopeptidome of Jurkat cells infected with the vaccine candidate MVA.HIVconsv, which delivers HIV-1 conserved antigenic regions by using modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). We employed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify 6,358 unique peptides associated with the class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA), of which 98 peptides were derived from the MVA vector and 7 were derived from the HIVconsv immunogen. Human vaccine recipients responded to the peptide sequences identified by LC-MS/MS. Peptides derived from the conserved HIV-1 regions were readily detected as early as 1.5 h after MVA.HIVconsv infection. Four of the seven conserved peptides were monitored between 0 and 3.5 h of infection by using quantitative mass spectrometry (Q-MS), and their abundance in HLA class I associations reflected levels of the whole HIVconsv protein in the cell. While immunopeptides delivered by the incoming MVA vector proteins could be detected, all early HIVconsv-derived immunopeptides were likely synthesized de novo. MVA.HIVconsv infection generally altered the composition of HLA class I-associated human (self) peptides, but these changes corresponded only partially to changes in the whole cell host protein abundance. IMPORTANCE The vast changes in cellular antigen presentation after infection of cells with a vectored vaccine, as shown here for MVA.HIVconsv, highlight the complexity of factors that need to be considered for efficient antigen delivery and presentation. Identification and quantitation of HLA class I-associated peptides by Q-MS will not only find broad application in T-cell epitope discovery but also inform vaccine design and allow evaluation of efficient epitope presentation using different delivery strategies.
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105
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Goldberg AC, Rizzo LV. MHC structure and function – antigen presentation. Part 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 13:153-6. [PMID: 25807245 PMCID: PMC4977602 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082015rb3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The setting for the occurrence of an immune response is that of the need to cope with a vast array of different antigens from both pathogenic and non-pathogenic sources. When the first barriers against infection and innate defense fail, adaptive immune response enters the stage for recognition of the antigens by means of extremely variable molecules, namely immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors. The latter recognize the antigen exposed on cell surfaces, in the form of peptides presented by the HLA molecule. The first part of this review details the central role played by these molecules, establishing the close connection existing between their structure and their antigen presenting function.
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106
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Transport and quality control of MHC class I molecules in the early secretory pathway. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 34:83-90. [PMID: 25771183 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Folding and peptide binding of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules have been thoroughly researched, but the mechanistic connection between these biochemical events and the progress of class I through the early secretory pathway is much less well understood. This review focuses on the question how the partially assembled forms of class I (which lack high-affinity peptide and/or the light chain beta-2 microglobulin) are retained inside the cell. Such investigations offer researchers exciting chances to understand the connections between class I structure, conformational dynamics, peptide binding kinetics and thermodynamics, intracellular transport, and antigen presentation.
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107
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Binder RJ. Functions of heat shock proteins in pathways of the innate and adaptive immune system. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 193:5765-71. [PMID: 25480955 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
For more than 50 years, heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been studied for their role in protecting cells from elevated temperature and other forms of stress. More recently, several roles have been ascribed to HSPs in the immune system. These include intracellular roles in Ag presentation and expression of innate receptors, as well as extracellular roles in tumor immunosurveillance and autoimmunity. Exogenously administered HSPs can elicit a variety of immune responses that have been used in immunotherapy of cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Julian Binder
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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108
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Davenport AJ, Jenkins MR, Cross RS, Yong CS, Prince HM, Ritchie DS, Trapani JA, Kershaw MH, Darcy PK, Neeson PJ. CAR-T Cells Inflict Sequential Killing of Multiple Tumor Target Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:483-94. [PMID: 25711536 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive therapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells shows great promise clinically. However, there are important aspects of CAR-T-cell biology that have not been explored, particularly with respect to the kinetics of activation, immune synapse formation, and tumor cell killing. Moreover, the effects of signaling via the endogenous T-cell receptor (TCR) or CAR on killing kinetics are unclear. To address these issues, we developed a novel transgenic mouse (designated CAR.OT-I), in which CD8(+) T cells coexpressed the clonogenic OT-I TCR, recognizing the H-2K(b)-presented ovalbumin peptide SIINFEKL, and an scFv specific for human HER2. Primed CAR.OT-I T cells were mixed with SIINFEKL-pulsed or HER2-expressing tumor cells and visualized in real-time using time-lapse microscopy. We found that engagement via CAR or TCR did not affect cell death kinetics, except that the time from degranulation to CAR-T-cell detachment was faster when CAR was engaged. We showed, for the first time, that individual CAR.OT-I cells can kill multiple tumor cells ("serial killing"), irrespective of the mode of recognition. At low effector:target ratios, the tumor cell killing rate was similar via TCR or CAR ligation over the first 20 hours of coincubation. However, from 20 to 50 hours, tumor cell death mediated through CAR became attenuated due to CAR downregulation throughout the time course. Our study provides important insights into CAR-T-tumor cell interactions, with implications for single- or dual receptor-focused T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Davenport
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. The ACRF Translational Research Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Misty R Jenkins
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan S Cross
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carmen S Yong
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - H Miles Prince
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David S Ritchie
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. The ACRF Translational Research Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Department of Clinical Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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109
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Fiebiger BM, Pfister H, Behrends U, Mautner J. Polyubiquitination of lysine-48 is an essential but indirect signal for MHC class I antigen processing. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:716-27. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Fiebiger
- Clinical Cooperation Group Pediatric Tumor Immunology; Children's Hospital; Technische Universität München; Munich Germany
- Helmholtz ZentrumMünchen; Munich Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF); Germany
| | - Heike Pfister
- Clinical Cooperation Group Pediatric Tumor Immunology; Children's Hospital; Technische Universität München; Munich Germany
- Helmholtz ZentrumMünchen; Munich Germany
| | - Uta Behrends
- Clinical Cooperation Group Pediatric Tumor Immunology; Children's Hospital; Technische Universität München; Munich Germany
- Helmholtz ZentrumMünchen; Munich Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF); Germany
| | - Josef Mautner
- Clinical Cooperation Group Pediatric Tumor Immunology; Children's Hospital; Technische Universität München; Munich Germany
- Helmholtz ZentrumMünchen; Munich Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF); Germany
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110
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Bassani-Sternberg M, Pletscher-Frankild S, Jensen LJ, Mann M. Mass spectrometry of human leukocyte antigen class I peptidomes reveals strong effects of protein abundance and turnover on antigen presentation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:658-73. [PMID: 25576301 PMCID: PMC4349985 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.042812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA class I molecules reflect the health state of cells to cytotoxic T cells by presenting a repertoire of endogenously derived peptides. However, the extent to which the proteome shapes the peptidome is still largely unknown. Here we present a high-throughput mass-spectrometry-based workflow that allows stringent and accurate identification of thousands of such peptides and direct determination of binding motifs. Applying the workflow to seven cancer cell lines and primary cells, yielded more than 22,000 unique HLA peptides across different allelic binding specificities. By computing a score representing the HLA-I sampling density, we show a strong link between protein abundance and HLA-presentation (p < 0.0001). When analyzing overpresented proteins - those with at least fivefold higher density score than expected for their abundance - we noticed that they are degraded almost 3 h faster than similar but nonpresented proteins (top 20% abundance class; median half-life 20.8h versus 23.6h, p < 0.0001). This validates protein degradation as an important factor for HLA presentation. Ribosomal, mitochondrial respiratory chain, and nucleosomal proteins are particularly well presented. Taking a set of proteins associated with cancer, we compared the predicted immunogenicity of previously validated T-cell epitopes with other peptides from these proteins in our data set. The validated epitopes indeed tend to have higher immunogenic scores than the other detected HLA peptides. Remarkably, we identified five mutated peptides from a human colon cancer cell line, which have very recently been predicted to be HLA-I binders. Altogether, we demonstrate the usefulness of combining MS-analysis with immunogenesis prediction for identifying, ranking, and selecting peptides for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bassani-Sternberg
- From the ‡Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sune Pletscher-Frankild
- §Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Juhl Jensen
- §Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Mann
- From the ‡Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; §Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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111
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Photosensitisation facilitates cross-priming of adjuvant-free protein vaccines and stimulation of tumour-suppressing CD8 T cells. J Control Release 2015; 198:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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112
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Hassan C, Chabrol E, Jahn L, Kester MGD, de Ru AH, Drijfhout JW, Rossjohn J, Falkenburg JHF, Heemskerk MHM, Gras S, van Veelen PA. Naturally processed non-canonical HLA-A*02:01 presented peptides. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:2593-603. [PMID: 25505266 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules generally present peptides (p) of 8 to 11 amino acids (aa) in length. Although an increasing number of examples with lengthy (>11 aa) peptides, presented mostly by HLA-B alleles, have been reported. Here we characterize HLA-A*02:01 restricted, in addition to the HLA-B*0702 and HLA-B*4402 restricted, lengthy peptides (>11 aa) arising from the B-cell ligandome. We analyzed a number of 15-mer peptides presented by HLA-A*02:01, and confirmed pHLA-I formation by HLA folding and thermal stability assays. Surprisingly the binding affinity and stability of the 15-mer epitopes in complex with HLA-A*02:01 were comparable with the values observed for canonical length (8 to 11 aa) HLA-A*02:01-restricted peptides. We solved the structures of two 15-mer epitopes in complex with HLA-A*02:01, within which the peptides adopted distinct super-bulged conformations. Moreover, we demonstrate that T-cells can recognize the 15-mer peptides in the context of HLA-A*02:01, indicating that these 15-mer peptides represent immunogenic ligands. Collectively, our data expand our understanding of longer epitopes in the context of HLA-I, highlighting that they are not limited to the HLA-B family, but can bind the ubiquitous HLA-A*02:01 molecule, and play an important role in T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chopie Hassan
- From the Departments of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion and
| | - Eric Chabrol
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - Lorenz Jahn
- Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel G D Kester
- Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud H de Ru
- From the Departments of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion and
| | - Jan W Drijfhout
- From the Departments of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion and
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia, the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia, and the Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Stephanie Gras
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia, the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia, and
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113
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Cassidy S, Mukherjee S, Myint TM, Mbiribindi B, North H, Traherne J, Mulder A, Claas FHJ, Purbhoo MA, Das J, Khakoo SI. Peptide selectivity discriminates NK cells from KIR2DL2- and KIR2DL3-positive individuals. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:492-500. [PMID: 25359276 PMCID: PMC4324016 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cells are controlled by peptide selective inhibitory receptors for MHC class I, including the killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIRs). Despite having similar ligands, KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 confer different levels of protection to infectious disease. To investigate how changes in peptide repertoire may differentially affect NK cell reactivity, NK cells from KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 homozygous donors were tested for activity against different combinations of strong inhibitory (VAPWNSFAL), weak inhibitory (VAPWNSRAL), and antagonist peptide (VAPWNSDAL). KIR2DL3‐positive NK cells were more sensitive to changes in the peptide content of MHC class I than KIR2DL2‐positive NK cells. These differences were observed for the weakly inhibitory peptide VAPWNSRAL in single peptide and double peptide experiments (p < 0.01 and p < 0.03, respectively). More significant differences were observed in experiments using all three peptides (p < 0.0001). Mathematical modeling of the experimental data demonstrated that VAPWNSRAL was dominant over VAPWNSFAL in distinguishing KIR2DL3‐ from KIR2DL2‐positive donors. Donors with different KIR genotypes have different responses to changes in the peptide bound by MHC class I. Differences in the response to the peptide content of MHC class I may be one mechanism underlying the protective effects of different KIR genes against infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorcha Cassidy
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK; Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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114
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Mishto M, Liepe J, Textoris-Taube K, Keller C, Henklein P, Weberruß M, Dahlmann B, Enenkel C, Voigt A, Kuckelkorn U, Stumpf MPH, Kloetzel PM. Proteasome isoforms exhibit only quantitative differences in cleavage and epitope generation. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3508-21. [PMID: 25231383 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunoproteasomes are considered to be optimised to process Ags and to alter the peptide repertoire by generating a qualitatively different set of MHC class I epitopes. Whether the immunoproteasome at the biochemical level, influence the quality rather than the quantity of the immuno-genic peptide pool is still unclear. Here, we quantified the cleavage-site usage by human standard- and immunoproteasomes, and proteasomes from immuno-subunit-deficient mice, as well as the peptides generated from model polypeptides. We show in this study that the different proteasome isoforms can exert significant quantitative differences in the cleavage-site usage and MHC class I restricted epitope production. However, independent of the proteasome isoform and substrates studied, no evidence was obtained for the abolishment of the specific cleavage-site usage, or for differences in the quality of the peptides generated. Thus, we conclude that the observed differences in MHC class I restricted Ag presentation between standard- and immunoproteasomes are due to quantitative differences in the proteasome-generated antigenic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mishto
- Institut für Biochemie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sul Cancro "Giorgio Prodi,", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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115
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Lymphocyte repertoire selection and intracellular self/non-self-discrimination: historical overview. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:297-304. [PMID: 25385066 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunological self/non-self-discrimination is conventionally seen as an extracellular event, involving interactions been receptors on T cells pre-educated to discriminate and peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex proteins (pMHCs). Mechanisms by which non-self peptides might first be sorted intracellularly to distinguish them from the vast excess of self-peptides have long been called for. Recent demonstrations of endogenous peptide-specific clustering of pMHCs on membrane rafts are indicative of intracellular enrichment before surface display. The clustering could follow the specific aggregation of a foreign protein that exceeded its solubility limit in the crowded intracellular environment. Predominantly entropy-driven, this homoaggregation would colocalize identical peptides, thus facilitating their collective presentation. Concentrations of self-proteins are fine-tuned over evolutionary time to avoid this. Disparate observations, such as pyrexia and female susceptibility to autoimmune disease, can be explained in terms of the need to cosegregate cognate pMHC complexes internally before extracellular display.
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116
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Murat P, Tellam J. Effects of messenger RNA structure and other translational control mechanisms on major histocompatibility complex-I mediated antigen presentation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2014; 6:157-71. [PMID: 25264139 PMCID: PMC4359683 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Effective T‐cell surveillance of antigen‐presenting cells is dependent on the expression of an array of antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (MHC‐I) or class II (MHC‐II) molecules. Pathogens co‐evolving with their hosts exploit crucial translational regulatory mechanisms in order to evade host immune recognition and thereby sustain their infection. Evasion strategies that downregulate viral protein synthesis and thereby restrict antigen presentation to cytotoxic T‐cells through the endogenous MHC‐I pathway have been implicated in the pathogenesis of viral‐associated malignancies. An understanding of the mechanisms by which messenger RNA (mRNA) structure modulates both viral mRNA translation and the antigen processing machinery to escape immune surveillance, will stimulate the development of alternative therapeutic strategies focused on RNA‐directed drugs designed to enhance immune responses against infected cells. In this review, we discuss regulatory aspects of the MHC‐I pathway and summarize current knowledge of the role attributed by mRNA structure and other translational regulatory mechanisms in immune evasion. In particular we highlight the impact of recently identified G‐quadruplex structures within virally encoded transcripts as unique regulatory signals for translational control and antigen presentation. WIREs RNA 2015, 6:157–171. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1262 This article is categorized under:
RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems Translation > Translation Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Murat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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117
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Dharmasiri U, Isenberg SL, Glish GL, Armistead PM. Differential ion mobility spectrometry coupled to tandem mass spectrometry enables targeted leukemia antigen detection. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4356-62. [PMID: 25184817 PMCID: PMC4184456 DOI: 10.1021/pr500527c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Differential ion mobility spectrometry (DIMS) can be used as a filter to remove undesired background ions from reaching the mass spectrometer. The ability to use DIMS as a filter for known analytes makes DIMS coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (DIMS-MS/MS) a promising technique for the detection of cancer antigens that can be predicted by computational algorithms. In experiments using DIMS-MS/MS that were performed without the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a predicted model antigen, GLR (FLSSANEHL), was detected at a concentration of 10 pM (20 amol) in a mixture containing 94 competing model peptide antigens, each at a concentration of 1 μM. Without DIMS filtering, the GLR peptide was undetectable in the mixture even at 100 nM. Again, without using HPLC, DIMS-MS/MS was used to detect 2 of 3 previously characterized antigens produced by the leukemia cell line U937.A2. Because of its sensitivity, a targeted DIMS-MS/MS methodology can likely be used to probe for predicted cancer antigens from cancer cell lines as well as human tumor samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udara Dharmasiri
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 450 West Drive, 21-244, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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118
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The relationship between Helicobacter pylori and beta-2 microglobulin in humans. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:615089. [PMID: 25243160 PMCID: PMC4163436 DOI: 10.1155/2014/615089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
H. pylori is related to various gastrointestinal diseases. β2 Microglobulin (β2M) is an intrinsic element of major histocompatibility complex (MHC I). Serum β2M level may increase in inflammatory states. The aim of current study is to evaluate the relationship between β2M and H. pylori bearing CagA strains. Methods. H. pylori status was determined by histopathology of samples taken from stomach. CagA status and β2M level were measured from blood samples of patients. Eradication therapy was administered to the patients with H. pylori infection. β2 Microglobulin levels were measured before and after treatment. Results. 35 (29.2%) H. pylori(−) patients and 85 (70.8%) H. pylori (+) patients were included in the study. There were 52 (43.3%) patients with CagA negative and 33 (27.5%) patients with CagA positive H. pylori infection. The mean serum β2M level was 1.83 mg/L in H. pylori (−) group, 1.76 mg/L in H. pylori (+) CagA (−) group, and 1.93 mg/L in H. pylori and CagA (+) group (P > 0.05). Serum β2M levels (1.82 versus 1.64 mg/L P < 0.05) were decreased after eradication. Conclusion. H. pylori and CagA status did not affect β2M level. Relationship between low grade systematic inflammation and H. pylori should be investigated to find out new predictors for diseases associated with inflammation.
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Luteijn RD, Hoelen H, Kruse E, van Leeuwen WF, Grootens J, Horst D, Koorengevel M, Drijfhout JW, Kremmer E, Früh K, Neefjes JJ, Killian A, Lebbink RJ, Ressing ME, Wiertz EJHJ. Cowpox virus protein CPXV012 eludes CTLs by blocking ATP binding to TAP. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1578-89. [PMID: 25024387 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) CTLs detect virus-infected cells through recognition of virus-derived peptides presented at the cell surface by MHC class I molecules. The cowpox virus protein CPXV012 deprives the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of peptides for loading onto newly synthesized MHC class I molecules by inhibiting the transporter associated with Ag processing (TAP). This evasion strategy allows the virus to avoid detection by the immune system. In this article, we show that CPXV012, a 9-kDa type II transmembrane protein, prevents peptide transport by inhibiting ATP binding to TAP. We identified a segment within the ER-luminal domain of CPXV012 that imposes the block in peptide transport by TAP. Biophysical studies show that this domain has a strong affinity for phospholipids that are also abundant in the ER membrane. We discuss these findings in an evolutionary context and show that a frameshift deletion in the CPXV012 gene in an ancestral cowpox virus created the current form of CPXV012 that is capable of inhibiting TAP. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the ER-luminal domain of CPXV012 inserts into the ER membrane, where it interacts with TAP. CPXV012 presumably induces a conformational arrest that precludes ATP binding to TAP and, thus, activity of TAP, thereby preventing the presentation of viral peptides to CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger D Luteijn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Hoelen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Kruse
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter F van Leeuwen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jennine Grootens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle Horst
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koorengevel
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan W Drijfhout
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Molecular Immunology, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; and
| | - Jacques J Neefjes
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antoinette Killian
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Jan Lebbink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike E Ressing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel J H J Wiertz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands;
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120
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Aebischer T. Leishmania spp. Proteome Data Sets: A Comprehensive Resource for Vaccine Development to Target Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:260. [PMID: 24959165 PMCID: PMC4050426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected infectious disease caused primarily by Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum protozoan parasites. A significant number of infections take a fatal course. Drug therapy is available but still costly and parasites resistant to first line drugs are observed. Despite many years of trial no commercial vaccine is available to date. However, development of a cost effective, needle-independent vaccine remains a high priority. Reverse vaccinology has attracted much attention since the term has been coined and the approach tested by Rappuoli and colleagues. This in silico selection of antigens from genomic and proteomic data sets was also adapted to aim at developing an anti-Leishmania vaccine. Here, an analysis of the efforts is attempted and the challenges to be overcome by these endeavors are discussed. Strategies that led to successful identification of antigens will be illustrated. Furthermore, these efforts are viewed in the context of anticipated modes of action of effective anti-Leishmania immune responses to highlight possible advantages and shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Aebischer
- Agents of Mycoses, Parasitoses and Mycobacterioses, Robert Koch-Institut , Berlin , Germany
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121
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Sun X, Fujiwara M, Shi Y, Kuse N, Gatanaga H, Appay V, Gao GF, Oka S, Takiguchi M. Superimposed epitopes restricted by the same HLA molecule drive distinct HIV-specific CD8+ T cell repertoires. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:77-84. [PMID: 24899498 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Superimposed epitopes, in which a shorter epitope is embedded within a longer one, can be presented by the same HLA class I molecule. CD8(+) CTL responses against such epitopes and the contribution of this phenomenon to immune control are poorly characterized. In this study, we examined HLA-A*24:02-restricted CTLs specific for the superimposed HIV Nef epitopes RYPLTFGWCF (RF10) and RYPLTFGW (RW8). Unexpectedly, RF10-specific and RW8-specific CTLs from HIV-1-infected HLA-A*24:02+ individuals had no overlapping Ag reactivity or clonotypic compositions. Single-cell TCR sequence analyses demonstrated that RF10-specific T cells had a more diverse TCR repertoire than did RW8-specific T cells. Furthermore, RF10-specific CTLs presented a higher Ag sensitivity and HIV suppressive capacity compared with RW8-specific CTLs. Crystallographic analyses revealed important structural differences between RF10- and RW8-HLA-A*24:02 complexes as well, with featured and featureless conformations, respectively, providing an explanation for the induction of distinct T cell responses against these epitopes. The present study shows that a single viral sequence containing superimposed epitopes restricted by the same HLA molecule could elicit distinct CD8+ T cell responses, therefore enhancing the control of HIV replication. This study also showed that a featured epitope (e.g., RF10) could drive the induction of T cells with high TCR diversity and affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Sun
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Mamoru Fujiwara
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yi Shi
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Nozomi Kuse
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; and
| | - Victor Appay
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1135, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, 75013, Paris, France
| | - George F Gao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Shinichi Oka
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; and
| | - Masafumi Takiguchi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan;
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Nomura T, Huang WC, Zhau HE, Josson S, Mimata H, Chung LWK. β2-Microglobulin-mediated signaling as a target for cancer therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2014; 14:343-52. [PMID: 23848204 PMCID: PMC3931390 DOI: 10.2174/18715206113139990092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
β2-microglobulin (β2-m) has become the focus of intense scrutiny since the discovery of its undesirable roles promoting
osteomimicry and cancer progression. β2-m is a well-known housekeeping protein that forms complexes with the heavy chain of major
histocompatibility complex class I molecules, which are heterodimeric cell surface proteins that present antigenic peptides to cytotoxic T
cells. On recognition of foreign peptide antigens on cell surfaces, T cells actively bind and lyse antigen-presenting cancer cells. In
addition to its roles in tumor immunity, β2-m has two different functions in cancer cells, either tumor promoting or tumor suppressing, in
cancer cell context-dependent manner. Our studies have demonstrated that β2-m is involved extensively in the functional regulation of
growth, survival, apoptosis, and even metastasis of cancer cells. We found that β2-m is a soluble growth factor and a pleiotropic signaling
molecule which interacts with its receptor, hemochromatosis protein, to modulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through
iron-responsive pathways. Specific antibodies against β2-m have remarkable tumoricidal activity in cancer, through β2-m action on iron
flux, alterations of intracellular reactive oxygen species, DNA damage and repair enzyme activities, β-catenin activation and cadherin
switching, and tumor responsiveness to hypoxia. These novel functions of β2-m and β2-m signaling may be common to several solid
tumors including human lung, breast, renal, and prostate cancers. Our experimental results could lead to the development of a novel class
of antibody-based pharmaceutical agents for cancer growth control. In this review, we briefly summarize the recent data regarding β2-m
as a promising new cancer therapeutic target and discuss antagonizing this therapeutic target with antibody therapy for the treatment of
localized and disseminated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Leland W K Chung
- Department of Urology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
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Jiang H, Clise-Dwyer K, Ruisaard KE, Fan X, Tian W, Gumin J, Lamfers ML, Kleijn A, Lang FF, Yung WKA, Vence LM, Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J. Delta-24-RGD oncolytic adenovirus elicits anti-glioma immunity in an immunocompetent mouse model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97407. [PMID: 24827739 PMCID: PMC4020829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence suggests anti-cancer immunity is involved in the therapeutic effect induced by oncolytic viruses. Here we investigate the effect of Delta-24-RGD oncolytic adenovirus on innate and adaptive anti-glioma immunity. Design Mouse GL261-glioma model was set up in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mouse for Delta-24-RGD treatment. The changes of the immune cell populations were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. The anti-glioma immunity was evaluated with functional study of the splenocytes isolated from the mice. The efficacy of the virotherapy was assessed with animal survival analysis. The direct effect of the virus on the tumor-associated antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells was analyzed with an in vitro ovalbumin (OVA) modeling system. Results Delta-24-RGD induced cytotoxic effect in mouse glioma cells. Viral treatment in GL261-glioma bearing mice caused infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells, instigating a Th1 immunity at the tumor site which resulted in specific anti-glioma immunity, shrunken tumor and prolonged animal survival. Importantly, viral infection and IFNγ increased the presentation of OVA antigen in OVA-expressing cells to CD8+ T-cell hybridoma B3Z cells, which is blocked by brefeldin A and proteasome inhibitors, indicating the activity is through the biosynthesis and proteasome pathway. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that Delta-24-RGD induces anti-glioma immunity and offers the first evidence that viral infection directly enhances presentation of tumor-associated antigens to immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Karen Clise-Dwyer
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E. Ruisaard
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xuejun Fan
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Weihua Tian
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joy Gumin
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Anne Kleijn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederick F. Lang
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wai-Kwan Alfred Yung
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Luis M. Vence
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Impact of genomic polymorphisms on the repertoire of human MHC class I-associated peptides. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3600. [PMID: 24714562 PMCID: PMC3996541 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, the global impact of genomic polymorphisms on the repertoire of peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has remained a matter of speculation. Here we present a novel approach that enables high-throughput discovery of polymorphic MHC class I-associated peptides (MIPs), which play a major role in allorecognition. On the basis of comprehensive analyses of the genomic landscape of MIPs eluted from B lymphoblasts of two MHC-identical siblings, we show that 0.5% of non-synonymous single nucleotide variations are represented in the MIP repertoire. The 34 polymorphic MIPs found in our subjects are encoded by bi-allelic loci with dominant and recessive alleles. Our analyses show that, at the population level, 12% of the MIP-coding exome is polymorphic. Our method provides fundamental insights into the relationship between the genomic self and the immune self and accelerates the discovery of polymorphic MIPs (also known as minor histocompatibility antigens). Mass spectrometry (MS) has furthered our understanding of MHC class I-associated peptides (MIPs), but the technique is inadequate for studying MIP-associated polymorphisms. Here, the authors combine high-throughput MS with exome and transcriptome sequencing to identify polymorphic MIPs from two female siblings.
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125
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The nature and extent of contributions by defective ribosome products to the HLA peptidome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1591-9. [PMID: 24715725 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321902111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
MHC class I peptides are products of endogenous cellular protein degradation. Their prompt presentation, after rapid degradation of their newly synthesized source proteins, is needed to alert the immune system during pathogen infection. A possible source for such rapidly degrading proteins can be defective ribosome products (DRiPs), which include polypeptides produced as part of the pioneer round of translation, premature translation termination, and proteins failing to fold properly or to assemble into their multisubunit protein complexes. However, the identities and relative contribution to the MHC peptidome of these mature or newly synthesized and rapidly degraded cellular proteins is not well understood. To clarify these issues, we used dynamic stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture to define the relative rates of synthesis of the HLA class I peptidomes and the source proteomes of three cultured human hematopoietic cell lines. Large numbers of HLA class I peptides were observed to be derived from DRiPs, defined here as HLA peptides that shift from their light to heavy isotope forms faster than their source proteins. Specific groups of proteins, such as ribosomal and T-complex protein 1 (TCP-1), contributed a disproportionately large number of DRiPs to the HLA peptidomes. Furthermore, no significant preference was observed for HLA peptides derived from the amino terminal regions of the proteins, suggesting that the contribution of products of premature translation termination was minimal. Thus, the most likely sources of DRiPs-derived HLA peptides are full-sized, misassembled, and surplus subunits of large protein complexes.
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Antón LC, Yewdell JW. Translating DRiPs: MHC class I immunosurveillance of pathogens and tumors. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:551-62. [PMID: 24532645 PMCID: PMC3958739 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1113599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC class I molecules display oligopeptides on the cell surface to enable T cell immunosurveillance of intracellular pathogens and tumors. Speed is of the essence in detecting viruses, which can complete a full replication cycle in just hours, whereas tumor detection is typically a finding-the-needle-in-the-haystack exercise. We review current evidence supporting a nonrandom, compartmentalized selection of peptidogenic substrates that focuses on rapidly degraded translation products as a main source of peptide precursors to optimize immunosurveillance of pathogens and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis C Antón
- 1.NIAID, NIH, Bldg. 33, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Gandin V, Topisirovic I. Co-translational mechanisms of quality control of newly synthesized polypeptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2:e28109. [PMID: 26779401 PMCID: PMC4705825 DOI: 10.4161/trla.28109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
During protein synthesis, nascent polypeptides emerge from ribosomes to fold into functional proteins. Misfolding of newly synthesized polypeptides (NSPs) at this stage leads to their aggregation. These misfolded NSPs must be expediently cleared to circumvent the deleterious effects of protein aggregation on cell physiology. To this end, a sizable portion of NSPs are ubiquitinated and rapidly degraded by the proteasome. This suggests the existence of co-translational mechanisms that play a pivotal role in the quality control of NSPs. It is generally thought that ribosomes play a central role in this process. During mRNA translation, ribosomes sense errors that lead to the accumulation of aberrant polypeptides, and serve as a hub for protein complexes that are required for optimal folding and/or proteasome-dependent degradation of misfolded polypeptides. In this review, we discuss recent findings that shed light on the molecular underpinnings of the co-translational quality control of NSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gandin
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research; Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital; Montréal, QC Canada; Department of Oncology; McGill University; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Ivan Topisirovic
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research; Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital; Montréal, QC Canada; Department of Oncology; McGill University; Montréal, QC Canada
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128
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A peptide's perspective on antigen presentation to the immune system. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:769-75. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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129
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Identification of the immunoproteasome as a novel regulator of skeletal muscle differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:96-109. [PMID: 24164898 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00622-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While many of the molecular details of myogenesis have been investigated extensively, the function of immunoproteasomes (i-proteasomes) in myogenic differentiation remains unknown. We show here that the mRNA of i-proteasome subunits, the protein levels of constitutive and inducible proteasome subunits, and the proteolytic activities of the 20S and 26S proteasomes were significantly upregulated during differentiation of skeletal muscle C2C12 cells. Knockdown of the i-proteasome catalytic subunit PSMB9 by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) decreased the expression of both PSMB9 and PSMB8 without affecting other catalytic subunits of the proteasome. PSMB9 knockdown and the use of i-proteasome-specific inhibitors both decreased 26S proteasome activities and prevented C2C12 differentiation. Inhibition of the i-proteasome also impaired human skeletal myoblast differentiation. Suppression of the i-proteasome increased protein oxidation, and these oxidized proteins were found to be more susceptible to degradation by exogenous i-proteasomes. Downregulation of the i-proteasome also increased proapoptotic proteins, including Bax, as well as cleaved caspase 3, cleaved caspase 9, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), suggesting that impaired differentiation is likely to occur because of significantly increased apoptosis. These results demonstrate for the first time that i-proteasomes, independent of constitutive proteasomes, are critical for skeletal muscle differentiation of mouse C2C12 cells.
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130
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Sturm T, Leinders-Zufall T, Maček B, Walzer M, Jung S, Pömmerl B, Stevanović S, Zufall F, Overath P, Rammensee HG. Mouse urinary peptides provide a molecular basis for genotype discrimination by nasal sensory neurons. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1616. [PMID: 23511480 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Selected groups of peptides, including those that are presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, have been proposed to transmit information to the olfactory system of vertebrates via their ability to stimulate chemosensory neurons. However, the lack of knowledge about such peptides in natural sources accessible for nasal recognition has been a major barrier for this hypothesis. Here we analyse urinary peptides from selected mouse strains with respect to genotype-related individual differences. We discover many abundant peptides with single amino-acid variations corresponding to genomic differences. The polymorphism of major urinary proteins is reflected by variations in prominent urinary peptides. We also demonstrate an MHC-dependent peptide (SIINFEKL) occurring at very low concentrations in mouse urine. Chemoreceptive neurons in the vomeronasal organ detect and discriminate single amino-acid variation peptides as well as SIINFEKL. Hence, urinary peptides represent a real-time sampling of the expressed genome available for chemosensory assessment by other individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Sturm
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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131
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Grandjean M, Sermeus A, Branders S, Defresne F, Dieu M, Dupont P, Raes M, De Ridder M, Feron O. Hypoxia integration in the serological proteome analysis unmasks tumor antigens and fosters the identification of anti-phospho-eEF2 antibodies as potential cancer biomarkers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76508. [PMID: 24130777 PMCID: PMC3794947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression by tumor cells of proteins with aberrant structure, expression or distribution accounts for the development of a humoral immune response. Autoantibodies (aAb) directed against tumor-associated antigens (TAA) may thus be particularly relevant for early detection of cancer. Serological proteome analysis (SERPA) aims to identify such circulating aAb through the immunoblotting of 2D-separated tumor cell proteins with cancer patient serum and the consecutive MS identification of proteins in reactive spots. This method has the advantage to use post-translationally modified proteins as a source of potential TAA. Here, we applied this strategy by using colorectal tumor cells pre-exposed to hypoxia in order to promote the expression of a pattern of TAA more likely to represent in vivo conditions. We used two human HCT116 and HT29 colorectal cancer cell lines exposed for 48 hours to 1% O2. Spots positive after immunoblotting of 2D-separated lysates of hypoxic cells with the sera of tumor-bearing mice, were collected and analysed by MS for protein identification. Among the hypoxia-specific immunogenic proteins, we identified a phosphorylated form of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (phospho-Thr56 eEF2). We confirmed the increased phosphorylation of this protein in hypoxic colorectal tumor cells as well as in mouse tumors. Using a specific immunoassay, we could detect the presence of corresponding anti-phospho-Thr56 eEF2 aAb in the serum of tumor-bearing mice (vs healthy mice). We further documented that the detection of these aAb preceded the detection of a palpable tumor mass in mice and validated the presence of anti-phospho-Thr56 eEF2 aAb in the serum of patients with adenomatous polyps and colorectal carcinoma. In conclusion, this study validates a phosphorylated form of eEF2 as a new TAA and more generally, provides evidence that integrating hypoxia upstream of SERPA offers a more relevant repertoire of TAA able to unmask the presence of circulating aAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Grandjean
- UCLouvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Samuel Branders
- UCLouvain, Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics (ICTEAM), Machine Learning Group, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Florence Defresne
- UCLouvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Dieu
- UNamur, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Research Unit of Cell Biology (URBC), Namur, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dupont
- UCLouvain, Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics (ICTEAM), Machine Learning Group, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Martine Raes
- UNamur, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Research Unit of Cell Biology (URBC), Namur, Belgium
| | - Mark De Ridder
- UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Feron
- UCLouvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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132
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van Hateren A, Carter R, Bailey A, Kontouli N, Williams AP, Kaufman J, Elliott T. A mechanistic basis for the co-evolution of chicken tapasin and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) proteins. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32797-32808. [PMID: 24078633 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.474031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC class I molecules display peptides at the cell surface to cytotoxic T cells. The co-factor tapasin functions to ensure that MHC I becomes loaded with high affinity peptides. In most mammals, the tapasin gene appears to have little sequence diversity and few alleles and is located distal to several classical MHC I loci, so tapasin appears to function in a universal way to assist MHC I peptide loading. In contrast, the chicken tapasin gene is tightly linked to the single dominantly expressed MHC I locus and is highly polymorphic and moderately diverse in sequence. Therefore, tapasin-assisted loading of MHC I in chickens may occur in a haplotype-specific way, via the co-evolution of chicken tapasin and MHC I. Here we demonstrate a mechanistic basis for this co-evolution, revealing differences in the ability of two chicken MHC I alleles to bind and release peptides in the presence or absence of tapasin, where, as in mammals, efficient self-loading is negatively correlated with tapasin-assisted loading. We found that a polymorphic residue in the MHC I α3 domain thought to bind tapasin influenced both tapasin function and intrinsic peptide binding properties. Differences were also evident between the MHC alleles in their interactions with tapasin. Last, we show that a mismatched combination of tapasin and MHC alleles exhibit significantly impaired MHC I maturation in vivo and that polymorphic MHC residues thought to contact tapasin influence maturation efficiency. Collectively, this supports the possibility that tapasin and BF2 proteins have co-evolved, resulting in allele-specific peptide loading in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy van Hateren
- From the Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom,; the Institute for Animal Health, Compton RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Carter
- From the Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Bailey
- From the Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Nasia Kontouli
- From the Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Williams
- From the Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Kaufman
- the Institute for Animal Health, Compton RG20 7NN, United Kingdom; the Departments of Pathology and Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom.
| | - Tim Elliott
- From the Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom,.
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133
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Abstract
The composition of the cellular proteome is commonly thought to strictly adhere to the genetic code. However, accumulating evidence indicates that cells also regulate the synthesis of mutant protein molecules that deviate from the genetic code. Production of mutant proteins generally occurs when cells are stressed or when they undergo environmental adaptation, but production varies in amounts and specificity. The deliberate synthesis of mutant proteins suggests that some of these proteins can be useful in cellular stress response and adaptation. This review describes the occurrence of, the translation mechanisms for, and the functional hypotheses on regulated synthesis of mutant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637;
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134
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Alvarez-Navarro C, López de Castro JA. ERAP1 structure, function and pathogenetic role in ankylosing spondylitis and other MHC-associated diseases. Mol Immunol 2013; 57:12-21. [PMID: 23916068 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is a multifunctional enzyme involved in the final processing of Major Histocompatibility Complex class I (MHC-I) ligands and with a significant influence in the stability and immunological properties of MHC-I proteins. ERAP1 polymorphism is associated with ankylosing spondylitis among HLA-B27-positive individuals and the altered enzymatic activity of natural variants has significant effects on the HLA-B27 peptidome, suggesting a critical pathogenetic role of peptides in this disease. Likewise, the association of ERAP1 with other MHC-I associated disorders and its epistasis with their susceptibility MHC alleles point out to a general role of the MHC-I peptidome in these diseases. The functional interaction between ERAP1 and HLA-B27 or other MHC-I molecules may be related to the processing of specific epitopes, or to a more general peptide-dependent influence on other biological features of the MHC-I proteins. In addition, from a consideration of the reported functions of ERAP1, including its involvement in angiogenesis and macrophage activation, a more complex and multi-level influence in the inflammatory and immune pathways operating in these diseases cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alvarez-Navarro
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
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135
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Wooldridge L. Individual MHCI-Restricted T-Cell Receptors are Characterized by a Unique Peptide Recognition Signature. Front Immunol 2013; 4:199. [PMID: 23888160 PMCID: PMC3719040 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective immunity requires that a limited TCR repertoire is able to recognize a vast number of foreign peptide-MHCI (peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I) molecules. This challenge is overcome by the ability of individual TCRs to recognize large numbers of peptides. Recently, it was demonstrated that MHCI-restricted TCRs can recognize up to 106 peptides of a defined length. Astonishingly, this remarkable level of promiscuity does not extend to peptides of different lengths, a fundamental observation that has broad implications for CD8+ T-cell immunity. In particular, the findings suggest that effective immunity can only be achieved by mobilization of “length-matched” CD8+ T-cell clonotypes. Overall, recent findings suggest that every TCR is specific for a unique set of peptides, which can be described as a unique “peptide recognition signature” (PRS) and consists of three components: (1) peptide length preference, (2) number of peptides recognized; and, (3) sequence identity (e.g., self versus pathogen derived). In future, the ability to de-convolute peptide recognition signatures across the normal and pathogenic repertoire will be essential for understanding the system requirements for effective CD8+ T-cell immunity and elucidating mechanisms which underlie CD8+ T-cell mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wooldridge
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Heath Park, Cardiff , UK
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136
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Yang S, Proctor A, Cline LL, Houston KM, Waters ML, Allbritton NL. β-Turn sequences promote stability of peptide substrates for kinases within the cytosolic environment. Analyst 2013; 138:4305-11. [PMID: 23785707 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00874f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A strategy was developed to extend the lifetime of an peptide-based substrate for Abl kinase in the cytosolic environment. Small β-turn structures were added to the peptide's N-terminus to block entry into peptidase catalytic sites. The influence of the size of the β-turn and two covalent cross-linking strategies on the rate of hydrolysis was assessed. The most peptidase-resistant substrate was degraded at a rate of 0.6 pmol mg(-1) s(-1) and possessed a half-life of 20.3 ± 1.7 min in a Baf/BCR-ABL cytosolic lysate, representing 16- and 40-fold improvements, respectively, over that of a control peptide lacking the β-turn structure. Furthermore, the kcat/KM value of this peptide was 432 μM(-1) min(-1), a 1.25× increase over the unmodified control, verifying that the added β-turn did not hinder the substrate properties of the peptide. This improved peptide was microinjected into single Baf/BCR-ABL cells and substrate phosphorylation measured. Zero to forty percent of the peptide was phosphorylated in the single cells. In contrast, when the control peptide without a β-turn was loaded into cells, the peptide was too rapidly degraded to detect phosphorylation. This work demonstrates that small β-turn structures can render peptides more resistant to hydrolysis while retaining substrate efficacy and shows that these stabilized peptides have the potential to be of high utility in single-cell enzyme assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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137
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Abstract
The ability of eukaryotic cells to adapt to changing environmental conditions, respond to stimuli, and differentiate relies on their capacity to control the concentration, conformation, localization, and interaction of proteins, thereby reshaping their proteome. Protein degradation plays a critical role in maintaining protein homeostasis, and hence is carefully regulated. During the spectacular and demanding metamorphosis of activated B lymphocytes, expression programs are launched in coordinated waves, and adaptive strategies are deployed to prepare for antibody secretion. Surprisingly, though, despite increased demand for proteolysis, proteasome capacity collapses. As a result, antibody-secreting cells show symptoms of proteotoxic stress, and become extremely vulnerable to proteasome inhibition. The emerging concept that proteostenosis naturally follows B-cell activation has biological and immune implications, for it provides a model to dissect the integrated regulation of protein homeostasis, and a molecular counter limiting antibody responses, of use against autoimmune diseases. Mounting evidence linking proteotoxicity with proteasome vulnerability in malignant plasma cells visualizes strategies to understand responsiveness and obviate resistance to proteasome inhibition, with implications for the biology and therapy of plasma cell dyscrasias, namely, light chain amyloidosis and multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cenci
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, DiBiT, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.
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138
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Kovarik ML, Shah PK, Armistead PM, Allbritton NL. Microfluidic chemical cytometry of peptide degradation in single drug-treated acute myeloid leukemia cells. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4991-7. [PMID: 23590517 PMCID: PMC3671928 DOI: 10.1021/ac4002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems show great promise for single-cell analysis; however, as these technologies mature, their utility must be validated by studies of biologically relevant processes. An important biomedical application of these systems is characterization of tumor cell heterogeneity. In this work, we used a robust microfluidic platform to explore the heterogeneity of enzyme activity in single cells treated with a chemotherapeutic drug. Using chemical cytometry, we measured peptide degradation in the U937 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line in the presence and absence of the aminopeptidase inhibitor Tosedostat (CHR-2797). The analysis of 99 untreated cells revealed rapid and consistent degradation of the peptide reporter within 20 min of loading. Results from drug-treated cells showed inhibited, but ongoing degradation of the reporter. Because the device operates at an average sustained throughput of 37 ± 7 cells/h, we were able to sample cells over the course of this time-dependent degradation. In data from 498 individual drug-treated cells, we found a linear dependence of degradation rate on amount of substrate loaded superimposed upon substantial heterogeneity in peptide processing in response to inhibitor treatment. Importantly, these data demonstrated the potential of microfluidic systems to sample biologically relevant analytes and time-dependent processes in large numbers of single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Kovarik
- Department of Chemistry, CB 3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Pavak K. Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Paul M. Armistead
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, CB 7295, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, CB 3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, CB 7295, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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139
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Milner E, Gutter-Kapon L, Bassani-Strenberg M, Barnea E, Beer I, Admon A. The effect of proteasome inhibition on the generation of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) peptidome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:1853-64. [PMID: 23538226 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.026013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I peptidome is thought to be generated mostly through proteasomal degradation of cellular proteins, a notion that is based on the alterations in presentation of selected peptides following proteasome inhibition. We evaluated the effects of proteasome inhibitors, epoxomicin and bortezomib, on human cultured cancer cells. Because the inhibitors did not reduce the level of presentation of the cell surface human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules, we followed their effects on the rates of synthesis of both HLA peptidome and proteome of the cells, using dynamic stable isotope labeling in tissue culture (dynamic-SILAC). The inhibitors reduced the rates of synthesis of most cellular proteins and HLA peptides, yet the synthesis rates of some of the proteins and HLA peptides was not decreased by the inhibitors and of some even increased. Therefore, we concluded that the inhibitors affected the production of the HLA peptidome in a complex manner, including modulation of the synthesis rates of the source proteins of the HLA peptides, in addition to their effect on their degradation. The collected data may suggest that the current reliance on proteasome inhibition may overestimate the centrality of the proteasome in the generation of the MHC peptidome. It is therefore suggested that the relative contribution of the proteasomal and nonproteasomal pathways to the production of the MHC peptidome should be revaluated in accordance with the inhibitors effects on the synthesis rates of the source proteins of the MHC peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Milner
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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140
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Hassan C, Kester MGD, de Ru AH, Hombrink P, Drijfhout JW, Nijveen H, Leunissen JAM, Heemskerk MHM, Falkenburg JHF, van Veelen PA. The human leukocyte antigen-presented ligandome of B lymphocytes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:1829-43. [PMID: 23481700 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.024810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules on the cell surface play a crucial role in adaptive immunology, mediating the communication between T cells and antigen presenting cells. Knowledge of these peptides is of pivotal importance in fundamental studies of T cell action and in cellular immunotherapy and transplantation. In this paper we present the in-depth identification and relative quantification of 14,500 peptide ligands constituting the HLA ligandome of B cells. This large number of identified ligands provides general insight into the presented peptide repertoire and antigen presentation. Our uniquely large set of HLA ligands allowed us to characterize in detail the peptides constituting the ligandome in terms of relative abundance, peptide length distribution, physicochemical properties, binding affinity to the HLA molecule, and presence of post-translational modifications. The presented B-lymphocyte ligandome is shown to be a rich source of information by the presence of minor histocompatibility antigens, virus-derived epitopes, and post-translationally modified HLA ligands, and it can be a good starting point for solving a wealth of specific immunological questions. These HLA ligands can form the basis for reversed immunology approaches to identify T cell epitopes based not on in silico predictions but on the bona fide eluted HLA ligandome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chopie Hassan
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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141
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Kløverpris HN, Payne RP, Sacha JB, Rasaiyaah JT, Chen F, Takiguchi M, Yang OO, Towers GJ, Goulder P, Prado JG. Early antigen presentation of protective HIV-1 KF11Gag and KK10Gag epitopes from incoming viral particles facilitates rapid recognition of infected cells by specific CD8+ T cells. J Virol 2013; 87:2628-38. [PMID: 23255798 PMCID: PMC3571362 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02131-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells are major players in antiviral immunity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) through recognition of viral epitopes presented on the surface of infected cells. However, the early events involving HIV-1 epitope presentation to CD8(+) T cells remain poorly understood but are nonetheless crucial for the rapid clearance of virus-infected cells. Here, we comprehensively studied the kinetics of antigen presentation of two protective epitopes, KF11Gag and KK10Gag, restricted by HLA alleles B*57:01 and B*27:05, respectively, and compared these to KY9Pol and VL9Vpr epitopes in a single cycle of HIV-1 replication. We consistently demonstrate differences in epitope presentation kinetics, with very early presentation, within 3 h postinfection, for the protective KF11Gag, KK10Gag epitopes, and KY9Pol but only late presentation for VL9Vpr. We show that this early presentation relies on the antigen being presented from incoming viral particles and is correlated with rapid CD8(+) T cell activation and clearance of virus-infected cells. Additionally, our data indicate a dose-response dependency between the levels of CD8(+) T cell activation and the amount of virus inoculum. These data reflect a proof of principle emphasizing the importance of identifying early-presented viral epitopes for rapid elimination of HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonah B. Sacha
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jane T. Rasaiyaah
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Chen
- Department of Sexual Health, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Otto O. Yang
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Greg J. Towers
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julia G. Prado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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142
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Freudenburg W, Gautam M, Chakraborty P, James J, Richards J, Salvatori AS, Baldwin A, Schriewer J, Buller RML, Corbett JA, Skowyra D. Reduction in ATP levels triggers immunoproteasome activation by the 11S (PA28) regulator during early antiviral response mediated by IFNβ in mouse pancreatic β-cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52408. [PMID: 23383295 PMCID: PMC3562186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune destruction of insulin producing pancreatic β-cells is the hallmark of type I diabetes. One of the key molecules implicated in the disease onset is the immunoproteasome, a protease with multiple proteolytic sites that collaborates with the constitutive 19S and the inducible 11S (PA28) activators to produce immunogenic peptides for presentation by MHC class I molecules. Despite its importance, little is known about the function and regulation of the immunoproteasome in pancreatic β-cells. Of special interest to immunoproteasome activation in β-cells are the effects of IFNβ, a type I IFN secreted by virus-infected cells and implicated in type I diabetes onset, compared to IFNγ, the classic immunoproteasome inducer secreted by cells of the immune system. By qPCR analysis, we show that mouse insulinoma MIN6 cells and mouse islets accumulate the immune proteolytic β1i, β2i and β5i, and 11S mRNAs upon exposure to IFNβ or IFNγ. Higher concentrations of IFNβ than IFNγ are needed for similar expression, but in each case the expression is transient, with maximal mRNA accumulation in 12 hours, and depends primarily on Interferon Regulatory Factor 1. IFNs do not alter expression of regular proteasome genes, and in the time frame of IFNβ-mediated response, the immune and regular proteolytic subunits co-exist in the 20S particles. In cell extracts with ATP, these particles have normal peptidase activities and degrade polyubiquitinated proteins with rates typical of the regular proteasome, implicating normal regulation by the 19S activator. However, ATP depletion rapidly stimulates the catalytic rates in a manner consistent with levels of the 11S activator. These findings suggest that stochastic combination of regular and immune proteolytic subunits may increase the probability with which unique immunogenic peptides are produced in pancreatic β-cells exposed to IFNβ, but primarily in cells with reduced ATP levels that stimulate the 11S participation in immunoproteasome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieke Freudenburg
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Madhav Gautam
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Pradipta Chakraborty
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jared James
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Richards
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alison S. Salvatori
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aaron Baldwin
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jill Schriewer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - R. Mark L Buller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John A. Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dorota Skowyra
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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143
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Ganusov VV, Neher RA, Perelson AS. Mathematical modeling of escape of HIV from cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS (ONLINE) 2013; 2013:P01010. [PMID: 24660019 PMCID: PMC3961578 DOI: 10.1088/1742-5468/2013/01/p01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 or simply HIV) induces a persistent infection, which in the absence of treatment leads to AIDS and death in almost all infected individuals. HIV infection elicits a vigorous immune response starting about 2-3 weeks post infection that can lower the amount of virus in the body, but which cannot eradicate the virus. How HIV establishes a chronic infection in the face of a strong immune response remains poorly understood. It has been shown that HIV is able to rapidly change its proteins via mutation to evade recognition by virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Typically, an HIV-infected patient will generate 4-12 CTL responses specific for parts of viral proteins called epitopes. Such CTL responses lead to strong selective pressure to change the viral sequences encoding these epitopes so as to avoid CTL recognition. Indeed, the viral population "escapes" from about half of the CTL responses by mutation in the first year. Here we review experimental data on HIV evolution in response to CTL pressure, mathematical models developed to explain this evolution, and highlight problems associated with the data and previous modeling efforts. We show that estimates of the strength of the epitope-specific CTL response depend on the method used to fit models to experimental data and on the assumptions made regarding how mutants are generated during infection. We illustrate that allowing CTL responses to decay over time may improve the fit to experimental data and provides higher estimates of the killing efficacy of HIV-specific CTLs. We also propose a novel method for simultaneously estimating the killing efficacy of multiple CTL populations specific for different epitopes of HIV using stochastic simulations. Lastly, we show that current estimates of the efficacy at which HIV-specific CTLs clear virus-infected cells can be improved by more frequent sampling of viral sequences and by combining data on sequence evolution with experimentally measured CTL dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly V Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Richard A Neher
- Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS K710 Los Alamos, 87545 NM, USA
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144
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Stargardt A, Reits E. Kinetic studies of cytoplasmic antigen processing and production of MHC class I ligands. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 960:41-51. [PMID: 23329477 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-218-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I molecules present peptides that are derived from intracellular proteins degraded by proteasomes. These peptides often require additional trimming by peptidases to fit into the peptide-binding grove of MHC class I. However, most peptides are rapidly recycled by the large heterogeneous pool of peptidases. Here, we describe a technique to quantify peptide degradation both in living cells and in cell lysates, using quenched peptides that contain a quencher and fluorophore. As degradation results in separation of the quencher and fluorophore, fluorescence will increase. This technique enables the examination of changes in peptide length and amino acid sequence on its half-life, and hence its chances to become presented by MHC class I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Stargardt
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, AMC/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Reits
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, AMC/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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145
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Low JL, Naidoo A, Yeo G, Gehring AJ, Ho ZZ, Yau YH, Shochat SG, Kranz DM, Bertoletti A, Grotenbreg GM. Binding of TCR multimers and a TCR-like antibody with distinct fine-specificities is dependent on the surface density of HLA complexes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51397. [PMID: 23251518 PMCID: PMC3519586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules evolved to sample degraded protein fragments from the interior of the cell, and to display them at the surface for immune surveillance by CD8+ T cells. The ability of these lymphocytes to identify immunogenic peptide-MHC (pMHC) products on, for example, infected hepatocytes, and to subsequently eliminate those cells, is crucial for the control of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Various protein scaffolds have been designed to recapitulate the specific recognition of presented antigens with the aim to be exploited both diagnostically (e.g. to visualize cells exposed to infectious agents or cellular transformation) and therapeutically (e.g. for the delivery of drugs to compromised cells). In line with this, we report the construction of a soluble tetrameric form of an αβ T cell receptor (TCR) specific for the HBV epitope Env183–191 restricted by HLA-A*02:01, and compare its avidity and fine-specificity with a TCR-like monoclonal antibody generated against the same HLA target. A flow cytometry-based assay with streptavidin-coated beads loaded with Env183–191/HLA-A*02:01 complexes at high surface density, enabled us to probe the specific interaction of these molecules with their cognate pMHC. We demonstrate that the TCR tetramer has similar avidity for the pMHC as the antibody, but they differ in their fine-specificity, with only the TCR tetramer being capable of binding both natural variants of the Env183–191 epitope found in HBV genotypes A/C/D (187Arg) and genotype B (187Lys). Collectively, the results highlight the promiscuity of our soluble TCR, which could be an advantageous feature when targeting cells infected with a mutation-prone virus, but that binding of the soluble oligomeric TCR relies considerably on the surface density of the presented antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong L. Low
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anneta Naidoo
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gladys Yeo
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adam J. Gehring
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zi Zong Ho
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yin Hoe Yau
- Nanyang Technological University (NTU), School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Susana G. Shochat
- Nanyang Technological University (NTU), School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David M. Kranz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gijsbert M. Grotenbreg
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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146
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CD91-Dependent Modulation of Immune Responses by Heat Shock Proteins: A Role in Autoimmunity. Autoimmune Dis 2012; 2012:863041. [PMID: 23209886 PMCID: PMC3507052 DOI: 10.1155/2012/863041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been known for decades for their ability to protect cells under stressful conditions. In the 1980s a new role was ascribed for several HSPs given their ability to elicit specific immune responses in the setting of cancer and infectious disease. These immune responses have primarily been harnessed for the immunotherapy of cancer in the clinical setting. However, because of the ability of HSPs to prime diverse immune responses, they have also been used for modulation of immune responses during autoimmunity. The apparent dichotomy of immune responses elicited by HSPs is discussed here on a molecular and cellular level. The potential clinical application of HSP-mediated immune responses for therapy of autoimmune diseases is reviewed.
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147
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Census of cytosolic aminopeptidase activity reveals two novel cytosolic aminopeptidases. Med Microbiol Immunol 2012; 201:463-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-012-0266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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148
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van de Sandt CE, Kreijtz JHCM, Rimmelzwaan GF. Evasion of influenza A viruses from innate and adaptive immune responses. Viruses 2012; 4:1438-76. [PMID: 23170167 PMCID: PMC3499814 DOI: 10.3390/v4091438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus is one of the leading causes of respiratory tract infections in humans. Upon infection with an influenza A virus, both innate and adaptive immune responses are induced. Here we discuss various strategies used by influenza A viruses to evade innate immune responses and recognition by components of the humoral and cellular immune response, which consequently may result in reduced clearing of the virus and virus-infected cells. Finally, we discuss how the current knowledge about immune evasion can be used to improve influenza A vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien E van de Sandt
- Department of Virology, ErasmusMC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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149
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Proctor A, Wang Q, Lawrence DS, Allbritton NL. Development of a peptidase-resistant substrate for single-cell measurement of protein kinase B activation. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7195-202. [PMID: 22881604 PMCID: PMC3428732 DOI: 10.1021/ac301489d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An iterative design strategy using three criteria was utilized to develop a peptidase-resistant substrate peptide for protein kinase B. Libraries of peptides possessing non-native amino acids were screened for time to 50% phosphorylation, degradation half-life within a lysate, and appearance of a dominant fragment. The lead peptide possessed a half-life of 92 ± 7 and 16 ± 2 min in HeLa and LNCaP cytosolic lysates, respectively, representing a 4.6- and 2.7-fold lifetime improvement over that of the starting peptide. The redesigned peptide possessed a 4.5-fold improvement in phosphorylation efficiency compared to the starting peptide. The same peptide fragments were formed when the lead peptide was incubated in a lysate or loaded into single cells although the fragments formed in significantly different ratios suggesting that distinct peptidases metabolized the peptide in the two preparations. The rate of peptide degradation and phosphorylation was on average 0.1 ± 0.2 zmol pg(-1) s(-1) and 0.04 ± 0.08 zmol pg(-1) s(-1), respectively, for single LNCaP cells loaded with 4 ± 8 μM of peptide. Peptidase-resistant kinase substrates should find widespread utility in both lysate-based and single-cell assays of kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Proctor
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Qunzhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David S. Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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150
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Currie J, Castro M, Lythe G, Palmer E, Molina-París C. A stochastic T cell response criterion. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9:2856-70. [PMID: 22745227 PMCID: PMC3479899 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system relies on different cell types to provide fast and coordinated responses, characterized by recognition of pathogenic challenge, extensive cellular proliferation and differentiation, as well as death. T cells are a subset of the adaptive immune cellular pool that recognize immunogenic peptides expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells by means of specialized receptors on their membrane. T cell receptor binding to ligand determines T cell responses at different times and locations during the life of a T cell. Current experimental evidence provides support to the following: (i) sufficiently long receptor–ligand engagements are required to initiate the T cell signalling cascade that results in productive signal transduction and (ii) counting devices are at work in T cells to allow signal accumulation, decoding and translation into biological responses. In the light of these results, we explore, with mathematical models, the timescales associated with T cell responses. We consider two different criteria: a stochastic one (the mean time it takes to have had N receptor–ligand complexes bound for at least a dwell time, τ, each) and one based on equilibrium (the time to reach a threshold number N of receptor–ligand complexes). We have applied mathematical models to previous experiments in the context of thymic negative selection and to recent two-dimensional experiments. Our results indicate that the stochastic criterion provides support to the thymic affinity threshold hypothesis, whereas the equilibrium one does not, and agrees with the ligand hierarchy experimentally established for thymic negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Currie
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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