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Hendrickson ML, Zutshi I, Wield A, Kalil RE. Nestin expression and in vivo proliferative potential of tanycytes and ependymal cells lining the walls of the third ventricle in the adult rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:284-293. [PMID: 29359828 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a disagreement in the literature concerning the degree of proliferation of cells in the walls of the third ventricle (3rdV) under normal conditions in the adult mammalian brain. To address this issue, we mapped the cells expressing the neural stem/progenitor cell marker nestin along the entire rostrocaudal extent of the 3rdV in adult male rats and observed a complex distribution. Abundant nestin was present in tanycyte cell bodies and processes and also was observed in patches of ependymal cells as well as in isolated ependymal cells throughout the walls of the 3rdV. However, we observed very limited ependymal cell or tanycyte proliferation in normal adult rats as determined by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation or the expression of Ki-67. Moreover, fewer than 13% of the cells that were BrdU-positive (BrdU+) or Ki-67-positive (Ki-67+) expressed nestin. These observations stand in contrast to those made in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle (SVZ) and subgranular zone of the hippocampal formation (SGZ), where cell proliferation measured by BrdU incorporation or Ki-67 expression is observed frequently in cells that also express nestin. Thus, while ependymal cell or tanycyte cell proliferation can be promoted by the addition of mitogens, dietary modifications or other in vivo manipulations, the proliferation of ependymal cells and tanycytes in the walls of the 3rdV is very limited in the normal adult male rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Hendrickson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ipshita Zutshi
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa Wield
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ronald E Kalil
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
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102
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Farzanehfar P. Comparative review of adult midbrain and striatum neurogenesis with classical neurogenesis. Neurosci Res 2018; 134:1-9. [PMID: 29339103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) motor symptoms are caused by loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of the midbrain. Dopamine cell replacement therapy (DA CRT), either by cell transplantation or endogenous repair, has been a potential treatment to replace dead cells and improve PD motor symptoms. Adult midbrain and striatum have been studied for many years to find evidence of neurogenesis. Although the literature is controversial, recent research has revived the possibility of neurogenesis here. This paper aims to review the process of neurogenesis (by focusing on gene expression patterns) in the adult midbrain/striatum and compare it with classical neurogenesis that occurs in developing midbrain, Sub Ventricular Zone (SVZ) and Sub Granular Zone (SGZ) of the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Farzanehfar
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience & Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.
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103
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Song CG, Zhang YZ, Wu HN, Cao XL, Guo CJ, Li YQ, Zheng MH, Han H. Stem cells: a promising candidate to treat neurological disorders. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1294-1304. [PMID: 30028342 PMCID: PMC6065243 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurologic impairments are usually irreversible as a result of limited regeneration in the central nervous system. Therefore, based on the regenerative capacity of stem cells, transplantation therapies of various stem cells have been tested in basic research and preclinical trials, and some have shown great prospects. This manuscript overviews the cellular and molecular characteristics of embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, neural stem cells, retinal stem/progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, and their derivatives in vivo and in vitro as sources for regenerative therapy. These cells have all been considered as candidates to treat several major neurological disorders and diseases, owing to their self-renewal capacity, multi-directional differentiation, neurotrophic properties, and immune modulation effects. We also review representative basic research and recent clinical trials using stem cells for neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and age-related macular degeneration, as well as traumatic brain injury and glioblastoma. In spite of a few unsuccessful cases, risks of tumorigenicity, and ethical concerns, most results of animal experiments and clinical trials demonstrate efficacious therapeutic effects of stem cells in the treatment of nervous system disease. In summary, these emerging findings in regenerative medicine are likely to contribute to breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological disorders. Thus, stem cells are a promising candidate for the treatment of nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Geng Song
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Zhe Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hai-Ning Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiu-Li Cao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chen-Jun Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Min-Hua Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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104
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Zhang J, Griemsmann S, Wu Z, Dobrowolski R, Willecke K, Theis M, Steinhäuser C, Bedner P. Connexin43, but not connexin30, contributes to adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Brain Res Bull 2018; 136:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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105
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Jhaveri DJ, Tedoldi A, Hunt S, Sullivan R, Watts NR, Power JM, Bartlett PF, Sah P. Evidence for newly generated interneurons in the basolateral amygdala of adult mice. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:521-532. [PMID: 28809399 PMCID: PMC5822453 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
New neurons are continually generated from the resident populations of precursor cells in selective niches of the adult mammalian brain such as the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the olfactory bulb. However, whether such cells are present in the adult amygdala, and their neurogenic capacity, is not known. Using the neurosphere assay, we demonstrate that a small number of precursor cells, the majority of which express Achaete-scute complex homolog 1 (Ascl1), are present in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) of the adult mouse. Using neuron-specific Thy1-YFP transgenic mice, we show that YFP+ cells in BLA-derived neurospheres have a neuronal morphology, co-express the neuronal marker βIII-tubulin, and generate action potentials, confirming their neuronal phenotype. In vivo, we demonstrate the presence of newly generated BrdU-labeled cells in the adult BLA, and show that a proportion of these cells co-express the immature neuronal marker doublecortin (DCX). Furthermore, we reveal that a significant proportion of GFP+ neurons (~23%) in the BLA are newly generated (BrdU+) in DCX-GFP mice, and using whole-cell recordings in acute slices we demonstrate that the GFP+ cells display electrophysiological properties that are characteristic of interneurons. Using retrovirus-GFP labeling as well as the Ascl1CreERT2 mouse line, we further confirm that the precursor cells within the BLA give rise to mature and functional interneurons that persist in the BLA for at least 8 weeks after their birth. Contextual fear conditioning has no effect on the number of neurospheres or BrdU-labeled cells in the BLA, but produces an increase in hippocampal cell proliferation. These results demonstrate that neurogenic precursor cells are present in the adult BLA, and generate functional interneurons, but also show that their activity is not regulated by an amygdala-dependent learning paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Jhaveri
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,The Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Hawken Drive, St Lucia, 4072 QLD, Australia. E-mail: or or
| | - A Tedoldi
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S Hunt
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - R Sullivan
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N R Watts
- Critical Care and Trauma Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J M Power
- School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P F Bartlett
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,The Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Hawken Drive, St Lucia, 4072 QLD, Australia. E-mail: or or
| | - P Sah
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,The Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Hawken Drive, St Lucia, 4072 QLD, Australia. E-mail: or or
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106
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Fernández-Flores F, García-Verdugo JM, Martín-Ibáñez R, Herranz C, Fondevila D, Canals JM, Arús C, Pumarola M. Characterization of the canine rostral ventricular-subventricular zone: Morphological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and neurosphere assay studies. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:721-741. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Fernández-Flores
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia comparada, Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, CIBERNED; Valencia Spain
| | - Raquel Martín-Ibáñez
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory; Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Department of Biomedicine; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS); Barcelona Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED); Valencia Spain
| | - Cristina Herranz
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory; Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Department of Biomedicine; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS); Barcelona Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED); Valencia Spain
| | - Dolors Fondevila
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona Spain
| | - Josep María Canals
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory; Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Department of Biomedicine; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS); Barcelona Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED); Valencia Spain
| | - Carles Arús
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona Spain
| | - Martí Pumarola
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona Spain
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107
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Reshef R, Kudryavitskaya E, Shani-Narkiss H, Isaacson B, Rimmerman N, Mizrahi A, Yirmiya R. The role of microglia and their CX3CR1 signaling in adult neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29251592 PMCID: PMC5734876 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia play important roles in perinatal neuro- and synapto-genesis. To test the role of microglia in these processes during adulthood, we examined the effects of microglia depletion, via treatment of mice with the CSF-1 receptor antagonist PLX5622, and abrogated neuronal-microglial communication in CX3C receptor-1 deficient (Cx3cr1−/−) mice. Microglia depletion significantly lowered spine density in young (developing) but not mature adult-born-granule-cells (abGCs) in the olfactory bulb. Two-photon time-lapse imaging indicated that microglia depletion reduced spine formation and elimination. Functionally, odor-evoked responses of mitral cells, which are normally inhibited by abGCs, were increased in microglia-depleted mice. In Cx3cr1−/− mice, abGCs exhibited reduced spine density, dynamics and size, concomitantly with reduced contacts between Cx3cr1-deficient microglia and abGCs' dendritic shafts, along with increased proportion of microglia-contacted spines. Thus, during adult neurogenesis, microglia regulate the elimination (pruning), formation, and maintenance of synapses on newborn neurons, contributing to the functional integrity of the olfactory bulb circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Reshef
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elena Kudryavitskaya
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Haran Shani-Narkiss
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Batya Isaacson
- Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Neta Rimmerman
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Mizrahi
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raz Yirmiya
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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108
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Sakurai M, Suzuki H, Tomita N, Sunden Y, Shimada A, Miyata H, Morita T. Enhanced neurogenesis and possible synaptic reorganization in the piriform cortex of adult rat following kainic acid-induced status epilepticus. Neuropathology 2017; 38:135-143. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Sakurai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Tottori University; Tottori Japan
| | - Hiroko Suzuki
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Tottori University; Tottori Japan
| | - Nagi Tomita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Tottori University; Tottori Japan
| | - Yuji Sunden
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Tottori University; Tottori Japan
| | | | - Hajime Miyata
- Department of Neuropathology; Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels; Akita Japan
| | - Takehito Morita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Tottori University; Tottori Japan
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109
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Peters S, Zitzelsperger E, Kuespert S, Iberl S, Heydn R, Johannesen S, Petri S, Aigner L, Thal DR, Hermann A, Weishaupt JH, Bruun TH, Bogdahn U. The TGF-β System As a Potential Pathogenic Player in Disease Modulation of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2017; 8:669. [PMID: 29326641 PMCID: PMC5736544 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) represents a fatal orphan disease with high unmet medical need, and a life time risk of approx. 1/400 persons per population. Based on increasing knowledge on pathophysiology including genetic and molecular changes, epigenetics, and immune dysfunction, inflammatory as well as fibrotic processes may contribute to the heterogeneity and dynamics of ALS. Animal and human studies indicate dysregulations of the TGF-β system as a common feature of neurodegenerative disorders in general and ALS in particular. The TGF-β system is involved in different essential developmental and physiological processes and regulates immunity and fibrosis, both affecting neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. Therefore, it has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for ALS: a persistent altered TGF-β system might promote disease progression by inducing an imbalance of neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. The current study assessed the activation state of the TGF-β system within the periphery/in life disease stage (serum samples) and a late stage of disease (central nervous system tissue samples), and a potential influence upon neuronal stem cell (NSC) activity, immune activation, and fibrosis. An upregulated TGF-β system was suggested with significantly increased TGF-β1 protein serum levels, enhanced TGF-β2 mRNA and protein levels, and a strong trend toward an increased TGF-β1 protein expression within the spinal cord (SC). Stem cell activity appeared diminished, reflected by reduced mRNA expression of NSC markers Musashi-1 and Nestin within SC—paralleled by enhanced protein contents of Musashi-1. Doublecortin mRNA and protein expression was reduced, suggesting an arrested neurogenesis at late stage ALS. Chemokine/cytokine analyses suggest a shift from a neuroprotective toward a more neurotoxic immune response: anti-inflammatory chemokines/cytokines were unchanged or reduced, expression of proinflammatory chemokines/cytokines were enhanced in ALS sera and SC postmortem tissue. Finally, we observed upregulated mRNA and protein expression for fibronectin in motor cortex of ALS patients which might suggest increased fibrotic changes. These data suggest that there is an upregulated TGF-β system in specific tissues in ALS that might lead to a “neurotoxic” immune response, promoting disease progression and neurodegeneration. The TGF-β system therefore may represent a promising target in treatment of ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Peters
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva Zitzelsperger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kuespert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Iberl
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rosmarie Heydn
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Siw Johannesen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dietmar R Thal
- Department for Neuroscience, Laboratory for Neuropathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Research Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Tim-Henrik Bruun
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Bogdahn
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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110
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Limacher-Burrell A, Bhagwandin A, Maseko BC, Manger PR. Nuclear organization of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) amygdaloid complex: an unusual mammalian amygdala. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1191-1216. [PMID: 29098403 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the nuclear organization of the African elephant amygdaloid complex using Nissl, myelin, and a range of immunohistochemical stains. The African elephant is thought to exhibit many affect-laden and social-empathic behaviours; however, to date the amygdaloid complex, which is the generator of emotional states of the brain is yet to be fully explored in the elephants. For the most part, the amygdaloid complex of the African elephant is similar to that observed in other mammals in terms of the presence of nuclei and their topological relationships; however, we did observe several specific differences in amygdaloid organization. The elephant amygdala has undergone rotation in both the coronal and sagittal planes, seemingly associated with the expansion of the temporal lobe. Numerous scalloped cell clusters, termed glomeruli, forming the intermediate nuclei of the basal, accessory basal and central nuclear groups, were occupied by structures immunopositive to doublecortin. The nuclei typically associated with the accessory olfactory system (posterior cortical nucleus and medial nuclear complex) were absent from the elephant amygdala. The anterior cortical nucleus is very large and appears to be comprised of two subdivisions. The lateral nuclear complex is expanded and has two novel subdivisions. The amygdalohippocampal area appears relatively enlarged. The numerous shared and derived characters make the elephant amygdaloid complex very unusual and unique amongst mammals, but the derived characters appear to relate to observed elephant affect-laden behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude'Marie Limacher-Burrell
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Adhil Bhagwandin
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Busisiwe C Maseko
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
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111
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A Look into Stem Cell Therapy: Exploring the Options for Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:3267352. [PMID: 29201059 PMCID: PMC5671750 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3267352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) offer a potential therapeutic benefit in the recovery from ischemic stroke. Understanding the role of endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells under normal physiological conditions aids in analyzing their effects after ischemic injury, including their impact on functional recovery and neurogenesis at the site of injury. Recent animal studies have utilized unique subsets of exogenous and endogenous stem cells as well as preconditioning with pharmacologic agents to better understand the best situation for stem cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. These stem cell therapies provide a promising effect on stimulation of endogenous neurogenesis, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory effects, and improved cell survival rates. Clinical trials performed using various stem cell types show promising results to their safety and effectiveness on reducing the effects of ischemic stroke in humans. Another important aspect of stem cell therapy discussed in this review is tracking endogenous and exogenous NSCs with magnetic resonance imaging. This review explores the pathophysiology of NSCs on ischemic stroke, stem cell therapy studies and their effects on neurogenesis, the most recent clinical trials, and techniques to track and monitor the progress of endogenous and exogenous stem cells.
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112
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Crowley MG, Tajiri N. Exogenous stem cells pioneer a biobridge to the advantage of host brain cells following stroke: New insights for clinical applications. Brain Circ 2017; 3:130-134. [PMID: 30276314 PMCID: PMC6057688 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_17_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke continues to maintain its status as one of the top causes of mortality within the United States. Currently, the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug in place for stroke patients, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), has a rigid therapeutic window, closing at approximately 4.5 h after stroke onset. Due to this short time frame and other restrictions, such as any condition that increases a patient's risk for hemorrhaging, it has been predicted that <5% of ischemic stroke patients benefit from tPA. Given that rehabilitation therapy remains the only other option for stroke victims, there is a clear unmet clinical need for treatment available for the remaining 95%. While still considered an experimental treatment, the utilization of stem cell therapies for stroke holds consistent promise. Copious preclinical studies report the capacity for transplanted stem cells to rescue the brain parenchyma surrounding the stroke-induced infarct core. At present, the exact mechanisms in which stem cells contribute a robust therapeutic benefit remains unclear. Following stem cell administration, researchers have observed cell replacement, an increase in growth factors, and a reduction in inflammation. With a deeper understanding of the precise mechanism of stem cells, these therapies can be optimized in the clinic to afford the greatest therapeutic benefit. Recent studies have depicted a unique method of endogenous stem cell activation as a result of stem cell therapy. In both traumatic brain injury and stroke models, transplanted mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) facilitated a pathway between the neurogenic niches of the brain and the damaged area through extracellular matrix remodeling. The biobridge pioneered by the MSCs was utilized by the endogenous stem cells, and these cells were able to travel to the damaged areas distal to the neurogenic niches, a feat unachievable without prior remodeling. These studies broaden our understanding of stem cell interactions within the injured brain and help to guide both researchers and clinicians in developing an effective stem cell treatment for stroke. This paper is a review article. Referred literature in this paper has been listed in the references section. The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are available online by searching various databases, including PubMed. Some original points in this article come from the laboratory practice in our research center and the authors’ experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marci G Crowley
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Psychology, Kibi International University, 8 Iga-machi, Takahashi-City, Okayama 716-8508, Japan
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Gao J, Wan F, Tian M, Li Y, Li Y, Li Q, Zhang J, Wang Y, Huang X, Zhang L, Si Y. Effects of ginsenoside‑Rg1 on the proliferation and glial‑like directed differentiation of embryonic rat cortical neural stem cells in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8875-8881. [PMID: 29039576 PMCID: PMC5779968 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside-Rg1, the main active component of Panax notoginseng, exhibits a number of pharmacological functions, including promoting protein synthesis in the brain, increasing the number of synapses, improving memory and promoting recovery of brain function following injury. The effect of ginsenoside-Rg1 on proliferation and glial-like-directed differentiation in the cortical neural stem cells (NSCs) of embryonic rat brain was investigated. The present study used MTS assays to identify the optimum dose and window time of ginsenoside-Rg1 administration to stimulate the proliferation of cortical NSCs in the rat embryonic tissue. The oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) set-up was used as a cell injury model. Immunofluorescent staining was used for identification of NSCs and subsequent observation of their proliferation and glial-like directed differentiation. Nestin expression was the marker for the presence of NSCs among the cortical cells of embryonic rat brain. The optimum dose of ginsenoside-Rg1 for proliferation of NSCs was 0.32 µg/ml. The optimum window time of 0.32 µg/ml ginsenoside-Rg1 administration on proliferation of NSCs was 6 h. Ginsenoside-Rg1 at 0.32 µg/ml concentration promoted incorporation of bromo-2-deoxyuridine, and expression of nestin and vimentin in primary and passaged NSCs, and NSCs following OGD. Ginsenoside-Rg1 had a role in promoting proliferation and glial-like-directed differentiation of cortical NSCs. The plausible explanation for these responses is that ginsenoside-Rg1 acts similarly to the growth factors to promote the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Mo Tian
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yongxue Wang
- Massage Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Yinchu Si
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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114
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Torres-Pérez M, Rosillo JC, Berrosteguieta I, Olivera-Bravo S, Casanova G, García-Verdugo JM, Fernández AS. Stem cells distribution, cellular proliferation and migration in the adult Austrolebias charrua brain. Brain Res 2017; 1673:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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115
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Nasello M, Schirò G, Crapanzano F, Balistreri CR. Stem Cells and Other Emerging Agents as Innovative "Drugs" in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Benefits and Limitations. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 21:123-140. [PMID: 28728479 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain has a limited process of repair/regeneration linked to the restricted and localized activity of neuronal stem cells. Consequently, it shows a reduced capacity to counteract the age-related loss of neural and glial cells and to repair the consequent injuries/lesions of nervous system. This progressively determines nervous dysfunction and onset/progression of neurodegenerative diseases, which represent a serious social (and economic) problem of our populations. Thus, the research of efficient treatments is encouraged. Stem cell therapy might represent a solution. Today, it, indeed, represents the object of intensive research with the hope of using it, in a near future, as effective therapy for these diseases and preventive treatment in susceptible individuals. Here, we report and discuss the data of the recent studies on this field, underling the obstacles and benefits. We also illustrate alternative measures of intervention, which represent another parallel aim for the care of neurodegenerative pathology-affected individuals. Thus, the road for delaying or retarding these diseases appears hard and long, but the advances might be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Nasello
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Schirò
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
| | - Floriana Crapanzano
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
| | - Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
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116
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Remage-Healey L, Krentzel AA, Macedo-Lima M, Vahaba D. Species Diversity Matters in Biological Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2372732217719908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Species diversity in experimental neuroscience research provides a vital resource. Addressing contemporary questions using nontraditional model systems (i.e., studies of species other than rats or mice) have regularly led to serendipitous breakthroughs in this discipline. The “comparative” approach to neuroscience and neuroendocrinology harnesses the diversity of organisms—and their nervous systems—that have been refined and differentiated over evolutionary timescales. Here, we review some recent examples of unexpected and impactful outcomes resulting from research on nontraditional study species. This work shows that maintaining broad diversity in study species will continue to provide the best path forward for extraordinary advances and insights into the neural mechanisms of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matheus Macedo-Lima
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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117
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Pino A, Fumagalli G, Bifari F, Decimo I. New neurons in adult brain: distribution, molecular mechanisms and therapies. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 141:4-22. [PMID: 28690140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
"Are new neurons added in the adult mammalian brain?" "Do neural stem cells activate following CNS diseases?" "How can we modulate their activation to promote recovery?" Recent findings in the field provide novel insights for addressing these questions from a new perspective. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about adult neurogenesis and neural stem cell niches in healthy and pathological conditions. We will first overview the milestones that have led to the discovery of the classical ventricular and hippocampal neural stem cell niches. In adult brain, new neurons originate from proliferating neural precursors located in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. However, recent findings suggest that new neuronal cells can be added to the adult brain by direct differentiation (e.g., without cell proliferation) from either quiescent neural precursors or non-neuronal cells undergoing conversion or reprogramming to neuronal fate. Accordingly, in this review we will also address critical aspects of the newly described mechanisms of quiescence and direct conversion as well as the more canonical activation of the neurogenic niches and neuroblast reservoirs in pathological conditions. Finally, we will outline the critical elements involved in neural progenitor proliferation, neuroblast migration and differentiation and discuss their potential as targets for the development of novel therapeutic drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Pino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Guido Fumagalli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Decimo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy.
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118
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Delgado-Morales R, Agís-Balboa RC, Esteller M, Berdasco M. Epigenetic mechanisms during ageing and neurogenesis as novel therapeutic avenues in human brain disorders. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:67. [PMID: 28670349 PMCID: PMC5493012 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is the main risk factor for human neurological disorders. Among the diverse molecular pathways that govern ageing, epigenetics can guide age-associated decline in part by regulating gene expression and also through the modulation of genomic instability and high-order chromatin architecture. Epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the regulation of neural differentiation as well as in functional processes related to memory consolidation, learning or cognition during healthy lifespan. On the other side of the coin, many neurodegenerative diseases are associated with epigenetic dysregulation. The reversible nature of epigenetic factors and, especially, their role as mediators between the genome and the environment make them exciting candidates as therapeutic targets. Rather than providing a broad description of the pathways epigenetically deregulated in human neurological disorders, in this review, we have focused on the potential use of epigenetic enzymes as druggable targets to ameliorate neural decline during normal ageing and especially in neurological disorders. We will firstly discuss recent progress that supports a key role of epigenetic regulation during healthy ageing with an emphasis on the role of epigenetic regulation in adult neurogenesis. Then, we will focus on epigenetic alterations associated with ageing-related human disorders of the central nervous system. We will discuss examples in the context of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and posttraumatic stress disorders, and also dementia or Alzheimer's disease as the most frequent neurodegenerative disease. Finally, methodological limitations and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Delgado-Morales
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 3rd Floor, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Av. Gran Via 199-203, 08908L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Carlos Agís-Balboa
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 3rd Floor, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Av. Gran Via 199-203, 08908L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Berdasco
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 3rd Floor, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Av. Gran Via 199-203, 08908L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
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119
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Abstract
Depression is a polygenic and highly complex psychiatric disorder that remains a major burden on society. Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are some of the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide. In this review, we will discuss the evidence that links serotonin and serotonin receptors to the etiology of depression and the mechanisms underlying response to antidepressant treatment. We will then revisit the role of serotonin in three distinct hypotheses that have been proposed over the last several decades to explain the pathophysiology of depression: the monoamine, neurotrophic, and neurogenic hypotheses. Finally, we will discuss how recent studies into serotonin receptors have implicated specific neural circuitry in mediating the antidepressant response, with a focus being placed on the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N Yohn
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral & Systems Neuroscience Area, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 152 Frelinghuysen Rd., Room 215, Piscataway, NJ, 08816, USA
| | - Mark M Gergues
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral & Systems Neuroscience Area, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 152 Frelinghuysen Rd., Room 215, Piscataway, NJ, 08816, USA
| | - Benjamin Adam Samuels
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral & Systems Neuroscience Area, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 152 Frelinghuysen Rd., Room 215, Piscataway, NJ, 08816, USA.
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120
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121
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Adamsky A, Goshen I. Astrocytes in Memory Function: Pioneering Findings and Future Directions. Neuroscience 2017; 370:14-26. [PMID: 28571720 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have been generally believed to perform mainly homeostatic and supportive functions for neurons in the central nervous system. Recently, a growing body of evidence suggests previously unrecognized and surprising functions for astrocytes, including regulation of synaptic formation, transmission and plasticity, all of which are considered as the infrastructure for information processing and memory formation and stabilization. This review discusses the involvement of astrocytes in memory functions and the possible mechanisms that may underlie it. We review the important breakthroughs obtained in this field, as well as some of the controversies that arose from the past difficulty to manipulate these cells in a cell type-specific and non-invasive manner. Finally, we present new research avenues based on the advanced tools becoming available in recent years: optogenetics and chemogenetics, and the potential ways in which these tools may further illuminate the role of astrocytes in memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adar Adamsky
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Inbal Goshen
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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122
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Scheuer T, Sharkovska Y, Tarabykin V, Marggraf K, Brockmöller V, Bührer C, Endesfelder S, Schmitz T. Neonatal Hyperoxia Perturbs Neuronal Development in the Cerebellum. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3901-3915. [PMID: 28547531 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Impaired postnatal brain development of preterm infants often results in neurological deficits. Besides pathologies of the forebrain, maldeveolopment of the cerebellum is increasingly recognized to contribute to psychomotor impairments of many former preterm infants. However, causes are poorly defined. We used a hyperoxia model to define neonatal damage in cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs) and in Purkinje cells (PCs) known to be essential for interaction with GCPs during development. We exposed newborn rats to 24 h 80% O2 from age P6 to P7 to identify postnatal and long-term damage in cerebellar GCPs at age P7 after hyperoxia and also after recovery in room air thereafter until P11 and P30. We determined proliferation and apoptosis of GCPs and immature neurons by immunohistochemistry, quantified neuronal damage by qPCR and Western blots for neuronal markers, and measured dendrite outgrowth of PCs by CALB1 immunostainings and by Sholl analysis of Golgi stainings. After hyperoxia, proliferation of PAX6+ GCPs was decreased at P7, while DCX + CASP3+ cells were increased at P11. Neuronal markers Pax6, Tbr2, and Prox1 were downregulated at P11 and P30. Neuronal damage was confirmed by reduced NeuN protein expression at P30. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) was significantly decreased at P7 and P11 after hyperoxia and coincided with lower CyclinD2 and Hes1 expression at P7. The granule cell injury was accompanied by hampered PC maturation with delayed dendrite formation and impaired branching. Neonatal injury induced by hyperoxia inhibits PC functioning and impairs granule cell development. As a conclusion, maldevelopment of the cerebellar neurons found in preterm infants could be caused by postnatal oxygen toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Scheuer
- Department for Neonatology, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany. .,Institute of Bioanalytics, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355, Berlin, Germany. .,Klinik für Neonatologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yuliya Sharkovska
- Department for Neonatology, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Marggraf
- Department for Neonatology, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivien Brockmöller
- Department for Neonatology, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Bührer
- Department for Neonatology, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Schmitz
- Department for Neonatology, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
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123
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Acevedo-Triana CA, Rojas MJ, Cardenas FP. Running wheel training does not change neurogenesis levels or alter working memory tasks in adult rats. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2976. [PMID: 28503368 PMCID: PMC5426350 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise can change cellular structure and connectivity (neurogenesis or synaptogenesis), causing alterations in both behavior and working memory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise on working memory and hippocampal neurogenesis in adult male Wistar rats using a T-maze test. METHODS An experimental design with two groups was developed: the experimental group (n = 12) was subject to a forced exercise program for five days, whereas the control group (n = 9) stayed in the home cage. Six to eight weeks after training, the rats' working memory was evaluated in a T-maze test and four choice days were analyzed, taking into account alternation as a working memory indicator. Hippocampal neurogenesis was evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry of BrdU positive cells. RESULTS No differences between groups were found in the behavioral variables (alternation, preference index, time of response, time of trial or feeding), or in the levels of BrdU positive cells. DISCUSSION Results suggest that although exercise may have effects on brain structure, a construct such as working memory may require more complex changes in networks or connections to demonstrate a change at behavioral level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel J. Rojas
- Animal Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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124
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Boulanger JJ, Messier C. Unbiased stereological analysis of the fate of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the adult mouse brain and effect of reference memory training. Behav Brain Res 2017; 329:127-139. [PMID: 28442356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are glial cells that differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes during early stages of post-natal life. However, OPCs persist beyond developmental myelination and represent an important population of cycling cells in the gray and white matter of the adult brain. Here, we used unbiased systematic stereological analysis to determine the total number of OPCs in the neocortex and corpus callosum of the adult mouse. We found that the ratio of OPCs to neurons is of 1:10 in the adult neocortex. Likewise, the ratio of OPCs to oligodendrocytes is of 1:1 in the cortex and 1:7 in the corpus callosum. We also used BrdU labeling and the NG2-CreER™:EYFP reporter mouse to determine the proportion of proliferating adult OPCs and their fate. We show that OPCs continue to differentiate into oligodendrocytes in adulthood, with white matter OPCs being more likely to differentiate into an oligodendrocyte phenotype than gray matter OPCs. The differentiation of OPCs into an oligodendrocyte phenotype can occur either directly from a spontaneous differentiation by an OPC or following OPC cell division. We also provide evidence for the neuronal differentiation of adult OPCs in the cortical gray matter. Although activity-dependent neural network activity has been hypothesized to serve as a modulator of OPC proliferation and differentiation, we found that reference memory training did not affect the proportion of proliferating and differentiated OPCs in the adult mouse brain.
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125
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Abstract
The future of medicine is discussed in the context of epigenetic influences during the entire life course and the lived experiences of each person, avoiding as much as possible the "medicalization" of the individual and taking a more humanistic view. The reciprocal communication between brain and body via the neuroendocrine, autonomic, metabolic and immune systems and the plasticity of brain architecture provide the basis for devising better "top down" interventions that engage the whole person in working towards his or her welfare. The life course perspective emphasizes the importance of intervening early in life to prevent adverse early life experiences, including the effects of poverty, that can have lifelong consequences, referred to as "biological embedding". In the spirit of integrative, humanistic medicine, treatments that "open windows of plasticity" allow targeted behavioral interventions to redirect brain and body functions and behavior in healthier directions. Policies of government and the private sector, particularly at the local, community level, can create a supporting environment for such interventions. See "Common Ground for Health: Personalized, Precision and Social Medicine McEwen & Getz - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRy_uUWyrEw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065.
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126
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Cave C, Park S, Rodriguez M, Nakamura M, Hoke A, Pletnikov M, Sockanathan S. GDE2 is essential for neuronal survival in the postnatal mammalian spinal cord. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:8. [PMID: 28103900 PMCID: PMC5244531 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 2 (GDE2) is a six-transmembrane protein that cleaves glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors to regulate GPI-anchored protein activity at the cell surface. In the developing spinal cord, GDE2 utilizes its enzymatic function to regulate the production of specific classes of motor neurons and interneurons; however, GDE2’s roles beyond embryonic neurogenesis have yet to be defined. Method Using a panel of histological, immunohistochemical, electrophysiological, behavioral, and biochemistry techniques, we characterized the postnatal Gde2−/− mouse for evidence of degenerative neuropathology. A conditional deletion of Gde2 was used to study the temporal requirements for GDE2 in neuronal survival. Biochemical approaches identified deficits in the processing of GPI-anchored GDE2 substrates in the SOD1G93A mouse model of familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis that shows robust motor neuron degeneration. Results Here we show that GDE2 expression continues postnatally, and adult mice lacking GDE2 exhibit a slow, progressive neuronal degeneration with pathologies similar to human neurodegenerative disease. Early phenotypes include vacuolization, microgliosis, cytoskeletal accumulation, and lipofuscin deposition followed by astrogliosis and cell death. Remaining motor neurons exhibit peripheral motor unit restructuring causing behavioral motor deficits. Genetic ablation of GDE2 after embryonic neurogenesis is complete still elicits degenerative pathology, signifying that GDE2’s requirement for neuronal survival is distinct from its involvement in neuronal differentiation. Unbiased screens identify impaired processing of Glypican 4 and 6 in Gde2 null animals, and Glypican release is markedly reduced in SOD1G93A mice. Conclusions This study identifies a novel function for GDE2 in neuronal survival and implicates deregulated GPI-anchored protein activity in pathways mediating neurodegeneration. These findings provide new molecular insight for neuropathologies found in multiple disease settings, and raise the possibility of GDE2 hypofunctionality as a component of neurodegenerative disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-017-0148-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton Cave
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe Street, PCTB 1004, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sungjin Park
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe Street, PCTB 1004, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,University of Utah, BPRB 390D South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Marianeli Rodriguez
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe Street, PCTB 1004, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, 900 NW 17th St, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Mai Nakamura
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe Street, PCTB 1004, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ahmet Hoke
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Mikhail Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Shanthini Sockanathan
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe Street, PCTB 1004, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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127
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Törnblom H, Drossman DA. Centrally Targeted Pharmacotherapy for Chronic Abdominal Pain: Understanding and Management. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 239:417-440. [PMID: 28204956 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic abdominal pain has a widespread impact on the individual and the society. Identifying and explaining mechanisms of importance for the pain experience within a biopsychosocial context are central in order to select treatment that has a chance for symptom reduction. With current knowledge of brain-gut interactions, chronic abdominal pain, which mostly appears in functional gastrointestinal disorders, to a large extent involves pain mechanisms residing within the brain. As such, the use of centrally targeted pharmacotherapy as an effective treatment option is obvious in a selected number of patients. The antidepressants are most common, but also other classes of medications can be used, either alone or in combination. The latter option refers to when there is insufficient effect of one drug alone or side effects limiting dosage, and when combined in lower doses, certain drugs give rise to augmentation effects. This chapter outlines basic mechanisms of importance for the understanding of chronic abdominal pain and the pharmacologic treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Törnblom
- Dept of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Douglas A Drossman
- Drossman Center for the Education and Practice of Biopsychosocial Care, Professor Emeritus of Medicine and Psychiatry, UNC Center for Functional GI and Motility Disorders, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Drossman Gastroenterology PLLC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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128
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Psychoneuroimmunology of Early-Life Stress: The Hidden Wounds of Childhood Trauma? Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:99-114. [PMID: 27629365 PMCID: PMC5143500 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The brain and the immune system are not fully formed at birth, but rather continue to mature in response to the postnatal environment. The two-way interaction between the brain and the immune system makes it possible for childhood psychosocial stressors to affect immune system development, which in turn can affect brain development and its long-term functioning. Drawing from experimental animal models and observational human studies, we propose that the psychoneuroimmunology of early-life stress can offer an innovative framework to understand and treat psychopathology linked to childhood trauma. Early-life stress predicts later inflammation, and there are striking analogies between the neurobiological correlates of early-life stress and of inflammation. Furthermore, there are overlapping trans-diagnostic patterns of association of childhood trauma and inflammation with clinical outcomes. These findings suggest new strategies to remediate the effect of childhood trauma before the onset of clinical symptoms, such as anti-inflammatory interventions and potentiation of adaptive immunity. Similar strategies might be used to ameliorate the unfavorable treatment response described in psychiatric patients with a history of childhood trauma.
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129
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Kim JY, Lee JH, Sun W. Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 28060319 DOI: 10.3791/54929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine;
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130
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Nemethova M, Talian I, Danielisova V, Tkacikova S, Bonova P, Bober P, Matiasova M, Sabo J, Burda J. Delayed bradykinin postconditioning modulates intrinsic neuroprotective enzyme expression in the rat CA1 region after cerebral ischemia: a proteomic study. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:1391-1403. [PMID: 27393013 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyramidal cells in the CA1 brain region exhibit an ischemic tolerance after delayed postconditioning; therefore, this approach seems to be a promising neuroprotective procedure in cerebral postischemic injury improvement. However, little is known about the effect of postconditioning on protein expression patterns in the brain, especially in the affected hippocampal neurons after global cerebral ischemia. This study is focused on the examination of the ischemia-vulnerable CA1 neuronal layer and on the acquisition of protection from delayed neuronal death after ischemia. Ischemic-reperfusion injury was induced in Wistar rats and bradykinin was applied 2 days after the ischemic insult in an attempt to overcome delayed cell death. Analysis of complex peptide CA1 samples was performed by automated two dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) fractionation coupled to tandem matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry instrumentation. We devoted our attention to differences in protein expression mapping in ischemic injured CA1 neurons in comparison with equally affected neurons, but with bradykinin application. Proteomic analysis identified several proteins occurring only after postconditioning and control, which could have a potentially neuroprotective influence on ischemic injured neurons. Among them, the prominent position occupies a regulator of glutamate level aspartate transaminase AATC, a scavenger of glutamate in brain neuroprotection after ischemia-reperfusion. We identified this enzyme in controls and after postconditioning, but AATC presence was not detected in the ischemic injured CA1 region. This finding was confirmed by two-dimensional differential electrophoresis followed by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS identification. Results suggest that bradykinin as delayed postconditioning may be associated with modulation of protein expression after ischemic injury and thus this procedure can be involved in neuroprotective metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Talian
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | | | - Sona Tkacikova
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Petra Bonova
- Institute of Neurobiology, SAS, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Bober
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | | | - Jan Sabo
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Burda
- Institute of Neurobiology, SAS, Kosice, Slovakia
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131
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Hassouna I, Ott C, Wüstefeld L, Offen N, Neher RA, Mitkovski M, Winkler D, Sperling S, Fries L, Goebbels S, Vreja IC, Hagemeyer N, Dittrich M, Rossetti MF, Kröhnert K, Hannke K, Boretius S, Zeug A, Höschen C, Dandekar T, Dere E, Neher E, Rizzoli SO, Nave KA, Sirén AL, Ehrenreich H. Revisiting adult neurogenesis and the role of erythropoietin for neuronal and oligodendroglial differentiation in the hippocampus. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1752-1767. [PMID: 26809838 PMCID: PMC5193535 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) improves cognitive performance in neuropsychiatric diseases ranging from schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis to major depression and bipolar disease. This consistent EPO effect on cognition is independent of its role in hematopoiesis. The cellular mechanisms of action in brain, however, have remained unclear. Here we studied healthy young mice and observed that 3-week EPO administration was associated with an increased number of pyramidal neurons and oligodendrocytes in the hippocampus of ~20%. Under constant cognitive challenge, neuron numbers remained elevated until >6 months of age. Surprisingly, this increase occurred in absence of altered cell proliferation or apoptosis. After feeding a 15N-leucine diet, we used nanoscopic secondary ion mass spectrometry, and found that in EPO-treated mice, an equivalent number of neurons was defined by elevated 15N-leucine incorporation. In EPO-treated NG2-Cre-ERT2 mice, we confirmed enhanced differentiation of preexisting oligodendrocyte precursors in the absence of elevated DNA synthesis. A corresponding analysis of the neuronal lineage awaits the identification of suitable neuronal markers. In cultured neurospheres, EPO reduced Sox9 and stimulated miR124, associated with advanced neuronal differentiation. We are discussing a resulting working model in which EPO drives the differentiation of non-dividing precursors in both (NG2+) oligodendroglial and neuronal lineages. As endogenous EPO expression is induced by brain injury, such a mechanism of adult neurogenesis may be relevant for central nervous system regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hassouna
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany,On leave of absence from Physiology
Unit, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University,
Al Minufya, Egypt
| | - C Ott
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - L Wüstefeld
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - N Offen
- Department of Neurosurgery,
University of Würzburg, Würzburg,
Germany
| | - R A Neher
- Evolutionary Dynamics and Biophysics,
Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology,
Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Mitkovski
- Light Microscopy Facility, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - D Winkler
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - S Sperling
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - L Fries
- Department of Neurosurgery,
University of Würzburg, Würzburg,
Germany
| | - S Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max
Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine,
Göttingen, Germany
| | - I C Vreja
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory
Physiology, University Medical Center
Göttingen, Germany,International Max Planck Research
School Molecular Biology, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - N Hagemeyer
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - M Dittrich
- Department of Bioinformatics,
Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg,
Germany
| | - M F Rossetti
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - K Kröhnert
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory
Physiology, University Medical Center
Göttingen, Germany
| | - K Hannke
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - S Boretius
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology,
Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel,
Germany
| | - A Zeug
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover
Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - C Höschen
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem
Management, Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Technische Universität
München, Freising-Weihenstephan,
Germany
| | - T Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics,
Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg,
Germany
| | - E Dere
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - E Neher
- Department of Membrane Biophysics,
Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry,
Göttingen, Germany,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy
and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - S O Rizzoli
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory
Physiology, University Medical Center
Göttingen, Germany,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy
and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - K-A Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max
Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine,
Göttingen, Germany,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy
and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - A-L Sirén
- Department of Neurosurgery,
University of Würzburg, Würzburg,
Germany
| | - H Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy
and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen,
Germany,Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of
Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3,
Göttingen
37075, Germany. E-mail:
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132
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Rusanescu G. Adult spinal cord neurogenesis: A regulator of nociception. NEUROGENESIS 2016; 3:e1256853. [PMID: 28405586 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1256853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adult spinal cord neurogenesis occurs at low, constant rate under normal conditions and can be amplified by pathologic conditions such as injury or disease. The immature neurons produced through adult neurogenesis have increased excitability and migrate preferentially to the superficial dorsal horn layers responsible for nociceptive signaling. Under normal conditions, this process may be responsible for maintaining a steady-state, but adaptable level of nociceptive sensitivity, thus representing an experience-dependent mechanism of regulation similar to other neurogenic niches. Under pathologic conditions, adult spinal cord neurogenesis is greatly amplified and may therefore account for the observed changes in general spinal cord excitability and nociceptive sensitivity. This mechanism also explains many types of chronic pain present in the absence of injury or disease, which may be the result of impaired neuronal differentiation due to a variety of genetic variations. This suggests the possibility of using promoters of neuronal differentiation for the long-term treatment of the causes of chronic pain, unlike current medication which is palliative and effective only for the duration of treatment. The presence of this spinal cord neurogenic niche may also lead to new approaches in spinal cord regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rusanescu
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
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133
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Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Affects Progenitor Cell Numbers in Olfactory Bulbs and Dentate Gyrus of Vervet Monkeys. Brain Sci 2016; 6:brainsci6040052. [PMID: 27801790 PMCID: PMC5187566 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal alcohol exposure (FAE) alters hippocampal cell numbers in rodents and primates, and this may be due, in part, to a reduction in the number or migration of neuronal progenitor cells. The olfactory bulb exhibits substantial postnatal cellular proliferation and a rapid turnover of newly formed cells in the rostral migratory pathway, while production and migration of postnatal neurons into the dentate gyrus may be more complex. The relatively small size of the olfactory bulb, compared to the hippocampus, potentially makes this structure ideal for a rapid analysis. This study used the St. Kitts vervet monkey (Chlorocebus sabeus) to (1) investigate the normal developmental sequence of post-natal proliferation in the olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus and (2) determine the effects of naturalistic prenatal ethanol exposure on proliferation at three different ages (neonate, five months and two years). Using design-based stereology, we found an age-related decrease of actively proliferating cells in the olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus for both control and FAE groups. Furthermore, at the neonatal time point, the FAE group had fewer actively proliferating cells as compared to the control group. These data are unique with respect to fetal ethanol effects on progenitor proliferation in the primate brain and suggest that the olfactory bulb may be a useful structure for studies of cellular proliferation.
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134
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Chen C, Ma TZ, Wang LN, Wang JJ, Tu Y, Zhao ML, Zhang S, Sun HT, Li XH. Mild hypothermia facilitates the long-term survival of newborn cells in the dentate gyrus after traumatic brain injury by diminishing a pro-apoptotic microenvironment. Neuroscience 2016; 335:114-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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135
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Rusanescu G, Mao J. Peripheral nerve injury induces adult brain neurogenesis and remodelling. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:299-314. [PMID: 27665307 PMCID: PMC5264155 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unilateral peripheral nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) has been widely used as a research model of human neuropathic pain. Recently, CCI has been shown to induce spinal cord adult neurogenesis, which may contribute to the chronic increase in nociceptive sensitivity. Here, we show that CCI also induces rapid and profound asymmetrical anatomical rearrangements in the adult rodent cerebellum and pons. This remodelling occurs throughout the hindbrain, and in addition to regions involved in pain processing, also affects other sensory modalities. We demonstrate that these anatomical changes, partially reversible in the long term, result from adult neurogenesis. Neurogenic markers Mash1, Ngn2, doublecortin and Notch3 are widely expressed in the rodent cerebellum and pons, both under normal and injured conditions. CCI-induced hindbrain structural plasticity is absent in Notch3 knockout mice, a strain with impaired neuronal differentiation, demonstrating its dependence on adult neurogenesis. Grey matter and white matter structural changes in human brain, as a result of pain, injury or learned behaviours have been previously detected using non-invasive neuroimaging techniques. Because neurogenesis-mediated structural plasticity is thought to be restricted to the hippocampus and the subventricular zone, such anatomical rearrangements in other parts of the brain have been thought to result from neuronal plasticity or glial hypertrophy. Our findings suggest the presence of extensive neurogenesis-based structural plasticity in the adult mammalian brain, which may maintain a memory of basal sensory levels, and act as an adaptive mechanism to changes in sensory inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rusanescu
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianren Mao
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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136
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Pytte CL. Adult Neurogenesis in the Songbird: Region-Specific Contributions of New Neurons to Behavioral Plasticity and Stability. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2016; 87:191-204. [PMID: 27560148 DOI: 10.1159/000447048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the role of new neurons in learning and encoding new information has been largely based on studies of new neurons in the mammalian dentate gyrus and olfactory bulb - brain regions that may be specialized for learning. Thus the role of new neurons in regions that serve other functions has yet to be fully explored. The song system provides a model for studying new neuron function in brain regions that contribute differently to song learning, song auditory discrimination, and song motor production. These regions subserve learning as well as long-term storage of previously learned information. This review examines the differences between learning-based and activity-based retention of new neurons and explores the potential contributions of new neurons to behavioral stability in the song motor production pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L Pytte
- Psychology Department, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Flushing, N.Y., USA
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137
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Neural stem cells secrete factors facilitating brain regeneration upon constitutive Raf-Erk activation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32025. [PMID: 27554447 PMCID: PMC4995508 DOI: 10.1038/srep32025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular Raf-Erk signaling pathway is activated during neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation, and neuronal and astrocytic differentiation. A key question is how this signal can evoke multiple and even opposing NSC behaviors. We show here, using a constitutively active Raf (ca-Raf), that Raf-Erk activation in NSCs induces neuronal differentiation in a cell-autonomous manner. By contrast, it causes NSC proliferation and the formation of astrocytes in an extrinsic autocrine/paracrine manner. Thus, treatment of NSCs with medium (CM) conditioned in ca-Raf-transduced NSCs (Raf-CM; RCM) became activated to form proliferating astrocytes resembling radial glial cells (RGCs) or adult-type NSCs. Infusion of Raf-CM into injured mouse brains caused expansion of the NSC population in the subventricular zone, followed by the formation of new neurons that migrated to the damaged site. Our study shows an example how molecular mechanisms dissecting NSC behaviors can be utilized to develop regenerative therapies in brain disorders.
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138
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Zhang K, Pan X, Wang F, Ma J, Su G, Dong Y, Yang J, Wu C. Baicalin promotes hippocampal neurogenesis via SGK1- and FKBP5-mediated glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation in a neuroendocrine mouse model of anxiety/depression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30951. [PMID: 27502757 PMCID: PMC4977505 DOI: 10.1038/srep30951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antidepressants increase hippocampal neurogenesis by activating the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), but excessive GR activation impairs hippocampal neurogenesis, suggesting that normal GR function is crucial for hippocampal neurogenesis. Baicalin was reported to regulate the expression of GR and facilitate hippocampal neurogenesis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unknown. In this study, we used the chronic corticosterone (CORT)-induced mouse model of anxiety/depression to assess antidepressant-like effects of baicalin and illuminate possible molecular mechanisms by which baicalin affects GR-mediated hippocampal neurogenesis. We found that oral administration of baicalin (40, 80 or 160 mg/kg) for 4 weeks alleviated several chronic CORT-induced anxiety/depression-like behaviors. Baicalin also increased Ki-67- and DCX-positive cells to restore chronic CORT-induced suppression of hippocampal neurogenesis. Moreover, baicalin normalized the chronic CORT-induced decrease in GR protein levels, the increase in GR nuclear translocation and the increase in GR phosphorylation at Ser203 and Ser211. Finally, chronic CORT exposure increased the level of FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP5) and of phosphorylated serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) at Ser422 and Thr256, whereas baicalin normalized these changes. Together, our findings suggest that baicalin improves anxiety/depression-like behaviors and promotes hippocampal neurogenesis. We propose that baicalin may normalize GR function through SGK1- and FKBP5-mediated GR phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xing Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Guangyue Su
- Department of School of Functional Food And Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yingxu Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Chunfu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, Shenyang, PR China
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139
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Lieberwirth C, Pan Y, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Wang Z. Hippocampal adult neurogenesis: Its regulation and potential role in spatial learning and memory. Brain Res 2016; 1644:127-40. [PMID: 27174001 PMCID: PMC5064285 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, defined here as progenitor cell division generating functionally integrated neurons in the adult brain, occurs within the hippocampus of numerous mammalian species including humans. The present review details various endogenous (e.g., neurotransmitters) and environmental (e.g., physical exercise) factors that have been shown to influence hippocampal adult neurogenesis. In addition, the potential involvement of adult-generated neurons in naturally-occurring spatial learning behavior is discussed by summarizing the literature focusing on traditional animal models (e.g., rats and mice), non-traditional animal models (e.g., tree shrews), as well as natural populations (e.g., chickadees and Siberian chipmunk).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yongliang Pan
- Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, PR China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, USA
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Zuoxin Wang
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, USA
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140
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Shaabani M, Lotfi Y, Karimian SM, Rahgozar M, Hooshmandi M. Short-term galvanic vestibular stimulation promotes functional recovery and neurogenesis in unilaterally labyrinthectomized rats. Brain Res 2016; 1648:152-162. [PMID: 27444558 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current experimental research on the therapeutic effects of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) has mainly focused on neurodegenerative disorders. However, it primarily stimulates the vestibular nuclei and could be potentially effective in modulating imbalance between them in the case of unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL). Fifty male Wistar rats (180-220g) were used in 5 groups of 10: intact, sham, right-UL (RUL; without intervention), and two other right-UL groups with GVS intervention [one group treated with low rate GVS (GVS.LF; 6-7Hz), and the other treated with high rate GVS (GVS.HF; 17-18Hz)]. The UL models were prepared by intratympanic injection of sodium arsanilate. GVS protocols were implemented 30min/day and continued for 14 days via ring-shaped copper electrodes inserted subcutaneously over each mastoid. Functional recovery was assessed by several postural tests including support surface area, landing and air-righting reflexes, and rotarod procedure. Immunohistochemical investigations were performed on ipsi- and contra-lesional medial vestibular nuclei (MVN) using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and Ki67, as markers of cell proliferation. Behavioral evaluations showed significant functional recovery of GVS-treated groups compared to RUL group. The percent of marked cells with BrdU and Ki67 were significantly higher in the ipsilesional MVN of both GVS-treated groups compared with other groups. Our findings confirmed the effectiveness of GVS-intervention in accelerating static and dynamic vestibular compensation. This could be explained by the cell proliferation in ipsilesional MVN cells and rapid rebalancing of the VNs and the modulation of their motor outputs. Therefore, GVS could be promising for rehabilitating patients with unilateral vestibular weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moslem Shaabani
- Audiology Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yones Lotfi
- Audiology Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Morteza Karimian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rahgozar
- Biostatistics Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hooshmandi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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141
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Pistollato F, Sumalla Cano S, Elio I, Masias Vergara M, Giampieri F, Battino M. Associations between Sleep, Cortisol Regulation, and Diet: Possible Implications for the Risk of Alzheimer Disease. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:679-89. [PMID: 27422503 PMCID: PMC4942871 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.011775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of proteinaceous amyloid β plaques and tau oligomers may occur several years before the onset of Alzheimer disease (AD). Under normal circumstances, misfolded proteins get cleared by proteasome degradation, autophagy, and the recently discovered brain glymphatic system, an astroglial-mediated interstitial fluid bulk flow. It has been shown that the activity of the glymphatic system is higher during sleep and disengaged or low during wakefulness. As a consequence, poor sleep quality, which is associated with dementia, might negatively affect glymphatic system activity, thus contributing to amyloid accumulation. The diet is another important factor to consider in the regulation of this complex network. Diets characterized by high intakes of refined sugars, salt, animal-derived proteins and fats and by low intakes of fruit and vegetables are associated with a higher risk of AD and can perturb the circadian modulation of cortisol secretion, which is associated with poor sleep quality. For this reason, diets and nutritional interventions aimed at restoring cortisol concentrations may ease sleep disorders and may facilitate brain clearance, consequentially reducing the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. Here, we describe the associations that exist between sleep, cortisol regulation, and diet and their possible implications for the risk of cognitive impairment and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pistollato
- Center for Nutrition and Health, European University of the Atlantic (UEA), Santander, Spain
| | - Sandra Sumalla Cano
- Center for Nutrition and Health, European University of the Atlantic (UEA), Santander, Spain;,International Ibero-American University (UNINI), Campeche, Mexico;,Ibero-American University Foundation (FUNIBER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Elio
- Center for Nutrition and Health, European University of the Atlantic (UEA), Santander, Spain;,International Ibero-American University (UNINI), Campeche, Mexico;,Ibero-American University Foundation (FUNIBER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Masias Vergara
- Center for Nutrition and Health, European University of the Atlantic (UEA), Santander, Spain;,International Ibero-American University (UNINI), Puerto Rico; and
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Center for Nutrition and Health, European University of the Atlantic (UEA), Santander, Spain; Department of Specialized Clinical Sciences and Dentistry, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Center for Nutrition and Health, European University of the Atlantic (UEA), Santander, Spain; Department of Specialized Clinical Sciences and Dentistry, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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142
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143
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Distribution and fate of DCX/PSA-NCAM expressing cells in the adult mammalian cortex: A local reservoir for adult cortical neuroplasticity? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-016-1403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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144
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Smith DK, Wang L, Zhang CL. Physiological, pathological, and engineered cell identity reprogramming in the central nervous system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:499-517. [PMID: 27258392 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Multipotent neural stem cells persist in restricted regions of the adult mammalian central nervous system. These proliferative cells differentiate into diverse neuron subtypes to maintain neural homeostasis. This endogenous process can be reprogrammed as a compensatory response to physiological cues, traumatic injury, and neurodegeneration. In addition to innate neurogenesis, recent research has demonstrated that new neurons can be engineered via cell identity reprogramming in non-neurogenic regions of the adult central nervous system. A comprehensive understanding of these reprogramming mechanisms will be essential to the development of therapeutic neural regeneration strategies that aim to improve functional recovery after injury and neurodegeneration. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:499-517. doi: 10.1002/wdev.234 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek K Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,
| | - Leilei Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,
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145
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Castilla-Ortega E, Serrano A, Blanco E, Araos P, Suárez J, Pavón FJ, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Santín LJ. A place for the hippocampus in the cocaine addiction circuit: Potential roles for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 66:15-32. [PMID: 27118134 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a chronic brain disease in which the drug seeking habits and profound cognitive, emotional and motivational alterations emerge from drug-induced neuroadaptations on a vulnerable brain. Therefore, a 'cocaine addiction brain circuit' has been described to explain this disorder. Studies in both cocaine patients and rodents reveal the hippocampus as a main node in the cocaine addiction circuit. The contribution of the hippocampus to cocaine craving and the associated memories is essential to understand the chronic relapsing nature of addiction, which is the main obstacle for the recovery. Interestingly, the hippocampus holds a particular form of plasticity that is rare in the adult brain: the ability to generate new functional neurons. There is an active scientific debate on the contributions of these new neurons to the addicted brain. This review focuses on the potential role(s) of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) in cocaine addiction. Although the current evidence primarily originates from animal research, these preclinical studies support AHN as a relevant component for the hippocampal effects of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Castilla-Ortega
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain.
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo Blanco
- Departament de Pedagogia i Psicologia, Facultat d'Educació, Psicologia i Treball Social, Universitat de Lleida, Spain
| | - Pedro Araos
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pavón
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis J Santín
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, Spain.
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146
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Control of adult neurogenesis by programmed cell death in the mammalian brain. Mol Brain 2016; 9:43. [PMID: 27098178 PMCID: PMC4839132 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of neural stem cells (NSCs) and the production of new neurons in the adult brain have received great attention from scientists and the public because of implications to brain plasticity and their potential use for treating currently incurable brain diseases. Adult neurogenesis is controlled at multiple levels, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and programmed cell death (PCD). Among these, PCD is the last and most prominent process for regulating the final number of mature neurons integrated into neural circuits. PCD can be classified into apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagic cell death and emerging evidence suggests that all three may be important modes of cell death in neural stem/progenitor cells. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate PCD and thereby impact the intricate balance between self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation during adult neurogenesis are not well understood. In this comprehensive review, we focus on the extent, mechanism, and biological significance of PCD for the control of adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain. The role of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the regulation of PCD at the molecular and systems levels is also discussed. Adult neurogenesis is a dynamic process, and the signals for differentiation, proliferation, and death of neural progenitor/stem cells are closely interrelated. A better understanding of how adult neurogenesis is influenced by PCD will help lead to important insights relevant to brain health and diseases.
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147
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Fine processes of Nestin-GFP-positive radial glia-like stem cells in the adult dentate gyrus ensheathe local synapses and vasculature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2536-45. [PMID: 27091993 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514652113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis relies on the activation of neural stem cells in the dentate gyrus, their division, and differentiation of their progeny into mature granule neurons. The complex morphology of radial glia-like (RGL) stem cells suggests that these cells establish numerous contacts with the cellular components of the neurogenic niche that may play a crucial role in the regulation of RGL stem cell activity. However, the morphology of RGL stem cells remains poorly described. Here, we used light microscopy and electron microscopy to examine Nestin-GFP transgenic mice and provide a detailed ultrastructural reconstruction analysis of Nestin-GFP-positive RGL cells of the dentate gyrus. We show that their primary processes follow a tortuous path from the subgranular zone through the granule cell layer and ensheathe local synapses and vasculature in the inner molecular layer. They share the ensheathing of synapses and vasculature with astrocytic processes and adhere to the adjacent processes of astrocytes. This extensive interaction of processes with their local environment could allow them to be uniquely receptive to signals from local neurons, glia, and vasculature, which may regulate their fate.
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148
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Abstract
Progress in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) now makes it possible to identify the major white matter tracts in the living human brain. These tracts are important because they carry many of the signals communicated between different brain regions. MRI methods coupled with biophysical modeling can measure the tissue properties and structural features of the tracts that impact our ability to think, feel, and perceive. This review describes the fundamental ideas of the MRI methods used to identify the major white matter tracts in the living human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Wandell
- Department of Psychology and Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
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149
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Leuner B, Sabihi S. The birth of new neurons in the maternal brain: Hormonal regulation and functional implications. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 41:99-113. [PMID: 26969795 PMCID: PMC4942360 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The maternal brain is remarkably plastic and exhibits multifaceted neural modifications. Neurogenesis has emerged as one of the mechanisms by which the maternal brain exhibits plasticity. This review highlights what is currently known about peripartum-associated changes in adult neurogenesis and the underlying hormonal mechanisms. We also consider the functional consequences of neurogenesis in the peripartum brain and extent to which this process may play a role in maternal care, cognitive function and postpartum mood. Finally, while most work investigating the effects of parenting on adult neurogenesis has focused on mothers, a few studies have examined fathers and these results are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Leuner
- The Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, Columbus, OH, USA; The Ohio State University, Department of Neuroscience, Columbus, OH, USA; The Ohio State University, Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Sara Sabihi
- The Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, Columbus, OH, USA
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150
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Crupi R, Impellizzeri D, Bruschetta G, Cordaro M, Paterniti I, Siracusa R, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide/Luteolin Promotes Neuronal Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:47. [PMID: 27014061 PMCID: PMC4782663 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) stimulates activation of astrocytes and infiltration of immune cells at the lesion site; however, the mechanism that promotes the birth of new neurons is still under debate. Neuronal regeneration is restricted after spinal cord injury, but can be stimulated by experimental intervention. Previously we demonstrated that treatment co-ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin, namely co-ultraPEALut, reduced inflammation. The present study was designed to explore the neuroregenerative properties of co-ultraPEALut in an estabished murine model of SCI. A vascular clip was applied to the spinal cord dura at T5-T8 to provoke injury. Mice were treated with co-ultraPEALut (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) daily for 72 h after SCI. Co-ultraPEALut increased the numbers of both bromodeoxyuridine-positive nuclei and doublecortin-immunoreactive cells in the spinal cord of injured mice. To correlate neuronal development with synaptic plasticity a Golgi method was employed to analyze dendritic spine density. Co-ultraPEALut administration stimulated expression of the neurotrophic factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, and neurotrophin-3. These findings show a prominent effect of co-ultraPEALut administration in the management of survival and differentiation of new neurons and spine maturation, and may represent a therapeutic treatment for spinal cord and other traumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of MessinaMessina, Italy; Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, The University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
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