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Holmes B, Lee J, Landon KA, Benavides-Serrato A, Bashir T, Jung ME, Lichtenstein A, Gera J. Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibition Synergizes with Reduced Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES)-mediated Translation of Cyclin D1 and c-MYC mRNAs to Treat Glioblastoma. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14146-14159. [PMID: 27226604 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.726927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work has demonstrated an intrinsic mRNA-specific protein synthesis salvage pathway operative in glioblastoma (GBM) tumor cells that is resistant to mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors. The activation of this internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent mRNA translation initiation pathway results in continued translation of critical transcripts involved in cell cycle progression in the face of global eIF-4E-mediated translation inhibition. Recently we identified compound 11 (C11), a small molecule capable of inhibiting c-MYC IRES translation as a consequence of blocking the interaction of a requisite c-MYC IRES trans-acting factor, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1, with its IRES. Here we demonstrate that C11 also blocks cyclin D1 IRES-dependent initiation and demonstrates synergistic anti-GBM properties when combined with the mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor PP242. The structure-activity relationship of C11 was investigated and resulted in the identification of IRES-J007, which displayed improved IRES-dependent initiation blockade and synergistic anti-GBM effects with PP242. Mechanistic studies with C11 and IRES-J007 revealed binding of the inhibitors within the UP1 fragment of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1, and docking analysis suggested a small pocket within close proximity to RRM2 as the potential binding site. We further demonstrate that co-therapy with IRES-J007 and PP242 significantly reduces tumor growth of GBM xenografts in mice and that combined inhibitor treatments markedly reduce the mRNA translational state of cyclin D1 and c-MYC transcripts in these tumors. These data support the combined use of IRES-J007 and PP242 to achieve synergistic antitumor responses in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Holmes
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048; Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Jihye Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Kenna A Landon
- Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Angelica Benavides-Serrato
- Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Tariq Bashir
- Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Michael E Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048; Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Alan Lichtenstein
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048; Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343; Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Joseph Gera
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048; Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343; Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048.
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102
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Abstract
Small evolutionarily conserved noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), regulate gene expression either by translational repression or by mRNA degradation in mammals. miRNAs play functional roles in diverse physiological and pathological processes. miRNA processing is accurately regulated through multifarious factors. The canonical miRNA processing pathway consists of four sequential steps: (a) miRNA gene is transcribed into primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) mainly by RNA polymerase II; (b) pri-miRNA is processed into precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA) through microprocessor complex; (c) pre-miRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm with the assistance of Exportin 5 (EXP5/XP05) protein; and (d) pre-miRNA is further processed into mature miRNA via Dicer. Emerging evidence has also demonstrated that some miRNAs undergo alternative processing pathways. Dysregulation of miRNA processing is closely related to tumorigenesis. Here, we review the current advances in the knowledge of miRNA processing and briefly discuss its impact on human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jiang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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103
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RNA Binding Proteins in the miRNA Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010031. [PMID: 26712751 PMCID: PMC4730277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are short ~22 nucleotides (nt) ribonucleic acids which post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. miRNAs are key regulators of all cellular processes, and the correct expression of miRNAs in an organism is crucial for proper development and cellular function. As a result, the miRNA biogenesis pathway is highly regulated. In this review, we outline the basic steps of miRNA biogenesis and miRNA mediated gene regulation focusing on the role of RNA binding proteins (RBPs). We also describe multiple mechanisms that regulate the canonical miRNA pathway, which depends on a wide range of RBPs. Moreover, we hypothesise that the interaction between miRNA regulation and RBPs is potentially more widespread based on the analysis of available high-throughput datasets.
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104
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Joshi S, Wei J, Bishopric NH. A cardiac myocyte-restricted Lin28/let-7 regulatory axis promotes hypoxia-mediated apoptosis by inducing the AKT signaling suppressor PIK3IP1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:240-51. [PMID: 26655604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The let-7 family of microRNAs (miRs) regulates critical cell functions, including survival signaling, differentiation, metabolic control and glucose utilization. These functions may be important during myocardial ischemia. MiR-let-7 expression is under tight temporal and spatial control through multiple redundant mechanisms that may be stage-, isoform- and tissue-specific. OBJECTIVE To determine the mechanisms and functional consequences of miR-let-7 regulation by hypoxia in the heart. METHODS AND RESULTS MiR-let-7a, -7c and -7g were downregulated in the adult mouse heart early after coronary occlusion, and in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes subjected to hypoxia. Let-7 repression did not require glucose depletion, and occurred at a post-transcriptional level. Hypoxia also induced the RNA binding protein Lin28, a negative regulator of let-7. Hypoxia ineither induced Lin28 nor repressed miR-let-7 in cardiac fibroblasts. Both changes were abrogated by treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. Restoration of let-7g to hypoxic myocytes and to ischemia-reperfused mouse hearts in vivo via lentiviral transduction potentiated the hypoxia-induced phosphorylation and activation of Akt, and prevented hypoxia-dependent caspase activation and death. Mechanistically, phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase interacting protein 1 (Pik3ip1), a negative regulator of PI3K, was identified as a novel target of miR-let-7 by a crosslinking technique showing that miR-let-7g specifically targets Pik3ip1 to the cardiac myocyte Argonaute complex RISC. Finally, in non-failing and failing human myocardium, we found specific inverse relationships between Lin28 and miR-let-7g, and between miR-let-7g and PIK3IP1. CONCLUSION A conserved hypoxia-responsive Lin28-miR-let-7-Pik3ip1 regulatory axis is specific to cardiac myocytes and promotes apoptosis during myocardial ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaurya Joshi
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jianqin Wei
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nanette H Bishopric
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.
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105
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Warrander F, Faas L, Kovalevskiy O, Peters D, Coles M, Antson AA, Genever P, Isaacs HV. lin28 proteins promote expression of 17∼92 family miRNAs during amphibian development. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:34-46. [PMID: 26447465 PMCID: PMC4982076 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lin28 proteins are post‐transcriptional regulators of gene expression with multiple roles in development and the regulation of pluripotency in stem cells. Much attention has focussed on Lin28 proteins as negative regulators of let‐7 miRNA biogenesis; a function that is conserved in several animal groups and in multiple processes. However, there is increasing evidence that Lin28 proteins have additional roles, distinct from regulation of let‐7 abundance. We have previously demonstrated that lin28 proteins have functions associated with the regulation of early cell lineage specification in Xenopus embryos, independent of a lin28/let‐7 regulatory axis. However, the nature of lin28 targets in Xenopus development remains obscure. Results: Here, we show that mir‐17∼92 and mir‐106∼363 cluster miRNAs are down‐regulated in response to lin28 knockdown, and RNAs from these clusters are co‐expressed with lin28 genes during germ layer specification. Mature miRNAs derived from pre‐mir‐363 are most sensitive to lin28 inhibition. We demonstrate that lin28a binds to the terminal loop of pre‐mir‐363 with an affinity similar to that of let‐7, and that this high affinity interaction requires to conserved a GGAG motif. Conclusions: Our data suggest a novel function for amphibian lin28 proteins as positive regulators of mir‐17∼92 family miRNAs. Developmental Dynamics 245:34–46, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. We show that mir‐17∼92 and mir‐106∼363 cluster miRNAs are down regulated in response to lin28 knockdown in Xenopus embryos. We demonstrate that lin28a binds to the terminal loop of pre‐mir‐363 and this interaction requires a conserved a GGAG motif.
Our data suggest a novel function for amphibian lin28 proteins as positive regulators of mir‐17∼92 family miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Warrander
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Laura Faas
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Oleg Kovalevskiy
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Daniel Peters
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mark Coles
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, Heslington York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Alfred A Antson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Paul Genever
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Harry V Isaacs
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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106
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Competing Interactions of RNA-Binding Proteins, MicroRNAs, and Their Targets Control Neuronal Development and Function. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2903-18. [PMID: 26512708 PMCID: PMC4693262 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional mechanisms play critical roles in the control of gene expression during neuronal development and maturation as they allow for faster responses to environmental cues and provide spatially-restricted compartments for local control of protein expression. These mechanisms depend on the interaction of cis-acting elements present in the mRNA sequence and trans-acting factors, such as RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) that bind to those cis-elements and regulate mRNA stability, subcellular localization, and translation. Recent studies have uncovered an unexpected complexity in these interactions, where coding and non-coding RNAs, termed competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), compete for binding to miRNAs. This competition can, thereby, control a larger number of miRNA target transcripts. However, competing RNA networks also extend to competition between target mRNAs for binding to limited amounts of RBPs. In this review, we present evidence that competitions between target mRNAs for binding to RBPs also occur in neurons, where they affect transcript stability and transport into axons and dendrites as well as translation. In addition, we illustrate the complexity of these mechanisms by demonstrating that RBPs and miRNAs also compete for target binding and regulation.
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107
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Morgan CE, Meagher JL, Levengood JD, Delproposto J, Rollins C, Stuckey JA, Tolbert BS. The First Crystal Structure of the UP1 Domain of hnRNP A1 Bound to RNA Reveals a New Look for an Old RNA Binding Protein. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:3241-3257. [PMID: 26003924 PMCID: PMC4586317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1 protein is a multifunctional RNA binding protein implicated in a wide range of biological functions. Mechanisms and putative hnRNP A1-RNA interactions have been inferred primarily from the crystal structure of its UP1 domain bound to ssDNA. RNA stem loops represent an important class of known hnRNP A1 targets, yet little is known about the structural basis of hnRNP A1-RNA recognition. Here, we report the first high-resolution structure (1.92Å) of UP1 bound to a 5'-AGU-3' trinucleotide that resembles sequence elements of several native hnRNP A1-RNA stem loop targets. UP1 interacts specifically with the AG dinucleotide sequence via a "nucleobase pocket" formed by the β-sheet surface of RRM1 and the inter-RRM linker; RRM2 does not contact the RNA. The inter-RRM linker forms the lid of the nucleobase pocket and we show using structure-guided mutagenesis that the conserved salt-bridge interactions (R75:D155 and R88:D157) on the α-helical side of the RNA binding surface stabilize the linker in a geometry poised to bind RNA. We further investigated the structural basis of UP1 binding HIViSL3(ESS3) by determining a structural model of the complex scored by small-angle X-ray scattering. UP1 docks on the apical loop of SL3(ESS3) using its RRM1 domain and inter-RRM linker only. The biophysical implications of the structural model were tested by measuring kinetic binding parameters, where mutations introduced within the apical loop reduce binding affinities by slowing down the rate of complex formation. Collectively, the data presented here provide the first insights into hnRNP A1-RNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jennifer L Meagher
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Levengood
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - James Delproposto
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Carrie Rollins
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jeanne A Stuckey
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Blanton S Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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108
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A Single Let-7 MicroRNA Bypasses LIN28-Mediated Repression. Cell Rep 2015; 13:260-6. [PMID: 26440890 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Let-7 microRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of animal development, stem cell differentiation, glucose metabolism, and tumorigenesis. Mammalian genomes contain 12 let-7 isoforms that suppress expression of a common set of target mRNAs. LIN28 proteins selectively block let-7 biogenesis in undifferentiated cells and in cancer. The current model for coordinate let-7 repression involves the LIN28 cold-shock domain (CSD) binding the terminal loop and the two CCHC-type zinc fingers recognizing a GGAG sequence motif in precursor let-7 (pre-let-7) RNAs. Here, we perform a systematic analysis of all let-7 miRNAs and find that a single let-7 family member, human let-7a-3 (and its murine ortholog let-7c-2), escapes LIN28-mediated regulation. Mechanistically, we find that the pre-let-7c-2 loop precludes LIN28A binding and regulation. These findings refine the current model of let-7 regulation by LIN28 proteins and have important implications for understanding the LIN28/let-7 axis in development and disease.
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109
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RNA-Binding Proteins in the Regulation of miRNA Activity: A Focus on Neuronal Functions. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2363-87. [PMID: 26437437 PMCID: PMC4693239 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranscriptional modifications of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are key processes in the fine-tuning of cellular homeostasis. Two major actors in this scenario are RNA binding proteins (RBPs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) that together play important roles in the biogenesis, turnover, translation and localization of mRNAs. This review will highlight recent advances in the understanding of the role of RBPs in the regulation of the maturation and the function of miRNAs. The interplay between miRNAs and RBPs is discussed specifically in the context of neuronal development and function.
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110
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Combinatorial Control of mRNA Fates by RNA-Binding Proteins and Non-Coding RNAs. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2207-22. [PMID: 26404389 PMCID: PMC4693235 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional control of gene expression is mediated by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and small non-coding RNAs (e.g., microRNAs) that bind to distinct elements in their mRNA targets. Here, we review recent examples describing the synergistic and/or antagonistic effects mediated by RBPs and miRNAs to determine the localisation, stability and translation of mRNAs in mammalian cells. From these studies, it is becoming increasingly apparent that dynamic rearrangements of RNA-protein complexes could have profound implications in human cancer, in synaptic plasticity, and in cellular differentiation.
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111
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Xiong XP, Vogler G, Kurthkoti K, Samsonova A, Zhou R. SmD1 Modulates the miRNA Pathway Independently of Its Pre-mRNA Splicing Function. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005475. [PMID: 26308709 PMCID: PMC4550278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous regulatory RNAs that play a key role in myriad biological processes. Upon transcription, primary miRNA transcripts are sequentially processed by Drosha and Dicer ribonucleases into ~22-24 nt miRNAs. Subsequently, miRNAs are incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs) that contain Argonaute (AGO) family proteins and guide RISC to target RNAs via complementary base pairing, leading to post-transcriptional gene silencing by a combination of translation inhibition and mRNA destabilization. Select pre-mRNA splicing factors have been implicated in small RNA-mediated gene silencing pathways in fission yeast, worms, flies and mammals, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we show that SmD1, a core component of the Drosophila small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snRNP) implicated in splicing, is required for miRNA biogenesis and function. SmD1 interacts with both the microprocessor component Pasha and pri-miRNAs, and is indispensable for optimal miRNA biogenesis. Depletion of SmD1 impairs the assembly and function of the miRISC without significantly affecting the expression of major canonical miRNA pathway components. Moreover, SmD1 physically and functionally associates with components of the miRISC, including AGO1 and GW182. Notably, miRNA defects resulting from SmD1 silencing can be uncoupled from defects in pre-mRNA splicing, and the miRNA and splicing machineries are physically and functionally distinct entities. Finally, photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (PAR-CLIP) analysis identifies numerous SmD1-binding events across the transcriptome and reveals direct SmD1-miRNA interactions. Our study suggests that SmD1 plays a direct role in miRNA-mediated gene silencing independently of its pre-mRNA splicing activity and indicates that the dual roles of splicing factors in post-transcriptional gene regulation may be evolutionarily widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Xiong
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Georg Vogler
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Krishna Kurthkoti
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - Rui Zhou
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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112
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Choudhury NR, Nowak JS, Zuo J, Rappsilber J, Spoel SH, Michlewski G. Trim25 Is an RNA-Specific Activator of Lin28a/TuT4-Mediated Uridylation. Cell Rep 2015; 9:1265-72. [PMID: 25457611 PMCID: PMC4542301 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA binding proteins have thousands of cellular RNA targets and often exhibit opposite or passive molecular functions. Lin28a is a conserved RNA binding protein involved in pluripotency and tumorigenesis that was previously shown to trigger TuT4-mediated pre-let-7 uridylation, inhibiting its processing and targeting it for degradation. Surprisingly, despite binding to other pre-microRNAs (pre-miRNAs), only pre-let-7 is efficiently uridylated by TuT4. Thus, we hypothesized the existence of substrate-specific cofactors that stimulate Lin28a-mediated pre-let-7 uridylation or restrict its functionality on non-let-7 pre-miRNAs. Through RNA pull-downs coupled with quantitative mass spectrometry, we identified the E3 ligase Trim25 as an RNA-specific cofactor for Lin28a/TuT4-mediated uridylation. We show that Trim25 binds to the conserved terminal loop (CTL) of pre-let-7 and activates TuT4, allowing for more efficient Lin28a-mediated uridylation. These findings reveal that protein-modifying enzymes, only recently shown to bind RNA, can guide the function of canonical ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes in cis, thereby providing an additional level of specificity. Lin28a binding to a pre-miRNA is insufficient to trigger TuT4-mediated uridylation The E3 ligase Trim25 binds to the conserved terminal loop of pre-let-7 Trim25 is an RNA-specific cofactor for Lin28a/TuT4-mediated uridylation
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113
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Luan W, Wang Y, Chen X, Shi Y, Wang J, Zhang J, Qian J, Li R, Tao T, Wei W, Hu Q, Liu N, You Y. PKM2 promotes glucose metabolism and cell growth in gliomas through a mechanism involving a let-7a/c-Myc/hnRNPA1 feedback loop. Oncotarget 2015; 6:13006-18. [PMID: 25948776 PMCID: PMC4536995 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells metabolize more glucose to lactate in aerobic or hypoxic conditions than non-tumor cells. Pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (PKM2) is crucial for tumor cell aerobic glycolysis. We established a role for let-7a/c-Myc/hnRNPA1/PKM2 signaling in glioma cell glucose metabolism. PKM2 depletion via siRNA inhibits cell proliferation and aerobic glycolysis in glioma cells. C-Myc promotes up-regulation of hnRNPA1 expression, hnRNPA1 binding to PKM pre-mRNA, and the subsequent formation of PKM2. This pathway is downregulated by the microRNA let-7a, which functionally targets c-Myc, whereas hnRNPA1 blocks the biogenesis of let-7a to counteract its ability to downregulate the c-Myc/hnRNPA1/PKM2 signaling pathway. The down-regulation of c-Myc/ hnRNPA1/PKM2 by let-7a is verified using a glioma xenograft model. These results suggest that let-7a, c-Myc and hnRNPA1 from a feedback loop, thereby regulating PKM2 expression to modulate glucose metabolism of glioma cells. These findings elucidate a new pathway mediating aerobic glycolysis in gliomas and provide an attractive potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkang Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingyi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xincheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junxia Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Xuancheng City, Anhui, China
| | - Ri Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjin Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongping You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Yang Q, Li W, She H, Dou J, Duong DM, Du Y, Yang SH, Seyfried NT, Fu H, Gao G, Mao Z. Stress induces p38 MAPK-mediated phosphorylation and inhibition of Drosha-dependent cell survival. Mol Cell 2015; 57:721-734. [PMID: 25699712 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the translational potential of their mRNA targets and control many cellular processes. The key step in canonical miRNA biogenesis is the cleavage of the primary transcripts by the nuclear RNase III enzyme Drosha. Emerging evidence suggests that the miRNA biogenic cascade is tightly controlled. However, little is known whether Drosha is regulated. Here, we show that Drosha is targeted by stress. Under stress, p38 MAPK directly phosphorylates Drosha at its N terminus. This reduces its interaction with DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 and promotes its nuclear export and degradation by calpain. This regulatory mechanism mediates stress-induced inhibition of Drosha function. Reduction of Drosha sensitizes cells to stress and increases death. In contrast, increase in Drosha attenuates stress-induced death. These findings reveal a critical regulatory mechanism by which stress engages p38 MAPK pathway to destabilize Drosha and inhibit Drosha-mediated cellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China; Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Wenming Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hua She
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Juan Dou
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shao-Hua Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Guodong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Zixu Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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115
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Kurzynska-Kokorniak A, Koralewska N, Pokornowska M, Urbanowicz A, Tworak A, Mickiewicz A, Figlerowicz M. The many faces of Dicer: the complexity of the mechanisms regulating Dicer gene expression and enzyme activities. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:4365-80. [PMID: 25883138 PMCID: PMC4482082 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence indicating that the production of small regulatory RNAs is not the only process in which ribonuclease Dicer can participate. For example, it has been demonstrated that this enzyme is also involved in chromatin structure remodelling, inflammation and apoptotic DNA degradation. Moreover, it has become increasingly clear that cellular transcript and protein levels of Dicer must be strictly controlled because even small changes in their accumulation can initiate various pathological processes, including carcinogenesis. Accordingly, in recent years, a number of studies have been performed to identify the factors regulating Dicer gene expression and protein activity. As a result, a large amount of complex and often contradictory data has been generated. None of these data have been subjected to an exhaustive review or critical discussion. This review attempts to fill this gap by summarizing the current knowledge of factors that regulate Dicer gene transcription, primary transcript processing, mRNA translation and enzyme activity. Because of the high complexity of this topic, this review mainly concentrates on human Dicer. This review also focuses on an additional regulatory layer of Dicer activity involving the interactions of protein and RNA factors with Dicer substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Koralewska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Maria Pokornowska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Anna Urbanowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Aleksander Tworak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mickiewicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan 60-965, Poland
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116
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Olive V, Minella AC, He L. Outside the coding genome, mammalian microRNAs confer structural and functional complexity. Sci Signal 2015; 8:re2. [PMID: 25783159 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a class of small, regulatory noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) with pivotal roles in posttranscriptional gene regulation. Since their initial discovery in 1993, numerous miRNAs have been identified in mammalian genomes, many of which play important roles in diverse cellular processes in development and disease. These small ncRNAs regulate the expression of many protein-coding genes posttranscriptionally, thus adding a substantial complexity to the molecular networks underlying physiological development and disease. In part, this complexity arises from the distinct gene structures, the extensive genomic redundancy, and the complex regulation of the expression and biogenesis of miRNAs. These characteristics contribute to the functional robustness and versatility of miRNAs and provide important clues to the functional significance of these small ncRNAs. The unique structure and function of miRNAs will continue to inspire many to explore the vast noncoding genome and to elucidate the molecular basis for the functional complexity of mammalian genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Olive
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | - Alex C Minella
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Lin He
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA.
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117
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Douablin A, Deguillien M, Breig O, Baklouti F. HnRNP A1 tethers KSRP to an exon splicing silencer that inhibits an erythroid-specific splicing event in PU.1-induced erythroleukemia. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:1410-1422. [PMID: 26101706 PMCID: PMC4473319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exon 16 inclusion is a critical splicing event that triggers the production of a functional protein 4.1R in mature normal erythroblasts, and is obviated in PU.1-induced erythroleukemia cells. Exon 16 contains an exonic splicing silencer (ESS16) that interacts with hnRNP A/B in heterologous cell context. We here show that ESS16 promotes the recruitment of a protein complex containing hnRNP A1 and a 79-kDa protein in nuclear extracts from either proliferative erythroleukemia cells or cells induced to terminal differentiation. By using 2D gel fractionation and mass spectrometry, we unambiguously identified KSRP as the 79-kDa component interacting with ESS16. Furthermore, we show that KSRP slightly decreases in erythroleukemia cells induced to terminal erythroid differentiation. Yet, KSRP inducible knockdown, through stable transfection of small hairpin KSRP RNA, did not alter exon 16 splicing, suggesting that KSRP alone does not modulate the splicing event. Interestingly, absence of hnRNP A1 prevented KSRP from binding to ESS16. Reciprocally, KSRP interaction with ESS16 was recovered when hnRNP A1 expression is restored in hnRNP A1-null cells. Collectively, this study establishes that hnRNPA1 is part of a KSRP-containing RNP complex, and emphasizes that, aside from its function in AU-rich element-mediated mRNA decay and its role in microRNA biogenesis, KSRP associates with hnRNP A1 to bind an ESS. These findings further support the role of members of the KH-domain protein family in organizing large RNA-protein complex formation, rather than primarily in modulating specific splicing events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Douablin
- mRNA Metabolism in Normal and Pathological Cells, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Lyon 1 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mireille Deguillien
- mRNA Metabolism in Normal and Pathological Cells, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Lyon 1 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Osman Breig
- mRNA Metabolism in Normal and Pathological Cells, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Lyon 1 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Faouzi Baklouti
- mRNA Metabolism in Normal and Pathological Cells, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Lyon 1 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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118
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Pan K, Lee JTH, Huang Z, Wong CM. Coupling and coordination in gene expression processes with pre-mRNA splicing. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5682-96. [PMID: 25768347 PMCID: PMC4394499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA processing is a tightly regulated and highly complex pathway which includes transcription, splicing, editing, transportation, translation and degradation. It has been well-documented that splicing of RNA polymerase II medicated nascent transcripts occurs co-transcriptionally and is functionally coupled to other RNA processing. Recently, increasing experimental evidence indicated that pre-mRNA splicing influences RNA degradation and vice versa. In this review, we summarized the recent findings demonstrating the coupling of these two processes. In addition, we highlighted the importance of splicing in the production of intronic miRNA and circular RNAs, and hence the discovery of the novel mechanisms in the regulation of gene expression.
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119
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, 18-23 nucleotides long, which act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. miRNAs are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of many common diseases, including IBDs. This review aims to outline the history, biogenesis and regulation of miRNAs. The role of miRNAs in the development and regulation of the innate and adaptive immune system is discussed, with a particular focus on mechanisms pertinent to IBD and the potential translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kalla
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N T Ventham
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N A Kennedy
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J F Quintana
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Ashworth laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E R Nimmo
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A H Buck
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Ashworth laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Satsangi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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120
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Abstract
miRNAs are important regulatory elements for gene expression that are involved in diverse physiologic and pathologic processes. Canonical miRNA biogenesis consists of a two-step processing, from primary transcripts (pri-miRNA) to precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNA) mediated by Drosha in the nucleus and from pre-miRNAs to mature miRNAs mediated by Dicer in the cytoplasm. Various routes of miRNA maturation that are tightly regulated by signaling cascades and specific to an individual or a subclass of miRNAs have been recently identified. Here, we review the current findings in signaling-mediated miRNA processing as well as their potential clinical relevance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas. Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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121
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Jiang P, Coller H. Functional interactions between microRNAs and RNA binding proteins. Microrna 2014; 1:70-9. [PMID: 25048093 DOI: 10.2174/2211536611201010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ensuring the appropriate spatial-temporal control of protein abundance requires careful control of transcript levels. This process is regulated at many steps, including the rate at which transcripts decay. microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA Binding Proteins (RBPs) represent two important regulators of transcript degradation. We review here recent literature that suggests these two regulators of transcript decay may functionally interact. Some studies have reported an excess of miRNA binding sites surrounding the positions at which RBPs bind. Experimental reports focusing on a particular transcript have identified instances in which RBPs and miRNAs compete for the same target sites, and instances in which the binding of a RBP makes a miRNA recognition site more accessible to the RISC complex. Further, miRNAs and RBPs use similar enzymes for degradation of target transcripts and the degradation of the target transcripts occurs in similar subcellular compartments. In addition to miRNA-RBP interactions involving transcript decay, RBPs have also been reported to facilitate the processing of pri-miRNAs to their final form. We summarize here several possible mechanisms through which miRNA-RBP interactions may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hilary Coller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Room 140, Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544
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122
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Gao Y, Wu F, Zhou J, Yan L, Jurczak MJ, Lee HY, Yang L, Mueller M, Zhou XB, Dandolo L, Szendroedi J, Roden M, Flannery C, Taylor H, Carmichael GG, Shulman GI, Huang Y. The H19/let-7 double-negative feedback loop contributes to glucose metabolism in muscle cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:13799-811. [PMID: 25399420 PMCID: PMC4267628 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The H19 lncRNA has been implicated in development and growth control and is associated with human genetic disorders and cancer. Acting as a molecular sponge, H19 inhibits microRNA (miRNA) let-7. Here we report that H19 is significantly decreased in muscle of human subjects with type-2 diabetes and insulin resistant rodents. This decrease leads to increased bioavailability of let-7, causing diminished expression of let-7 targets, which is recapitulated in vitro where H19 depletion results in impaired insulin signaling and decreased glucose uptake. Furthermore, acute hyperinsulinemia downregulates H19, a phenomenon that occurs through PI3K/AKT-dependent phosphorylation of the miRNA processing factor KSRP, which promotes biogenesis of let-7 and its mediated H19 destabilization. Our results reveal a previously undescribed double-negative feedback loop between sponge lncRNA and target miRNA that contributes to glucose regulation in muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
| | - Fuju Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P. R. China
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Internal Medicine, Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Hui-Young Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Internal Medicine, Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Lihua Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P. R. China
| | - Martin Mueller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P. R. China
| | - Luisa Dandolo
- Department of Genetics and Development, Institut Cochin, U1016 Paris, France
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany Department of Metabolic Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany Department of Metabolic Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Clare Flannery
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Hugh Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Gordon G Carmichael
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Internal Medicine, Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yingqun Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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123
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Roos M, Rebhan MAE, Lucic M, Pavlicek D, Pradere U, Towbin H, Civenni G, Catapano CV, Hall J. Short loop-targeting oligoribonucleotides antagonize Lin28 and enable pre-let-7 processing and suppression of cell growth in let-7-deficient cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:e9. [PMID: 25378324 PMCID: PMC4333367 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) originate from stem-loop-containing precursors (pre-miRNAs, pri-miRNAs) and mature by means of the Drosha and Dicer endonucleases and their associated factors. The let-7 miRNAs have prominent roles in developmental differentiation and in regulating cell proliferation. In cancer, the tumor suppressor function of let-7 is abrogated by overexpression of Lin28, one of several RNA-binding proteins that regulate let-7 biogenesis by interacting with conserved motifs in let-7 precursors close to the Dicer cleavage site. Using in vitro assays, we have identified a binding site for short modified oligoribonucleotides ('looptomirs') overlapping that of Lin28 in pre-let-7a-2. These looptomirs selectively antagonize the docking of Lin28, but still permit processing of pre-let-7a-2 by Dicer. Looptomirs restored synthesis of mature let-7 and inhibited growth and clonogenic potential in Lin28 overexpressing hepatocarcinoma cells, thereby demonstrating a promising new means to rescue defective miRNA biogenesis in Lin28-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Roos
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario A E Rebhan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matije Lucic
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Pavlicek
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ugo Pradere
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harry Towbin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Civenni
- Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapeutics Program, Institute of Oncology Research, Via Vela 6, Bellinzona CH-6500, Switzerland
| | - Carlo V Catapano
- Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapeutics Program, Institute of Oncology Research, Via Vela 6, Bellinzona CH-6500, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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124
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Jiang X. Different signal pathways regulate IL-1β-induced mature and primary miRNA-146a expression in human alveolar epithelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:282-90. [PMID: 25183503 DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.101.2014.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It was known that IL-1β-induced rapid expression of miR-146a, which regulated the secretion of inflammatory chemokines in human A549 alveolar epithelial cells. However, little is known about the level of primary miR-146a and the downstream biogenesis of miR-146a in A549 cells. We examined the levels of primary miR-146a and mature miR-146a in A549 cells following treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of IKK-2 (TPCA-1), MEK-1/2 (PD098059), JNK-1/2 (SP600125), p38 MAPK (SB 203580) and PI-3k (LY294002). Our studies showed that exposure to PD98059, TPCA-1 and LY294002 resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the expression of mature miR-146a while the primary miR-146a expression was not changed by any inhibitor. Western blot showed that IL-1β induced an increase of TRBP at 30 min, following by an extended expression at 24 h compared to the non-IL-1β controls in A549 cells. In conclusion, our studies indicated that miR-146a expression in alveolar epithelial cells was regulated at the post-transcriptional level via a MEK-1/2 and IKK2 pathway, and also for the first time via PI-3k pathway. The longer expression of TRBP following stimulation with IL-1β suggests that TRBP might play a role in the process of regulating the processing of primary miR-146a to mature miR-146a in human alveolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Jiang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine 76 Yanta West Road Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China University of Manchester NIHR Translational Research Facility in Respiratory Medicine Group, School of Translational Medicine Manchester UK
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125
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Ohms S, Lee SH, Rangasamy D. LINE-1 retrotransposons and let-7 miRNA: partners in the pathogenesis of cancer? Front Genet 2014; 5:338. [PMID: 25339972 PMCID: PMC4188135 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) retrotransposons are insertional mutagens capable of altering the genomic landscape in many ways. Activation of the normally silent LINE-1 retrotransposon is associated with a high level of cancer-associated DNA damage and genomic instability. Studies of LINE-1 have so far focused mainly on changes in gene expression, and our knowledge of its impact on functional non-coding RNAs is in its infancy. However, current evidence suggests that a significant number of human miRNAs originate from retrotransposon sequences. Furthermore, LINE-1 is generally not expressed in normal tissues while its expression is widespread in epithelial cancers. Based on our recent studies, we demonstrate a functional link between aberrant LINE-1 expression and deregulation of let-7 miRNA expression. Since the expression of let-7 is modulated by LINE-1 activity, we discuss possible mechanisms for this effect and how the silencing of LINE-1 activation could provide new therapeutic options for cancer treatment. Based on the deep sequencing of small RNAs in parallel with gene expression profiling in breast cancer cells, we have identified potential pathways linking L1 activity to let-7 processing and maturation and ultimately to the control of stemness in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ohms
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sung-Hun Lee
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University Canberra, ACT, Australia ; Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX, USA
| | - Danny Rangasamy
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University Canberra, ACT, Australia
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126
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Fletcher CE, Dart DA, Bevan CL. Interplay between steroid signalling and microRNAs: implications for hormone-dependent cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R409-29. [PMID: 25062737 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hormones are key drivers of cancer development. To date, interest has largely been focussed on the classical model of hormonal gene regulation, but there is increasing evidence for a role of hormone signalling pathways in post-translational regulation of gene expression. In particular, a complex and dynamic network of bi-directional interactions with microRNAs (miRs) at all stages of biogenesis and during target gene repression is emerging. miRs, which act mainly by negatively regulating gene expression through association with 3'-UTRs of mRNA species, are increasingly understood to be important in development, normal physiology and pathogenesis. Given recent demonstrations of altered miR profiles in a diverse range of cancers, their ability to function as oncogenes or tumour suppressors, and hormonal regulation of miRs, understanding mechanisms by which miRs are generated and regulated is vitally important. miRs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II and then processed in the nucleus by the Drosha-containing Microprocessor complex and in the cytoplasm by Dicer, before mature miRs are incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex. It is increasingly evident that multiple cellular signalling pathways converge upon the miR biogenesis cascade, adding further layers of regulatory complexity to modulate miR maturation. This review summarises recent advances in identification of novel components and regulators of the Microprocessor and Dicer complexes, with particular emphasis on the role of hormone signalling pathways in regulating their activity. Understanding hormone regulation of miR production and how this is perturbed in cancer are critical for the development of miR-based therapeutics and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Fletcher
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UKCardiff University School of MedicineCardiff University Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - D Alwyn Dart
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UKCardiff University School of MedicineCardiff University Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UKCardiff University School of MedicineCardiff University Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Charlotte L Bevan
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UKCardiff University School of MedicineCardiff University Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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127
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Rbfox3 controls the biogenesis of a subset of microRNAs. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 21:901-10. [PMID: 25240799 PMCID: PMC4189996 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate numerous aspects of gene expression; thus, identification of their endogenous targets is important for understanding their cellular functions. Here we identified transcriptome-wide targets of Rbfox3 in neuronally differentiated P19 cells and mouse brain by using photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (PAR-CLIP). Although Rbfox3 is known to regulate pre-mRNA splicing through binding the UGCAUG motif, PAR-CLIP analysis revealed diverse Rbfox3 targets including primary microRNAs (pri-miRNAs) that lack the UGCAUG motif. Induced expression and depletion of Rbfox3 led to changes in the expression levels of a subset of PAR-CLIP-detected miRNAs. In vitro analyses revealed that Rbfox3 functions as a positive and a negative regulator at the stage of pri-miRNA processing to precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA). Rbfox3 binds directly to pri-miRNAs and regulates the recruitment of the microprocessor complex to pri-miRNAs. Our study proposes a new function for Rbfox3 in miRNA biogenesis.
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128
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PreImplantation factor promotes neuroprotection by targeting microRNA let-7. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:13882-7. [PMID: 25205808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1411674111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction and loss of neurons are the major characteristics of CNS disorders that include stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Activation of the Toll-like receptor 7 by extracellular microRNA let-7, a highly expressed microRNA in the CNS, induces neuronal cell death. Let-7 released from injured neurons and immune cells acts on neighboring cells, exacerbating CNS damage. Here we show that a synthetic peptide analogous to the mammalian PreImplantation factor (PIF) secreted by developing embryos and which is present in the maternal circulation during pregnancy inhibits the biogenesis of let-7 in both neuronal and immune cells of the mouse. The synthetic peptide, sPIF, destabilizes KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP), a key microRNA-processing protein, in a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent manner, leading to decreased production of let-7. Furthermore, s.c. administration of sPIF into neonatal rats following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury robustly rescued cortical volume and number of neurons and decreased the detrimental glial response, as is consistent with diminished levels of KSRP and let-7 in sPIF-treated brains. Our results reveal a previously unexpected mechanism of action of PIF and underscore the potential clinical utility of sPIF in treating hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. The newly identified PIF/TLR4/KSRP/let-7 regulatory axis also may operate during embryo implantation and development.
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129
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Bertsch U, Röder C, Kalthoff H, Trauzold A. Compartmentalization of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) death receptor functions: emerging role of nuclear TRAIL-R2. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1390. [PMID: 25165876 PMCID: PMC4454323 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Localized in the plasma membrane, death domain-containing TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors, TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2, induce apoptosis and non-apoptotic signaling when crosslinked by the ligand TRAIL or by agonistic receptor-specific antibodies. Recently, an increasing body of evidence has accumulated that TRAIL receptors are additionally found in noncanonical intracellular locations in a wide range of cell types, preferentially cancer cells. Thus, besides their canonical locations in the plasma membrane and in intracellular membranes of the secretory pathway as well as endosomes and lysosomes, TRAIL receptors may also exist in autophagosomes, in nonmembraneous cytosolic compartment as well as in the nucleus. Such intracellular locations have been mainly regarded as hide-outs for these receptors representing a strategy for cancer cells to resist TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Recently, a novel function of intracellular TRAIL-R2 has been revealed. When present in the nuclei of tumor cells, TRAIL-R2 inhibits the processing of the primary let-7 miRNA (pri-let-7) via interaction with accessory proteins of the Microprocessor complex. The nuclear TRAIL-R2-driven decrease in mature let-7 enhances the malignancy of cancer cells. This finding represents a new example of nuclear activity of typically plasma membrane-located cytokine and growth factor receptors. Furthermore, this extends the list of nucleic acid targets of the cell surface receptors by pri-miRNA in addition to DNA and mRNA. Here we review the diverse functions of TRAIL-R2 depending on its intracellular localization and we particularly discuss the nuclear TRAIL-R2 (nTRAIL-R2) function in the context of known nuclear activities of other normally plasma membrane-localized receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bertsch
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel D-24105, Germany
| | - C Röder
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel D-24105, Germany
| | - H Kalthoff
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel D-24105, Germany
| | - A Trauzold
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel D-24105, Germany
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130
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Köster T, Meyer K, Weinholdt C, Smith LM, Lummer M, Speth C, Grosse I, Weigel D, Staiger D. Regulation of pri-miRNA processing by the hnRNP-like protein AtGRP7 in Arabidopsis. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:9925-36. [PMID: 25104024 PMCID: PMC4150807 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hnRNP-like glycine-rich RNA-binding protein AtGRP7 regulates pre-mRNA splicing in Arabidopsis. Here we used small RNA-seq to show that AtGRP7 also affects the miRNA inventory. AtGRP7 overexpression caused a significant reduction in the level of 30 miRNAs and an increase for 14 miRNAs with a minimum log2 fold change of ± 0.5. Overaccumulation of several pri-miRNAs including pri-miR398b, pri-miR398c, pri-miR172b, pri-miR159a and pri-miR390 at the expense of the mature miRNAs suggested that AtGRP7 affects pri-miRNA processing. Indeed, RNA immunoprecipitation revealed that AtGRP7 interacts with these pri-miRNAs in vivo. Mutation of an arginine in the RNA recognition motif abrogated in vivo binding and the effect on miRNA and pri-miRNA levels, indicating that AtGRP7 inhibits processing of these pri-miRNAs by direct binding. In contrast, pri-miRNAs of selected miRNAs that were elevated or not changed in response to high AtGRP7 levels were not bound in vivo. Reduced accumulation of miR390, an initiator of trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA) formation, also led to lower TAS3 ta-siRNA levels and increased mRNA expression of the target AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR4. Furthermore, AtGRP7 affected splicing of pri-miR172b and pri-miR162a. Thus, AtGRP7 is an hnRNP-like protein with a role in processing of pri-miRNAs in addition to its role in pre-mRNA splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Köster
- Molecular Cell Physiology, Bielefeld University
| | - Katja Meyer
- Molecular Cell Physiology, Bielefeld University
| | - Claus Weinholdt
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Lisa M Smith
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Corinna Speth
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tuebingen Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ivo Grosse
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Staiger
- Molecular Cell Physiology, Bielefeld University Institute for Genome Research & Systems Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld, Germany
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131
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Villarroya-Beltri C, Gutiérrez-Vázquez C, Sánchez-Cabo F, Pérez-Hernández D, Vázquez J, Martin-Cofreces N, Martinez-Herrera DJ, Pascual-Montano A, Mittelbrunn M, Sánchez-Madrid F. Sumoylated hnRNPA2B1 controls the sorting of miRNAs into exosomes through binding to specific motifs. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2980. [PMID: 24356509 PMCID: PMC3905700 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1380] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are released by most cells to the extracellular environment and are involved in cell-to-cell communication. Exosomes contain specific repertoires of mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) and other non-coding RNAs that can be functionally transferred to recipient cells. However, the mechanisms that control the specific loading of RNA species into exosomes remain unknown. Here we describe sequence motifs present in miRNAs that control their localization into exosomes. The protein heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1 (hnRNPA2B1) specifically binds exosomal miRNAs through the recognition of these motifs and controls their loading into exosomes. Moreover, hnRNPA2B1 in exosomes is sumoylated, and sumoylation controls the binding of hnRNPA2B1 to miRNAs. The loading of miRNAs into exosomes can be modulated by mutagenesis of the identified motifs or changes in hnRNPA2B1 expression levels. These findings identify hnRNPA2B1 as a key player in miRNA sorting into exosomes and provide potential tools for the packaging of selected regulatory RNAs into exosomes and their use in biomedical applications. Cells secrete micro-RNAs by packaging them into exosomes; however, the mechanisms by which this packaging occurs are unclear. Here, the authors identify a sequence motif that confers exosomal targeting to micro-RNAs and identify a ribonucleoprotein complex that plays a role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Villarroya-Beltri
- 1] Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain [2] Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Cristina Gutiérrez-Vázquez
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Daniel Pérez-Hernández
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | | | | | | | - María Mittelbrunn
- 1] Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain [2]
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- 1] Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain [2] Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid 28006, Spain [3]
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132
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Liz J, Portela A, Soler M, Gómez A, Ling H, Michlewski G, Calin GA, Guil S, Esteller M. Regulation of pri-miRNA processing by a long noncoding RNA transcribed from an ultraconserved region. Mol Cell 2014; 55:138-47. [PMID: 24910097 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) control cellular programs by affecting protein-coding genes, but evidence increasingly points to their involvement in a network of ncRNA-ncRNA interactions. Here, we show that a long ncRNA, Uc.283+A, controls pri-miRNA processing. Regulation requires complementarity between the lower stem region of the pri-miR-195 transcript and an ultraconserved sequence in Uc.283+A, which prevents pri-miRNA cleavage by Drosha. Mutation of the site in either RNA molecule uncouples regulation in vivo and in vitro. We propose a model in which lower-stem strand invasion by Uc.283+A impairs microprocessor recognition and efficient pri-miRNA cropping. In addition to identifying a case of RNA-directed regulation of miRNA biogenesis, our study reveals regulatory networks involving different ncRNA classes of importance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Liz
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, 08908 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Portela
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, 08908 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Soler
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, 08908 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antonio Gómez
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, 08908 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hui Ling
- Experimental Therapeutics & Cancer Genetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas State University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gracjan Michlewski
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - George A Calin
- Experimental Therapeutics & Cancer Genetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas State University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sònia Guil
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, 08908 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, 08908 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; School of Medicine, Department of Physiological Sciences II, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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133
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Muggenhumer D, Vesely C, Nimpf S, Tian N, Yongfeng J, Jantsch MF. Drosha protein levels are translationally regulated during Xenopus oocyte maturation. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2094-104. [PMID: 24829383 PMCID: PMC4072582 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-07-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼21-nucleotide-long, single-stranded noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression. Biogenesis of miRNAs is mediated by the two RNase III-like enzymes, Drosha and Dicer. Here we study miRNA biogenesis during maturation of Xenopus oocytes to eggs using microinjection of pri-miRNAs. We show that processing of exogenous and endogenous primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) is strongly enhanced upon maturation of oocytes to eggs. Overexpression of cloned Xenopus Drosha in oocytes, however, boosts pri-miRNA processing dramatically, indicating that Drosha is a rate-limiting factor in Xenopus oocytes. This developmental regulation of Drosha is controlled by poly(A) length addition to the Drosha mRNA, which boosts translation upon transition from oocytes to eggs. Processing of pri-miRNAs by Drosha and Dicer has been shown to be affected by adenosine-to-inosine deamination-type RNA editing. Using activated Xenopus eggs for microinjection experiments, we demonstrate that RNA editing can reduce pri-miRNA processing in vivo. This processing block is determined by the structural but not sequence changes introduced by RNA editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Muggenhumer
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia Vesely
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Nimpf
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nan Tian
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus), Hangzhou, Zhejiang ZJ310058, China
| | - Jin Yongfeng
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus), Hangzhou, Zhejiang ZJ310058, China
| | - Michael F Jantsch
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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134
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Havens MA, Reich AA, Hastings ML. Drosha promotes splicing of a pre-microRNA-like alternative exon. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004312. [PMID: 24786770 PMCID: PMC4006729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ribonuclease III enzyme Drosha has a central role in the biogenesis of microRNA (miRNA) by binding and cleaving hairpin structures in primary RNA transcripts into precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs). Many miRNA genes are located within protein-coding host genes and cleaved by Drosha in a manner that is coincident with splicing of introns by the spliceosome. The close proximity of splicing and pre-miRNA biogenesis suggests a potential for co-regulation of miRNA and host gene expression, though this relationship is not completely understood. Here, we describe a cleavage-independent role for Drosha in the splicing of an exon that has a predicted hairpin structure resembling a Drosha substrate. We find that Drosha can cleave the alternatively spliced exon 5 of the eIF4H gene into a pre-miRNA both in vitro and in cells. However, the primary role of Drosha in eIF4H gene expression is to promote the splicing of exon 5. Drosha binds to the exon and enhances splicing in a manner that depends on RNA structure but not on cleavage by Drosha. We conclude that Drosha can function like a splicing enhancer and promote exon inclusion. Our results reveal a new mechanism of alternative splicing regulation involving a cleavage-independent role for Drosha in splicing. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that function in gene silencing and are produced by cleavage from a larger primary RNA transcript through a reaction that is carried out by the Microprocessor. Primary miRNA transcripts are often located within the introns of genes. Thus, both the Microprocessor and the spliceosome, which is responsible for pre-mRNA splicing, interact with the same sequences, though little is known about how these two processes influence each other. In this study, we discovered that the alternatively spliced eIF4H exon 5 is predicted to form an RNA hairpin that resembles a Microprocessor substrate. We found that the Microprocessor can bind and cleave exon 5, which precludes inclusion of the exon in the mRNA. However, we find that Drosha, a component of the Microprocessor, primarily functions to enhance exon 5 splicing both in vitro and in cells, rather than to cleave the RNA. Our results suggest that the Microprocessor has a role in splicing that is distinct from its role in miRNA biogenesis. This Microprocessor activity represents a new function for the complex that may be an important mechanism for regulating alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory A. Havens
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ashley A. Reich
- Department of Biology, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Hastings
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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135
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Nowak JS, Choudhury NR, de Lima Alves F, Rappsilber J, Michlewski G. Lin28a regulates neuronal differentiation and controls miR-9 production. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3687. [PMID: 24722317 PMCID: PMC4035284 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs shape the identity and function of cells by regulating gene expression. It is known that brain-specific miR-9 is controlled transcriptionally; however, it is unknown whether post-transcriptional processes contribute to establishing its levels. Here, we show that miR-9 is regulated transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally during neuronal differentiation of the embryonic carcinoma cell line P19. We demonstrate that miR-9 is more efficiently processed in differentiated than undifferentiated cells. We reveal that Lin28a affects miR-9 by inducing the degradation of its precursor through a uridylation-independent mechanism. Furthermore, we show that constitutively expressed untagged but not GFP-tagged Lin28a decreases differentiation capacity of P19 cells, which coincides with reduced miR-9 levels. Finally, using an inducible system we demonstrate that Lin28a can also reduce miR-9 levels in differentiated P19 cells. Together, our results shed light on the role of Lin28a in neuronal differentiation and increase our understanding of the mechanisms regulating the level of brain-specific microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub S Nowak
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Nila Roy Choudhury
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Flavia de Lima Alves
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK [2] Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gracjan Michlewski
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
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136
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Van Wynsberghe PM, Finnegan EF, Stark T, Angelus EP, Homan KE, Yeo GW, Pasquinelli AE. The Period protein homolog LIN-42 negatively regulates microRNA biogenesis in C. elegans. Dev Biol 2014; 390:126-35. [PMID: 24699545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression in many multicellular organisms. They are encoded in the genome and transcribed into primary (pri-) miRNAs before two processing steps that ultimately produce the mature miRNA. In order to generate the appropriate amount of a particular miRNA in the correct location at the correct time, proper regulation of miRNA biogenesis is essential. Here we identify the Period protein homolog LIN-42 as a new regulator of miRNA biogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. We mapped a spontaneous suppressor of the normally lethal let-7(n2853) allele to the lin-42 gene. Mutations in this allele (ap201) or a second lin-42 allele (n1089) caused increased mature let-7 miRNA levels at most time points when mature let-7 miRNA is normally expressed. Levels of pri-let-7 and a let-7 transcriptional reporter were also increased in lin-42(n1089) worms. These results indicate that LIN-42 normally represses pri-let-7 transcription and thus the accumulation of let-7 miRNA. This inhibition is not specific to let-7, as pri- and mature levels of lin-4 and miR-35 were also increased in lin-42 mutants. Furthermore, small RNA-seq analysis showed widespread increases in the levels of mature miRNAs in lin-42 mutants. Thus, we propose that the period protein homolog LIN-42 is a global regulator of miRNA biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla M Van Wynsberghe
- Division of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA; Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY 13323, USA.
| | - Emily F Finnegan
- Division of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA
| | - Thomas Stark
- Division of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Stem Cell Program, University of California at San Diego, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Evan P Angelus
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY 13323, USA
| | - Kathryn E Homan
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY 13323, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Stem Cell Program, University of California at San Diego, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amy E Pasquinelli
- Division of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA.
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137
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Siddeek B, Inoubli L, Lakhdari N, Rachel PB, Fussell KC, Schneider S, Mauduit C, Benahmed M. MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers in diseases and toxicology. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 764-765:46-57. [PMID: 24486656 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MiRNAs (microRNAs) are single-stranded non-coding RNAs of approximately 21-23 nucleotides in length whose main function is to inhibit gene expression by interfering with mRNA processes. MicroRNAs suppress gene expression by affecting mRNA (messenger RNAs) stability, targeting the mRNA for degradation, or both. In this review, we have examined how microRNA expression could be altered following exposure to chemicals and how they could represent appropriate tissue and more interestingly circulating biomarkers. Among the key questions before using the microRNA for evaluation of risk toxicity, it remains still to clarify how they could be causally involved in the adverse effects and how stable their changes are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénazir Siddeek
- Inserm, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 5, Nice, F-06204, France; Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, F-06000, France; BASF Agro, Ecully F-69130, France
| | - Lilia Inoubli
- Inserm, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 5, Nice, F-06204, France; Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, F-06000, France
| | - Nadjem Lakhdari
- Inserm, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 5, Nice, F-06204, France; Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, F-06000, France
| | - Paul Bellon Rachel
- Inserm, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 5, Nice, F-06204, France; Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, F-06000, France
| | | | - Steffen Schneider
- BASF SE, experimental toxicology and ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Claire Mauduit
- Inserm, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 5, Nice, F-06204, France; Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, F-06000, France; Université Lyon 1, UFR Médecine Lyon Sud, Lyon, F-69921, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Lyon Sud, laboratoire d'anatomie et de cytologie pathologiques, Pierre-Bénite, F-69495, France
| | - Mohamed Benahmed
- Inserm, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 5, Nice, F-06204, France; Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, F-06000, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Digestif, Gynécologie, Obstetrique, Centre de Reproduction, Nice, F-06202, France.
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Desjardins A, Bouvette J, Legault P. Stepwise assembly of multiple Lin28 proteins on the terminal loop of let-7 miRNA precursors. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:4615-28. [PMID: 24452802 PMCID: PMC3985620 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lin28 inhibits the biogenesis of let-7 miRNAs through direct interactions with let-7 precursors. Previous studies have described seemingly inconsistent Lin28 binding sites on pre-let-7 RNAs. Here, we reconcile these data by examining the binding mechanism of Lin28 to the terminal loop of pre-let-7g (TL-let-7g) using biochemical and biophysical methods. First, we investigate Lin28 binding to TL-let-7g variants and short RNA fragments and identify three independent binding sites for Lin28 on TL-let-7g. We then determine that Lin28 assembles in a stepwise manner on TL-let-7g to form a stable 1:3 complex. We show that the cold-shock domain (CSD) of Lin28 is responsible for remodelling the terminal loop of TL-let-7g, whereas the NCp7-like domain facilitates the initial binding of Lin28 to TL-let-7g. This stable binding of multiple Lin28 molecules to the terminal loop of pre-let-7g extends to other precursors of the let-7 family, but not to other pre-miRNAs tested. We propose a model for stepwise assembly of the 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 pre-let-7g/Lin28 complexes. Stepwise multimerization of Lin28 on pre-let-7 is required for maximum inhibition of Dicer cleavage for a least one member of the let-7 family and may be important for orchestrating the activity of the several factors that regulate let-7 biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Desjardins
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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139
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Haselmann V, Kurz A, Bertsch U, Hübner S, Olempska-Müller M, Fritsch J, Häsler R, Pickl A, Fritsche H, Annewanter F, Engler C, Fleig B, Bernt A, Röder C, Schmidt H, Gelhaus C, Hauser C, Egberts JH, Heneweer C, Rohde AM, Böger C, Knippschild U, Röcken C, Adam D, Walczak H, Schütze S, Janssen O, Wulczyn FG, Wajant H, Kalthoff H, Trauzold A. Nuclear death receptor TRAIL-R2 inhibits maturation of let-7 and promotes proliferation of pancreatic and other tumor cells. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:278-90. [PMID: 24120475 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL-R1) (TNFRSF10A) and TRAIL-R2 (TNFRSF10B) on the plasma membrane bind ligands that activate apoptotic and other signaling pathways. Cancer cells also might have TRAIL-R2 in the cytoplasm or nucleus, although little is known about its activities in these locations. We investigated the functions of nuclear TRAIL-R2 in cancer cell lines. METHODS Proteins that interact with TRAIL-R2 initially were identified in pancreatic cancer cells by immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and immunofluorescence analyses. Findings were validated in colon, renal, lung, and breast cancer cells. Functions of TRAIL-R2 were determined from small interfering RNA knockdown, real-time polymerase chain reaction, Drosha-activity, microRNA array, proliferation, differentiation, and immunoblot experiments. We assessed the effects of TRAIL-R2 overexpression or knockdown in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and their ability to form tumors in mice. We also analyzed levels of TRAIL-R2 in sections of PDACs and non-neoplastic peritumoral ducts from patients. RESULTS TRAIL-R2 was found to interact with the core microprocessor components Drosha and DGCR8 and the associated regulatory proteins p68, hnRNPA1, NF45, and NF90 in nuclei of PDAC and other tumor cells. Knockdown of TRAIL-R2 increased Drosha-mediated processing of the let-7 microRNA precursor primary let-7 (resulting in increased levels of mature let-7), reduced levels of the let-7 targets (LIN28B and HMGA2), and inhibited cell proliferation. PDAC tissues from patients had higher levels of nuclear TRAIL-R2 than non-neoplastic pancreatic tissue, which correlated with increased nuclear levels of HMGA2 and poor outcomes. Knockdown of TRAIL-R2 in PDAC cells slowed their growth as orthotopic tumors in mice. Reduced nuclear levels of TRAIL-R2 in cultured pancreatic epithelial cells promoted their differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Nuclear TRAIL-R2 inhibits maturation of the microRNA let-7 in pancreatic cancer cell lines and increases their proliferation. Pancreatic tumor samples have increased levels of nuclear TRAIL-R2, which correlate with poor outcome of patients. These findings indicate that in the nucleus, death receptors can function as tumor promoters and might be therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Haselmann
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kurz
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Uwe Bertsch
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hübner
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Monika Olempska-Müller
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fritsch
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Häsler
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Pickl
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hendrik Fritsche
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franka Annewanter
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Engler
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Barbara Fleig
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Bernt
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Röder
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Charlotte Hauser
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Clinic for General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Egberts
- Clinic for General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carola Heneweer
- Clinic for Diagnostic Radiology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Rohde
- Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Centre of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Adam
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - F Gregory Wulczyn
- Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Kalthoff
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Trauzold
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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140
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Guennewig B, Cooper AA. The Central Role of Noncoding RNA in the Brain. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 116:153-94. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801105-8.00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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141
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Abstract
In animals, the Microprocessor complex cleaves primary transcripts of microRNAs (pri-miRNAs) to produce precursor microRNAs in the nucleus. The core components of Microprocessor include the Drosha ribonuclease and its RNA-binding partner protein DiGeorge critical region 8 (DGCR8). DGCR8 has been shown to tightly bind an Fe(III) heme cofactor, which activates its pri-miRNA processing activity. Here we describe how to reconstitute pri-miRNA processing using recombinant human Drosha and DGCR8 proteins. In particular, we present the procedures for expressing and purifying DGCR8 as an Fe(III) heme-bound dimer, the most active form of this protein, and for estimating its heme content.
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142
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Abstract
The let-7 miRNA (microRNA) is an essential regulator of development from nematode worms to humans. Altered expression of let-7 results in larval arrest or lethality in Caenorhabditis elegans. Likewise, under- or over-expression of let-7 in human cells can result in cellular overproliferation or halted cell division respectively. Thus the biogenesis of this critical miRNA is controlled at multiple levels. An unexpected mechanism for regulating the initial processing of let-7 was recently found to involve the let-7 miRNA itself. The mature let-7 miRNA along with its effector protein, Argonaute, were shown to bind to a site in the primary transcripts produced by the let-7 gene. This interaction enhances processing through a novel auto-regulatory feedback loop. This discovery highlights a new role for the miRNA complex in regulating miRNA biogenesis and enriches the classes of RNAs targeted by Argonaute.
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143
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Abstract
Regulating the expression of individual miRNAs (microRNAs) is important for cell development and function. The up- or down-regulation of the processing of specific miRNA precursors to the mature active form represents one tool to control miRNA concentration and is mediated by proteins that recognize the terminal loop of the RNA precursors. Terminal loop recognition is achieved by the combined action of several RNA-binding domains. The proteins can then regulate the processing by recruiting RNA enzymes, changing the RNA structure and preventing or enhancing the accessibility and processing activity of the core processing complexes. The present review focuses on how terminal loop-binding proteins recognize their RNA targets and mediate their regulatory function(s), and highlights how terminal loop-mediated regulation relates to the broader regulation of mRNA metabolism.
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144
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Lower and upper stem-single-stranded RNA junctions together determine the Drosha cleavage site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20687-92. [PMID: 24297910 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311639110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microprocessor [Drosha-DGCR8 (DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8) complex] processing of primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) is the critical first step in miRNA biogenesis, but how the Drosha cleavage site is determined has been unclear. Previous models proposed that the Drosha-DGCR8 complex measures either ~22 nt from the upper stem-single-stranded RNA (ssRNA, terminal loop) junction or ~11 nt from the lower stem-ssRNA junction to determine the cleavage site. Here, using miRNA-offset RNAs to determine the Drosha cleavage site, we show that the Microprocessor measures the distances from both the lower and upper stem-ssRNA junctions to determine the cleavage site in human cells, and optimal distances from both structures are critical to the precision of Drosha processing. If the distances are not optimal, Drosha tends to cleave at multiple sites, which can, in turn, generate multiple 5' isomiRs. Thus, our results also reveal a mechanism of 5' isomiR generation.
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145
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Xiong X, Kang X, Zheng Y, Yue S, Zhu S. Identification of loop nucleotide polymorphisms affecting microRNA processing and function. Mol Cells 2013; 36:518-26. [PMID: 24241682 PMCID: PMC3887969 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short 21-22 nucleotide single strand RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Most microRNAs are first transcribed as long primary microRNAs and then undergo a two step-wise sequential processing to yield single-stranded mature microRNAs. It has been suggested that the loop region of primary microRNAs plays an important role in regulating microRNA biogenesis and target recognition. However, despite the fact that several single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified in mature microRNA sequences and are related to human diseases, it remains unclear whether and how the single nucleotide polymorphisms in the loop regions of primary microRNAs would affect the biogenesis and function of microRNAs. Herein, we provide evidence that primary microRNAs loop nucleotides control the accuracy and efficiency of microRNA processing. Accordingly, we identified 32 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the loop regions of human primary microRNAs using bioinformatics, and further validated three loss-of-function and one gain-of-function single nucleotide polymorphisms using dual-luciferase assays. Thus, these results reveal a critical regulatory role encoded in the loop nucleotides of primary microRNAs for microRNA processing and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of medicine, Zhejiang University,
China
| | - Xianhui Kang
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of medicine, Zhejiang University,
China
| | - Yueying Zheng
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of medicine, Zhejiang University,
China
| | - Sibiao Yue
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University,
USA
| | - Shengmei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of medicine, Zhejiang University,
China
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146
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Han SJ, Marshall V, Barsov E, Quiñones O, Ray A, Labo N, Trivett M, Ott D, Renne R, Whitby D. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus microRNA single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified in clinical samples can affect microRNA processing, level of expression, and silencing activity. J Virol 2013; 87:12237-48. [PMID: 24006441 PMCID: PMC3807933 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01202-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes 12 pre-microRNAs that can produce 25 KSHV mature microRNAs. We previously reported single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in KSHV-encoded pre-microRNA and mature microRNA sequences from clinical samples (V. Marshall et al., J. Infect. Dis., 195:645-659, 2007). To determine whether microRNA SNPs affect pre-microRNA processing and, ultimately, mature microRNA expression levels, we performed a detailed comparative analysis of (i) mature microRNA expression levels, (ii) in vitro Drosha/Dicer processing, and (iii) RNA-induced silencing complex-dependent targeting of wild-type (wt) and variant microRNA genes. Expression of pairs of wt and variant pre-microRNAs from retroviral vectors and measurement of KSHV mature microRNA expression by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) revealed differential expression levels that correlated with the presence of specific sequence polymorphisms. Measurement of KSHV mature microRNA expression in a panel of primary effusion lymphoma cell lines by real-time RT-PCR recapitulated some observed expression differences but suggested a more complex relationship between sequence differences and expression of mature microRNA. Furthermore, in vitro maturation assays demonstrated significant SNP-associated changes in Drosha/DGCR8 and/or Dicer processing. These data demonstrate that SNPs within KSHV-encoded pre-microRNAs are associated with differential microRNA expression levels. Given the multiple reports on the involvement of microRNAs in cancer, the biological significance of these phenotypic and genotypic variants merits further studies in patients with KSHV-associated malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- HEK293 Cells
- Herpesviridae Infections/genetics
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/genetics
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/virology
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/physiology
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Han
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Vickie Marshall
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC—Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Eugene Barsov
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC—Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Octavio Quiñones
- Computer and Statistical Services, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Alex Ray
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC—Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC—Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew Trivett
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC—Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David Ott
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC—Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rolf Renne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC—Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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147
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Yuan J, Muljo SA. Exploring the RNA world in hematopoietic cells through the lens of RNA-binding proteins. Immunol Rev 2013; 253:290-303. [PMID: 23550653 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of microRNAs has renewed interest in posttranscriptional modes of regulation, fueling an emerging view of a rich RNA world within our cells that deserves further exploration. Much work has gone into elucidating genetic regulatory networks that orchestrate gene expression programs and direct cell fate decisions in the hematopoietic system. However, the focus has been to elucidate signaling pathways and transcriptional programs. To bring us one step closer to reverse engineering the molecular logic of cellular differentiation, it will be necessary to map posttranscriptional circuits as well and integrate them in the context of existing network models. In this regard, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) may rival transcription factors as important regulators of cell fates and represent a tractable opportunity to connect the RNA world to the proteome. ChIP-seq has greatly facilitated genome-wide localization of DNA-binding proteins, helping us to understand genomic regulation at a systems level. Similarly, technological advances such as CLIP-seq allow transcriptome-wide mapping of RBP binding sites, aiding us to unravel posttranscriptional networks. Here, we review RBP-mediated posttranscriptional regulation, paying special attention to findings relevant to the immune system. As a prime example, we highlight the RBP Lin28B, which acts as a heterochronic switch between fetal and adult lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Yuan
- Integrative Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA
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148
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Jean-Philippe J, Paz S, Caputi M. hnRNP A1: the Swiss army knife of gene expression. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18999-9024. [PMID: 24065100 PMCID: PMC3794818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells express a large variety of RNA binding proteins (RBPs), with diverse affinities and specificities towards target RNAs. These proteins play a crucial role in almost every aspect of RNA biogenesis, expression and function. The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are a complex and diverse family of RNA binding proteins. hnRNPs display multiple functions in the processing of heterogeneous nuclear RNAs into mature messenger RNAs. hnRNP A1 is one of the most abundant and ubiquitously expressed members of this protein family. hnRNP A1 plays multiple roles in gene expression by regulating major steps in the processing of nascent RNA transcripts. The transcription, splicing, stability, export through nuclear pores and translation of cellular and viral transcripts are all mechanisms modulated by this protein. The diverse functions played by hnRNP A1 are not limited to mRNA biogenesis, but extend to the processing of microRNAs, telomere maintenance and the regulation of transcription factor activity. Genomic approaches have recently uncovered the extent of hnRNP A1 roles in the development and differentiation of living organisms. The aim of this review is to highlight recent developments in the study of this protein and to describe its functions in cellular and viral gene expression and its role in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Jean-Philippe
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
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149
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Sundaram GM, Sampath P. Regulation of context-specific gene expression by posttranscriptional switches. Transcription 2013; 4:213-6. [PMID: 24135704 DOI: 10.4161/trns.26393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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150
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Zhang Q, Guo KK, Zhang YM, Dai C, Jiang YF, Peng YX. Members of the Let-7 Family Inhibit the Replication of Classical Swine Fever Virus in Swine Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2013.732.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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