101
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Cao X, Du X, Jiao H, An Q, Chen R, Fang P, Wang J, Yu B. Carbohydrate-based drugs launched during 2000 -2021. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3783-3821. [PMID: 36213536 PMCID: PMC9532563 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are fundamental molecules involved in nearly all aspects of lives, such as being involved in formating the genetic and energy materials, supporting the structure of organisms, constituting invasion and host defense systems, and forming antibiotics secondary metabolites. The naturally occurring carbohydrates and their derivatives have been extensively studied as therapeutic agents for the treatment of various diseases. During 2000 to 2021, totally 54 carbohydrate-based drugs which contain carbohydrate moities as the major structural units have been approved as drugs or diagnostic agents. Here we provide a comprehensive review on the chemical structures, activities, and clinical trial results of these carbohydrate-based drugs, which are categorized by their indications into antiviral drugs, antibacterial/antiparasitic drugs, anticancer drugs, antidiabetics drugs, cardiovascular drugs, nervous system drugs, and other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cao
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaojing Du
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Heng Jiao
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Quanlin An
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruoxue Chen
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pengfei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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102
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To Feed or to Stick? Genomic Analysis Offers Clues for the Role of a Molecular Machine in Endospore Formers. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0018722. [PMID: 35913150 PMCID: PMC9487464 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00187-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporulation in Firmicutes starts with the formation of two adjacent cells and proceeds with the engulfment of the smaller one, the forespore, by the larger one, the mother cell. This critical step involves a core set of conserved genes, some transcribed in the forespore, such as spoIIQ, and others transcribed in the mother cell, such as the eight-gene spoIIIA operon. A model has been proposed in which the SpoIIIA and the SpoIIQ proteins form a channel connecting the mother cell and the forespore, playing the role of a secretion apparatus allowing the mother cell to nurture the fully engulfed forespore. Exploration of the genomes of Caryophanaceae and Erysipelotrichales has provided informations that are not fully congruent with data from Bacillaceae or Clostridia. The differences observed are correlated with specific physiological features, and alternate, not mutually exclusive views of the function of the SpoIIIA-SpoIIQ complex are presented.
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103
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Brunet YR, Habib C, Brogan AP, Artzi L, Rudner DZ. Intrinsically disordered protein regions are required for cell wall homeostasis in Bacillus subtilis. Genes Dev 2022; 36:970-984. [PMID: 36265902 PMCID: PMC9732909 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349895.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDRs) have been implicated in diverse nuclear and cytoplasmic functions in eukaryotes, but their roles in bacteria are less clear. Here, we report that extracytoplasmic IDRs in Bacillus subtilis are required for cell wall homeostasis. The B. subtilis σI transcription factor is activated in response to envelope stress through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) of its membrane-anchored anti-σ factor, RsgI. Unlike canonical RIP pathways, we show that ectodomain (site-1) cleavage of RsgI is constitutive, but the two cleavage products remain stably associated, preventing intramembrane (site-2) proteolysis. The regulated step in this pathway is their dissociation, which is triggered by impaired cell wall synthesis and requires RsgI's extracytoplasmic IDR. Intriguingly, the major peptidoglycan polymerase PBP1 also contains an extracytoplasmic IDR, and we show that this region is important for its function. Disparate IDRs can replace the native IDRs on both RsgI and PBP1, arguing that these unstructured regions function similarly. Our data support a model in which the RsgI-σI signaling system and PBP1 represent complementary pathways to repair gaps in the PG meshwork. The IDR on RsgI senses these gaps and activates σI, while the IDR on PBP1 directs the synthase to these sites to fortify them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick R. Brunet
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Cameron Habib
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Anna P. Brogan
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Lior Artzi
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - David Z. Rudner
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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104
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Wall Teichoic Acids Facilitate the Release of Toxins from the Surface of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0101122. [PMID: 35863033 PMCID: PMC9430763 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01011-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major feature of the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus is its ability to secrete cytolytic toxins. This process involves the translocation of the toxins from the cytoplasm through the bacterial membrane and the cell wall to the external environment. The process of their movement through the membrane is relatively well defined, involving both general and toxin-specific secretory systems. Movement of the toxins through the cell wall was considered to involve the passive diffusion of the proteins through the porous cell wall structures; however, recent work suggests that this is more complex, and here we demonstrate a role for the wall teichoic acids (WTA) in this process. Utilizing a genome-wide association approach, we identified a polymorphism in the locus encoding the WTA biosynthetic machinery as associated with the cytolytic activity of the bacteria. We verified this association using an isogenic mutant set and found that WTA are required for the release of several cytolytic toxins from the bacterial cells. We show that this effect is mediated by a change in the electrostatic charge across the cell envelope that results from the loss of WTA. As a major target for the development of novel therapeutics, it is important that we fully understand the entire process of cytolytic toxin production and release. These findings open up a new aspect to the process of toxin release by a major human pathogen while also demonstrating that clinical isolates can utilize WTA production to vary their cytotoxicity, thereby altering their pathogenic capabilities. IMPORTANCE The production and release of cytolytic toxins is a critical aspect for the pathogenicity of many bacterial pathogens. In this study, we demonstrate a role for wall teichoic acids, molecules that are anchored to the peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall, in the release of toxins from S. aureus cells into the extracellular environment. Our findings suggest that this effect is mediated by a gradient of electrostatic charge which the presence of the negatively charged WTA molecules create across the cell envelope. This work brings an entirely new aspect to our understanding of the cytotoxicity of S. aureus and demonstrates a further means by which this major human pathogen can adapt its pathogenic capabilities.
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105
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Zhang J, Zhu B, Xu X, Liu Y, Li Q, Li Y, Lu F. Remodeling Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Cell Wall Rigidity to Reduce Cell Lysis and Increase the Yield of Heterologous Proteins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10552-10562. [PMID: 35984403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has great potential as a host for heterologous protein production, but its severe autolytic behavior has precluded its industrial application to date. Because d,l-endopeptidase activity-guided cell wall rigidity is considered essential for autolysis resistance, we investigated the effects of d,l-endopeptidase genes lytE, lytF, cwlO, and cwlS play on the growth, lysis, and morphology remodeling of B. amyloliquefaciens strain TCCC11018. Individual and combinatorial deletion of lytE, lytF, and cwlS enhanced the cell growth and delayed cell lysis. For the best mutant with the lytF and cwlS double deletion, the viable cell number at 24 h increased by 11.90% and the cell wall thickness at 6 h increased by 25.87%. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses indicated that the improvement was caused by enhanced peptidoglycan synthesis. With the lytF and cwlS double deletion, the extracellular green fluorescent protein and phospholipase D expression levels increased by 113 and 55.89%, respectively. This work broadens our understanding of the relationship between d,l-endopeptidases and B. amyloliquefaciens cell characteristics, which provides an effective strategy to improve the heterologous protein expression in B. amyloliquefaciens-based cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Baoyue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Qinggang Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
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106
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Han R, Vollmer W, Perry JD, Stoodley P, Chen J. Simultaneous determination of the mechanical properties and turgor of a single bacterial cell using atomic force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:12060-12068. [PMID: 35946610 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02577a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial mechanical properties (cell wall stiffness and turgor) are important factors for bacterial survival in harsh environments. For an individual bacterial cell, it is challenging to determine the cell wall stiffness and turgor simultaneously. In this study, we adopted a combined finite element modelling and mathematical modelling approach to simultaneously determine bacterial cell wall stiffness and turgor of an individual bacterial cell based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation. The mechanical properties and turgor of Staphylococcus epidermidis, determined by our method are consistent with other independent studies. For a given aqueous environment, bacterial cell wall stiffness increased linearly with an increase in turgor. Higher osmolarity leads to a decrease in both cell wall stiffness and turgor. We also demonstrated that the change of turgor is associated with a change in viscosity of the bacterial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Han
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - John D Perry
- Microbiology Department, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Paul Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and the Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), National Biofilm Innovation Centre (NBIC), Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, S017 1BJ, UK
| | - Jinju Chen
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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107
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Direct visualization of living bacterial genotypes using CRISPR/Cas12a-circular reporter nanoprobes. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 216:114641. [PMID: 36027801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial genotyping is important for understanding the complex microbiota. Although fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has enabled bacterial community identification with high spatial resolution, its unavoidable cell fixation steps and signal generation by multi-probe stacking greatly limit its application in living bacterial genotyping. Here, we designed polyethyleneimine-encapsulated CRISPR/Cas12a-circular reporter nanoprobes (CasCLR) for rapid and sensitive visualization of gene information in living bacteria. We found that, nanoprobe-based sequential delivery of Cas12a/crRNA and circular reporter into bacteria allowed single genomic loci to initiate trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a, thereby cleaving CLR to generate amplified fluorescent signals for imaging of target gene. Using CasCLR, we can sensitively analyze the percentage of target bacteria in co-culture experiments and directly detect pathogenic bacteria in uncultured mouse gut microbe. In addition, CasCLR has the ability to sensitively analyze specific genotype of microbial communities in vivo. This nanobiotechnology-based bacterial gene analysis is expected to advance understanding of in vivo bacterial cytogenetic information.
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108
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Pokhrel R, Shakya R, Baral P, Chapagain P. Molecular Modeling and Simulation of the Peptidoglycan Layer of Gram-Positive Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:4955-4962. [PMID: 35981320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The peptidoglycan (PG) layer is a vital component of the bacterial cell wall that protects the cell from rupturing due to internal pressure. Its ubiquity across the bacterial kingdom but not animals has made it the target of drug discovery efforts. The PG layer composed of cross-linked PG strands is porous enough to allow the diffusion of molecules through the PG mesh and into the cell. The lack of an accurate atomistic model of the PG mesh has limited the computational investigations of drug diffusion in Gram-positive bacteria, which lack the outer membrane but consist of a much thicker PG layer compared to Gram-negative bacteria. In this work, we built an atomistic model of the Staphylococcus aureus PG layer architecture with horizontally aligned PG strands and performed molecular dynamics simulations of the diffusion of curcumin molecules through the PG mesh. An accurate model of the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall may aid in developing novel antibiotics to tackle the threat posed by antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudramani Pokhrel
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Rojesh Shakya
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Prabin Baral
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Prem Chapagain
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States.,Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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109
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Kou T, Faisal M, Song J, Blennow A. Polysaccharide-based nanosystems: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1-15. [PMID: 35916785 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2104209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide-based nanosystem is an umbrella term for many areas within research and technology dealing with polysaccharides that have at least one of their dimensions in the realm of a few hundreds of nanometers. Nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanofibers, nanofilms, and nanonetworks can be fabricated from many different polysaccharide resources. Abundance in nature, cellulose, starch, chitosan, and pectin of different molecular structures are widely used to fabricate nanosystems for versatile industrial applications. This review presents the dissolution and modification of polysaccharides, which are influenced by their different molecular structures and applications. The dissolution ways include conventional organic solvents, ionic liquids, inorganic strong alkali and acids, enzymes, and hydrothermal treatment. Rheological properties of polysaccharide-based nano slurries are tailored for the purpose functions of the final products, e.g., imparting electrostatic functions of nanofibers to reduce viscosity by using lithium chloride and octenyl succinic acid to increase the hydrophobicity. Nowadays, synergistic effects of polysaccharide blends are increasingly highlighted. In particular, the reinforcing effect of nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanowhiskers, and nanofibers to hydrogels, aerogels, and scaffolds, and the double network hydrogels of a rigid skeleton and a ductile substance have been developed for many emerging issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Kou
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marwa Faisal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jun Song
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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110
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Exploring the Role of Staphylococcus aureus in Inflammatory Diseases. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070464. [PMID: 35878202 PMCID: PMC9318596 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a very common Gram-positive bacterium, and S. aureus infections play an extremely important role in a variety of diseases. This paper describes the types of virulence factors involved, the inflammatory cells activated, the process of host cell death, and the associated diseases caused by S. aureus. S. aureus can secrete a variety of enterotoxins and other toxins to trigger inflammatory responses and activate inflammatory cells, such as keratinocytes, helper T cells, innate lymphoid cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Activated inflammatory cells can express various cytokines and induce an inflammatory response. S. aureus can also induce host cell death through pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, etc. This article discusses S. aureus and MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) in atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, pulmonary cystic fibrosis, allergic asthma, food poisoning, sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis, and osteomyelitis. Summarizing the pathogenic mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus provides a basis for the targeted treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection.
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111
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Study of tribological properties of human buccal epithelium cell membranes using probe microscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11302. [PMID: 35787653 PMCID: PMC9252996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work demostrates a unique method for determining the absolute value of the friction force of a nanoobject on the surface of a cell membrane using atomic force microscopy. The tribological properties of membranes of adult human buccal epithelium cells in the presence of a protective adsorption buffer layer of ~ 100 nm on their surface were studied using atomic force microscopy in the contact scanning mode. Local mapping of the tribological characteristics of the surface was carried out, viz. friction FL = FL(x, y) and adhesion Fadh = Fadh(x, y) forces were measured. Studies of the friction force Ffr on the membrane surface at the nanolevel showed that its value varies discretely with an interval equal to lLF ≈ 100 nm. It was shown that such discreteness is determined by the interval lLF of the action of adhesive forces Fadh and indicates the fractal nature of the functional dependence of the friction force on the coordinate Ffr = Ffr(x). Thus, for nano-objects with dimensions ≤ lLF, the absolute value of Ffr decreases according to a power law with an increase in the size of the object, which contradicts the similar dependence of the friction force for macro-objects in the global approximation.
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112
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Sun B, Wu F, Wang X, Song Q, Ye Z, Mohammadniaei M, Zhang M, Chu X, Xi S, Zhou N, Wang W, Yao C, Shen J. An Optimally Designed Engineering Exosome-Reductive COF Integrated Nanoagent for Synergistically Enhanced Diabetic Fester Wound Healing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200895. [PMID: 35638464 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and local overactive inflammation have been considered major obstacles in diabetic wound treatment. Although antiphlogistic tactics have been reported widely, they are also challenged by pathogen contamination and compromised angiogenesis. Herein, a versatile integrated nanoagent based on 2D reductive covalent organic frameworks coated with antibacterial immuno-engineered exosome (PCOF@E-Exo) is reported to achieve efficient and comprehensive combination therapy for diabetic wounds. The E-Exo is collected from TNF-α-treated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) under hypoxia and encapsulated cationic antimicrobial carbon dots (CDs). This integrated nanoagent not only significantly scavenges reactive oxygen species and induces anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization, but also stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). More importantly, the PCOF@E-Exo exhibits intriguing bactericide capabilities toward Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and drug-resistant bacteria, showing favorable intracellular bacterial destruction and biofilm permeation. In vivo results demonstrate that the synergetic impact of suppressing oxidative injury and tissue inflammation, promoting angiogenesis and eradicating bacterial infection, could significantly accelerate the infected diabetic fester wound healing with better therapeutic benefits than monotherapy or individual antibiotics. The proposed strategy can inspire further research to design more delicate platforms using the combination of immunotherapy with other therapeutic methods for more efficient ulcerated diabetic wounds treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Sun
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Fan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xinye Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiuxian Song
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ziqiu Ye
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mohsen Mohammadniaei
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800 Kgs., Denmark
| | - Ming Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaohong Chu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Sheng Xi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ninglin Zhou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cheng Yao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jian Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Interfacial Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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113
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Development of a Versatile, Low-Cost Electrochemical System to Study Biofilm Redox Activity at the Micron Scale. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0043422. [PMID: 35758758 PMCID: PMC9328185 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00434-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatially resolving chemical landscapes surrounding microbial communities can provide insight into chemical interactions that dictate cellular physiology. Electrochemical techniques provide an attractive option for studying these interactions due to their robustness and high sensitivity. Unfortunately, commercial electrochemical platforms that are capable of measuring chemical activity on the micron scale are often expensive and do not easily perform multiple scanning techniques. Here, we report development of an inexpensive electrochemical system that features a combined micromanipulator and potentiostat component capable of scanning surfaces while measuring molecular concentrations or redox profiles. We validate this experimental platform for biological use with a two-species biofilm model composed of the oral bacterial pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and the oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii. We measure consumption of H2O2 by A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms temporally and spatially, providing new insights into how A. actinomycetemcomitans responds to this S. gordonii-produced metabolite. We advance our platform to spatially measure redox activity above biofilms. Our analysis supports that redox activity surrounding biofilms is species specific, and the region immediately above an S. gordonii biofilm is highly oxidized compared to that above an A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm. This work provides description and validation of a versatile, quantitative framework for studying bacterial redox-mediated physiology in an integrated and easily adaptable experimental platform. IMPORTANCE Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy methods can provide information of the chemical environment along a spatial surface with micron-scale resolution. These methods often require expensive instruments that perform optimized and highly sensitive niche techniques. Here, we describe a novel system that combines a micromanipulator that scans micron-sized electrodes across the surface of bacterial biofilms and a potentiostat, which performs various electrochemical techniques. This platform allows for spatial measurement of chemical gradients above live bacteria in real time, and as proof of concept, we utilize this setup to map H2O2 detoxification above an oral pathogen biofilm. We increased the versatility of this platform further by mapping redox potentials of biofilms in real time on the micron scale. Together, this system provides a technical framework for studying chemical interactions among microbes.
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114
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Identification of Genes Required for Swarming Motility in Bacillus subtilis Using Transposon Mutagenesis and High-Throughput Sequencing (TnSeq). J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0008922. [PMID: 35638827 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00089-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis exhibits swarming motility, a flagellar-mediated form of surface motility. Here, we use transposon mutagenesis and sequencing (TnSeq) to perform a high-throughput screen for candidate genes required for swarming. The TnSeq approach identified all of the known genes required for flagellar biosynthesis and nearly all of the previously reported regulators that promote swarming. Moreover, we identified an additional 36 genes that improve swarming and validated them individually. Among these, two mutants with severe defects were recovered, including fliT, required for flagellar biosynthesis, and a gene of unknown function, yolB, whose defect could not be attributed to a lack of flagella. In addition to discovering additional genes required for B. subtilis swarming, our work validates TnSeq as a powerful approach for comprehensively identifying genes important for nonessential processes such as colony expansion on plates. IMPORTANCE In TnSeq, transposons are randomly inserted throughout the chromosome at a population level, but insertions that disrupt genes of essential function cause strains that carry them to fall out of the population and appear underrepresented at the sequence level. Here, we apply TnSeq to the nonessential phenotype of motility in B. subtilis and spatially select for cells proficient in swarming. We find that insertions in nearly all genes previously identified as required for swarming are underrepresented in TnSeq analysis, and we identify 36 additional genes that enhance swarming. We demonstrate that TnSeq is a powerful tool for the genetic analysis of motility and likely other nonlethal screens for which enrichment is strong.
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115
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Penicillin-Binding Protein 1 (PBP1) of Staphylococcus aureus Has Multiple Essential Functions in Cell Division. mBio 2022; 13:e0066922. [PMID: 35703435 PMCID: PMC9426605 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00669-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell division is a complex process requiring the coordination of multiple components to allow the appropriate spatial and temporal control of septum formation and cell scission. Peptidoglycan (PG) is the major structural component of the septum, and our recent studies in the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus have revealed a complex, multistage PG architecture that develops during septation. Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are essential for the final steps of PG biosynthesis; their transpeptidase activity links the peptide side chains of nascent glycan strands. PBP1 is required for cell division in S. aureus, and here, we demonstrate that it has multiple essential functions associated with its enzymatic activity and as a regulator of division. Loss of PBP1, or just its C-terminal PASTA domains, results in cessation of division at the point of septal plate formation. The PASTA domains can bind PG and thereby potentially coordinate the cell division process. The transpeptidase activity of PBP1 is also essential, but its loss leads to a strikingly different phenotype of thickened and aberrant septa, which is phenocopied by the morphological effects of adding the PBP1-specific β-lactam, meropenem. Together, these results lead to a model for septal PG synthesis where PBP1 enzyme activity is required for the characteristic architecture of the septum and PBP1 protein molecules enable the formation of the septal plate.
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116
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Wang M, Buist G, van Dijl JM. Staphylococcus aureus cell wall maintenance - the multifaceted roles of peptidoglycan hydrolases in bacterial growth, fitness, and virulence. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6604383. [PMID: 35675307 PMCID: PMC9616470 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human and livestock pathogen that is well-protected against environmental insults by a thick cell wall. Accordingly, the wall is a major target of present-day antimicrobial therapy. Unfortunately, S. aureus has mastered the art of antimicrobial resistance, as underscored by the global spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The major cell wall component is peptidoglycan. Importantly, the peptidoglycan network is not only vital for cell wall function, but it also represents a bacterial Achilles' heel. In particular, this network is continuously opened by no less than 18 different peptidoglycan hydrolases (PGHs) encoded by the S. aureus core genome, which facilitate bacterial growth and division. This focuses attention on the specific functions executed by these enzymes, their subcellular localization, their control at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, their contributions to staphylococcal virulence and their overall importance in bacterial homeostasis. As highlighted in the present review, our understanding of the different aspects of PGH function in S. aureus has been substantially increased over recent years. This is important because it opens up new possibilities to exploit PGHs as innovative targets for next-generation antimicrobials, passive or active immunization strategies, or even to engineer them into effective antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Corresponding author: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. box 30001, HPC EB80, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands, Tel. +31-50-3615187; Fax. +31-50-3619105; E-mail:
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117
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Hassan SA, Steinbach PJ. Modulation of free energy landscapes as a strategy for the design of antimicrobial peptides. J Biol Phys 2022; 48:151-166. [PMID: 35419659 PMCID: PMC9054992 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-022-09605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational design of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is a promising area of research for developing novel agents against drug-resistant bacteria. AMPs are present naturally in many organisms, from bacteria to humans, a time-tested mechanism that makes them attractive as effective antibiotics. Depending on the environment, AMPs can exhibit α-helical or β-sheet conformations, a mix of both, or lack secondary structure; they can be linear or cyclic. Prediction of their structures is challenging but critical for rational design. Promising AMP leads can be developed using essentially two approaches: traditional modeling of the physicochemical mechanisms that determine peptide behavior in aqueous and membrane environments and knowledge-based, e.g., machine learning (ML) techniques, that exploit ever-growing AMP databases. Here, we explore the conformational landscapes of two recently ML-designed AMPs, characterize the dependence of these landscapes on the medium conditions, and identify features in peptide and membrane landscapes that mediate protein-membrane association. For both peptides, we observe greater conformational diversity in an aqueous solvent than in a less polar solvent, and one peptide is seen to alter its conformation more dramatically than the other upon the change of solvent. Our results support the view that structural rearrangement in response to environmental changes is central to the mechanism of membrane-structure disruption by linear peptides. We expect that the design of AMPs by ML will benefit from the incorporation of peptide conformational substates as quantified here with molecular simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A. Hassan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Peter J. Steinbach
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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118
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Abstract
Bacteria have evolved to develop multiple strategies for antibiotic resistance by effectively reducing intracellular antibiotic concentrations or antibiotic binding affinities, but the role of cell morphology in antibiotic resistance remains poorly understood. By analyzing cell morphological data for different bacterial species under antibiotic stress, we find that bacteria increase or decrease the cell surface-to-volume ratio depending on the antibiotic target. Using quantitative modeling, we show that by reducing the surface-to-volume ratio, bacteria can effectively reduce the intracellular antibiotic concentration by decreasing antibiotic influx. The model further predicts that bacteria can increase the surface-to-volume ratio to induce the dilution of membrane-targeting antibiotics, in agreement with experimental data. Using a whole-cell model for the regulation of cell shape and growth by antibiotics, we predict shape transformations that bacteria can utilize to increase their fitness in the presence of antibiotics. We conclude by discussing additional pathways for antibiotic resistance that may act in synergy with shape-induced resistance.
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119
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Jo H, Sim S. Programmable Living Materials Constructed with the Dynamic Covalent Interface between Synthetic Polymers and Engineered B. subtilis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20729-20738. [PMID: 35485836 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first example of programmable living materials constructed with a dynamic covalent interface between designed synthetic polymers and engineered B. subtilis cells. We identified a molecular motif that forms reversible dynamic covalent bonds on the B. subtilis cell surface. Combining block copolymers bearing this motif with genetically engineered B. subtilis yields programmable living materials that can be equipped with functionalities such as biosensing and on-demand elution of recombinant proteins. Encapsulated cells in these living materials could be reversibly retrieved and subjected to biological analyses. Further, the block copolymer in these living materials could be recycled to produce a new batch of living materials. This work advances the current capabilities in engineered living materials, establishes the groundwork for building a myriad of synthetic polymeric materials integrating engineered living cells, and provides a platform for understanding the biology of cells confined within materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuna Jo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Seunghyun Sim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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120
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Wang H, Liu Z, Lao J, Zhang S, Abzalimov R, Wang T, Chen X. High Energy and Power Density Peptidoglycan Muscles through Super-Viscous Nanoconfined Water. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104697. [PMID: 35285168 PMCID: PMC9130901 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water-responsive (WR) materials that reversibly deform in response to humidity changes show great potential for developing muscle-like actuators for miniature and biomimetic robotics. Here, it is presented that Bacillus (B.) subtilis' peptidoglycan (PG) exhibits WR actuation energy and power densities reaching 72.6 MJ m-3 and 9.1 MW m-3 , respectively, orders of magnitude higher than those of frequently used actuators, such as piezoelectric actuators and dielectric elastomers. PG can deform as much as 27.2% within 110 ms, and its actuation pressure reaches ≈354.6 MPa. Surprisingly, PG exhibits an energy conversion efficiency of ≈66.8%, which can be attributed to its super-viscous nanoconfined water that efficiently translates the movement of water molecules to PG's mechanical deformation. Using PG, WR composites that can be integrated into a range of engineering structures are developed, including a robotic gripper and linear actuators, which illustrate the possibilities of using PG as building blocks for high-efficiency WR actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhen Wang
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC)The City University of New York85 St. Nicholas TerraceNew YorkNY10031USA
- PhD Program in PhysicsThe Graduate Center of the City University of New York365 5th Ave.New YorkNY10016USA
| | - Zhi‐Lun Liu
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC)The City University of New York85 St. Nicholas TerraceNew YorkNY10031USA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe City College of New York275 Convent Ave.New YorkNY10031USA
| | - Jianpei Lao
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC)The City University of New York85 St. Nicholas TerraceNew YorkNY10031USA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe City College of New York275 Convent Ave.New YorkNY10031USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC)The City University of New York85 St. Nicholas TerraceNew YorkNY10031USA
| | - Rinat Abzalimov
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC)The City University of New York85 St. Nicholas TerraceNew YorkNY10031USA
| | - Tong Wang
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC)The City University of New York85 St. Nicholas TerraceNew YorkNY10031USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC)The City University of New York85 St. Nicholas TerraceNew YorkNY10031USA
- PhD Program in PhysicsThe Graduate Center of the City University of New York365 5th Ave.New YorkNY10016USA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe City College of New York275 Convent Ave.New YorkNY10031USA
- PhD Program in ChemistryThe Graduate Center of the City University of New York365 5th Ave.New YorkNY10016USA
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121
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Antibiotic-loaded lipid-based nanocarrier: a promising strategy to overcome bacterial infection. Int J Pharm 2022; 621:121782. [PMID: 35489605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), bacterial infections are one of the greatest threats to global health, food production, and life expectancy. In this sense, the development of innovative formulations aiming at greater therapeutic efficacy, safety, and shorter treatment duration compared to conventional products is urgently needed. Lipid-based nanocarriers (LBNs) have demonstrated the potential to enhance the effectiveness of available antibiotics. Among them, liposome, nanoemulsion, solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN), and nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) are the most promising due to their solid technical background for laboratory and industrial production. This review describes recent advances in developing antibiotic-loaded LBNs against susceptible and resistant bacterial strains and biofilm. LBNs revealed to be a promising alternative to deliver antibiotics due to their superior characteristics compared to conventional preparations, including their modified drug release, improved bioavailability, drug protection against chemical or enzymatic degradation, greater drug loading capacity, and biocompatibility. Antibiotic-loaded LBNs can improve current clinical drug therapy, bring innovative products and rescue discarded antibiotics. Thus, antibiotic-loaded LBNs have potential to open a window of opportunities to continue saving millions of lives and prevent the devastating impact of bacterial infection.
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122
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Liu Y, Liu Q, Zhao L, Dickey SW, Wang H, Xu R, Chen T, Jian Y, Wang X, Lv H, Otto M, Li M. Essential role of membrane vesicles for biological activity of the bacteriocin micrococcin P1. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12212. [PMID: 35384360 PMCID: PMC8982634 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) have recently gained much attention and have been shown to carry a wide diversity of secreted bacterial components. However, it is poorly understood whether MV carriage is an indispensable requirement for a cargo's function. Bacteriocins as weapons of bacterial warfare shape the composition of microbial communities. Many bacteriocins have pronounced hydrophobicity that is imposed by their mechanism of action, but how they diffuse through aqueous environments to reach their target competitors is not known. Here we show that antimicrobial competitive activity of an exemplary hydrophobic bacteriocin of the thiopeptide antibiotic family, micrococcin P1 (MP1), is dependent on incorporation into MVs, which were found to carry MP1 at high concentrations. In contrast, MP1 without MV association was poorly active due to low solubility. Furthermore, we provide previously unavailable evidence that MVs fuse with a Gram‐positive bacterium's cytoplasmic membrane, in this case to deliver a bacteriocin to its intracellular target. Our findings demonstrate how bacteria overcome the problem associated with secreting hydrophobic small molecules and delivering them to their target and show that MVs have a key function in bacterial warfare. Furthermore, our study provides hitherto rare evidence that MVs provide an essential rather than merely accessory function in bacterial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Seth W Dickey
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianchi Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Jian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiying Lv
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Faculty of Medical Laboratory, Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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123
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Structural basis for inhibition of the drug efflux pump NorA from Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:706-712. [PMID: 35361990 PMCID: PMC9246859 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-00994-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Membrane protein efflux pumps confer antibiotic resistance by extruding structurally distinct compounds and lowering their intracellular concentration. Yet, there are no clinically approved drugs to inhibit efflux pumps, which would potentiate the efficacy of existing antibiotics rendered ineffective by drug efflux. Here we identified synthetic antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) that inhibit the quinolone transporter NorA from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Structures of two NorA-Fab complexes determined using cryo-electron microscopy reveal a Fab loop deeply inserted in the substrate-binding pocket of NorA. An arginine residue on this loop interacts with two neighboring aspartate and glutamate residues essential for NorA-mediated antibiotic resistance in MRSA. Peptide mimics of the Fab loop inhibit NorA with submicromolar potency and ablate MRSA growth in combination with the antibiotic norfloxacin. These findings establish a class of peptide inhibitors that block antibiotic efflux in MRSA by targeting indispensable residues in NorA without the need for membrane permeability.
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124
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The Major Autolysin Atl Regulates the Virulence of Staphylococcus aureus by Controlling the Sorting of LukAB. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0005622. [PMID: 35258336 PMCID: PMC9022505 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00056-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus remain a significant health threat globally. The production of bicomponent pore-forming leukocidins plays an important role in S. aureus pathogenesis. Transcriptionally, these toxins are primarily regulated by the Sae and Agr regulatory systems. However, the posttranslational regulation of these toxins is largely unexplored. In particular, one of the leukocidins, LukAB, has been shown to be both secreted into the extracellular milieu and associated with the bacterial cell envelope. Here, we report that a major cell wall hydrolase, autolysin (Atl), controls the sorting of LukAB from the cell envelope to the extracellular milieu, an effect independent of transcriptional regulation. By influencing the sorting of LukAB, Atl modulates S. aureus cytotoxicity toward primary human neutrophils. Mechanistically, we found that the reduction in peptidoglycan cleavage and increased LukAB secretion in the atl mutant can be reversed through the supplementation of exogenous mutanolysin. Altogether, our study revealed that the cell wall hydrolase activity of Atl and the cleavage of peptidoglycan play an important role in controlling the sorting of S. aureus toxins during secretion.
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125
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Synthesis and antimicrobial potential of spirooxindolopyrrolidine tethered oxindole heterocyclic hybrid against multidrug resistant microbial pathogens. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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126
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Wang S, Li J, Wang C, Ma J, Li Z, Zheng Z, Zhang J. Reaction of the anammox granules to various antibiotics and operating the anammox coupled denitrifying reactor for oxytetracycline wastetwater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 348:126756. [PMID: 35077812 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) basedtechnology has been considered as an economic and efficient way to remove nitrogen. However, the anammox bacteria could be strongly inhibited by antibiotics. In present research, inhibiting properties of oxytetracycline, penicillin and polymyxin sulfate upon the anammox activity were investigated through batch experiment. The results implied that anammox activity was significantly inhibited by oxytetracycline and polymyxin sulfate. The non-competitive inhibiting model showed that the inhibiting constants (Ki) of oxytetracycline and polymyxin sulfate were 188.5 and 17.7 mg/L, respectively. Meanwhile, the anammox process was not suppressed while the concentration of penicillin reached 3000 mg/L. In long-run experiment, the influent oxytetracycline concentration of the anammox coupled denitrifying reactor was operated at 20 mg/L. It was observed that the anammox performance completely deteriorated, while the NO2--N removing efficiency reached 15.8%. The obtained findings could provide important instruction for the treatment of antibiotic contaminated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuailing Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wastewater Treatment Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wastewater Treatment Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - ChangWen Wang
- School of Urban and Architectural Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Beijing Municipal Engineering Professional Design Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100037, China
| | - Zhe Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wastewater Treatment Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zhaoming Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wastewater Treatment Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wastewater Treatment Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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127
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Sharan D, Carlson EE. Expanded profiling of β-lactam selectivity for penicillin-binding proteins in Streptococcus pneumoniae D39. Biol Chem 2022; 403:433-443. [PMID: 35218689 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are integral to bacterial cell division as they mediate the final steps of cell wall maturation. Selective fluorescent probes are useful for understanding the role of individual PBPs, including their localization and activity during growth and division of bacteria. For the development of new selective probes for PBP imaging, several β-lactam antibiotics were screened, as they are known to covalently bind PBP in vivo. The PBP inhibition profiles of 16 commercially available β-lactam antibiotics were evaluated in an unencapsulated derivative of the D39 strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, IU1945. These β-lactams have not previously been characterized for their PBP inhibition profiles in S. pneumoniae and these data augment those obtained from a library of 20 compounds that we previously reported. We investigated seven penicillins, three carbapenems, and six cephalosporins. Most of these β-lactams were found to be co-selective for PBP2x and PBP3, as was noted in our previous studies. Six out of 16 antibiotics were selective for PBP3 and one molecule was co-selective for PBP1a and PBP3. Overall, this work expands the chemical space available for development of future β-lactam-based probes for specific pneumococcal PBP labeling and these methods can be used for the development of probes for PBP labelling in other bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Sharan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Erin E Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 208 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
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128
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Simon P, Pompe W, Gruner D, Sturm E, Ostermann K, Matys S, Vogel M, Rödel G. Nested Formation of Calcium Carbonate Polymorphs in a Bacterial Surface Membrane with a Graded Nanoconfinement: An Evolutionary Strategy to Ensure Bacterial Survival. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:526-539. [PMID: 34995442 PMCID: PMC8848282 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
It is the intention
of this study to elucidate the nested formation
of calcium carbonate polymorphs or polyamorphs in the different nanosized
compartments. With these observations, it can be concluded how the
bacteria can survive in a harsh environment with high calcium carbonate
supersaturation. The mechanisms of calcium carbonate precipitation
at the surface membrane and at the underlying cell wall membrane of
the thermophilic soil bacterium Geobacillus stearothermophilus DSM 13240 have been revealed by high-resolution transmission electron
microscopy and atomic force microscopy. In this Gram-positive bacterium,
nanopores in the surface layer (S-layer) and in the supporting cell
wall polymers are nucleation sites for metastable calcium carbonate
polymorphs and polyamorphs. In order to observe the different metastable
forms, various reaction times and a low reaction temperature (4 °C)
have been chosen. Calcium carbonate polymorphs nucleate in the confinement
of nanosized pores (⌀ 3–5 nm) of the S-layer. The hydrous
crystalline calcium carbonate (ikaite) is formed initially with [110]
as the favored growth direction. It transforms into the anhydrous
metastable vaterite by a solid-state transition. In a following reaction
step, calcite is precipitated, caused by dissolution of vaterite in
the aqueous solution. In the larger pores of the cell wall (⌀
20–50 nm), hydrated amorphous calcium carbonate is grown, which
transforms into metastable monohydrocalcite, aragonite, or calcite.
Due to the sequence of reaction steps via various metastable phases,
the bacteria gain time for chipping the partially mineralized S-layer,
and forming a fresh S-layer (characteristic growth time about 20 min).
Thus, the bacteria can survive in solutions with high calcium carbonate
supersaturation under the conditions of forced biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Simon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Pompe
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 7, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Denise Gruner
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany.,Polymeric Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 100, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elena Sturm
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany.,Physical Chemistry, University of Konstanz, POB 714, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kai Ostermann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabine Matys
- Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzener Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manja Vogel
- Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzener Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rödel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
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129
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Yamauchi S, Furukawa M, Kawahara A, Sugahara T, Yamamoto S, Kitabayashi M, Sogabe A, Shimoda S, Hata E, Watanabe K, Yoneyama H, Aso H, Nochi T. Roles of mannosylerythritol lipid-B components in antimicrobial activity against bovine mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:54. [PMID: 35149902 PMCID: PMC8837570 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipid-B (MEL-B), which comprises ester-bonded hydrophilic ME and hydrophobic fatty acids, is a bio-surfactant with various unique properties, including antimicrobial activity against most gram-positive bacteria. The gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus is a causative pathogen of dairy cattle mastitis, which results in considerable economic loss in the dairy industry. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of MEL-B as a disinfectant against bovine-derived S. aureus and elucidate a mechanism of action of MEL-B in the inhibition of bacterial growth. The growth of bovine mastitis causative S. aureus BM1006 was inhibited when cultured with MEL-B above 10 ppm. The activity of MEL-B required fatty acids (i.e., caprylic and myristoleic acids) as ME, the component of MEL-B lacking fatty acids, did not inhibit the growth of S. aureus even at high concentrations. Importantly, ME-bound fatty acids effectively inhibited the growth of S. aureus when compared with free fatty acids. Specifically, the concentrations of ME-bound fatty acids and free caprylic and myristoleic acids required to inhibit the growth of S. aureus were 10, 1442, and 226 ppm, respectively. The involvement of ME in the antimicrobial activity of MEL-B was confirmed by digestion of MEL-B with alkali, which dissociated ME and fatty acids. These results indicated that a mechanism of action of MEL-B in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus could be explained by the effective transporting of antimicrobial fatty acids to the bacterial surface via hydrophilic ME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamauchi
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.,Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Furukawa
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.,Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Akio Kawahara
- Toyobo Co., Ltd. Tsuruga Institute of Biotechnology, Fukui, 914-0047, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sugahara
- Toyobo Co., Ltd. Tsuruga Institute of Biotechnology, Fukui, 914-0047, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamamoto
- Toyobo Co., Ltd. Tsuruga Institute of Biotechnology, Fukui, 914-0047, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Sogabe
- Toyobo Co., Ltd. Tsuruga Institute of Biotechnology, Fukui, 914-0047, Japan.,Toyobo Co., Ltd. Biochemical Department, Osaka, 530-8230, Japan
| | - So Shimoda
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Eiji Hata
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, Bacterial Pathogenesis Research Unit, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Kouichi Watanabe
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.,Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoneyama
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.,Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan. .,Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan. .,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan. .,Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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130
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Whitley KD, Middlemiss S, Jukes C, Dekker C, Holden S. High-resolution imaging of bacterial spatial organization with vertical cell imaging by nanostructured immobilization (VerCINI). Nat Protoc 2022; 17:847-869. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00668-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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131
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Slavetinsky CJ, Hauser JN, Gekeler C, Slavetinsky J, Geyer A, Kraus A, Heilingbrunner D, Wagner S, Tesar M, Krismer B, Kuhn S, Ernst CM, Peschel A. Sensitizing Staphylococcus aureus to antibacterial agents by decoding and blocking the lipid flippase MprF. eLife 2022; 11:66376. [PMID: 35044295 PMCID: PMC8806190 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of antibiotic resistance represents a major human health threat demanding new antimicrobial strategies. MprF is the synthase and flippase of the phospholipid lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol that increases virulence and resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other pathogens to cationic host defense peptides and antibiotics. With the aim to design MprF inhibitors that could sensitize MRSA to antimicrobial agents and support the clearance of staphylococcal infections with minimal selection pressure, we developed MprF-targeting monoclonal antibodies, which bound and blocked the MprF flippase subunit. Antibody M-C7.1 targeted a specific loop in the flippase domain that proved to be exposed at both sides of the bacterial membrane, thereby enhancing the mechanistic understanding of bacterial lipid translocation. M-C7.1 rendered MRSA susceptible to host antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics such as daptomycin, and it impaired MRSA survival in human phagocytes. Thus, MprF inhibitors are recommended for new anti-virulence approaches against MRSA and other bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cordula Gekeler
- Department of Infection Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen
| | | | - André Geyer
- Department of Infection Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen
| | | | | | - Samuel Wagner
- Cluster of Excellence 'Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections', University of Tübingen
| | | | - Bernhard Krismer
- Department of Infection Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen
| | - Sebastian Kuhn
- Department of Infection Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen
| | - Christoph M Ernst
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Broad Institute
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Department of Infection Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen
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132
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The Microstructure, Antibacterial and Antitumor Activities of Chitosan Oligosaccharides and Derivatives. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20010069. [PMID: 35049924 PMCID: PMC8781119 DOI: 10.3390/md20010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan obtained from abundant marine resources has been proven to have a variety of biological activities. However, due to its poor water solubility, chitosan application is limited, and the degradation products of chitosan oligosaccharides are better than chitosan regarding performance. Chitosan oligosaccharides have two kinds of active groups, amino and hydroxyl groups, which can form a variety of derivatives, and the properties of these derivatives can be further improved. In this review, the key structures of chitosan oligosaccharides and recent studies on chitosan oligosaccharide derivatives, including their synthesis methods, are described. Finally, the antimicrobial and antitumor applications of chitosan oligosaccharides and their derivatives are discussed.
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133
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Cui X, Lü Y, Yue C. Development and Research Progress of Anti-Drug Resistant Bacteria Drugs. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 14:5575-5593. [PMID: 34992385 PMCID: PMC8711564 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s338987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance has become increasingly serious because of the widespread use and abuse of antibiotics. In particular, the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has posed a serious threat to human public health and attracted the attention of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the governments of various countries. Therefore, the establishment of measures against bacterial resistance and the discovery of new antibacterial drugs are increasingly urgent to better contain the emergence of bacterial resistance and provide a reference for the development of new antibacterial drugs. In this review, we discuss some antibiotic drugs that have been approved for clinical use and a partial summary of the meaningful research results of anti-drug resistant bacterial drugs in different fields, including the antibiotic drugs approved by the FDA from 2015 to 2020, the potential drugs against drug-resistant bacteria, the new molecules synthesized by chemical modification, combination therapy, drug repurposing, immunotherapy and other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Cui
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation of Yan'an, School of Basic Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Lü
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation of Yan'an, School of Basic Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Center for Conversation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation of Yan'an, School of Basic Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Center for Conversation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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134
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Wu M, He S, Tang H, Hu H, Shi Y. Molecular Engineering of Polymyxin B for Imaging and Treatment of Bacterial Infections. Front Chem 2022; 9:809584. [PMID: 35071190 PMCID: PMC8776826 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.809584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria and the lack of novel antibiotics to combat them have led to the revival of polymyxin B, a previously abandoned antibiotic due to its potential nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. To facilitate its widely clinical applications, increasing effort has been devoted to molecularly engineer polymyxin B for the targeted imaging and effective treatment of bacterial infections. Herein, the molecular engineering strategies will be summarized in this mini review, with selected recent advances for illustration. Perspective of the challenges and trends in this exciting and eagerly anticipated research area will also be provided in the end. We hope this mini review will inspire researchers from diverse fields to bring forward the next wave of exploiting molecular engineering approaches to propel the “old” polymyxin B to “new” clinical significance in combating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Wu
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shipeng He
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Tang, ; Yejiao Shi,
| | - Honggang Hu
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yejiao Shi
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Hua Tang, ; Yejiao Shi,
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136
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Wojciechowska M, Macyszyn J, Miszkiewicz J, Grzela R, Trylska J. Stapled Anoplin as an Antibacterial Agent. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:772038. [PMID: 34966367 PMCID: PMC8710804 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.772038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anoplin is a linear 10-amino acid amphipathic peptide (Gly-Leu-Leu-Lys-Arg-Ile-Lys-Thr-Leu-Leu-NH2 ) derived from the venom sac of the solitary wasp. It has broad antimicrobial activity, including an antibacterial one. However, the inhibition of bacterial growth requires several dozen micromolar concentrations of this peptide. Anoplin is positively charged and directly interacts with anionic biological membranes forming an α-helix that disrupts the lipid bilayer. To improve the bactericidal properties of anoplin by stabilizing its helical structure, we designed and synthesized its analogs with hydrocarbon staples. The staple was introduced at two locations resulting in different charges and amphipathicity of the analogs. Circular dichroism studies showed that all modified anoplins adopted an α-helical conformation, both in the buffer and in the presence of membrane mimics. As the helicity of the stapled anoplins increased, their stability in trypsin solution improved. Using the propidium iodide uptake assay in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, we confirmed the bacterial membrane disruption by the stapled anoplins. Next, we tested the antimicrobial activity of peptides on a range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Finally, we evaluated peptide hemolytic activity on sheep erythrocytes and cytotoxicity on human embryonic kidney 293 cells. All analogs showed higher antimicrobial activity than unmodified anoplin. Depending on the position of the staple, the peptides were more effective either against Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria. Anoplin[5-9], with a lower positive charge and increased hydrophobicity, had higher activity against Gram-positive bacteria but also showed hemolytic and destructive effects on eukaryotic cells. Contrary, anoplin[2-6] with a similar charge and amphipathicity as natural anoplin effectively killed Gram-negative bacteria, also pathogenic drug-resistant strains, without being hemolytic and toxic to eukaryotic cells. Our results showed that anoplin charge, amphipathicity, and location of hydrophobic residues affect the peptide destructive activity on the cell wall, and thus, its antibacterial activity. This means that by manipulating the charge and position of the staple in the sequence, one can manipulate the antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Macyszyn
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Miszkiewicz
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Grzela
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Trylska
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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137
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Ghassemi N, Poulhazan A, Deligey F, Mentink-Vigier F, Marcotte I, Wang T. Solid-State NMR Investigations of Extracellular Matrixes and Cell Walls of Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, and Plants. Chem Rev 2021; 122:10036-10086. [PMID: 34878762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrixes (ECMs), such as the cell walls and biofilms, are important for supporting cell integrity and function and regulating intercellular communication. These biomaterials are also of significant interest to the production of biofuels and the development of antimicrobial treatment. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) and magic-angle spinning-dynamic nuclear polarization (MAS-DNP) are uniquely powerful for understanding the conformational structure, dynamical characteristics, and supramolecular assemblies of carbohydrates and other biomolecules in ECMs. This review highlights the recent high-resolution investigations of intact ECMs and native cells in many organisms spanning across plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae. We spotlight the structural principles identified in ECMs, discuss the current technical limitation and underexplored biochemical topics, and point out the promising opportunities enabled by the recent advances of the rapidly evolving ssNMR technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Ghassemi
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Alexandre Poulhazan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Fabien Deligey
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | | | - Isabelle Marcotte
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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138
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Li Y, Tao Y, Xu J, He Y, Zhang W, Jiang Z, He Y, Liu H, Chen M, Zhang W, Xing Z. Hyperoxia Provokes Time- and Dose-Dependent Gut Injury and Endotoxemia and Alters Gut Microbiome and Transcriptome in Mice. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:732039. [PMID: 34869425 PMCID: PMC8635731 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.732039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oxygen therapy usually exposes patients to hyperoxia, which induces injuries in the lung, the heart, and the brain. The gut and its microbiome play key roles in critical illnesses, but the impact of hyperoxia on the gut and its microbiome remains not very clear. We clarified the time- and dose-dependent effects of hyperoxia on the gut and investigated oxygen-induced gut dysbiosis and explored the underlying mechanism of gut injury by transcriptome analysis. Methods: The C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the control group and nine different oxygen groups exposed to hyperoxia with an inspired O2 fraction (FiO2) of 40, 60, and 80% for 24, 72, and 168 h (7 days), respectively. Intestinal histopathological and biochemical analyses were performed to explore the oxygen-induced gut injury and inflammatory response. Another experiment was performed to explore the impact of hyperoxia on the gut microbiome by exposing the mice to hyperoxia (FiO2 80%) for 7 days, with the 16S rRNA sequencing method. We prolonged the exposure (up to 14 days) of the mice to hyperoxia (FiO2 80%), and gut transcriptome analysis and western blotting were carried out to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and signaling pathways related to innate immunity and cell death. Results: Inhaled oxygen induced time- and dose-dependent gut histopathological impairment characterized by mucosal atrophy (e.g., villus shortening: 80% of FiO2 for 24 h: P = 0.008) and enterocyte death (e.g., apoptosis: 40% of FiO2 for 7 days: P = 0.01). Administered time- and dose-dependent oxygen led to intestinal barrier dysfunction (e.g., endotoxemia: 80% of FiO2 for 72 h: P = 0.002) and potentiated gut inflammation by increasing proinflammatory cytokines [e.g., tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α): 40% of FiO2 for 24 h: P = 0.003)] and reducing anti-inflammatory cytokines [Interleukin 10 (IL-10): 80% of FiO2 for 72 h: P < 0.0001]. Hyperoxia induced gut dysbiosis with an expansion of oxygen-tolerant bacteria (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae). Gut transcriptome analysis identified 1,747 DEGs and 171 signaling pathways and immunoblotting verified TLR-4, NOD-like receptor, and apoptosis signaling pathways were activated in oxygen-induced gut injury. Conclusions: Acute hyperoxia rapidly provokes gut injury in a time- and dose-dependent manner and induces gut dysbiosis, and an innate immune response is involved in an oxygen-induced gut injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuanfa Tao
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yihuai He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhigang Jiang
- Department of Statistics, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Houmei Liu
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhouxiong Xing
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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139
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Pang Z, Li Q, Jia Y, Yan W, Qi J, Guo Y, Hu F, Zhou D, Jiang X. Controlling the pyridinium-zwitterionic ligand ratio on atomically precise gold nanoclusters allowing for eradicating Gram-positive drug-resistant bacteria and retaining biocompatibility. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14871-14882. [PMID: 34820103 PMCID: PMC8597861 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are an increasing global healthcare concern. In this study, we developed a dual-ligand-functionalised Au25(SR1) x (SR2)18-x -type gold nanocluster and determined its antibacterial activity against MDR bacterial strains. The pyridinium ligand (SR1) provided bactericidal potency and the zwitterionic ligand (SR2) enhanced the stability and biocompatibility. By optimising the ligand ratio, our gold nanocluster could effectively kill MDR Gram-positive bacteria via multiple antibacterial actions, including inducing bacterial aggregation, disrupting bacterial membrane integrity and potential, and generating reactive oxygen species. Moreover, combining the optimised gold nanocluster with common antibiotics could significantly enhance the antibacterial activity against MDR bacteria both in in vitro and animal models of skin infections. Furthermore, the fluorescence of the gold nanocluster at the second near-infrared (NIR-II) biological window allowed for the monitoring of its biodistribution and body clearance, which confirmed that the gold nanoclusters had good renal clearance and biocompatibility. This study provides a new strategy to combat the MDR challenge using multifunctional gold nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyang Pang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Qizhen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Yuexiao Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Weixiao Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Yuan Guo
- School of Food Science and Nutrition and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Fupin Hu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai 200040 P. R. China
| | - Dejian Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
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140
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Demonstration of the role of cell wall homeostasis in Staphylococcus aureus growth and the action of bactericidal antibiotics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106022118. [PMID: 34716264 PMCID: PMC8612353 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106022118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan is essential, maintaining both cellular integrity and morphology, in the face of internal turgor pressure. Peptidoglycan synthesis is important, as it is targeted by cell wall antibiotics, including methicillin and vancomycin. Here, we have used the major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus to elucidate both the cell wall dynamic processes essential for growth (life) and the bactericidal effects of cell wall antibiotics (death) based on the principle of coordinated peptidoglycan synthesis and hydrolysis. The death of S. aureus due to depletion of the essential, two-component and positive regulatory system for peptidoglycan hydrolase activity (WalKR) is prevented by addition of otherwise bactericidal cell wall antibiotics, resulting in stasis. In contrast, cell wall antibiotics kill via the activity of peptidoglycan hydrolases in the absence of concomitant synthesis. Both methicillin and vancomycin treatment lead to the appearance of perforating holes throughout the cell wall due to peptidoglycan hydrolases. Methicillin alone also results in plasmolysis and misshapen septa with the involvement of the major peptidoglycan hydrolase Atl, a process that is inhibited by vancomycin. The bactericidal effect of vancomycin involves the peptidoglycan hydrolase SagB. In the presence of cell wall antibiotics, the inhibition of peptidoglycan hydrolase activity using the inhibitor complestatin results in reduced killing, while, conversely, the deregulation of hydrolase activity via loss of wall teichoic acids increases the death rate. For S. aureus, the independent regulation of cell wall synthesis and hydrolysis can lead to cell growth, death, or stasis, with implications for the development of new control regimes for this important pathogen.
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141
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The cell envelope of Staphylococcus aureus selectively controls the sorting of virulence factors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6193. [PMID: 34702812 PMCID: PMC8548510 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus bi-component pore-forming leukocidins are secreted toxins that directly target and lyse immune cells. Intriguingly, one of the leukocidins, Leukocidin AB (LukAB), is found associated with the bacterial cell envelope in addition to secreted into the extracellular milieu. Here, we report that retention of LukAB on the bacterial cells provides S. aureus with a pre-synthesized active toxin that kills immune cells. On the bacteria, LukAB is distributed as discrete foci in two distinct compartments: membrane-proximal and surface-exposed. Through genetic screens, we show that a membrane lipid, lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (LPG), and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) contribute to LukAB deposition and release. Furthermore, by studying non-covalently surface-bound proteins we discovered that the sorting of additional exoproteins, such as IsaB, Hel, ScaH, and Geh, are also controlled by LPG and LTA. Collectively, our study reveals a multistep secretion system that controls exoprotein storage and protein translocation across the S. aureus cell wall.
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142
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Tank RG, Lund VA, Kumar S, Turner RD, Lafage L, Pasquina Lemonche L, Bullough PA, Cadby A, Foster SJ, Hobbs JK. Correlative Super-Resolution Optical and Atomic Force Microscopy Reveals Relationships Between Bacterial Cell Wall Architecture and Synthesis in Bacillus subtilis. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16011-16018. [PMID: 34533301 PMCID: PMC8552488 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how bacteria grow and divide requires insight into both the molecular-level dynamics of ultrastructure and the chemistry of the constituent components. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can provide near molecular resolution images of biological systems but typically provides limited chemical information. Conversely, while super-resolution optical microscopy allows localization of particular molecules and chemistries, information on the molecular context is difficult to obtain. Here, we combine these approaches into STORMForce (stochastic optical reconstruction with atomic force microscopy) and the complementary SIMForce (structured illumination with atomic force microscopy), to map the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall structural macromolecule, peptidoglycan, during growth and division in the rod-shaped bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Using "clickable" d-amino acid incorporation, we fluorescently label and spatially localize a short and controlled period of peptidoglycan synthesis and correlate this information with high-resolution AFM of the resulting architecture. During division, septal synthesis occurs across its developing surface, suggesting a two-stage process with incorporation at the leading edge and with considerable in-filling behind. During growth, the elongation of the rod occurs through bands of synthesis, spaced by ∼300 nm, and corresponds to denser regions of the internal cell wall as revealed by AFM. Combining super-resolution optics and AFM can provide insights into the synthesis processes that produce the complex architectures of bacterial structural biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveen
K. G. Tank
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria A. Lund
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- The
Florey Institute for Host−Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Sandip Kumar
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D. Turner
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- The
Florey Institute for Host−Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 4DP, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Lafage
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- The
Florey Institute for Host−Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Laia Pasquina Lemonche
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- The
Florey Institute for Host−Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Per A. Bullough
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- The
Florey Institute for Host−Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Cadby
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Foster
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- The
Florey Institute for Host−Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie K. Hobbs
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- The
Florey Institute for Host−Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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143
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Hurst PJ, Morris MA, Graham AA, Nowick JS, Patterson JP. Visualizing Teixobactin Supramolecular Assemblies and Cell Wall Damage in B. Subtilis Using CryoEM. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:27412-27417. [PMID: 34693162 PMCID: PMC8529686 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The antibiotic teixobactin targets bacterial cell walls. Previous research has proposed that the active form of teixobactin is a nano-/micron-sized supramolecular assembly. Here, we use cryogenic transmission electron microscopy to show that at 1 mg/mL, teixobactin forms sheet-like assemblies that selectively act upon the cell wall. At 4 μg/mL, teixobactin is active, and aggregates are formed either transiently or sparingly at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Joshua Hurst
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Michael A. Morris
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Annissa A. Graham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - James S. Nowick
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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144
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Briggs NS, Bruce KE, Naskar S, Winkler ME, Roper DI. The Pneumococcal Divisome: Dynamic Control of Streptococcus pneumoniae Cell Division. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:737396. [PMID: 34737730 PMCID: PMC8563077 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.737396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division in Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is performed and regulated by a protein complex consisting of at least 14 different protein elements; known as the divisome. Recent findings have advanced our understanding of the molecular events surrounding this process and have provided new understanding of the mechanisms that occur during the division of pneumococcus. This review will provide an overview of the key protein complexes and how they are involved in cell division. We will discuss the interaction of proteins in the divisome complex that underpin the control mechanisms for cell division and cell wall synthesis and remodelling that are required in S. pneumoniae, including the involvement of virulence factors and capsular polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S. Briggs
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin E. Bruce
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Souvik Naskar
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm E. Winkler
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - David I. Roper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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145
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Long Q, Jia B, Shi Y, Wang Q, Yu H, Li Z. DNA Nanodevice as a Co-delivery Vehicle of Antisense Oligonucleotide and Silver Ions for Selective Inhibition of Bacteria Growth. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:47987-47995. [PMID: 34585574 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanostructures possess unique programmability and addressability and exhibit a wide variety of potential applications. Recently, they demonstrated their ability to be ideal carriers of antibacterial drugs. In this study, the first use of a DNA six-helix bundle (6HB) nanostructure to co-deliver antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) and silver ions is reported. Although 6HB with Ag+ shows excellent antibacterial effect against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, 6HB with ASO selectively inhibits S. aureus. Furthermore, 6HB with both Ag+ and ASO exhibits enhanced antibacterial efficacy on S. aureus, probably through two sequential activities. Specifically, Ag+-modified 6HB greatly delays bacterial growth by destroying its cell walls, whereas 6HB conjugated with ASO targeting the ftsZ gene of S. aureus effectively inhibits its growth in the logarithmic growth phase by inhibiting the expression of the ftsZ gene. Moreover, this synergistic antibacterial treatment shows excellent biosafety with human normal liver cell L02. This co-delivery system by DNA nanostructures provides a promising platform for antibacterial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qipeng Long
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ye Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hanyang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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146
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Gibała A, Żeliszewska P, Gosiewski T, Krawczyk A, Duraczyńska D, Szaleniec J, Szaleniec M, Oćwieja M. Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Silver Nanoparticles-Effect of a Surface-Stabilizing Agent. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1481. [PMID: 34680114 PMCID: PMC8533414 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The biocidal properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) prepared with the use of biologically active compounds seem to be especially significant for biological and medical application. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine and compare the antibacterial and fungicidal properties of fifteen types of AgNPs. The main hypothesis was that the biological activity of AgNPs characterized by comparable size distributions, shapes, and ion release profiles is dependent on the properties of stabilizing agent molecules adsorbed on their surfaces. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were selected as models of two types of bacterial cells. Candida albicans was selected for the research as a representative type of eukaryotic microorganism. The conducted studies reveal that larger AgNPs can be more biocidal than smaller ones. It was found that positively charged arginine-stabilized AgNPs (ARGSBAgNPs) were the most biocidal among all studied nanoparticles. The strongest fungicidal properties were detected for negatively charged EGCGAgNPs obtained using (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). It was concluded that, by applying a specific stabilizing agent, one can tune the selectivity of AgNP toxicity towards desired pathogens. It was established that E. coli was more sensitive to AgNP exposure than S. aureus regardless of AgNP size and surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gibała
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-12 Krakow, Poland; (T.G.); (A.K.)
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (P.Ż.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (M.O.)
| | - Paulina Żeliszewska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (P.Ż.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (M.O.)
| | - Tomasz Gosiewski
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-12 Krakow, Poland; (T.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Krawczyk
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-12 Krakow, Poland; (T.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Dorota Duraczyńska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (P.Ż.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (M.O.)
| | - Joanna Szaleniec
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Maciej Szaleniec
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (P.Ż.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (M.O.)
| | - Magdalena Oćwieja
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (P.Ż.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (M.O.)
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147
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Zai W, Kang L, Dong T, Wang H, Yin L, Gan S, Lai W, Ding Y, Hu Y, Wu J. E. coli Membrane Vesicles as a Catalase Carrier for Long-Term Tumor Hypoxia Relief to Enhance Radiotherapy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15381-15394. [PMID: 34520168 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the most important factors that limit the effect of radiotherapy, and the abundant H2O2 in tumor tissues will also aggravate hypoxia-induced radiotherapy resistance. Delivering catalase to decompose H2O2 into oxygen is an effective strategy to relieve tumor hypoxia and radiotherapy resistance. However, low stability limits catalase's in vivo application, which is one of the most common limitations for almost all proteins' internal utilization. Here, we develop catalase containing E. coli membrane vesicles (EMs) with excellent protease resistance to relieve tumor hypoxia for a long time. Even treated with 100-fold of protease, EMs showed higher catalase activity than free catalase. After being injected into tumors post 12 h, EMs maintained their hypoxia relief ability while free catalase lost its activity. Our results indicate that EMs might be an excellent catalase delivery for tumor hypoxia relief. Combined with their immune stimulation features, EMs could enhance radiotherapy and induce antitumor immune memory effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tiejun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lining Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shaoju Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenjia Lai
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yibing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yiqiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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148
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Xia Q, Chen X, Liu C, Song RB, Chen Z, Zhang J, Zhu JJ. Label-Free Probing of Electron Transfer Kinetics of Single Microbial Cells on a Single-Layer Graphene via Structural Color Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7823-7830. [PMID: 34470209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies of electron transfer at the population level veil the nature of the cell itself; however, in situ probing of the electron transfer dynamics of individual cells is still challenging. Here we propose label-free structural color microscopy for this aim. We demonstrate that Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 cells show unique structural color scattering, changing with the redox state of cytochrome complexes in the outer membrane. It enables quantitatively and noninvasive studies of electron transfer in single microbial cells during bioelectrochemical activities, such as extracellular electron transfer (EET) on a transparent single-layer graphene electrode. Increasing the applied potential leads to the associated EET current, accompanied by more oxidized cytochromes. The high spatiotemporal resolution of the proposed method not only demonstrates the large diversity in EET activity among microbial cells but also reveals the subcellular asymmetric distribution of active cytochromes in a single cell. We anticipate that it provides a potential platform for further exploring the electron transfer mechanism of subcellular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Changhong Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Rong-Bin Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jianrong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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149
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Yin J, Sun W, Yu X, Xiao X, Li B, Tong Z, Ke L, Mao W, Li W. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus TR08 alleviated intestinal injury and modulated microbiota dysbiosis in septic mice. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:249. [PMID: 34536996 PMCID: PMC8449483 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Probiotics are widely used in intestinal microbiota imbalance caused by sepsis, however, the protective mechanism is still unclear. This study aimed to explore protective effect of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus TR08 on intestinal injury in septic mice. Results The levels of serum inflammatory factors were reduced significantly in septic mice treated with L. rhamnosus TR08. The levels of sIgA in terminal ileum were significantly higher in probiotic treatment group than sepsis group. Intestinal pathological damage in septic mice improved and the expression of tight junction proteins increased after probiotic treatment. Sequencing of fecal microbiota showed that the abundance and diversity of probiotic treatment group were significantly better than those of sepsis group, and beneficial bacteria increased while some bacteria decreased in the phylum level. Conclusion L. rhamnosus TR08 could improve the integrity of intestinal barrier, enhance the intestinal mucosal immunity in septic mice, and rebalance the intestinal microecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Yin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 225001, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jurong Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xianqiang Yu
- Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojia Xiao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baiqiang Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihui Tong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Ke
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjian Mao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 225001, China.
| | - Weiqin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 225001, China. .,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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150
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Zhou J, Horton JR, Yu D, Ren R, Blumenthal RM, Zhang X, Cheng X. Repurposing epigenetic inhibitors to target the Clostridioides difficile-specific DNA adenine methyltransferase and sporulation regulator CamA. Epigenetics 2021; 17:970-981. [PMID: 34523387 PMCID: PMC9487755 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1976910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetically targeted therapeutic development, particularly for SAM-dependent methylations of DNA, mRNA and histones has been proceeding rapidly for cancer treatments over the past few years. However, this approach has barely begun to be exploited for developing new antibiotics, despite an overwhelming global need to counter antimicrobial resistance. Here, we explore whether SAM analogues, some of which are in (pre)clinical studies as inhibitors of human epigenetic enzymes, can also inhibit Clostridioides difficile-specific DNA adenine methyltransferase (CamA), a sporulation regulator present in all C. difficile genomes sequenced to date, but found in almost no other bacteria. We found that SGC0946 (an inhibitor of DOT1L), JNJ-64619178 (an inhibitor of PRMT5) and SGC8158 (an inhibitor of PRMT7) inhibit CamA enzymatic activity in vitro at low micromolar concentrations. Structural investigation of the ternary complexes of CamA-DNA in the presence of SGC0946 or SGC8158 revealed conformational rearrangements of the N-terminal arm, with no apparent disturbance of the active site. This N-terminal arm and its modulation of exchanges between SAM (the methyl donor) and SAH (the reaction product) during catalysis of methyl transfer are, to date, unique to CamA. Our work presents a substantial first step in generating potent and selective inhibitors of CamA that would serve in the near term as chemical probes to investigate the cellular mechanism(s) of CamA in controlling spore formation and colonization, and eventually as therapeutic antivirulence agents useful in treating C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jujun Zhou
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John R Horton
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ren Ren
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert M Blumenthal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Program in Bioinformatics, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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