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Short AK, Baram TZ. Early-life adversity and neurological disease: age-old questions and novel answers. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:657-669. [PMID: 31530940 PMCID: PMC7261498 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurological illnesses, including cognitive impairment, memory decline and dementia, affect over 50 million people worldwide, imposing a substantial burden on individuals and society. These disorders arise from a combination of genetic, environmental and experiential factors, with the latter two factors having the greatest impact during sensitive periods in development. In this Review, we focus on the contribution of adverse early-life experiences to aberrant brain maturation, which might underlie vulnerability to cognitive brain disorders. Specifically, we draw on recent robust discoveries from diverse disciplines, encompassing human studies and experimental models. These discoveries suggest that early-life adversity, especially in the perinatal period, influences the maturation of brain circuits involved in cognition. Importantly, new findings suggest that fragmented and unpredictable environmental and parental signals comprise a novel potent type of adversity, which contributes to subsequent vulnerabilities to cognitive illnesses via mechanisms involving disordered maturation of brain 'wiring'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel K Short
- Departments of Anatomy and Neruobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- Departments of Anatomy and Neruobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Departments of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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102
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Abstract
Learning is thought to be mediated by activity-dependent modification of neuronal interactions. To avoid maladaptive modifications of synaptic transmission by spurious activity, synaptic plasticity has to be gated. In the case of supervised learning, these gating functions are accomplished by reinforcement through value-assigning systems. Here we show that the dynamic state of local circuits correlates with the occurrence of activity-dependent long-term changes in neuronal response properties. We find that repeated visual stimuli induce long-term changes of orientation preference of neuronal populations in visual cortex if stimuli induce synchronized population responses oscillating at ɣ-frequencies. This suggests that neuronal plasticity is controlled by a hierarchy of gating systems and assigns critical gating functions to resonance properties of local circuits. Use-dependent long-term changes of neuronal response properties must be gated to prevent irrelevant activity from inducing inappropriate modifications. Here we test the hypothesis that local network dynamics contribute to such gating. As synaptic modifications depend on temporal contiguity between presynaptic and postsynaptic activity, we examined the effect of synchronized gamma (ɣ) oscillations on stimulation-dependent modifications of orientation selectivity in adult cat visual cortex. Changes of orientation maps were induced by pairing visual stimulation with electrical activation of the mesencephalic reticular formation. Changes in orientation selectivity were assessed with optical recording of intrinsic signals and multiunit recordings. When conditioning stimuli were associated with strong ɣ-oscillations, orientation domains matching the orientation of the conditioning grating stimulus became more responsive and expanded, because neurons with preferences differing by less than 30° from the orientation of the conditioning grating shifted their orientation preference toward the conditioned orientation. When conditioning stimuli induced no or only weak ɣ-oscillations, responsiveness of neurons driven by the conditioning stimulus decreased. These differential effects depended on the power of oscillations in the low ɣ-band (20 Hz to 48 Hz) and not on differences in discharge rate of cortical neurons, because there was no correlation between the discharge rates during conditioning and the occurrence of changes in orientation preference. Thus, occurrence and polarity of use-dependent long-term changes of cortical response properties appear to depend on the occurrence of ɣ-oscillations during induction and hence on the degree of temporal coherence of the change-inducing network activity.
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103
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Guo W, Robert B, Polley DB. The Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Links Auditory Stimuli with Delayed Reinforcement to Support Learning. Neuron 2019; 103:1164-1177.e6. [PMID: 31351757 PMCID: PMC7927272 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Animals learn to fear conditioned sound stimuli (CSs) that accompany aversive unconditioned stimuli (USs). Auditory cortex (ACx) circuits reorganize to support auditory fear learning when CS-evoked activity temporally overlaps with US-evoked acetylcholine release from the basal forebrain. Here we describe robust fear learning and acetylcholine-dependent ACx plasticity even when the US is delayed by several seconds following CS offset. A 5-s CS-US gap was not bridged by persistent CS-evoked spiking throughout the trace period. Instead, within minutes following the start of conditioning, optogenetically identified basal forebrain neurons that encode the aversive US scaled up responses to the CS and increased functional coupling with the ACx. Over several days of conditioning, bulk imaging of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons revealed sustained sound-evoked activity that filled in the 5-s silent gap preceding the US. These findings identify a plasticity in the basal forebrain that supports learned associations between sensory stimuli and delayed reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Blaise Robert
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel B Polley
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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104
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Brzosko Z, Mierau SB, Paulsen O. Neuromodulation of Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity: Past, Present, and Future. Neuron 2019; 103:563-581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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105
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Davis EP, Korja R, Karlsson L, Glynn LM, Sandman CA, Vegetabile B, Kataja EL, Nolvi S, Sinervä E, Pelto J, Karlsson H, Stern HS, Baram TZ. Across continents and demographics, unpredictable maternal signals are associated with children's cognitive function. EBioMedicine 2019; 46:256-263. [PMID: 31362905 PMCID: PMC6710909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early life experiences have persisting influence on brain function throughout life. Maternal signals constitute a primary source of early life experiences, and their quantity and quality during sensitive developmental periods exert enduring effects on cognitive function and emotional and social behaviors. Here we examined if, in addition to established qualitative dimensions of maternal behavior during her interactions with her infant and child, patterns of maternal signals may contribute to the maturation of children's executive functions. We focused primarily on effortful control, a potent predictor of mental health outcomes later in life. Methods In two independent prospective cohorts in Turku, Finland (N = 135), and Irvine, CA, USA (N = 192) that differed significantly in race/ethnicity and sociodemographic parameters, we assessed whether infant exposure to unpredictable patterns of maternal-derived sensory signals portended poor effortful control. Outcomes In both the Irvine and Turku cohorts, unpredictable sequences of maternal behavior during infancy were associated with worse effortful control at one year of age. Longitudinal analyses demonstrated that this association persisted for as long as each cohort was assessed-until two years of age in the Turku cohort and to 9.5 years in the Irvine cohort. The relation of unpredictable maternal signals during infancy and the measures of executive function persisted after adjusting for covariates. Interpretations The consistency of our findings across two cohorts from different demographic backgrounds substantiated the finding that patterns, and specifically unpredictable sequences, of maternal behaviors may influence the development of executive functions which may be associated with vulnerability to subsequent psychopathology. Fund This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) awards P50MH096889, HD051852, NS041298, HD02413, HD050662, HD065823, and by the FinnBrain funders: Academy of Finland (129839, 134950, 253270, 286829, 287908, 308176, 308252), Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation, Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation, and State Research Grants (P3498, P3654).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Riikka Korja
- Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura M Glynn
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Psychology, Chapman University, 544 N. Cypress St., Orange, CA 92867, USA
| | - Curt A Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Brian Vegetabile
- Department of Statistics, University of California-Irvine, Bren Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Eeva-Leena Kataja
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Nolvi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eija Sinervä
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juho Pelto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Hal S Stern
- Department of Statistics, University of California-Irvine, Bren Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Hewitt, Hall Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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106
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Smith MR, Readhead B, Dudley JT, Morishita H. Critical period plasticity-related transcriptional aberrations in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2019; 207:12-21. [PMID: 30442475 PMCID: PMC6591017 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Childhood critical periods of experience-dependent plasticity are essential for the development of environmentally appropriate behavior and cognition. Disruption of critical periods can alter development of normal function and confer risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. While genes and their expression relevant to neurodevelopment are associated with schizophrenia, the molecular relationship between schizophrenia and critical periods has not been assessed systematically. Here, we apply a transcriptome-based bioinformatics approach to assess whether genes associated with the human critical period for visual cortex plasticity, a well-studied model of cortical critical periods, are aberrantly expressed in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Across two dozen datasets encompassing 522 cases and 374 controls, we find that the majority show aberrations in expression of genes associated with the critical period. We observed both hyper- and hypo-critical period plasticity phenotypes at the transcriptome level, which partially mapped to drug candidates that reverse the disorder signatures in silico. Our findings indicate plasticity aberrations in schizophrenia and their treatment may need to be considered in the context of subpopulations with elevated and others reduced plasticity. Future work should leverage ongoing consortia RNA-sequencing efforts to tease out the sources of plasticity-related transcriptional aberrations seen in schizophrenia, including true biological heterogeneity, interaction between normal development/aging and the disorder, and medication history. Our study also urges innovation towards direct assessment of visual cortex plasticity in humans with schizophrenia to precisely deconstruct the role of plasticity in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo R. Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA,Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ben Readhead
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Joel T. Dudley
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA,Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA,Correspondence to: J. T. Dudley, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA., (M.R. Smith), (B. Readhead), (J.T. Dudley), (H. Morishita)
| | - Hirofumi Morishita
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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107
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Miwa JM, Anderson KR, Hoffman KM. Lynx Prototoxins: Roles of Endogenous Mammalian Neurotoxin-Like Proteins in Modulating Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function to Influence Complex Biological Processes. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:343. [PMID: 31114495 PMCID: PMC6502960 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic system modulates many biological functions, due to the widespread distribution of cholinergic neuronal terminals, and the diffuse release of its neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Several layers of regulation help to refine and control the scope of this excitatory neurotransmitter system. One such regulatory mechanism is imparted through endogenous toxin-like proteins, prototoxins, which largely control the function of nicotinic receptors of the cholinergic system. Prototoxins and neurotoxins share the distinct three finger toxin fold, highly effective as a receptor binding protein, and the former are expressed in the mammalian brain, immune system, epithelium, etc. Prototoxins and elapid snake neurotoxins appear to be related through gene duplication and divergence from a common ancestral gene. Protein modulators can provide a graded response of the cholinergic system, and within the brain, stabilize neural circuitry through direct interaction with nicotinic receptors. Understanding the roles of each prototoxin (e.g., lynx1, lynx2/lypd1, PSCA, SLURP1, SLURP2, Lypd6, lypd6b, lypdg6e, PATE-M, PATE-B, etc.), their binding specificity and unique expression profile, has the potential to uncover many fascinating cholinergic-dependent mechanisms in the brain. Each family member can provide a spatially restricted level of control over nAChR function based on its expression in the brain. Due to the difficulty in the pharmacological targeting of nicotinic receptors in the brain as a result of widespread expression patterns and similarities in receptor sequences, unique interfaces between prototoxin and nicotinic receptor could provide more specific targeting than nicotinic receptors alone. As such, this family is intriguing from a long-term therapeutic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Miwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Kristin R Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Katie M Hoffman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
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108
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Exploring the Interneuron Canopy Atop the 'Impenetrable Jungle'. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:237-239. [PMID: 30712884 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The multifaceted functions of the brain are borne through seemingly infinite spatiotemporal interactions between its resident neural elements. Using a combinatorial approach, Schuman and colleagues (J. Neurosci. 2018;39:125-139) recently identify four layer 1 cortical interneuron subtypes, including a hitherto uncharacterized neuron they term the 'canopy' cell. Properties unique to each of the subtypes likely endow them with distinct roles in top-down processing.
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109
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Faini G, Aguirre A, Landi S, Lamers D, Pizzorusso T, Ratto GM, Deleuze C, Bacci A. Perineuronal nets control visual input via thalamic recruitment of cortical PV interneurons. eLife 2018; 7:41520. [PMID: 30561327 PMCID: PMC6298774 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the neocortex, critical periods (CPs) of plasticity are closed following the accumulation of perineuronal nets (PNNs) around parvalbumin (PV)-positive inhibitory interneurons. However, how PNNs tune cortical function and plasticity is unknown. We found that PNNs modulated the gain of visual responses and γ-oscillations in the adult mouse visual cortex in vivo, consistent with increased interneuron function. Removal of PNNs in adult V1 did not affect GABAergic neurotransmission from PV cells, nor neuronal excitability in layer 4. Importantly, PNN degradation coupled to sensory input potentiated glutamatergic thalamic synapses selectively onto PV cells. In the absence of PNNs, increased thalamic PV-cell recruitment modulated feed-forward inhibition differently on PV cells and pyramidal neurons. These effects depended on visual input, as they were strongly attenuated by monocular deprivation in PNN-depleted adult mice. Thus, PNNs control visual processing and plasticity by selectively setting the strength of thalamic recruitment of PV cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Faini
- ICM - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Aguirre
- ICM - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Landi
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology, Institute Nanoscience-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Didi Lamers
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology, Institute Nanoscience-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- CNR, Istituto di Neuroscienze, Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gian Michele Ratto
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology, Institute Nanoscience-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Charlotte Deleuze
- ICM - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alberto Bacci
- ICM - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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110
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Lombaert N, Hennes M, Gilissen S, Schevenels G, Aerts L, Vanlaer R, Geenen L, Van Eeckhaut A, Smolders I, Nys J, Arckens L. 5-HTR 2A and 5-HTR 3A but not 5-HTR 1A antagonism impairs the cross-modal reactivation of deprived visual cortex in adulthood. Mol Brain 2018; 11:65. [PMID: 30400993 PMCID: PMC6218970 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual cortical areas show enhanced tactile responses in blind individuals, resulting in improved behavioral performance. Induction of unilateral vision loss in adult mice, by monocular enucleation (ME), is a validated model for such cross-modal brain plasticity. A delayed whisker-driven take-over of the medial monocular zone of the visual cortex is preceded by so-called unimodal plasticity, involving the potentiation of the spared-eye inputs in the binocular cortical territory. Full reactivation of the sensory-deprived contralateral visual cortex is accomplished by 7 weeks post-injury. Serotonin (5-HT) is known to modulate sensory information processing and integration, but its impact on cortical reorganization after sensory loss, remains largely unexplored. To address this issue, we assessed the involvement of 5-HT in ME-induced cross-modal plasticity and the 5-HT receptor (5-HTR) subtype used. We first focused on establishing the impact of ME on the total 5-HT concentration measured in the visual cortex and in the somatosensory barrel field. Next, the changes in expression as a function of post-ME recovery time of the monoamine transporter 2 (vMAT2), which loads 5-HT into presynaptic vesicles, and of the 5-HTR1A and 5-HTR3A were assessed, in order to link these temporal expression profiles to the different types of cortical plasticity induced by ME. In order to accurately pinpoint which 5-HTR exactly mediates ME-induced cross-modal plasticity, we pharmacologically antagonized the 5-HTR1A, 5-HTR2A and 5-HTR3A subtypes. This study reveals brain region-specific alterations in total 5-HT concentration, time-dependent modulations in vMAT2, 5-HTR1A and 5-HTR3A protein expression and 5-HTR antagonist-specific effects on the post-ME plasticity phenomena. Together, our results confirm a role for 5-HTR1A in the early phase of binocular visual cortex plasticity and suggest an involvement of 5-HTR2A and 5-HTR3A but not 5-HTR1A during the late cross-modal recruitment of the medial monocular visual cortex. These insights contribute to the general understanding of 5-HT function in cortical plasticity and may encourage the search for improved rehabilitation strategies to compensate for sensory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lombaert
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, Box 2467, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maroussia Hennes
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, Box 2467, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Gilissen
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, Box 2467, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giel Schevenels
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, Box 2467, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Aerts
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, Box 2467, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ria Vanlaer
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, Box 2467, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Geenen
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, Box 2467, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Eeckhaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Nys
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, Box 2467, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Present Address: Laboratory of Synapse Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, O&N IV, Herestraat 49, box 602, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lutgarde Arckens
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, Box 2467, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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111
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Patton MH, Blundon JA, Zakharenko SS. Rejuvenation of plasticity in the brain: opening the critical period. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 54:83-89. [PMID: 30286407 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cortical circuits are particularly sensitive to incoming sensory information during well-defined intervals of postnatal development called 'critical periods'. The critical period for cortical plasticity closes in adults, thus restricting the brain's ability to indiscriminately store new sensory information. For example, children acquire language in an exposure-based manner, whereas learning language in adulthood requires more effort and attention. It has been suggested that pairing sounds with the activation of neuromodulatory circuits involved in attention reopens this critical period. Here, we review two critical period hypotheses related to neuromodulation: cortical disinhibition and thalamic adenosine. We posit that these mechanisms co-regulate the critical period for auditory cortical plasticity. We also discuss ways to reopen this period and rejuvenate cortical plasticity in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Patton
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jay A Blundon
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stanislav S Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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112
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Batista-Brito R, Zagha E, Ratliff JM, Vinck M. Modulation of cortical circuits by top-down processing and arousal state in health and disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 52:172-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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113
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Cardin JA. Inhibitory Interneurons Regulate Temporal Precision and Correlations in Cortical Circuits. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:689-700. [PMID: 30274604 PMCID: PMC6173199 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons, which are highly diverse, have long been thought to contribute to the timing of neural activity as well as to the generation and shaping of brain rhythms. GABAergic activity is crucial not only for entrainment of oscillatory activity across a neural population, but also for precise regulation of the timing of action potentials and the suppression of slow-timescale correlations. The diversity of inhibition provides the potential for flexible regulation of patterned activity, but also poses a challenge to identifying the elements of excitatory-inhibitory interactions underlying network engagement. This review highlights the key roles of inhibitory interneurons in spike correlations and brain rhythms, describes several scales on which GABAergic inhibition regulates timing in neural networks, and identifies potential consequences of inhibitory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Cardin
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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114
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A Brain without Brakes: Reduced Inhibition Is Associated with Enhanced but Dysregulated Plasticity in the Aged Rat Auditory Cortex. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0051-18. [PMID: 30225357 PMCID: PMC6140119 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0051-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During early developmental windows known as critical periods (CPs) of plasticity, passive alterations in the quality and quantity of sensory inputs are sufficient to induce profound and long-lasting distortions in cortical sensory representations. With CP closure, those representations are stabilized, a process requiring the maturation of inhibitory networks and the maintenance of sufficient GABAergic tone in the cortex. In humans and rodents, however, cortical inhibition progressively decreases with advancing age, raising the possibility that the regulation of plasticity could be altered in older individuals. Here we tested the hypothesis that aging results in a destabilization of sensory representations and maladaptive dysregulated plasticity in the rat primary auditory cortex (A1). Consistent with this idea, we found that passive tone exposure is sufficient to distort frequency tuning in the A1 of older but not younger adult rats. However, we also found that these passive distortions decayed rapidly, indicating an ongoing instability of A1 tuning in the aging cortex. These changes were associated with a decrease in GABA neurotransmitter concentration and a reduction in parvalbumin and perineuronal net expression in the cortex. Finally, we show that artificially increasing GABA tone in the aging A1 is sufficient to restore representational stability and improve the retention of learning.
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115
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Che A, Babij R, Iannone AF, Fetcho RN, Ferrer M, Liston C, Fishell G, De Marco García NV. Layer I Interneurons Sharpen Sensory Maps during Neonatal Development. Neuron 2018; 99:98-116.e7. [PMID: 29937280 PMCID: PMC6152945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal mammal faces an array of sensory stimuli when diverse neuronal types have yet to form sensory maps. How these inputs interact with intrinsic neuronal activity to facilitate circuit assembly is not well understood. By using longitudinal calcium imaging in unanesthetized mouse pups, we show that layer I (LI) interneurons, delineated by co-expression of the 5HT3a serotonin receptor (5HT3aR) and reelin (Re), display spontaneous calcium transients with the highest degree of synchrony among cell types present in the superficial barrel cortex at postnatal day 6 (P6). 5HT3aR Re interneurons are activated by whisker stimulation during this period, and sensory deprivation induces decorrelation of their activity. Moreover, attenuation of thalamic inputs through knockdown of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) in these interneurons results in expansion of whisker responses, aberrant barrel map formation, and deficits in whisker-dependent behavior. These results indicate that recruitment of specific interneuron types during development is critical for adult somatosensory function. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Che
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Rachel Babij
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Andrew F Iannone
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Robert N Fetcho
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Monica Ferrer
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Conor Liston
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Gord Fishell
- Harvard Medical School and the Stanley Center at the Broad, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Natalia V De Marco García
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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116
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Colonnese MT, Phillips MA. Thalamocortical function in developing sensory circuits. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 52:72-79. [PMID: 29715588 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thalamocortical activity patterns, both spontaneous and evoked, undergo a dramatic shift in preparation for the onset of rich sensory experience (e.g. birth in humans; eye-opening in rodents). This change is the result of a switch from thalamocortical circuits tuned for transmission of spontaneous bursting in sense organs, to circuits capable of high resolution, active sensory processing. Early 'pre-sensory' tuning uses amplification generated by corticothalamic excitatory feedback and early-born subplate neurons to ensure transmission of bursts, at the expense of stimulus discrimination. The switch to sensory circuits is due, at least in part, to the coordinated remodeling of inhibitory circuits in thalamus and cortex. Appreciation of the distinct rules that govern early circuit function can, and should, inform translational studies of genetic and acquired developmental dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Colonnese
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, United States.
| | - Marnie A Phillips
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, United States
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117
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Antón-Bolaños N, Espinosa A, López-Bendito G. Developmental interactions between thalamus and cortex: a true love reciprocal story. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 52:33-41. [PMID: 29704748 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The developmental programs that control the specification of cortical and thalamic territories are maintained largely as independent processes. However, bulk of evidence demonstrates the requirement of the reciprocal interactions between cortical and thalamic neurons as key for the correct development of functional thalamocortical circuits. This reciprocal loop of connections is essential for sensory processing as well as for the execution of complex sensory-motor tasks. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how mutual collaborations between both brain regions define area patterning and cell differentiation in the thalamus and cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Antón-Bolaños
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Spain
| | - Guillermina López-Bendito
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Spain.
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