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Uram Ł, Misiorek M, Pichla M, Filipowicz-Rachwał A, Markowicz J, Wołowiec S, Wałajtys-Rode E. The Effect of Biotinylated PAMAM G3 Dendrimers Conjugated with COX-2 Inhibitor (celecoxib) and PPARγ Agonist (Fmoc-L-Leucine) on Human Normal Fibroblasts, Immortalized Keratinocytes and Glioma Cells in Vitro. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203801. [PMID: 31652556 PMCID: PMC6832538 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant type of central nervous system tumor that is resistant to all currently used forms of therapy. Thus, more effective GBM treatment strategies are being investigated, including combined therapies with drugs that may cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). Another important issue considers the decrease of deleterious side effects of therapy. It has been shown that nanocarrier conjugates with biotin can penetrate BBB. In this study, biotinylated PAMAM G3 dendrimers substituted with the recognized anticancer agents cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor celecoxib and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist Fmoc-L-Leucine (G3-BCL) were tested in vitro on human cell lines with different p53 status: glioblastoma (U-118 MG), normal fibroblasts (BJ) and immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT). G3-BCL penetrated efficiently into the lysosomal and mitochondrial compartments of U-118 MG cells and induced death of U-118 MG cells via apoptosis and inhibited proliferation and migration at low IC50 = 1.25 µM concentration, considerably lower than either drug applied alone. Comparison of the effects of G3-BCL on expression of COX-2 and PPARγ protein and PGE2 production of three different investigated cell line phenotypes revealed that the anti-glioma effect of the conjugate was realized by other mechanisms other than influencing PPAR-γ expression and regardless of p53 cell status, it was dependent on COX-2 protein level and high PGE2 production. Similar G3-BCL cytotoxicity was seen in normal fibroblasts (IC50 = 1.29 µM) and higher resistance in HaCaT cells (IC50 = 4.49 µM). Thus, G3-BCL might be a good candidate for the targeted, local glioma therapy with limited site effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Uram
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Maria Misiorek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Monika Pichla
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Filipowicz-Rachwał
- Department of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutical Products Technology, Rzeszów University of Information Technology and Management, 2 Sucharskiego Str, 35-225 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Joanna Markowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Wołowiec
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Warzywna 1a, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Wałajtys-Rode
- Department of Drug Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology,75 Koszykowa Str, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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102
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Diniz IMA, Souto GR, Freitas IDP, de Arruda JAA, da Silva JM, Silva TA, Mesquita RA. Photobiomodulation Enhances Cisplatin Cytotoxicity in a Culture Model with Oral Cell Lineages. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:182-190. [PMID: 31424557 DOI: 10.1111/php.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin plays a central role in cancer chemotherapy, but resistance to this drug remains a major obstacle in treatment. Drawbacks related to cisplatin failure may be associated with cell energy metabolism. This study investigated whether photobiomodulation (PBM) can potentiate the effects of cisplatin on keratinocytes (HaCat) and cancer cells (SCC25 and HN12). Cells were treated with laser (GaAlAs; 660 nm; 60 mW; 0.33 J; 2.14 W cm-2 ; 11.7 J cm-2 and 6 s) and cisplatin (7.8 μg mL-1 ) to evaluate cell viability, Ki-67, VEGF, TGF-β1, EGF expression and ROS production. Observations were validated in the SCC25 cell lineage, where the type of cell death (necrosis/apoptosis) and the amount of ATP were assessed. Cell lineages showed increased sensitivity to cisplatin associated with PBM (Cis-PBM). Ki-67 was augmented in all cell lineages treated with Cis-PBM when compared to cisplatin alone (Cis). Cis or Cis-PBM significantly decreased VEGF expression in cancer cells, while no changes were seen in the expression of TGF-β1 or EGF compared to control. ROS levels were similar in the Cis and Cis-PBM groups. Cells treated with Cis-PBM died by apoptosis, leading to greater consumption of ATP. These observations suggest that PBM may potentiate the effects of cisplatin, leading to increased drug cytotoxicity and enhanced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana M A Diniz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Giovanna R Souto
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Iuri D P Freitas
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculdade de SeteLagoas, SeteLagoas, MG, Brazil
| | - José Alcides A de Arruda
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Janine M da Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tarcília A Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Mesquita
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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103
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Normal Saline solutions cause endothelial dysfunction through loss of membrane integrity, ATP release, and inflammatory responses mediated by P2X7R/p38 MAPK/MK2 signaling pathways. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220893. [PMID: 31412063 PMCID: PMC6693757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resuscitation with 0.9% Normal Saline (NS), a non-buffered acidic solution, leads to increased morbidity and mortality in the critically ill. The goal of this study was to determine the molecular mechanisms of endothelial injury after exposure to NS. The hypothesis of this investigation is that exposure of endothelium to NS would lead to loss of cell membrane integrity, resulting in release of ATP, activation of the purinergic receptor (P2X7R), and subsequent activation of stress activated signaling pathways and inflammation. Human saphenous vein endothelial cells (HSVEC) incubated in NS, but not buffered electrolyte solution (Plasma-Lyte, PL), exhibited abnormal morphology and increased release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and decreased transendothelial resistance (TEER), suggesting loss of membrane integrity. Incubation of intact rat aorta (RA) or human saphenous vein in NS but not PL led to impaired endothelial-dependent relaxation which was ameliorated by apyrase (hydrolyzes ATP) or SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor). Exposure of HSVEC to NS but not PL led to activation of p38 MAPK and its downstream substrate, MAPKAP kinase 2 (MK2). Treatment of HSVEC with exogenous ATP led to interleukin 1β (IL-1β) release and increased vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) expression. Treatment of RA with IL-1β led to impaired endothelial relaxation. IL-1β treatment of HSVEC led to increases in p38 MAPK and MK2 phosphorylation, and increased levels of arginase II. Incubation of porcine saphenous vein (PSV) in PL with pH adjusted to 6.0 or less also led to impaired endothelial function, suggesting that the acidic nature of NS is what contributes to endothelial dysfunction. Volume overload resuscitation in a porcine model after hemorrhage with NS, but not PL, led to acidosis and impaired endothelial function. These data suggest that endothelial dysfunction caused by exposure to acidic, non-buffered NS is associated with loss of membrane integrity, release of ATP, and is modulated by P2X7R-mediated inflammatory responses.
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104
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Sieroslawska A, Rymuszka A. Assessment of the cytotoxic impact of cyanotoxin beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine on a fish immune cell line. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 212:214-221. [PMID: 31132739 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by several cyanobacteria species. It is considered to be a potent neurotoxin. Although its neurotoxic effects are well studied, other negative effects of BMAA have not yet been completely elucidated. In the present study, we studied the cytotoxic effects of a wide range of concentrations of BMAA (0.25-2.0 mM) on a stable fish immune cell line (CLC) obtained from carp monocytes. The cells exposed to higher concentrations of BMAA exhibited an altered morphology, changed ATP levels, and reduced proliferation. On the basis of toxic effects of BMAA on lysosomes, mitochondrial dehydrogenases activity, and cell membrane integrity, we determined its cytotoxic concentrations. We also investigated effects of the toxin at non-cytotoxic concentrations on the basic functions of CLC cells. BMAA did not affect the production and release of IL-1β or phagocytic activity of the cells. However, higher non-toxic BMAA concentrations altered the levels of extracellular and intracellular total proteins compared to those in control cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sieroslawska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Biotechnology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Rymuszka
- Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Biotechnology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland
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105
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Li J, Zhang Y, Zou Z, Qing Z, Yang S, Yang J, Zhang L, Feng F, Yang R. MIL/Aptamer as a Nanosensor Capable of Resisting Nonspecific Displacement for ATP Imaging in Living Cells. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9074-9080. [PMID: 31459995 PMCID: PMC6648595 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes physisorbed on nanomaterials have emerged as a kind of useful and facile sensing platform for biological important molecules. However, nonspecific displacement in the physisorption systems is a non-negligible problem for the intracellular analysis. MIL (Materials of Institut Lavoisier), a subclass of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), has high porosity, large surface area, and intriguing three-dimensional (3D) nanostructure with promising biological and biomedical applications such as molecular detection and drug delivery. Herein, we report MIL/aptamer-FAM as a nanosensor capable of resisting nonspecific displacement for intracellular adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) sensing and imaging. In this approach, by virtue of the remarkable quenching capability, high affinity of aptamers, and dramatic capability of resisting nonspecific displacement of 3D MIL-100, the assay and imaging of ATP in living cells were realized. Our results demonstrated that the MIL/aptamer-FAM nanosensor not only shows high selectivity for the detection of ATP in buffer but also is able to act as a "signal-on" nanosensor for specific imaging of ATP in living cells. The strategy reported here opens up a new way to develop MOF-based nanosensors for intracellular delivery and metabolite detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- School
of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha
University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - Yuedong Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha
University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zou
- School
of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha
University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - Zhihe Qing
- School
of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha
University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Yang
- School
of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha
University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - Jianxiao Yang
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan
University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi 037009, P. R. China
| | - Feng Feng
- College
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi 037009, P. R. China
| | - Ronghua Yang
- School
of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha
University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
- College
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi 037009, P. R. China
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106
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Okerberg ES, Dagbay KB, Green JL, Soni I, Aban A, Nomanbhoy TK, Savinov SN, Hardy JA, Kozarich JW. Chemoproteomics Using Nucleotide Acyl Phosphates Reveals an ATP Binding Site at the Dimer Interface of Procaspase-6. Biochemistry 2019; 58:5320-5328. [PMID: 31095371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acyl phosphates of ATP (ATPAc) and related nucleotides have proven to be useful for the interrogation of known nucleotide binding sites via specific acylation of conserved lysines (K). In addition, occasional K acylations are identified in proteins without such known sites. Here we present a robust and specific acylation of procaspase-6 by ATPAc at K133 in Jurkat cell lysates. The K133 acylation is dependent on π-π stacking interactions between the adenine moiety of ATPAc and a conserved Y198-Y198 site formed at the homodimeric interface of procaspase-6. Significantly, the Y198A mutation in procaspase-6 abolishes K133 acylation but has no effect on the proteolytic activity of the mature, active caspase-6 Y198A variant. Additional in vitro studies show that ATP can inhibit the autoproteolytic activation of procaspase-6. These observations suggest that ATP, and possibly other nucleotides, may serve as the endogenous ligands for the allosteric site at the procaspase-6 dimer interface, a site that has persisted in its "orphan" status for more than a decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Okerberg
- ActivX Biosciences, Inc. , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Kevin B Dagbay
- Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01002 , United States
| | - Jennifer L Green
- ActivX Biosciences, Inc. , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Ishankumar Soni
- Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01002 , United States
| | - Arwin Aban
- ActivX Biosciences, Inc. , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | | | - Sergey N Savinov
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Jeanne A Hardy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01002 , United States.,Models to Medicine Center, Institute of Applied Life Sciences , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - John W Kozarich
- ActivX Biosciences, Inc. , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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107
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Kurihara R, Horibe T, Shimizu E, Torisawa A, Gaowa A, Kohno M, Kawakami K. A novel interleukin‐13 receptor alpha 2‐targeted hybrid peptide for effective glioblastoma therapy. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 94:1402-1413. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryohsuke Kurihara
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Tomohisa Horibe
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Eiko Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Aya Torisawa
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Arong Gaowa
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Masayuki Kohno
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Koji Kawakami
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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108
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Protective role of the deSUMOylating enzyme SENP3 in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213331. [PMID: 30973885 PMCID: PMC6459529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interruption of blood supply to the heart is a leading cause of death and disability. However, the molecular events that occur during heart ischemia, and how these changes prime consequent cell death upon reperfusion, are poorly understood. Protein SUMOylation is a post-translational modification that has been strongly implicated in the protection of cells against a variety of stressors, including ischemia-reperfusion. In particular, the SUMO2/3-specific protease SENP3 has emerged as an important determinant of cell survival after ischemic infarct. Here, we used the Langendorff perfusion model to examine changes in the levels and localisation of SUMOylated target proteins and SENP3 in whole heart. We observed a 50% loss of SENP3 from the cytosolic fraction of hearts after preconditioning, a 90% loss after ischemia and an 80% loss after ischemia-reperfusion. To examine these effects further, we performed ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion experiments in the cardiomyocyte H9C2 cell line. Similar to whole hearts, ischemia induced a decrease in cytosolic SENP3. Furthermore, shRNA-mediated knockdown of SENP3 led to an increase in the rate of cell death upon reperfusion. Together, our results indicate that cardiac ischemia dramatically alter levels of SENP3 and suggest that this may a mechanism to promote cell survival after ischemia-reperfusion in heart.
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109
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Takahashi T, Mine Y, Okamoto T. 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methyl-p-benzoquinone (Coenzyme Q 0) Disrupts Carbohydrate Metabolism of HeLa Cells by Adduct Formation with Intracellular Free Sulfhydryl-Groups, and Induces ATP Depletion and Necrosis. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 41:1809-1817. [PMID: 30504682 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methyl-p-benzoquinone is a common chemical structure of coenzyme Q (CoQ) that conjugates different lengths of an isoprenoid side chain at the 6-position of the p-benzoquinone ring. In a series of studies to explore the cytotoxic mechanism of CoQ homologues with a short isoprenoid side chain, we found that a CoQ analogue without an isoprenoid side chain, CoQ0, showed marked toxicity against HeLa cells in comparison with cytotoxic homologues. Therefore, we examined the cytotoxic mechanism of CoQ0. Different from the cytotoxic CoQ homologues that induced apoptosis, 100 µM CoQ0 induced necrosis of HeLa cells. The CoQ0-induced cell death was accompanied by a decrease in endogenous non-protein and protein-associated sulfhydryl (SH)-groups, but this improved with the concomitant addition of compounds with SH-groups but not antioxidants without SH-groups. In addition, UV-spectrum analysis suggested that CoQ0 could rapidly form S-conjugated adducts with compounds with SH-groups by Michael addition. On the other hand, enzyme activities of both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, which has a Cys residue in the active site, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, which requires cofactors with SH-groups, CoA and protein-bound α-lipoic acid, and CoA and ATP contents in the cells were significantly decreased by the addition of CoQ0 but not CoQ1. Furthermore, the decrease of an endogenous antioxidant, glutathione (GSH), by CoQ0 treatment was much greater than the predicted increase of endogenous GSH disulfide. These results suggest that CoQ0 rapidly forms S-conjugate adducts with these endogenous non-protein and protein-associated SH-groups of HeLa cells, which disrupts carbohydrate metabolism followed by intracellular ATP depletion and necrotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Health Science and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Yukitoshi Mine
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Health Science and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Tadashi Okamoto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Health Science and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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110
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Lu B, Tonne JM, Munoz-Gomez M, Ikeda Y. Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia subtype glucokinase V91L mutant induces necrosis in β-cells via ATP depletion. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 17:108-113. [PMID: 30623114 PMCID: PMC6304456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia subtype glucokinase (GCK-HH) is caused by an activating mutation in glucokinase (GCK) and has been shown to increase β-cell death. However, the mechanism of β-cell death in GCK-HH remains poorly understood. Here, we expressed the GCK-HH V91L GCK mutant in INS-1 832/13 cells to determine the effect of the mutation on β-cell viability and the mechanisms of β-cell death. We showed that expression of the V91L GCK mutant in INS-1 832/13 cells resulted in a rapid glucose concentration-dependent loss of cell viability. At 11 mM D-glucose, INS-1 832/13 cells expressing V91L GCK showed increased cell permeability without significant increases in Annexin V staining or caspase 3/7 activation, indicating that these cells are primarily undergoing cell death via necrosis. Over-expression of SV40 large T antigen, which inhibits the p53 pathway, did not affect the V91L GCK-induced cell death. We also found that non-phosphorylatable L-glucose did not induce rapid cell death. Of note, glucose phosphorylation coincided with a 90% loss of intracellular ATP content. Thus, our data suggest that the GCK V91L mutant induces rapid necrosis in INS-1 cells through accelerated glucose phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and increased cell permeability. V91L glucokinase mutant induces glucose-dependent death in rat INS-1 832/13 cells. Glucose induces necrosis in INS-1 832/13 cells expressing V91L glucokinase mutant. V91L glucokinase mutant depletes adenosine triphosphate in INS-1 832/13 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jason M Tonne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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111
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Melatonin and Docosahexaenoic Acid Decrease Proliferation of PNT1A Prostate Benign Cells via Modulation of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and ROS Production. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5080798. [PMID: 30728886 PMCID: PMC6343140 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5080798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer development has been associated with changes in mitochondrial activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Melatonin (MLT) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have properties to modulate both, but their protective role, mainly at early stages of prostate cancer, remains unclear. In this study, the effects of MLT and DHA, combined or not, on PNT1A cells with regard to mitochondria bioenergetics, ROS production, and proliferation-related pathways were examined. Based on dose response and lipid accumulation assays, DHA at 100 μM and MLT at 1 μM for 48 h were chosen. DHA doubled and MLT reduced (40%) superoxide anion production, but coincubation (DM) did not normalize to control. Hydrogen peroxide production decreased after MLT incubation only (p < 0.01). These alterations affected the area and perimeter of mitochondria, since DHA increased whereas MLT decreased, but such hormone has no effect on coincubation. DHA isolated did not change the oxidative phosphorylation rate (OXPHOS), but decreased (p < 0.001) the mitochondrial bioenergetic reserve capacity (MBRC) which is closely related to cell responsiveness to stress conditions. MLT, regardless of DHA, ameliorated OXPHOS and recovered MBRC after coincubation. All incubations decreased AKT phosphorylation; however, only MLT alone inhibited p-mTOR. MLT increased p-ERK1/2 and, when combined to DHA, increased GSTP1 expression (p < 0.01). DHA did not change the testosterone levels in the medium, whereas MLT alone or coincubated decreased by about 20%; however, any incubation affected AR expression. Moreover, incubation with luzindole revealed that MLT effects were MTR1/2-independent. In conclusion, DHA increased ROS production and impaired mitochondrial function which was probably related to AKT inactivation; MLT improved OXPHOS and decreased ROS which was related to AKT/mTOR dephosphorylation, and when coincubated, the antiproliferative action was related to mitochondrial bioenergetic modulation associated to AKT and ERK1/2 regulation. Together, these findings point to the potential application of DHA and MLT towards the prevention of proliferative prostate diseases.
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112
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Roles of volume-regulatory anion channels, VSOR and Maxi-Cl, in apoptosis, cisplatin resistance, necrosis, ischemic cell death, stroke and myocardial infarction. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2019; 83:205-283. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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113
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Intracellular transport is accelerated in early apoptotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12118-12123. [PMID: 30429318 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810017115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular transport of cellular proteins and organelles is critical for establishing and maintaining intracellular organization and cell physiology. Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death with dramatic changes in cell morphology and organization, during which signaling molecules are transported between different organelles within the cells. However, how the intracellular transport changes in cells undergoing apoptosis remains unknown. Here, we study the dynamics of intracellular transport by using the single-particle tracking method and find that both directed and diffusive motions of endocytic vesicles are accelerated in early apoptotic cells. With careful elimination of other factors involved in the intracellular transport, the reason for the acceleration is attributed to the elevation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration. More importantly, we show that the accelerated intracellular transport is critical for apoptosis, and apoptosis is delayed when the dynamics of intracellular transport is regulated back to the normal level. Our results demonstrate the important role of transport dynamics in apoptosis and shed light on the apoptosis mechanism from a physical perspective.
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114
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Lehman JM, Hoeksema MD, Staub J, Qian J, Harris B, Callison JC, Miao J, Shi C, Eisenberg R, Chen H, Chen SC, Massion PP. Somatostatin receptor 2 signaling promotes growth and tumor survival in small-cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:1104-1114. [PMID: 30152518 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) is overexpressed in a majority of neuroendocrine neoplasms, including small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs). SSTR2 was previously considered an inhibitory receptor on cell growth, but its agonists had poor clinical responses in multiple clinical trials. The role of this receptor as a potential therapeutic target in lung cancer merits further investigation. We evaluated the expression of SSTR2 in a cohort of 96 primary tumors from patients with SCLC and found 48% expressed SSTR2. Correlation analysis in both CCLE and an SCLC RNAseq cohort confirmed high-level expression and identified an association between NEUROD1 and SSTR2. There was a significant association with SSTR2 expression profile and poor clinical outcome. We tested whether SSTR2 expression might contribute to tumor progression through activation of downstream signaling pathways, using in vitro and in vivo systems and downregulated SSTR2 expression in lung cancer cells by shRNA. SSTR2 downregulation led to increased apoptosis and dramatically decreased tumor growth in vitro and in vivo in multiple cell lines with decreased AMPKα phosphorylation and increased oxidative metabolism. These results demonstrate a role for SSTR2 signaling in SCLC and suggest that SSTR2 is a poor prognostic biomarker in SCLC and potential future therapeutic signaling target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Lehman
- Division of Medical Oncology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Cancer Early Detection and Prevention Initiative, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Megan D Hoeksema
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Cancer Early Detection and Prevention Initiative, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jeremy Staub
- Division of Medical Oncology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jun Qian
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Cancer Early Detection and Prevention Initiative, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Bradford Harris
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - J Clay Callison
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Jennifer Miao
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Chanjuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Rosana Eisenberg
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Heidi Chen
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biostatistics, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Sheau-Chiann Chen
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biostatistics, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Pierre P Massion
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Cancer Early Detection and Prevention Initiative, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
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115
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Song Y, Ichinose T, Morita K, Yoshida Y. The toll like receptor 4-myeloid differentiation factor 88 pathway is essential for particulate matter-induced activation of CD4-positive cells. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:354-364. [PMID: 30289175 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Asian sand dust (ASD), a type of particulate matter (PM) found in Asia, can be transported to East Asia. We recently found that acute splenic inflammation is induced by ASD in mouse models. In this study, we examined the effect of sub-chronic ASD exposure on mouse immune cells. Mice were intratracheally administered ASD once every 2 weeks for 8 weeks and killed 24 hours after the final administration. Wild-type (WT) mice showed increased cell viability after ASD administration. In contrast, ASD administration induced splenocyte activation in toll-like receptor (TLR)2-/- , but not TLR4-/- mice. Furthermore, concanavalin A-induced interleukin-2 production increased after ASD administration in WT and TLR2-/- mice, but not in TLR4-/- or myeloid differentiation factor (MyD)88-/- mice. Immunoblotting demonstrated that nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) was activated in WT mice, but not in TLR4-/- or MyD88-/- mice. The NF-κB-dependent gene products CDK2 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 were upregulated upon ASD administration in WT mice, but not in TLR4-/- or MyD88-/- mice. Furthermore, the particles themselves, rather than particle constituents, activated NF-κB in CD4-positive cells through the TLR4 or MyD88 pathway. Taken together, these results indicate that particle-induced splenic inflammation occurs via TLR4-MyD88 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Song
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050035, China
| | - Takamichi Ichinose
- Department of Health Sciences, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notsuharu, Oita, 870-1201, Japan
| | - Kentaro Morita
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
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116
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Selenium nanomaterials in biomedicine—An overview of new opportunities in nanomedicine of selenium. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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117
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Mailhot R, Traviss‐Pollard T, Pal R, Butler SJ. Cationic Europium Complexes for Visualizing Fluctuations in Mitochondrial ATP Levels in Living Cells. Chemistry 2018; 24:10745-10755. [PMID: 29761917 PMCID: PMC6175470 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability to study cellular metabolism and enzymatic processes involving adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is impeded by the lack of imaging probes capable of signalling the concentration and distribution of intracellular ATP rapidly, with high sensitivity. We report here the first example of a luminescent lanthanide complex capable of visualizing changes in the concentration of ATP in the mitochondria of living cells. Four cationic europium(III) complexes [Eu.1-4]+ have been synthesized and their binding capabilities towards nucleoside polyphosphate anions examined in aqueous solution at physiological pH. Complexes [Eu.1]+ and [Eu.3]+ bearing hydrogen bond donor groups in the pendant arms showed excellent discrimination between ATP, ADP and monophosphate species. Complex [Eu.3]+ showed relatively strong binding to ATP (logKa =5.8), providing a rapid, long-lived luminescent signal that enabled its detection in a highly competitive aqueous medium containing biologically relevant concentrations of Mg2+ , ADP, GTP, UTP and human serum albumin. This EuIII complex responds linearly to ATP within the physiological concentration range (1-5 mm), and was used to continuously monitor the apyrase-catalyzed hydrolysis of ATP to ADP in vitro. We demonstrate that [Eu.3]+ can permeate mammalian (NIH-3T3) cells efficiently and localize to the mitochondria selectively, permitting real-time visualization of elevated mitochondrial ATP levels following treatment with a broad spectrum kinase inhibitor, staurosporine, as well as depleted ATP levels upon treatment with potassium cyanide under glucose starvation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Mailhot
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityEpinal WayLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| | | | - Robert Pal
- Department of ChemistryDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Stephen J. Butler
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityEpinal WayLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
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118
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Green Fluorescent Protein-Based Viability Assay in a Multiparametric Configuration. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071575. [PMID: 29958475 PMCID: PMC6100089 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is considered to be suitable for cell viability testing. In our study, GFP transfected A549 lung carcinoma cell line was treated with sodium fluoride (NaF), cycloheximide (CHX) and ochratoxin A (OTA). GFP fluorescence, intracellular ATP, nucleic acid and protein contents were quantified by a luminescence microplate assay developed in our laboratory. Flow cytometry was used to confirm the findings and to assess the intensity of GFP during different types of cell death. A 24 h NaF and CHX exposure caused a dramatic decrease in ATP contents (p < 0.05) compared with those of the controls. GFP fluorescence of the cells was in close correlation with total protein; however, GFP/ATP increased at NaF and decreased at CHX treatments (p < 0.05). ATP/protein and ATP/propidium iodide (PI) were largely decreased at NaF exposure in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05), while CHX and OTA showed markedly fewer effects. Both treatments caused apoptosis/necrosis at different rates. NaF induced mainly late apoptosis while OTA, mainly apoptosis. CHX effects varied by the incubation time with 100-fold elevation in late apoptotic cells at 24 h treatment. GFP intensity did not show a significant difference between live and apoptotic populations. Our results suggest when using GFP, a multiparametric assay is necessary for more precise interpretation of cell viability.
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119
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Minami K, Taniguchi K, Sugito N, Kuranaga Y, Inamoto T, Takahara K, Takai T, Yoshikawa Y, Kiyama S, Akao Y, Azuma H. MiR-145 negatively regulates Warburg effect by silencing KLF4 and PTBP1 in bladder cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:33064-33077. [PMID: 28380435 PMCID: PMC5464850 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Warburg effect is a well-known feature in cancer-specific metabolism. We previously reported on the role of microRNA (miR)-145 as a tumor-suppressor in human bladder cancer (BC) cells. In this study, we reveal that miR-145 decreases the Warburg effect by silencing KLF4 in BC cells. The expression levels of miR-145 were significantly lower in clinical BC samples and BC cell lines compared to those in normal tissues and HUC cells. Luciferase assay results showed that miR-145 directly bound to 3′UTR of KLF4, which was shown to be overexpressed in the clinical BC samples using Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Remarkable growth inhibition and apoptosis were induced by the ectopic expression of miR-145 or by the gene silencing of KLF4 (siR-KLF4). Also, Warburg effect-related genes such as PTBP1/PKMs were regulated by the transfection of BC cells with miR-145 or siR-KLF4. These results thus indicate that the miR-145/KLF4/PTBP1/PKMs axis is one of the critical pathways that maintain the Warburg effect in BC carcinogenesis. MiR-145 perturbed the Warburg effect by suppressing the KLF4/PTBP1/PKMs pathway in BC cells, resulting in significant cell growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Minami
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Kohei Taniguchi
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Sugito
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuki Kuranaga
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Teruo Inamoto
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takahara
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Takai
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshikawa
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kiyama
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akao
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Haruhito Azuma
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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120
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Kers J, Leemans JC, Linkermann A. An Overview of Pathways of Regulated Necrosis in Acute Kidney Injury. Semin Nephrol 2018; 36:139-52. [PMID: 27339380 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis is the predominant form of regulated cell death in acute kidney injury (AKI) and represents results in the formation of casts that appear in the urine sedimentation, referred to as muddy brown casts, which are part of the diagnosis of AKI. Pathologists referred to this typical feature as acute tubular necrosis. We are only beginning to understand the dynamics and the molecular pathways that underlie such typical necrotic morphology. In this review, we provide an overview of candidate pathways and summarize the emerging evidence for the relative contribution of these pathways of regulated necrosis, such as necroptosis, ferroptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition-mediated regulated necrosis, parthanatos, and pyroptosis. Inhibitors of each of these pathways are available, and clinical trials may be started after the detection of the most promising drug targets, which will be discussed here. With the global burden of AKI in mind, inhibitiors of regulated necrosis represent promising means to prevent this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Kers
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jaklien C Leemans
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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121
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Kanemoto-Kataoka Y, Oyama K, Oyama TM, Ishibashi H, Oyama Y. Ziram, a dithiocarbamate fungicide, exhibits pseudo-cytoprotective actions against oxidative stress in rat thymocytes: Possible environmental risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 160:232-238. [PMID: 29028487 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ziram, a dithiocarbamate fungicide, protects various vegetables and fruits against infections by fungus. Recently, there have been increasing anxieties about the risks in the use of dithiocarbamate fungicides. Our previous studies showed that Zn2+ was a determinant of Ziram cytotoxicity. In addition, Zn2+ is linked to H2O2 cytotoxicity. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that Ziram could augment the cytotoxicity of H2O2 by examining the changes induced by Ziram in some cellular parameters in rat thymic lymphocytes subjected to H2O2-induced oxidative stress using flow-cytometric methods with fluorescent dyes. Ziram significantly attenuated H2O2-induced cell death at sublethal concentrations. However, in the cells under oxidative stress elicited by H2O2, Ziram promoted the changing over from intact cells to living cells with exposed phosphatidylserine (PS) on plasma membranes, whereas it inhibited the transition from PS-exposed living cells to dead cells. Ziram significantly augmented H2O2 actions, including reduction of cellular glutathione levels and elevation of intracellular Zn2+ concentrations. Conversely, it attenuated H2O2-induced depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. Ziram at sublethal concentrations seems to exhibit promotive and suppressive actions on the process of cell death caused by H2O2. Ziram increased the number of living cells with exposed PS, a phenomenon characteristic of early stages of apoptosis. Thus, it is concluded that Ziram exhibits pseudo-cytoprotective actions against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Ziram at sublethal concentrations exerts promotive and suppressive actions on the process of cell death caused by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Kanemoto-Kataoka
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Oyama
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Tomohiro M Oyama
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishibashi
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Yasuo Oyama
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
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122
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Effects of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Chloroform Extract on the Enzymatic Activity and Metabolism of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. J FOOD QUALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/9635184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition and antimicrobial mechanism of action of black pepper chloroform extract (BPCE) were investigated, as well as the potential antibacterial activities of BPCE against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that 1H-Cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol, decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-, [1ar-(1aα,4aα,7β,7a,β,7bα.)]- (8.39%) and 2-methylene-4,8,8-trimethyl-4-vinyl-bicyclo[5.2.0]nonane (6.92%) were identified as the two primary components of BPCE. The release of intracellular transaminases from bacteria after being incubated with BPCE revealed that the bacterial cell walls and membranes were degraded and that protein synthesis was inhibited to some extent. The inhibition of bacterial Na+/K+-ATPase activity upon the addition of BPCE also indicated an enhanced permeability of bacterial cell membranes. Moreover, an analysis of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activities showed that BPCE affected the metabolic rate of glycolysis and disrupted the normal metabolism of bacteria. This phenomenon was supported by an observed accumulation of lactic acid (LA) in the treated bacterial cells. Overall, our results indicated that BPCE damaged bacterial cell walls and membranes, which was followed by a disruption of bacterial cell respiration.
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123
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West MD, Labat I, Sternberg H, Larocca D, Nasonkin I, Chapman KB, Singh R, Makarev E, Aliper A, Kazennov A, Alekseenko A, Shuvalov N, Cheskidova E, Alekseev A, Artemov A, Putin E, Mamoshina P, Pryanichnikov N, Larocca J, Copeland K, Izumchenko E, Korzinkin M, Zhavoronkov A. Use of deep neural network ensembles to identify embryonic-fetal transition markers: repression of COX7A1 in embryonic and cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 9:7796-7811. [PMID: 29487692 PMCID: PMC5814259 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present the application of deep neural network (DNN) ensembles trained on transcriptomic data to identify the novel markers associated with the mammalian embryonic-fetal transition (EFT). Molecular markers of this process could provide important insights into regulatory mechanisms of normal development, epimorphic tissue regeneration and cancer. Subsequent analysis of the most significant genes behind the DNNs classifier on an independent dataset of adult-derived and human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived progenitor cell lines led to the identification of COX7A1 gene as a potential EFT marker. COX7A1, encoding a cytochrome C oxidase subunit, was up-regulated in post-EFT murine and human cells including adult stem cells, but was not expressed in pre-EFT pluripotent embryonic stem cells or their in vitro-derived progeny. COX7A1 expression level was observed to be undetectable or low in multiple sarcoma and carcinoma cell lines as compared to normal controls. The knockout of the gene in mice led to a marked glycolytic shift reminiscent of the Warburg effect that occurs in cancer cells. The DNN approach facilitated the elucidation of a potentially new biomarker of cancer and pre-EFT cells, the embryo-onco phenotype, which may potentially be used as a target for controlling the embryonic-fetal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Labat
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc., Alameda, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eugene Makarev
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alex Aliper
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrey Kazennov
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Andrey Alekseenko
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Innopolis University, Innoplis, Russia
| | - Nikolai Shuvalov
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Evgenia Cheskidova
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Alekseev
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Artem Artemov
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evgeny Putin
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Computer Technologies Lab, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina Mamoshina
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nikita Pryanichnikov
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mikhail Korzinkin
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Biogerontology Research Foundation, Trevissome Park, Truro, UK
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124
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Taggart K, Estrada A, Thompson P, Lourenco F, Kirmani S, Suzuki-Hatano S, Pacak CA. PDK4 Deficiency Induces Intrinsic Apoptosis in Response to Starvation in Fibroblasts from Doberman Pinschers with Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Biores Open Access 2017; 6:182-191. [PMID: 29285418 PMCID: PMC5745584 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2017.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Doberman pinscher (DP) canine breed displays a high incidence of idiopathic, nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with increased mortality. A common mutation in DPs is a splice site deletion in the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) gene that shows a positive correlation with DCM development. PDK4, a vital mitochondrial protein, controls the switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation based upon nutrient availability. It is likely, although unproven, that DPs with the PDK4 mutation are unable to switch to oxidative phosphorylation during periods of low nutrient availability, and thus are highly susceptible to mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. This study investigated cell viability, mitochondrial stress, and activation of the intrinsic (mitochondrial mediated) apoptotic pathway in dermal fibroblasts from DPs that were healthy (PDK4wt/wt), heterozygous (PDK4wt/del), and homozygous (PDK4del/del) for the PDK4 mutation under conditions of high (unstarved) and low (starved) nutrient availability in vitro. As hypothesized, PDK4wt/del and PDK4del/del cells showed evidence of mitochondrial stress and activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway following starvation, while the PDK4wt/wt cells remained healthy and viable under these conditions. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) PDK4-mediated gene replacement experiments confirmed cause-effect relationships between PDK4 deficiency and apoptosis activation. The restoration of function observed following administration of AAV-PDK4 provides strong support for the translation of this gene therapy approach into the clinical realm for PDK4-affected Dobermans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Taggart
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Amara Estrada
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Patrick Thompson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Francisco Lourenco
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sara Kirmani
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Silveli Suzuki-Hatano
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Christina A Pacak
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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125
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Luo W, Feldman D, McCallister R, Brophy C, Cheung-Flynn J. P2X7R antagonism after subfailure overstretch injury of blood vessels reverses vasomotor dysfunction and prevents apoptosis. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:579-590. [PMID: 28905300 PMCID: PMC5714848 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human saphenous vein (HSV) is harvested and prepared prior to implantation as an arterial bypass graft. Injury and the response to injury from surgical harvest and preparation trigger cascades of molecular events and contribute to graft remodeling and intimal hyperplasia. Apoptosis is an early response after implantation that contributes the development of neointimal lesions. Here, we showed that surgical harvest and preparation of HSV leads to vasomotor dysfunction, increased apoptosis and downregulation of the phosphorylation of the anti-apoptotic protein, Niban. A model of subfailure overstretch injury in rat aorta (RA) was used to demonstrate impaired vasomotor function, increased extracellular ATP (eATP) release, and increased apoptosis following pathological vascular injury. The subfailure overstretch injury was associated with activation of p38 MAPK stress pathway and decreases in the phosphorylation of the anti-apoptotic protein Niban. Treatment of RA after overstretch injury with antagonists to purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) antagonists or P2X7R/pannexin (PanX1) complex, but not PanX1 alone, restored vasomotor function. Inhibitors to P2X7R and PanX1 reduced stretch-induced eATP release. P2X7R/PanX1 antagonism led to decrease in p38 MAPK phosphorylation, restoration of Niban phosphorylation and increases in the phosphorylation of the anti-apoptotic protein Akt in RA and reduced TNFα-stimulated caspase 3/7 activity in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. In conclusion, inhibition of P2X7R after overstretch injury restored vasomotor function and inhibited apoptosis. Treatment with P2X7R/PanX1 complex inhibitors after harvest and preparation injury of blood vessels used for bypass conduits may prevent the subsequent response to injury that lead to apoptosis and represents a novel therapeutic approach to prevent graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Luo
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel Feldman
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Reid McCallister
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Colleen Brophy
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joyce Cheung-Flynn
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Komalavilas P, Luo W, Guth CM, Jolayemi O, Bartelson RI, Cheung-Flynn J, Brophy CM. Vascular surgical stretch injury leads to activation of P2X7 receptors and impaired endothelial function. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188069. [PMID: 29136654 PMCID: PMC5685620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A viable vascular endothelial layer prevents vasomotor dysfunction, thrombosis, inflammation, and intimal hyperplasia. Injury to the endothelium occurs during harvest and “back table” preparation of human saphenous vein prior to implantation as an arterial bypass conduit. A subfailure overstretch model of rat aorta was used to show that subfailure stretch injury of vascular tissue leads to impaired endothelial-dependent relaxation. Stretch-induced impaired relaxation was mitigated by treatment with purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) inhibitors, brilliant blue FCF (FCF) and A740003, or apyrase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. Alternatively, treatment of rat aorta with exogenous ATP or 2’(3’)-O-(4-Benzoyl benzoyl)-ATP (BzATP) also impaired endothelial-dependent relaxation. Treatment of human saphenous vein endothelial cells (HSVEC) with exogenous ATP led to reduced nitric oxide production which was associated with increased phosphorylation of the stress activated protein kinase, p38 MAPK. ATP- stimulated p38 MAPK phosphorylation of HSVEC was inhibited by FCF and SB203580. Moreover, ATP inhibition of nitric oxide production in HSVEC was prevented by FCF, SB203580, L-arginine supplementation and arginase inhibition. Finally, L-arginine supplementation and arginase inhibition restored endothelial dependent relaxation after stretch injury of rat aorta. These results suggest that vascular stretch injury leads to ATP release, activation of P2X7R and p38 MAPK resulting in endothelial dysfunction due to arginase activation. Endothelial function can be restored in both ATP treated HSVEC and intact stretch injured rat aorta by P2X7 receptor inhibition with FCF or L-arginine supplementation, implicating straightforward therapeutic options for treatment of surgical vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmini Komalavilas
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Weifeng Luo
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Christy M. Guth
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Olukemi Jolayemi
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Rachel I. Bartelson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Joyce Cheung-Flynn
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Colleen M. Brophy
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States of America
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127
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Trahtemberg U, Mevorach D. Apoptotic Cells Induced Signaling for Immune Homeostasis in Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1356. [PMID: 29118755 PMCID: PMC5661053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inefficient and abnormal clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) contributes to systemic autoimmune disease in humans and mice, and inefficient chromosomal DNA degradation by DNAse II leads to systemic polyarthritis and a cytokine storm. By contrast, efficient clearance allows immune homeostasis, generally leads to a non-inflammatory state for both macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), and contributes to maintenance of peripheral tolerance. As many as 3 × 108 cells undergo apoptosis every hour in our bodies, and one of the primary “eat me” signals expressed by apoptotic cells is phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Apoptotic cells themselves are major contributors to the “anti-inflammatory” nature of the engulfment process, some by secreting thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) or adenosine monophosphate and possibly other immune modulating “calm-down” signals that interact with macrophages and DCs. Apoptotic cells also produce “find me” and “tolerate me” signals to attract and immune modulate macrophages and DCs that express specific receptors for some of these signals. Neither macrophages nor DCs are uniform, and each cell type may variably express membrane proteins that function as receptors for PtdSer or for opsonins like complement or opsonins that bind to PtdSer, such as protein S and growth arrest-specific 6. Macrophages and DCs also express scavenger receptors, CD36, and integrins that function via bridging molecules such as TSP-1 or milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein and that differentially engage in various multi-ligand interactions between apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In this review, we describe the anti-inflammatory and pro-homeostatic nature of apoptotic cell interaction with the immune system. We do not review some forms of immunogenic cell death. We summarize the known apoptotic cell signaling events in macrophages and DCs that are related to toll-like receptors, nuclear factor kappa B, inflammasome, the lipid-activated nuclear receptors, Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk receptors, as well as induction of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling that lead to immune system silencing and DC tolerance. These properties of apoptotic cells are the mechanisms that enable their successful use as therapeutic modalities in mice and humans in various autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, graft-versus-host disease, and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Trahtemberg
- General Intensive Care Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dror Mevorach
- Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Fong-Ngern K, Ausakunpipat N, Singhto N, Sueksakit K, Thongboonkerd V. Prolonged K + deficiency increases intracellular ATP, cell cycle arrest and cell death in renal tubular cells. Metabolism 2017; 74:47-61. [PMID: 28095989 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic potassium (K+) deficiency can cause renal damage namely hypokalemic nephropathy with unclear pathogenic mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated expression and functional alterations in renal tubular cells induced by prolonged K+ deficiency. METHODS MDCK cells were maintained in normal-K+ (CNK) (K+=5.3mmol/L), low-K+ (CLK) (K+=2.5mmol/L), or K+-depleted (CKD) (K+=0mmol/L) medium for 10days (n=5 independent cultures/condition). Differentially expressed proteins were identified by a proteomics approach followed by various functional assays. RESULTS Proteomic analysis revealed 46 proteins whose levels significantly differed among groups. The proteomic data were confirmed by Western blotting. Gene Ontology (GO) classification and protein network analysis revealed that majority of the altered proteins participated in metabolic process, whereas the rest involved in cellular component organization/biogenesis, cellular process (e.g., cell cycle, regulation of cell death), response to stress, and signal transduction. Interestingly, ATP measurement revealed that intracellular ATP production was increased in CLK and maximum in CKD. Flow cytometry showed cell cycle arrest at S-phase and G2/M-phase in CLK and CKD, respectively, consistent with cell proliferation and growth assays, which showed modest and marked degrees of delayed growth and prolonged doubling time in CLK and CKD, respectively. Cell death quantification also revealed modest and marked degrees of increased cell death in CLK and CKD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, prolonged K+ deficiency increased intracellular ATP, cell cycle arrest and cell death in renal tubular cells, which might be responsible for mechanisms underlying the development of hypokalemic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedsarin Fong-Ngern
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, and Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nardtaya Ausakunpipat
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, and Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nilubon Singhto
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, and Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Sueksakit
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, and Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, and Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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129
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Huang B, Geng Z, Yan S, Li Z, Cai J, Wang Z. Water-Soluble Conjugated Polymer as a Fluorescent Probe for Monitoring Adenosine Triphosphate Level Fluctuation in Cell Membranes during Cell Apoptosis and in Vivo. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8816-8821. [PMID: 28752761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used as the energy source in cells and plays crucial roles in various cellular events. The cellular membrane is the protective barrier for the cytoplasm of living cells and involved in many essential biological processes. Many fluorescent probes for ATP have been successfully developed, but few of these probes were appropriate for visualizing ATP level fluctuation in cell membranes during the apoptotic cell death process. Herein, we report the synthesis of a new water-soluble cationic polythiophene derivative that can be utilized as a fluorescent sensor for detecting ATP in cell membranes. Poly((3-((4-methylthiophen-3-yl)oxy)propyl)triphenylphosphonium chloride) (PMTPP) exhibits high sensitivity and good selectivity to ATP, and the detection limit is 27 nM. The polymer shows low toxicity to live cells and excellent photostability in cell membranes. PMTPP was practically utilized for real-time monitoring of ATP levels in the cell membrane through fluorescence microscopy. We have demonstrated that the ATP levels in cell membranes increased during the apoptotic cell death process. The probe was also capable of imaging ATP levels in living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Zhirong Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Shihai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Zan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Jun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Zhilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
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130
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Campos MM, Abu-Asab MS. Loss of endothelial planar cell polarity and cellular clearance mechanisms in age-related macular degeneration. Ultrastruct Pathol 2017; 41:312-319. [PMID: 28796562 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2017.1348418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, autophagosomes, and lysosomes are lacking in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eyes. Necrosis, not apoptosis, appeared to be the prominent type of cell death in RPE, which led to the accumulation of cell debris within and on both sides of Bruch's membrane. The endothelium of the choriocapillaris had an altered planar cell polarity which encompassed the disappearance of fenestrations, the thickening of cytoplasm, and anterior nuclear dislocation. There were no significant differences in RPE and choroidal aberrations between macular and temporal regions. Loss of endothelial polarity could be at the crux of AMD initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mercedes Campos
- a Section of Histopathology , National Eye Institute, NIH , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
| | - Mones S Abu-Asab
- a Section of Histopathology , National Eye Institute, NIH , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
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131
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MicroRNA-34a Encapsulated in Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles Induces Epigenetic Changes with Altered Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Apoptosis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623259 PMCID: PMC5473901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies targeting epigenetic changes for cancer treatment are in Phase I/II trials; however, all of these target only nuclear DNA. Emerging evidence suggests presence of methylation marks on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA); but their contribution in cancer is unidentified. Expression of genes encoded on mtDNA are altered in cancer cells, along with increased glycolytic flux. Such glycolytic flux and elevated reactive oxygen species is supported by increased antioxidant; glutathione. MicroRNA-34a can translocate to mitochondria, mediate downstream apoptotic effects of tumor suppressor P53, and inhibit the antioxidant response element Nrf-2, resulting in depleted glutathione levels. Based on such strong rationale, we encapsulated microRNA-34a in our well-established Hyaluronic-Acid nanoparticles and delivered to cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant A549-lung adenocarcinoma cells. Successful delivery and uptake in cells resulted in altered ATP levels, decreased glycolytic flux, Nrf-2 and glutathione levels, ultimately resulting in caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. Most important were the concurrent underlying molecular changes in epigenetic status of D-loop on the mtDNA and transcription of mtDNA-encoded genes. Although preliminary, we provide a novel therapeutic approach in form of altered mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox status of cancer cells with underlying changes in epigenetic status of mtDNA that can subsequently results in induction of cancer cell apoptosis.
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132
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Sonkusre P, Cameotra SS. Biogenic selenium nanoparticles induce ROS-mediated necroptosis in PC-3 cancer cells through TNF activation. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:43. [PMID: 28592284 PMCID: PMC5463494 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selenium is well documented to inhibit cancer at higher doses; however, the mechanism behind this inhibition varies widely depending on the cell type and selenium species. Previously, we have demonstrated that Bacillus licheniformis JS2 derived biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) induce non-apoptotic cell death in prostate adenocarcinoma cell line, PC-3, at a minimal concentration of 2 µg Se/ml, without causing toxicity to the primary cells. However, the mechanism behind its anticancer activity was elusive. RESULTS Our results have shown that these SeNPs at a concentration of 2 µg Se/ml were able to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated necroptosis in PC-3 cells by gaining cellular internalization. Real-time qPCR analysis showed increased expression of necroptosis associated tumor necrotic factor (TNF) and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1). An increased expression of RIP1 protein was also observed at the translational level upon SeNP treatment. Moreover, the cell viability was significantly increased in the presence of necroptosis inhibitor, Necrostatin-1. CONCLUSION Data suggest that our biogenic SeNPs induce cell death in PC-3 cells by the ROS-mediated activation of necroptosis, independent to RIP3 and MLKL, regulated by a RIP1 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Sonkusre
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, 160036 India
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133
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Xuan X, Wang G, Guo H, Fan J. A dynamic invertible intramolecular charge-transfer fluorescence probe: real-time monitoring of mitochondrial ATPase activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5535-5538. [PMID: 28466886 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02450a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A dynamic invertible intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) process could provide abundant response signals for real-time monitoring in living organisms. Herein, based on dynamic invertible ICT, we have reported a cancer cell-targeted fluorescence probe (OPM) for mitochondrial ATPase activity. Due to its abundant response signals, OPM could real-time monitor mitochondrial ATPase activity during the cancer apoptosis process, successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Institution, Henan Normal University, 453007 Xinxiang, China.
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Targeted apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells through mitochondrial dysfunction in response to Sambucus nigra agglutinin. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2762. [PMID: 28471452 PMCID: PMC5520748 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian carcinoma (OC) patients encounter the severe challenge of clinical management owing to lack of screening measures, chemoresistance and finally dearth of non-toxic therapeutics. Cancer cells deploy various defense strategies to sustain the tumor microenvironment, among which deregulated apoptosis remains a versatile promoter of cancer progression. Although recent research has focused on identifying agents capable of inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, yet molecules efficiently breaching their survival advantage are yet to be classified. Here we identify lectin, Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) to exhibit selectivity towards identifying OC by virtue of its specific recognition of α-2, 6-linked sialic acids. Superficial binding of SNA to the OC cells confirm the hyper-sialylated status of the disease. Further, SNA activates the signaling pathways of AKT and ERK1/2, which eventually promotes de-phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp-1). Upon its translocation to the mitochondrial fission loci Drp-1 mediates the central role of switch in the mitochondrial phenotype to attain fragmented morphology. We confirmed mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization resulting in ROS generation and cytochrome-c release into the cytosol. SNA response resulted in an allied shift of the bioenergetics profile from Warburg phenotype to elevated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, altogether highlighting the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in restraining cancer progression. Inability to replenish the SNA-induced energy crunch of the proliferating cancer cells on the event of perturbed respiratory outcome resulted in cell cycle arrest before G2/M phase. Our findings position SNA at a crucial juncture where it proves to be a promising candidate for impeding progression of OC. Altogether we unveil the novel aspect of identifying natural molecules harboring the inherent capability of targeting mitochondrial structural dynamics, to hold the future for developing non-toxic therapeutics for treating OC.
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135
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Anti-Mycobacterium avium complex activity of clarithromycin, rifampin, rifabutin, and ethambutol in combination with adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 88:241-246. [PMID: 28511780 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) inhibited the growth of various bacteria, including mycobacteria, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas, without damaging bacterial surface structures. Notably, ATP's antibacterial activity was found to be attributable to its iron-chelating ability. ATP exhibited combined effects with some antimicrobials against Mycobacterium intracellulare and methicillin-resistant S. aureus, suggesting its usefulness as an adjunctive drug in the chemotherapy against certain intractable infections. In this study, we examined detailed profiles of the anti-Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) activity of some antimicrobial agents, including clarithromycin (CLA), rifampin (RIF), rifabutin (RBT), and ethambutol (EMB), in combination with ATP. It was found that the anti-MAC activity of CLA+RIF, CLA+RBT, and CLA+EMB was markedly potentiated in a strain-dependent manner. In this case, the onset of the regrowth of antimicrobial agent-treated mycobacteria during cultivation was significantly delayed in the presence of ATP, indicating the usefulness of ATP as an adjunctive drug in chemotherapy against MAC infections.
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136
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Uram Ł, Szuster M, Misiorek M, Filipowicz A, Wołowiec S, Wałajtys-Rode E. The effect of G3 PAMAM dendrimer conjugated with B-group vitamins on cell morphology, motility and ATP level in normal and cancer cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 102:275-283. [PMID: 28323116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In a search for the safe vitamin carrier the PAMAM G3 dendrimer covalently substituted with 9 and 10 molecules of vitamin B7 (biotin) and B6 (pyridoxal), respectively (BC-PAMAM) was investigated. Dendrimer substitution with B-group vitamins significantly alters its biological properties as compared to native form. Observed effects on investigated cell parameters including morphology, adhesion, migration and ATP level were different for normal human fibroblasts (BJ) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-15) cell lines. BC-PAMAM revealed significantly less pronounced effects on investigated parameters, particularly at higher concentrations (5-50μM), which is relevant with its lower positive surface charge, as compared with native form. The bioconjugate, up to 50μM concentration, appeared to be a safe vitamin carrier to normal fibroblasts, without significant effect on their adhesion, shape and migration as well as on intracellular ATP level. In SCC-15 cells BC-PAMAM, at low concentrations (0.1-0.5μM), altered the cell shape and increase adhesion, whereas at higher concentrations opposite effects were seen. Measurements of cellular level of ATP showed that higher resistance of cancer cells to toxic effects of native PAMAM dendrimers may be due to higher energy supply of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Uram
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Szuster
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Maria Misiorek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Filipowicz
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rzeszów University of Information Technology and Management, 2 Sucharskiego Str, 35-225 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Stanisław Wołowiec
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Warzywna 1a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wałajtys-Rode
- Department of Drug Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology,75 Koszykowa Str,00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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Sergeeva TF, Shirmanova MV, Zlobovskaya OA, Gavrina AI, Dudenkova VV, Lukina MM, Lukyanov KA, Zagaynova EV. Relationship between intracellular pH, metabolic co-factors and caspase-3 activation in cancer cells during apoptosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:604-611. [PMID: 28063999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A complex cascade of molecular events occurs in apoptotic cells but cell-to-cell variability significantly complicates determination of the order and interconnections between different processes. For better understanding of the mechanisms of programmed cell death, dynamic simultaneous registration of several parameters is required. In this paper we used multiparameter fluorescence microscopy to analyze energy metabolism, intracellular pH and caspase-3 activation in living cancer cells in vitro during staurosporine-induced apoptosis. We performed metabolic imaging of two co-factors, NAD(P)H and FAD, and used the genetically encoded pH-indicator SypHer1 and the FRET-based sensor for caspase-3 activity, mKate2-DEVD-iRFP, to visualize these parameters by confocal fluorescence microscopy and two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. The correlation between energy metabolism, intracellular pH and caspase-3 activation and their dynamic changes were studied in CT26 cancer cells during apoptosis. Induction of apoptosis was accompanied by a switch to oxidative phosphorylation, cytosol acidification and caspase-3 activation. We showed that alterations in cytosolic pH and the activation of oxidative phosphorylation are relatively early events associated with the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana F Sergeeva
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - Marina V Shirmanova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - Olga A Zlobovskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alena I Gavrina
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; Nizhny Novgorod State University, Gagarin Ave., 23, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - Varvara V Dudenkova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; Nizhny Novgorod State University, Gagarin Ave., 23, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - Maria M Lukina
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; Nizhny Novgorod State University, Gagarin Ave., 23, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - Konstantin A Lukyanov
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elena V Zagaynova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
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138
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Bayer AL, Fraker CA. The Folate Cycle As a Cause of Natural Killer Cell Dysfunction and Viral Etiology in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:315. [PMID: 29218028 PMCID: PMC5703744 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The folate pathway is critical to proper cellular function and metabolism. It is responsible for multiple functions, including energy (ATP) production, methylation reactions for DNA and protein synthesis and the production of immunomodulatory molecules, inosine and adenosine. These play an important role in immune signaling and cytotoxicity. Herein, we hypothesize that defects in the folate pathway in genetically susceptible individuals could lead to immune dysfunction, permissive environments for chronic cyclical latent/lytic viral infection, and, ultimately, the development of unchecked autoimmune responses to infected tissue, in this case islet beta cells. In the context of type 1 diabetes (T1D), there has been a recent increase in newly diagnosed cases of T1D in the past 20 years that has exceeded previous epidemiological predictions with yet unidentified factor(s). This speaks to a potential environmental trigger that adversely affects immune responses. Most research into the immune dysfunction of T1D has focused on downstream adaptive responses of T and B cells neglecting the role of the upstream innate players such as natural killer (NK) cells. Constantly, surveilling the blood and tissues for pathogens, NK cells remove threats through direct cytotoxic responses and recruitment of adaptive responses using cytokines, such as IL-1β and IFN-γ. One long-standing hypothesis suggests viral infection as a potential trigger for the autoimmune response in T1D. Recent data suggest multiple viruses as potential causal agents. Intertwined with this is an observed reduced NK cell enumeration, cytotoxicity, and cytokine signaling in T1D patients. Many of the viruses implicated in T1D are chronic latent/lysogenic infections with demonstrated capacity to reduce NK cell response and number through mechanisms that resemble those of pregnancy tolerance. Defects in the folate pathway in T1D patients could result in decreased immune response to viral infection or viral reactivation. Dampened NK responses to infections result in improper signaling, improper antigen presentation, and amplified CD8+ lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxicity, a hallmark of beta cell infiltrates in patients with T1D onset. This would suggest a critical role for NK cells in T1D development linked to viral infection and the importance of the folate pathway in maintaining proper NK response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Bayer
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Christopher A. Fraker
- Tissue and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Christopher A. Fraker,
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139
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Awasthi K, Nakabayashi T, Ohta N. Effects of Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields on the Intracellular Function of HeLa Cells As Revealed by NADH Autofluorescence Microscopy. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:396-406. [PMID: 30023482 PMCID: PMC6044644 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence lifetime of the endogenous fluorophore of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in HeLa cells is affected by the application of nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs). In this study, we found that after nsPEF application, the fluorescence lifetime became longer and then decreased in a stepwise manner upon further application, irrespective of the pulse width in the range of 10-50 ns. This application time dependence of the NADH fluorescence lifetime is very similar to the time-lapse dependence of the NADH fluorescence lifetime following the addition of an apoptosis inducer, staurosporine. These results, as well as the membrane swelling and blebbing after the application of nsPEFs, indicate that apoptosis is also induced by the application of nsPEFs in HeLa cells. In contrast to the lifetime, the fluorescence intensity remarkably depended on the pulse width of the applied nsPEF. When the pulse width was as large as 50 ns, the intensity monotonically increased and was distributed over the entire cell as the application duration became longer. As the pulse width of the applied electric field became smaller, the magnitude of the field-induced increase in NADH fluorescence intensity decreased; the intensity was reduced by the electric field when the pulse width was as small as 10 ns. These results suggest that the mechanism of electric-field-induced apoptosis depends on the pulse width of the applied nsPEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Awasthi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001, Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Takakazu Nakabayashi
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku
University, 6-3 Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ohta
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001, Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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140
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Mitochondrial pathogenic mechanism and degradation in optineurin E50K mutation-mediated retinal ganglion cell degeneration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33830. [PMID: 27654856 PMCID: PMC5031982 DOI: 10.1038/srep33830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in optineurin (OPTN) are linked to the pathology of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Emerging evidence indicates that OPTN mutation is involved in accumulation of damaged mitochondria and defective mitophagy. Nevertheless, the role played by an OPTN E50K mutation in the pathogenic mitochondrial mechanism that underlies retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration in POAG remains unknown. We show here that E50K expression induces mitochondrial fission-mediated mitochondrial degradation and mitophagy in the axons of the glial lamina of aged E50K−tg mice in vivo. While E50K activates the Bax pathway and oxidative stress, and triggers dynamics alteration-mediated mitochondrial degradation and mitophagy in RGC somas in vitro, it does not affect transport dynamics and fission of mitochondria in RGC axons in vitro. These results strongly suggest that E50K is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in RGC degeneration in synergy with environmental factors such as aging and/or oxidative stress.
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141
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Günzle J, Osterberg N, Saavedra JE, Weyerbrock A. Nitric oxide released from JS-K induces cell death by mitotic catastrophe as part of necrosis in glioblastoma multiforme. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2349. [PMID: 27584787 PMCID: PMC5059858 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The nitric oxide (NO) donor JS-K is specifically activated by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in GST-overexpressing cells. We have shown the induction of cell death in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells at high JS-K doses but the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether NO-induced cell death is triggered by induction of apoptotic or necrotic pathways. For the first time, we demonstrate that NO induces cell death via mitotic catastrophe (MC) with non-apoptotic mechanisms in GBM cells. Moreover, the level of morphological changes indicating MC correlates with increased necrosis. Therefore, we conclude that MC is the main mechanism by which GBM cells undergo cell death after treatment with JS-K associated with necrosis rather than apoptosis. In addition, we show that PARP1 is not an exclusive marker for late apoptosis but is also involved in MC. Activating an alternative way of cell death can be useful for the multimodal cancer therapy of GBM known for its strong anti-apoptotic mechanisms and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Günzle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64 Freiburg, D-79106, Germany.,University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestr. 1, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Nadja Osterberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64 Freiburg, D-79106, Germany
| | - Joseph E Saavedra
- Cancer Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 567, Room 254, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - Astrid Weyerbrock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64 Freiburg, D-79106, Germany
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142
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El-Sikhry HE, Alsaleh N, Dakarapu R, Falck JR, Seubert JM. Novel Roles of Epoxyeicosanoids in Regulating Cardiac Mitochondria. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160380. [PMID: 27494529 PMCID: PMC4975494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of a healthy pool of mitochondria is important for the function and survival of terminally differentiated cells such as cardiomyocytes. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are epoxy lipids derived from metabolism of arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases. We have previously shown that EETs trigger a protective response limiting mitochondrial dysfunction and reducing cellular death. The aim of this study was to investigate whether EET-mediated effects influence mitochondrial quality in HL-1 cardiac cells during starvation. HL-1 cells were subjected to serum- and amino acid free conditions for 24h. We employed a dual-acting synthetic analog UA-8 (13-(3-propylureido)tridec-8-enoic acid), possessing both EET-mimetic and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitory properties, or 14,15-EET as model EET molecules. We demonstrated that EET-mediated events significantly improved mitochondrial function as assessed by preservation of the ADP/ATP ratio and oxidative respiratory capacity. Starvation induced mitochondrial hyperfusion observed in control cells was attenuated by UA-8. However, EET-mediated events did not affect the expression of mitochondrial dynamic proteins Fis1, DRP-1 or Mfn2. Rather we observed increased levels of OPA-1 oligomers and increased mitochondrial cristae density, which correlated with the preserved mitochondrial function. Increased DNA binding activity of pCREB and Nrf1/2 and increased SIRT1 activity together with elevated mitochondrial proteins suggest EET-mediated events led to preserved mitobiogenesis. Thus, we provide new evidence for EET-mediated events that preserve a healthier pool of mitochondria in cardiac cells following starvation-induced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham E. El-Sikhry
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nasser Alsaleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rambabu Dakarapu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - John R. Falck
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - John M. Seubert
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- * E-mail:
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143
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Haque E, Irfan S, Kamil M, Sheikh S, Hasan A, Ahmad A, Lakshmi V, Nazir A, Mir SS. Terpenoids with antifungal activity trigger mitochondrial dysfunction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiology (Reading) 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261716040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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144
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Andrés MT, Acosta-Zaldívar M, Fierro JF. Antifungal Mechanism of Action of Lactoferrin: Identification of H+-ATPase (P3A-Type) as a New Apoptotic-Cell Membrane Receptor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4206-16. [PMID: 27139463 PMCID: PMC4914641 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03130-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lactoferrin (hLf) is a protein of the innate immune system which induces an apoptotic-like process in yeast. Determination of the susceptibility to lactoferrin of several yeast species under different metabolic conditions, respiratory activity, cytoplasmic ATP levels, and external medium acidification mediated by glucose assays suggested plasma membrane Pma1p (P3A-type ATPase) as the hLf molecular target. The inhibition of plasma membrane ATPase activity by hLf and the identification of Pma1p as the hLf-binding membrane protein confirmed the previous physiological evidence. Consistent with this, cytoplasmic ATP levels progressively increased in hLf-treated Candida albicans cells. However, oligomycin, a specific inhibitor of the mitochondrial F-type ATPase proton pump (mtATPase), abrogated the antifungal activity of hLf, indicating a crucial role for mtATPase in the apoptotic process. We suggest that lactoferrin targeted plasma membrane Pma1p H(+)-ATPase, perturbing the cytoplasmic ion homeostasis (i.e., cytoplasmic H(+) accumulation and subsequent K(+) efflux) and inducing a lethal mitochondrial dysfunction. This initial event involved a normal mitochondrial ATP synthase activity responsible for both the ATP increment and subsequent hypothetical mitochondrial proton flooding process. We conclude that human lactoferrin inhibited Pma1p H(+)-ATPase, inducing an apoptotic-like process in metabolically active yeast. Involvement of mitochondrial H(+)-ATPase (nonreverted) was essential for the progress of this programmed cell death in which the ionic homeostasis perturbation seems to precede classical nonionic apoptotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- María T Andrés
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, School of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maikel Acosta-Zaldívar
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, School of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain Department of Functional Biology (Microbiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - José F Fierro
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, School of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain Department of Functional Biology (Microbiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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145
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Pace C, Banerjee TD, Welch B, Khalili R, Dagda RK, Angermann J. Monomethylarsonous acid, but not inorganic arsenic, is a mitochondria-specific toxicant in vascular smooth muscle cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 35:188-201. [PMID: 27327130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic exposure has been implicated as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer, yet the role mitochondrial dysfunction plays in the cellular mechanisms of pathology is largely unknown. To investigate arsenic-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), we exposed rat aortic smooth muscle cells (A7r5) to inorganic arsenic (iAs(III)) and its metabolite monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) and compared their effects on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Our results indicate that MMA(III) is significantly more toxic to mitochondria than iAs(III). Exposure of VSMCs to MMA(III), but not iAs(III), significantly decreased basal and maximal oxygen consumption rates and concomitantly increased compensatory extracellular acidification rates, a proxy for glycolysis. Treatment with MMA(III) significantly increased hydrogen peroxide and superoxide levels compared to iAs(III). Exposure to MMA(III) resulted in significant decreases in mitochondrial ATP, aberrant perinuclear clustering of mitochondria, and decreased mitochondrial content. Mechanistically, we observed that mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide contribute to mitochondrial toxicity, as treatment of cells with MnTBAP (a mitochondrial superoxide dismutase mimetic) and catalase significantly reduced mitochondrial respiration deficits and cell death induced by both arsenic compounds. Overall, our data demonstrates that MMA(III) is a mitochondria-specific toxicant that elevates mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial sources of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pace
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Tania Das Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Barrett Welch
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Roxana Khalili
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Ruben K Dagda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Jeff Angermann
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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146
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Gortat A. Analysis of CDK Inhibitor Action on Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1336:95-109. [PMID: 26231711 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2926-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) is to negatively regulate cyclin-dependent kinases as a mechanism of control of cell proliferation. As such, CDKIs are being used to induce apoptosis in cancer cells to prevent their excessive reproduction. This chapter describes procedures to study apoptosis induction upon treatment with any CDKI through the evaluation of morphological and functional mitochondrial alterations, in particular, how to measure the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) using TMRE dye, determine the content of intracellular ATP, observe mitochondrial network morphology using HeLa cells stably expressing fluorescent reporter DsRed targeting mitochondrial matrix, observe ultrastructure of the organelle using transmission electron microscopy, and, finally, assure that mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization takes place by assessing the subcellular localization of cyt C in HeLa cells stably expressing fluorescent cyt C-GFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gortat
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, Barcelona, 08036, Spain,
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147
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Ding B, Parmigiani A, Divakaruni AS, Archer K, Murphy AN, Budanov AV. Sestrin2 is induced by glucose starvation via the unfolded protein response and protects cells from non-canonical necroptotic cell death. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22538. [PMID: 26932729 PMCID: PMC4773760 DOI: 10.1038/srep22538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sestrin2 is a member of a family of stress responsive proteins, which controls cell
viability via antioxidant activity and regulation of the mammalian target of
rapamycin protein kinase (mTOR). Sestrin2 is induced by different stress insults,
which diminish ATP production and induce energetic stress in the cells. Glucose is a
critical substrate for ATP production utilized via glycolysis and mitochondrial
respiration as well as for glycosylation of newly synthesized proteins in the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi. Thus, glucose starvation causes both energy
deficiency and activation of ER stress followed by the unfolding protein response
(UPR). Here, we show that UPR induces Sestrin2 via ATF4 and NRF2 transcription
factors and demonstrate that Sestrin2 protects cells from glucose starvation-induced
cell death. Sestrin2 inactivation sensitizes cells to necroptotic cell death that is
associated with a decline in ATP levels and can be suppressed by Necrostatin 7. We
propose that Sestrin2 protects cells from glucose starvation-induced cell death via
regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxiao Ding
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Goodwin Research Laboratories, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Anita Parmigiani
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Goodwin Research Laboratories, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kellie Archer
- Department of Biostatistics, Goodwin Research Laboratories, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrei V Budanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Goodwin Research Laboratories, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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148
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Understanding the importance of conservative hypothetical protein LdBPK_070020 in Leishmania donovani and its role in subsistence of the parasite. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 596:10-21. [PMID: 26926257 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The genome of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, codes for approximately 65% of both conserved and non-conserved hypothetical proteins. Studies on 'conserved hypothetical' proteins are expected to reveal not only new and crucial aspects of Leishmania biochemistry, but it could also lead to discovery of novel drug candidates. Conserved hypothetical protein, LdBPK_070020, is a 31.14 kDa protein, encoded by an 810 bp gene. BLAST analysis of LdBPK_070020, performed against NCBI non-redundant database, showed 80-99% similarity with conserved hypothetical proteins of Leishmania belonging to other species. Using homologues recombination method, we have performed gene knockout of LdBPK_070020 and effects of the same were investigated on the parasite. The gene knocked out strain shows significant retardation in growth with respect to wild type. Detailed biochemical studies indicated towards important role of LdBPK_070020 in the parasite survival and growth.
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149
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Wang L, Yuan L, Zeng X, Peng J, Ni Y, Er JC, Xu W, Agrawalla BK, Su D, Kim B, Chang YT. A Multisite-Binding Switchable Fluorescent Probe for Monitoring Mitochondrial ATP Level Fluctuation in Live Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117543 Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 (PR China
| | - Xian Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, National; University of Singapore; Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Juanjuan Peng
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development; Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Yong Ni
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development; Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Jun Cheng Er
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Wang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Bikram Keshari Agrawalla
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Dongdong Su
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development; Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Beomsue Kim
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development; Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117543 Singapore
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development; Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Singapore 138667 Singapore
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150
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Wang L, Yuan L, Zeng X, Peng J, Ni Y, Er JC, Xu W, Agrawalla BK, Su D, Kim B, Chang YT. A Multisite-Binding Switchable Fluorescent Probe for Monitoring Mitochondrial ATP Level Fluctuation in Live Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1773-6. [PMID: 26676712 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), commonly produced in mitochondria, is required by almost all the living organisms; thus fluorescent probes for monitoring mitochondrial ATP levels fluctuation are essential and highly desired. Herein, we report a multisite-binding switchable fluorescent probe, ATP-Red 1, which selectively and rapidly responds to intracellular concentrations of ATP. Live-cell imaging indicated that ATP-Red 1 mainly localized to mitochondria with good biocompatibility and membrane penetration. In particular, with the help of ATP-Red 1, we successfully observed not only the decreased mitochondrial ATP levels in the presence of KCN and starvation state, but also the increased mitochondrial ATP levels in the early stage of cell apoptosis. These results indicate that ATP-Red 1 is a useful tool for investigating ATP-relevant biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore. .,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 (PR, China.
| | - Xian Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, National, University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Juanjuan Peng
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Yong Ni
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Jun Cheng Er
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Bikram Keshari Agrawalla
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Dongdong Su
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Beomsue Kim
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore. .,Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore, 138667, Singapore.
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