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Huang S, Zhang Z, Dai Y, Zhang C, Yang C, Fan L, Liu J, Hao W, Chen H. Craving Responses to Methamphetamine and Sexual Visual Cues in Individuals With Methamphetamine Use Disorder After Long-Term Drug Rehabilitation. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:145. [PMID: 29725310 PMCID: PMC5917670 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies utilizing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) cue-reactivity paradigms have demonstrated that short-term abstinent or current methamphetamine (MA) users have increased brain activity in the ventral striatum, caudate nucleus and medial frontal cortex, when exposed to MA-related visual cues. However, patterns of brain activity following cue-reactivity in subjects with long-term MA abstinence, especially long-term compulsory drug rehabilitation, have not been well studied. To enrich knowledge in this field, functional brain imaging was conducted during a cue-reactivity paradigm task in 28 individuals with MA use disorder following long-term compulsory drug rehabilitation, and 27 healthy control subjects. The results showed that, when compared with controls, individuals with MA use disorder displayed elevated activity in the bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and right lateral posterior cingulate cortex in response to MA-related images. Additionally, the anterior cingulate region of mPFC activation during the MA-related cue-reactivity paradigm was positively correlated with craving alterations and previous frequency of drug use. No significant differences in brain activity in response to pornographic images were found between the two groups. Compared to MA cues, individuals with MA use disorder had increased activation in the occipital lobe when exposed to pornographic cues. In conclusion, the present study indicates that, even after long-term drug rehabilitation, individuals with MA use disorder have unique brain activity when exposed to MA-related cues. Additionally, our results illustrate that the libido brain response might be restored, and that sexual demand might be more robust than drug demand, in individuals with MA use disorder following long-term drug rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucai Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhixue Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Changcun Zhang
- Pingtang Isolated Compulsory Drug Rehabilitation Center in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lidan Fan
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongxian Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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102
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Eiler WJA, Dzemidzic M, Soeurt CM, Carron CR, Oberlin BG, Considine RV, Harezlak J, Kareken DA. Family history of alcoholism and the human brain response to oral sucrose. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 17:1036-1046. [PMID: 29349037 PMCID: PMC5767843 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A heightened hedonic response to sweet tastes has been associated with increased alcohol preference and alcohol consumption in both humans and animals. The principal goal of this study was to examine blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) activation to high- and low-concentration sweet solutions in subjects who are either positive (FHP) or negative (FHN) for a family history of alcoholism. Seventy-four non-treatment seeking, community-recruited, healthy volunteers (22.8 ± 1.6 SD years; 43% men) rated a range of sucrose concentrations in a taste test and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during oral delivery of water, 0.83 M, and 0.10 M sucrose. Sucrose compared to water produced robust activation in primary gustatory cortex, ventral insula, amygdala, and ventral striatum. FHP subjects displayed greater bilateral amygdala activation than FHN subjects in the low sucrose concentration (0.10 M). In secondary analyses, the right amygdala response to the 0.10 M sucrose was greatest in FHP women. When accounting for group differences in drinks per week, the family history groups remained significantly different in their right amygdala response to 0.10 M sucrose. Our findings suggest that the brain response to oral sucrose differs with a family history of alcoholism, and that this response to a mildly reinforcing primary reward might be an endophenotypic marker of alcoholism risk. Studies in humans and animals have suggested sweet tastes as a trait correlate of alcohol risk. Oral sucrose resulted in robust BOLD activation of gustatory and limbic areas. Amygdala responses to 0.10 M sucrose were greatest in drinkers with family histories of alcoholism. This study is first to suggest endophenotypic brain responses to sucrose in familial alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J A Eiler
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mario Dzemidzic
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christina M Soeurt
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Claire R Carron
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brandon G Oberlin
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert V Considine
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Harezlak
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - David A Kareken
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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103
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Predictors of Naltrexone Response in a Randomized Trial: Reward-Related Brain Activation, OPRM1 Genotype, and Smoking Status. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:2640-2653. [PMID: 28409564 PMCID: PMC5686497 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Naltrexone reduces drinking among individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUDs), but it is not effective for everyone. Variability in its effects on reward-related brain activation, genetic variation, and/or cigarette smoking may account for this mixed response profile. This randomized clinical trial tested the effects of naltrexone on drinking and alcohol cue-elicited brain activation, evaluated whether OPRM1 A118G genotype or smoking moderated these effects, and explored whether the effects of medication on cue-elicited activation predicted subsequent drinking. One hundred and fifty-two treatment-seeking individuals with alcohol dependence, half preselected to carry at least one A118G G (Asp) allele, were randomized to naltrexone (50 mg) or placebo for 16 weeks and administered an fMRI alcohol cue reactivity task at baseline and after 2 weeks of treatment. Naltrexone, relative to placebo, significantly reduced alcohol cue-elicited activation of the right ventral striatum (VS) between baseline and week 2 and reduced heavy drinking over 16 weeks. OPRM1 genotype did not significantly moderate these effects, but G-allele carriers who received naltrexone had an accelerated return to heavy drinking after medication was stopped. Smoking moderated the effects of medication on drinking, such that naltrexone was superior to placebo only among smokers. The degree of reduction in right VS activation between scans interacted with medication in predicting subsequent drinking, such that individuals with greater reduction in activation who received naltrexone, but not placebo, experienced the least heavy drinking during the following 14 weeks. These data replicate previous findings that naltrexone reduces heavy drinking and reward-related brain activation among treatment-seeking individuals with AUDs, and indicate that smoking and the magnitude of reduction in cue-elicited brain activation may predict treatment response.
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104
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Cardenas VA, Price M, Fein G. EEG coherence related to fMRI resting state synchrony in long-term abstinent alcoholics. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 17:481-490. [PMID: 29159061 PMCID: PMC5684581 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent work suggests that faulty co-activation or synchrony of multiple brain regions comprising "networks," or an imbalance between opposing brain networks, is important in alcoholism. Previous studies showed higher fMRI resting state synchrony (RSS) within the executive control (inhibitory control and emotion regulation) networks and lower RSS within the appetitive drive network in long-term (multi-year) abstinent alcoholics (LTAA) vs. non substance abusing controls (NSAC). Our goal was to identify EEG networks that are correlated with the appetitive drive and executive function networks identified with fMRI in our previous alcohol studies. We used parallel ICA for multimodal data fusion for the 20 LTAA and 21 NSAC that had both usable fMRI and 64-channel EEG data. Our major result was that parallel ICA identified a pair of components that significantly separated NSAC from LTAA and were correlated with each other. Examination of the resting-state fMRI seed-correlation map component showed higher bilateral nucleus accumbens seed-correlation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally and lower seed-correlation in the thalamus. This single component thus encompassed both the executive control and appetitive drive networks, consistent with our previous work. The correlated EEG coherence component showed mostly higher theta and alpha coherence in LTAA compared to NSAC, and lower gamma coherence in LTAA compared to NSAC. The EEG theta and alpha coherence results suggest enhanced top-down control in LTAA and the gamma coherence results suggest impaired appetitive drive in LTAA. Our results support the notion that fMRI RSS is reflected in spontaneous EEG, even when the EEG and fMRI are not obtained simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Cardenas
- Neurobehavioral Research, Inc., 77 Ho'okele Street, 3rd Floor, Kahului, Maui, HI 96732, USA.
| | - Mathew Price
- Neurobehavioral Research, Inc., 77 Ho'okele Street, 3rd Floor, Kahului, Maui, HI 96732, USA; Cogency, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - George Fein
- Neurobehavioral Research, Inc., 77 Ho'okele Street, 3rd Floor, Kahului, Maui, HI 96732, USA; Department of Medicine and Psychology, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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105
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Crane NA, Gorka SM, Weafer J, Langenecker SA, de Wit H, Phan KL. Preliminary Evidence for Disrupted Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Connectivity to Reward in Binge Drinkers. Alcohol Alcohol 2017; 52:647-654. [PMID: 29016710 PMCID: PMC5860287 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Dysfunctional brain reward circuitry, particularly in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), has been proposed as a risk factor for alcohol use disorder (AUD). This risk factor may be evident in binge drinkers (BD), who are at high risk for developing AUD. We examined whole-brain and NAcc reactivity to reward in BD compared to non-binge drinkers (NBD), hypothesizing that groups would differ in their neural reactivity and connectivity. METHODS Healthy BD (N = 27) and NBD (N = 23)-none meeting AUD criteria-completed a reward-guessing game, the 'Doors' task, during functional magnetic resonance imaging. We conducted an exploratory whole-brain search for group differences, but given our a priori hypotheses, we also extracted activation from the NAcc to examine reactivity during reward (Win > Loss) and functional connectivity (FC) to the prefrontal cortex. RESULTS Compared to NBD, BD exhibited greater activation in both the right and left NAcc during reward relative to loss. Additionally, NBD drinkers exhibited positive FC between the NAcc and dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) whereas the BD showed negative FC between these regions. Furthermore, less NAcc-dACC FC was related to more past month alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide preliminary evidence that BD exhibit greater NAcc activation during reward receipt relative to loss. This is consistent with the broader AUD literature and suggests aberrant neural reactivity may precede disorder onset. In addition, BD exhibited less NAcc-dACC FC, perhaps reflecting deficient regulation of activation to rewards compared to losses. This profile of reward brain circuitry could represent neural correlates of vulnerability for AUD. SHORT SUMMARY Healthy binge drinkers, at risk for alcohol use disorder, exhibited greater nucleus accumbens activation during reward relative to loss. In addition, binge drinkers exhibited reduced connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and dorsal anterior cingulate, which was associated with more past month alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natania A Crane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W Roosevelt Rd Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Stephanie M Gorka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W Roosevelt Rd Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Scott A Langenecker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W Roosevelt Rd Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - K. Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W Roosevelt Rd Chicago, IL 60608, USA
- Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, 820 S Damen Ave Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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106
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An Examination of Behavioral and Neuronal Effects of Comorbid Traumatic Brain Injury and Alcohol Use. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2017; 3:294-302. [PMID: 29486871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are highly comorbid and share commonly affected neuronal substrates (i.e., prefrontal cortex, limbic system, and cerebellum). However, no studies have examined how combined physical trauma and heavy drinking affect neurocircuitry relative to heavy drinking alone. METHODS The current study investigated whether comorbid AUDs and mild or moderate TBI (AUDs+TBI) would negatively affect maladaptive drinking behaviors (n = 90 AUDs+TBI; n = 62 AUDs) as well as brain structure (i.e., increased atrophy; n = 62 AUDs+TBI; n = 44 AUDs) and function (i.e., activation during gustatory cue reactivity; n = 55 AUDs+TBI; n = 37 AUDs) relative to AUDs alone. RESULTS Participants reported a much higher incidence of trauma (59.2%) compared with the general population. There were no differences in demographic and clinical measures between groups, suggesting that they were well matched. Although maladaptive drinking behaviors tended to be worse for the AUDs+TBI group, effect sizes were small and not statistically significant. Increased alcohol-cue reactivity was observed in bilateral anterior insula and orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, dorsal striatum, thalamus, brainstem, and cerebellum across both groups relative to a carefully matched appetitive control. However, there were no significant differences in structural integrity or functional activation between AUDs+TBI and AUDs participants, even when controlling for AUD severity. CONCLUSIONS Current results indicate that a combined history of mild or moderate TBI was not sufficient to alter drinking behaviors and/or underlying neurocircuitry at detectable levels relative to heavy drinking alone. Future studies should examine the potential long-term effects of combined alcohol and trauma on brain functioning.
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107
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Grodin EN, Cortes CR, Spagnolo PA, Momenan R. Structural deficits in salience network regions are associated with increased impulsivity and compulsivity in alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:100-108. [PMID: 28763777 PMCID: PMC11034794 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convergent preclinical and clinical evidence has linked the anterior insula to impulsivity and alcohol-associated compulsivity. The anterior insula is functionally connected to the anterior cingulate cortex, together comprising the major nodes of the salience network, which serves to signal salient events, including negative consequences. Clinical studies have found structural and functional alterations in the anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortices of alcohol dependent individuals. No studies have yet investigated the association between morphometric abnormalities in salience network regions and the phenotype of high levels of impulsivity and compulsivity seen in alcohol dependent individuals. METHODS In the current study, we compared self-report impulsivity, decisional impulsivity, self-report compulsivity, and structural neuroimaging measures in a sample of alcohol dependent individuals (n=60) and a comparison group of healthy controls (n=49). From the structural magnetic resonance images, we calculated volume and cortical thickness for 6 regions of interest: left and right anterior insula, posterior insula, and anterior cingulate. RESULTS We found that alcohol dependent individuals had smaller anterior insula and anterior cingulate volumes, as well as thinner anterior insula cortices. There were no group differences in posterior insula morphometry. Anterior insula and anterior cingulate structural measures were negatively associated with self-report impulsivity, decisional impulsivity, and compulsivity measures. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that addiction endophenotypes are associated with salience network morphometry in alcohol addiction. These relationships indicate that salience network hubs represent potential treatment targets for impulse control disorders, including alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N Grodin
- Clinical Neuroimaging Research Core, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, United States
| | - Carlos R Cortes
- Clinical Neuroimaging Research Core, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | | | - Reza Momenan
- Clinical Neuroimaging Research Core, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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108
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Papies EK, Best M, Gelibter E, Barsalou LW. The Role of Simulations in Consumer Experiences and Behavior: Insights from the Grounded Cognition Theory of Desire. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1086/693110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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109
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Meda SA, Dager AD, Hawkins KA, Tennen H, Raskin S, Wood RM, Austad CS, Fallahi CR, Pearlson GD. Heavy Drinking in College Students Is Associated with Accelerated Gray Matter Volumetric Decline over a 2 Year Period. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:176. [PMID: 29033801 PMCID: PMC5627037 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Heavy and/or harmful alcohol use while in college is a perennial and significant public health issue. Despite the plethora of cross-sectional research suggesting deleterious effects of alcohol on the brain, there is a lack of literature investigating the longitudinal effects of alcohol consumption on the adolescent brain. We aim to probe the longitudinal effects of college drinking on gray matter change in students during this crucial neurodevelopmental period. Methods: Data were derived from the longitudinal Brain and Alcohol Research in College Students (BARCS) study of whom a subset underwent brain MRI scans at two time points 24 months apart. Students were young adults with a mean age at baseline of about 18.5 years. Based on drinking metrics assessed at both baseline and followup, subjects were classified as sustained abstainers/light drinkers (N = 45) or sustained heavy drinkers (N = 84) based on criteria established in prior literature. Gray matter volumetric change (GMV-c) maps were derived using the longitudinal DARTEL pipeline as implemented in SPM12. GMV-c maps were then subjected to a 1-sample and 2-sample t-test in SPM12 to determine within- and between-group GMV-c differences in drinking groups. Supplementary between-group differences were also computed at baseline only. Results: Within-group analysis revealed significant decline in GMV in both groups across the 2 year followup period. However, tissue loss in the sustained heavy drinking group was more significant, larger per region, and more widespread across regions compared to abstainers/light drinkers. Between-group analysis confirmed the above and showed a greater rate of GMV-c in the heavy drinking group in several brain regions encompassing inferior/medial frontal gyrus, parahippocampus, and anterior cingulate. Supplementary analyses suggest that some of the frontal differences existed at baseline and progressively worsened. Conclusion: Sustained heavy drinking while in college was associated with accelerated GMV decline in brain regions involved with executive functioning, emotional regulation, and memory, which are critical to everyday life functioning. Areas of significant GMV decreases also overlapped largely with brain reward and stress systems implicated in addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwath A Meda
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford HealthCare Corporation, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Alecia D Dager
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford HealthCare Corporation, Hartford, CT, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Keith A Hawkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Howard Tennen
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Sarah Raskin
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Rebecca M Wood
- Department of Psychology, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT, United States
| | - Carol S Austad
- Department of Psychology, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT, United States
| | - Carolyn R Fallahi
- Department of Psychology, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT, United States
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford HealthCare Corporation, Hartford, CT, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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110
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Wang L, Wu L, Wang Y, Li H, Liu X, Du X, Dong G. Altered Brain Activities Associated with Craving and Cue Reactivity in People with Internet Gaming Disorder: Evidence from the Comparison with Recreational Internet Game Users. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1150. [PMID: 28744240 PMCID: PMC5504237 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the neural substrates of cue reactivity in Internet gaming disorder (IGD) have been examined in previous studies, most of these studies focused on the comparison between IGD subjects and healthy controls, which cannot exclude a potential effect of cue-familiarity. To overcome this limitation, the current study focuses on the comparison between IGD subjects and recreational Internet game users (RGU) who play online games recreationally but do not develop dependence. Data from 40 RGU and 30 IGD subjects were collected while they were performing an event-related cue reactivity task in the fMRI scanner. The results showed that the IGD subjects were associated with enhanced activation in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and decreased activation in the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right precuneus, left precentral gyrus and right postcentral gyrus in comparison with the RGU subjects. OFC is involved in reward evaluation and ACC is implicated in executive control function based on previous researches. Moreover, the activation of OFC were correlated with the desire for game-playing. Thus, the higher activation in OFC might suggests high desire for game playing, and the lower activation in ACC might indicates impaired ability in inhibiting the urge to gaming-related stimuli in IGD subjects. Additionally, decreased activation in the precuneus, the precentral and postcentral gyrus may suggest the deficit in disentangling from game-playing stimuli. These findings explain why IGD subjects develop dependence on game-playing while RGU subjects can play online games recreationally and prevent the transition from voluntary game-playing to eventually IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of PsychologyBeijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Lingdan Wu
- Department of Psychology, University of KonstanzKonstanz, Germany
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua, China
| | - Xiaoyue Liu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua, China
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Department of Physics, East China Normal UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Guangheng Dong
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua, China.,Institute of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua, China
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111
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Gable PA, Neal LB, Threadgill AH. Regulatory behavior and frontal activity: Considering the role of revised-BIS in relative right frontal asymmetry. Psychophysiology 2017; 55. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Gable
- Department of Psychology; The University of Alabama; Tuscaloosa Alabama
| | - Lauren B. Neal
- Department of Psychology; The University of Alabama; Tuscaloosa Alabama
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112
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Nalmefene Reduces Reward Anticipation in Alcohol Dependence: An Experimental Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:941-948. [PMID: 28216062 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nalmefene is a µ and δ opioid receptor antagonist, κ opioid receptor partial agonist that has recently been approved in Europe for treating alcohol dependence. It offers a treatment approach for alcohol-dependent individuals with "high-risk drinking levels" to reduce their alcohol consumption. However, the neurobiological mechanism underpinning its effects on alcohol consumption remains to be determined. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover design we aimed to determine the effect of a single dose of nalmefene on striatal blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal change during anticipation of monetary reward using the monetary incentive delay task following alcohol challenge. METHODS Twenty-two currently heavy-drinking, non-treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent males were recruited. The effect of single dose nalmefene (18 mg) on changes in a priori defined striatal region of interest BOLD signal change during reward anticipation compared with placebo was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Both conditions were performed under intravenous alcohol administration (6% vol/vol infusion to achieve a target level of 80 mg/dL). RESULTS Datasets from 18 participants were available and showed that in the presence of the alcohol infusion, nalmefene significantly reduced the BOLD response in the striatal region of interest compared with placebo. Nalmefene did not alter brain perfusion. CONCLUSIONS Nalmefene blunts BOLD response in the mesolimbic system during anticipation of monetary reward and an alcohol infusion. This is consistent with nalmefene's actions on opioid receptors, which modulate the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, and provides a neurobiological basis for its efficacy.
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113
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Morie KP, Yip SW, Zhai ZW, Xu J, Hamilton KR, Mayes LC, Potenza MN, Potenza MN. White-matter crossing-fiber microstructure in adolescents prenatally exposed to cocaine. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 174:23-29. [PMID: 28292689 PMCID: PMC5555052 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) is associated with risk-taking behaviors, including increased initiation of substance use in adolescence. The neurobiological underpinnings of these behaviors in adolescents with PCE are not well understood. The goal of this study was to compare diffusion-weighted imaging data between adolescents with and without PCE using crossing-fiber models, which may provide more comprehensive estimates of white-matter microstructure within regions of multiple (e.g., primary and secondary) fiber orientations. METHODS Thirty-nine PCE individuals and 17 comparably aged prenatally non-drug-exposed (NDE) youths were recruited from a longitudinal cohort followed since birth. White matter was examined using tensor-derived and crossing-fiber models. Whole-brain investigations were performed, as were analyses on seven white-matter regions, which included the splenium, body and genu of the corpus callosum, bilateral cingulum, and the right and left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). RESULTS Whole-brain analyses revealed no group differences. However, ROI analyses for anisotropy estimates derived from the crossing-fiber model revealed significant group differences for secondary fibers, with reduced anisotropy among PCE adolescents compared to prenatally non-exposed youth in the right cingulum and the left SLF, and increased anisotropy in the genu. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that white-matter differences in PCE adolescents are subtle and localized primarily within secondary fiber orientations, perhaps arising from altered white-matter development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P. Morie
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Corresponding author: Kristen Morie,
| | - Sarah W. Yip
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,National Center on Addictions and Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Zu Wei Zhai
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jiansong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Kristen R. Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742 USA
| | - Linda C. Mayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,National Center on Addictions and Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; National Center on Addictions and Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
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114
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de Sousa Fernandes Perna EB, Theunissen EL, Kuypers KPC, Evers EA, Stiers P, Toennes SW, Witteman J, van Dalen W, Ramaekers JG. Brain reactivity to alcohol and cannabis marketing during sobriety and intoxication. Addict Biol 2017; 22:823-832. [PMID: 26769333 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse stimulate striatal dopamine release and activate reward pathways. This study examined the impact of alcohol and cannabis marketing on the reward circuit in alcohol and cannabis users while sober and intoxicated. It was predicted that alcohol and cannabis marketing would increase striatal activation when sober and that reward sensitivity would be less during alcohol and cannabis intoxication. Heavy alcohol (n = 20) and regular cannabis users (n = 21) participated in a mixed factorial study involving administration of alcohol and placebo in the alcohol group and cannabis and placebo in the cannabis group. Non-drug users (n = 20) served as between group reference. Brain activation after exposure to alcohol and cannabis marketing movies was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging and compared between groups while sober and compared with placebo while intoxicated. Implicit alcohol and cannabis cognitions were assessed by means of a single-category implicit association test. Alcohol and cannabis marketing significantly increased striatal BOLD activation across all groups while sober. Striatal activation however decreased during intoxication with alcohol and cannabis. Implicit associations with cannabis marketing cues were significantly more positive in alcohol and cannabis users as compared with non-drug using controls. Public advertising of alcohol or cannabis use elicits striatal activation in the brain's reward circuit. Reduction of marketing would reduce brain exposure to reward cues that motivate substance use. Conversely, elevated dopamine levels protect against the reinforcing potential of marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eef L. Theunissen
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Kim P. C. Kuypers
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. Evers
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Peter Stiers
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Stefan W. Toennes
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; Institute of Legal Medicine, Goethe University of Frankfurt; Frankfurt Germany
| | | | - Wim van Dalen
- Dutch Institute for Alcohol Policy (STAP); Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. Ramaekers
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
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115
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Choi J, Cho H, Kim JY, Jung DJ, Ahn KJ, Kang HB, Choi JS, Chun JW, Kim DJ. Structural alterations in the prefrontal cortex mediate the relationship between Internet gaming disorder and depressed mood. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1245. [PMID: 28455501 PMCID: PMC5430685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive gaming use has positive effects, whereas depression has been reported to be prevalent in Internet gaming disorder (IGD). However, the neural correlates underlying the association between depression and Internet gaming remain unclear. Moreover, the neuroanatomical profile of the striatum in IGD is relatively less clear despite its important role in addiction. We found lower gray matter (GM) density in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the IGD group than in the Internet gaming control (IGC) group and non-gaming control (NGC) group, and the GM density was associated with lifetime usage of Internet gaming, depressed mood, craving, and impulsivity in the gaming users. Striatal volumetric analysis detected a significant reduction in the right nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in the IGD group and its association with lifetime usage of gaming and depression. These findings suggest that alterations in the brain structures involved in the reward system are associated with IGD-related behavioral characteristics. Furthermore, the DLPFC, involved in cognitive control, was observed to serve as a mediator in the association between prolonged gaming and depressed mood. This finding may provide insight into an intervention strategy for treating IGD with comorbid depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Young Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Jin Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kook Jin Ahn
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hang-Bong Kang
- Department of Digital Media, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Chun
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dai-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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116
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Moreno-Rius J, Miquel M. The cerebellum in drug craving. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 173:151-158. [PMID: 28259088 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Craving has been considered one of the core features of addiction. It can be defined as the urge or conscious desire to use a drug elicited by the drug itself, drug-associated cues or stressors. Craving plays a major role in relapse, even after prolonged periods of abstinence, as well as in the maintenance of drug seeking in non-abstinent addicts. The circuitry of craving includes medial parts of the prefrontal cortex, ventral striatal zones, ventral tegmental area, ventral pallidum, and limbic regions. Interestingly, the cerebellum shows reciprocal loops with many of these areas. The cerebellum has been linked traditionally to motor functions but increasing evidence indicates that this part of the brain is also involved in functions related to cognition, prediction, learning, and memory. Moreover, the functional neuroimaging studies that have addressed the study of craving in humans repeatedly demonstrate cerebellar activation when craving is elicited by the presentation of drug-related cues. However, the role of cerebellar activity in these craving episodes remains unknown. Therefore, the main goal of this review is to provide a brief update on craving studies and the traditional neural basis of this phenomenon, and then discuss and propose a hypothesis for the function of the cerebellum in craving episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Miquel
- Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon de la Plana, Spain.
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117
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Wilcox CE, Claus ED. The importance of standardization of stimuli for functional MRI tasks to evaluate substance use disorder pathology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017; 43:625-627. [PMID: 28345966 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1299745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Wilcox
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Eric D Claus
- b Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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118
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Zahr NM, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV. Perspectives on fronto-fugal circuitry from human imaging of alcohol use disorders. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:189-200. [PMID: 28118989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Descriptions of the cognitive functions affected by alcohol use disorders (AUD) often highlight dysfunction of executive processes such attention, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Such complex cognitive functions have historically been ascribed to the prefrontal cortex. AUD, however, disrupts extensive areas of the brain. Structural and functional MRI studies suggest a central role for degradation of circuitry originating in the prefrontal cortex including nodes in widespread brain regions. This review features fronto-fugal circuits affected by AUD including frontocerebellar, frontolimbic, and frontostriatal networks and their relations to the salient, enduring, and debilitating cognitive and motor deficits reported in AUD. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neuroscience Department, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neuroscience Department, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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119
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Kohno M, Dennis LE, McCready H, Hoffman WF. Executive Control and Striatal Resting-State Network Interact with Risk Factors to Influence Treatment Outcomes in Alcohol-Use Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:182. [PMID: 28993741 PMCID: PMC5622290 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations within mesocorticolimbic terminal regions commonly occur with alcohol use disorder (AUD). As pathological drug-seeking behavior may arise as a consequence of alcohol-induced neuroadaptations, it is critical to understand how such changes increase the likelihood of relapse. This report examined resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) using both a seed-based and model-free approach in individuals in treatment for AUD and how dysregulation of network connectivity contributes to treatment outcomes. In order to provide a mechanism by which neural networks promote relapse, interactive effects of mesocorticolimbic connectivity and AUD risk factors in treatment completers and non-completers were examined. AUD group showed stronger RSFC between striatum, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex than controls. Within the AUD group, non-completers compared to completers showed enhanced RSFC between (1) striatum-insula, (2) executive control network (ECN)-amygdala, and (3) basal ganglia/salience network and striatum, precuneus, and insula. Completers showed enhanced RSFC between striatum-right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, completers and non-completers differed in relationships between RSFC and relapse risk factors, where non-completers exhibited positive associations between craving intensity and RSFC of striatum-insula and ECN-amygdala. These findings provide evidence for interactions between corticolimbic connectivity in AUD and craving and establish an important link between network connectivity and dynamic risk factors that contribute to relapse. Results demonstrate that relapse vulnerability is attributed to craving dysregulation manifested by enhanced connectivity in striato-limbic regions and diminished corticostriatal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milky Kohno
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Laura E Dennis
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Holly McCready
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - William F Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Portland, OR, United States.,Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Division, Portland, OR, United States.,Research Service Veterans Affairs Portland Healthcare System, Portland, OR, United States
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120
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Geisel O, Behnke J, Schneider M, Wernecke KD, Müller CA. Effects of repetitive imagination of alcohol consumption on craving in alcohol-dependent patients: A pilot study. Addict Behav Rep 2016; 4:51-57. [PMID: 29511724 PMCID: PMC5835979 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the majority of patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD), the clinical course is characterized by multiple relapses to drinking, frequently preceded by intense craving for alcohol. The present pilot study aimed to assess the effects of a repetitive imaginary cue-exposure protocol in reducing craving in recently abstinent alcohol-dependent patients. METHODS Sixty-four patients were randomly assigned to six intervention groups and were instructed to repetitively imagine: i) drinking a glass of their preferred alcoholic drink (low vs. high number of repetitions); or ii) drinking a glass of water (low vs. high number of repetitions); or iii) performing an analogous movement or performed no imagination. Additionally, 10 healthy controls were instructed to repetitively imagine drinking a glass of their preferred alcoholic drink (high number of repetitions). The levels of craving before and after intervention were measured using the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (AUQ) and the Visual Analogue Scale for Craving (VASC). RESULTS Repetitive imagination of alcohol consumption did not lead to a significant decrease in craving in alcohol-dependent patients as measured by the AUQ and VASC. In contrast, healthy controls showed a nearly significant decrease of the urge to drink alcohol after applying the protocol with a high number of repetitions. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this pilot study might indicate an aberrant ability to habituate to alcohol-related stimuli in patients with AUD compared to healthy subjects. Future studies in larger samples are needed to further explore the effectiveness of imaginary cue-exposure interventions in alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Geisel
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Behnke
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christian A. Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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121
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Pandria N, Kovatsi L, Vivas AB, Bamidis PD. Resting-state Abnormalities in Heroin-dependent Individuals. Neuroscience 2016; 378:113-145. [PMID: 27884551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a major health problem worldwide. Recent neuroimaging studies have shed light into the underlying mechanisms of drug addiction as well as its consequences to the human brain. The most vulnerable, to heroin addiction, brain regions have been reported to be specific prefrontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal regions, as well as, some subcortical regions. The brain regions involved are usually linked with reward, motivation/drive, memory/learning, inhibition as well as emotional control and seem to form circuits that interact with each other. So, along with neuroimaging studies, recent advances in resting-state dynamics might allow further assessments upon the multilayer complexity of addiction. In the current manuscript, we comprehensively review and discuss existing resting-state neuroimaging findings classified into three overlapping and interconnected groups: functional connectivity alterations, structural deficits and abnormal topological properties. Moreover, behavioral traits of heroin-addicted individuals as well as the limitations of the currently available studies are also reviewed. Finally, in need of a contemporary therapy a multimodal therapeutic approach is suggested using classical treatment practices along with current neurotechonologies, such as neurofeedback and goal-oriented video-games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Pandria
- Neuroscience of Cognition and Affection Group, Laboratory of Medical Physics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Leda Kovatsi
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Ana B Vivas
- Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, City College, The University of Sheffield International Faculty, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis D Bamidis
- Neuroscience of Cognition and Affection Group, Laboratory of Medical Physics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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122
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Keesman M, Aarts H, Vermeent S, Häfner M, Papies EK. Consumption Simulations Induce Salivation to Food Cues. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165449. [PMID: 27820842 PMCID: PMC5098730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivation to food cues is typically explained in terms of mere stimulus-response links. However, food cues seem to especially increase salivation when food is attractive, suggesting a more complex psychological process. Adopting a grounded cognition perspective, we suggest that perceiving a food triggers simulations of consuming it, especially when attractive. These simulations then induce salivation, which effectively prepares the body for eating the food. In two experiments, we systematically examined the role of simulations on salivation to food cues. As stimuli, both experiments used an attractive, a neutral, and a sour food, as well as a non-food control object. In Experiment 1, participants were instructed to simulate eating every object they would be exposed to. We then exposed them to each object separately. Salivation was assessed by having participants spit their saliva into a cup after one minute of exposure. In Experiment 2, we instructed half of participants to simulate eating each object, and half to merely look at them, while measuring salivation as in Experiment 1. Afterwards, participants rated their simulations and desire to eat for each object separately. As predicted, foods increased salivation compared to the non-food control object, especially when they were attractive or sour (Exp. 1 and 2). Importantly, attractive and sour foods especially increased salivation when instructed to simulate (Exp. 2). These findings suggest that consumption simulations play an important role in inducing salivary responses to food cues. We discuss directions for future research as well as the role of simulations for other appetitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Keesman
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Aarts
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Vermeent
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Häfner
- Communication Psychology, Berlin University of the Arts, Berlin, Germany
| | - Esther K. Papies
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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123
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Klenowski PM, Fogarty MJ, Shariff M, Belmer A, Bellingham MC, Bartlett SE. Increased Synaptic Excitation and Abnormal Dendritic Structure of Prefrontal Cortex Layer V Pyramidal Neurons following Prolonged Binge-Like Consumption of Ethanol. eNeuro 2016; 3:ENEURO.0248-16.2016. [PMID: 28032119 PMCID: PMC5179982 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0248-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term alcohol use causes a multitude of neurochemical changes in cortical regions that facilitate the transition to dependence. Therefore, we used a model of long-term, binge-like ethanol consumption in rats to determine the effects on morphology and synaptic physiology of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) layer V pyramidal neurons. Following 10 weeks of ethanol consumption, we recorded synaptic currents from mPFC neurons and used neurobiotin filling to analyze their morphology. We then compared these data to measurements obtained from age-matched, water-drinking control rats. We found that long-term ethanol consumption caused a significant increase in total dendrite arbor length of mPFC layer V pyramidal neurons. Dendritic restructuring was primarily observed in basal dendrite arbors, with mPFC neurons from animals engaged in long-term ethanol drinking having significantly larger and more complex basal arbors compared with controls. These changes were accompanied by significantly increased total spine densities and spontaneous postsynaptic excitatory current frequency, suggesting that long-term binge-like ethanol consumption enhances basal excitatory synaptic transmission in mPFC layer V pyramidal neurons. Our results provide insights into the morphological and functional changes in mPFC layer V pyramidal neuronal physiology following prolonged exposure to ethanol and support changes in mPFC activity during the development of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Klenowski
- Translational Research Institute and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Fogarty
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Masroor Shariff
- Translational Research Institute and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arnauld Belmer
- Translational Research Institute and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark C. Bellingham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Selena E. Bartlett
- Translational Research Institute and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Queensland, Australia
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124
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Jaramillo AA, Randall PA, Frisbee S, Besheer J. Modulation of sensitivity to alcohol by cortical and thalamic brain regions. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2569-2580. [PMID: 27543844 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens core (AcbC) is a key brain region known to regulate the discriminative stimulus/interoceptive effects of alcohol. As such, the goal of the present work was to identify AcbC projection regions that may also modulate sensitivity to alcohol. Accordingly, AcbC afferent projections were identified in behaviorally naïve rats using a retrograde tracer which led to the focus on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), insular cortex (IC) and rhomboid thalamic nucleus (Rh). Next, to examine the possible role of these brain regions in modulating sensitivity to alcohol, neuronal response to alcohol in rats trained to discriminate alcohol (1 g/kg, intragastric [IG]) vs. water was examined using a two-lever drug discrimination task. As such, rats were administered water or alcohol (1 g/kg, IG) and brain tissue was processed for c-Fos immunoreactivity (IR), a marker of neuronal activity. Alcohol decreased c-Fos IR in the mPFC, IC, Rh and AcbC. Lastly, site-specific pharmacological inactivation with muscimol + baclofen (GABAA agonist + GABAB agonist) was used to determine the functional role of the mPFC, IC and Rh in modulating the interoceptive effects of alcohol in rats trained to discriminate alcohol (1 g/kg, IG) vs. water. mPFC inactivation resulted in full substitution for the alcohol training dose, and IC and Rh inactivation produced partial alcohol-like effects, demonstrating the importance of these regions, with known projections to the AcbC, in modulating sensitivity to alcohol. Together, these data demonstrate a site of action of alcohol and the recruitment of cortical/thalamic regions in modulating sensitivity to the interoceptive effects of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anel A Jaramillo
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Thurston-Bowles Building, CB#7178, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Patrick A Randall
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Thurston-Bowles Building, CB#7178, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Suzanne Frisbee
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Thurston-Bowles Building, CB#7178, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Joyce Besheer
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Thurston-Bowles Building, CB#7178, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. .,Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Model-Free Temporal-Difference Learning and Dopamine in Alcohol Dependence: Examining Concepts From Theory and Animals in Human Imaging. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:401-410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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126
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Lv W, Wu Q, Liu X, Chen Y, Song H, Yang L, Zhang X. Cue Reactivity in Nicotine and Alcohol Addiction: A Cross-Cultural View. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1335. [PMID: 27635123 PMCID: PMC5007723 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A wealth of research indicates that cue reactivity is critical to understanding the neurobiology of nicotine and alcohol addiction and developing treatments. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalograph (EEG) studies have shown abnormal cue reactivity in various conditions between nicotine or alcohol addicts and the healthy. Although the causes of these abnormalities are still unclear, cultural effect can not be ignored. We conduct an review of fMRI and EEG studies about the cue reactivity in nicotine and alcohol addiction and highlight the cultural perspective. We suggest that cultural cue reactivity is a field worth of exploring which may has an effect on addictive behavior through emotion and attention. The cultural role of nicotine and alcohol addiction would provide new insight into understanding the mechanisms of nicotine and alcohol addiction and developing culture-specific therapies. We consider that culture as a context may be a factor that causes confusing outcomes in exploring nicotine and alcohol addiction which makes it possible to control the cultural influences and further contribute to the more consistent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Lv
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, China
| | - Qichao Wu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China; School of Foreign Languages, Anhui Jianzhu UniversityHefei, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, China
| | - Hongwen Song
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, China
| | - Lizhuang Yang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China; School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China; Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China; Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei, China
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127
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Oberlin BG, Dzemidzic M, Harezlak J, Kudela MA, Tran SM, Soeurt CM, Yoder KK, Kareken DA. Corticostriatal and Dopaminergic Response to Beer Flavor with Both fMRI and [(11) C]raclopride Positron Emission Tomography. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1865-73. [PMID: 27459715 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cue-evoked drug-seeking behavior likely depends on interactions between frontal activity and ventral striatal (VST) dopamine (DA) transmission. Using [(11) C]raclopride (RAC) positron emission tomography (PET), we previously demonstrated that beer flavor (absent intoxication) elicited VST DA release in beer drinkers, inferred by RAC displacement. Here, a subset of subjects from this previous RAC-PET study underwent a similar paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test how orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and VST blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses to beer flavor are related to VST DA release and motivation to drink. METHODS Male beer drinkers (n = 28, age = 24 ± 2, drinks/wk = 16 ± 10) from our previous PET study participated in a similar fMRI paradigm wherein subjects tasted their most frequently consumed brand of beer and Gatorade(®) (appetitive control). We tested for correlations between BOLD activation in fMRI and VST DA responses in PET, and drinking-related variables. RESULTS Compared to Gatorade, beer flavor increased wanting and desire to drink, and induced BOLD responses in bilateral OFC and right VST. Wanting and desire to drink correlated with both right VST and medial OFC BOLD activation to beer flavor. Like the BOLD findings, beer flavor (relative to Gatorade) again induced right VST DA release in this fMRI subject subset, but there was no correlation between DA release and the magnitude of BOLD responses in frontal regions of interest. CONCLUSIONS Both imaging modalities showed a right-lateralized VST response (BOLD and DA release) to a drug-paired conditioned stimulus, whereas fMRI BOLD responses in the VST and medial OFC also reflected wanting and desire to drink. The data suggest the possibility that responses to drug-paired cues may be rightward biased in the VST (at least in right-handed males) and that VST and OFC responses in this gustatory paradigm reflect stimulus wanting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon G Oberlin
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mario Dzemidzic
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Maria A Kudela
- Department of Biostatistics, IUSM, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Stella M Tran
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Christina M Soeurt
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Karmen K Yoder
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, IUSM, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David A Kareken
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, IUSM, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Psychiatry, IUSM, Indianapolis, Indiana
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128
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Frye MA, Hinton DJ, Karpyak VM, Biernacka JM, Gunderson LJ, Geske J, Feeder SE, Choi DS, Port JD. Elevated Glutamate Levels in the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Are Associated with Higher Cravings for Alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1609-16. [PMID: 27439218 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantifying craving longitudinally during the course of withdrawal, early abstinence, and relapse is essential for optimal management of alcohol use disorder (AUD). In an effort to identify biological correlates of craving, we used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to investigate the correlation between craving and glutamate levels in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC) of patients with AUD. METHODS Participants underwent 1H-MRS of the LDLPFC with 2-dimensional J-resolved (2DJ) averaged PRESS. MRS data were processed with LCModel and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-corrected to generate metabolite concentrations. The Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) and the 30-day time line follow-back (TLFB 30) were used to quantify craving for alcohol and drinking patterns, respectively. RESULTS There was a statistically significant positive correlation between CSF-corrected glutamate ([Glu]) levels and PACS scores (n = 14; p = 0.005). When PACS scores were dichotomized (< or ≥median = 16), [Glu] levels were significantly higher in the high- versus low-craving group (p = 0.007). In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between CSF-corrected N-acetyl aspartic acid ([NAA]) levels and mean number of drinks per drinking day in the past month (n = 13; TLFB 30; p = 0.012). When mean TLFB 30 was dichotomized (< or ≥median = 7.86), [NAA] levels were significantly lower in subjects that consumed more alcoholic beverages. There was no significant correlation between [Glu] and [NAA] levels with other measures of drinking behavior and or depression symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS While limited by small sample size, these data suggest that glutamate levels in LDLPFC are associated with alcohol craving intensity in patients with AUD. Further study with larger sample size is needed to replicate this finding and evaluate the merits of glutamate spectroscopy as a biological correlate of alcohol craving intensity and a guide to treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David J Hinton
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Victor M Karpyak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joanna M Biernacka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lee J Gunderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jennifer Geske
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott E Feeder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John D Port
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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Kirsch M, Gruber I, Ruf M, Kiefer F, Kirsch P. Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback can reduce striatal cue-reactivity to alcohol stimuli. Addict Biol 2016; 21:982-92. [PMID: 26096546 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that in alcoholic patients, alcohol-related cues produce increased activation of reward-related brain regions like the ventral striatum (VS), which has been proposed as neurobiological basis of craving. Modulating this activation might be a promising option in the treatment of alcohol addiction. One approach might be real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rtfMRI NF). This study was set up to implement and evaluate a rtfMRI approach in a group of non-addicted heavy social drinkers. Thirty-eight heavy drinking students were assigned to a real feedback group (rFB, n = 13), a yoke feedback group (yFB, n = 13) and a passive control group (noFB, n = 12). After conducting a reward task as functional localizer to identify ventral striatal regions, the participants viewed alcohol cues during three NF training blocks in a 3 T MRI scanner. The rFB group received feedback from their own and the yFB from another participants' VS. The noFB group received no feedback. The rFB and the yFB groups were instructed to downregulate the displayed activation. Activation of the VS and prefrontal control regions was compared between the groups. We found significant downregulation of striatal regions specifically in the rFB group. While the rFB and the yFB groups showed significant activation of prefrontal regions during feedback, this activation was only correlated to the reduction of striatal activation in the rFB group. We conclude that rtfMRI NF is a suitable method to reduce striatal activation to alcohol cues. It might be a promising supplement to the treatment of alcoholic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kirsch
- Department of Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Isabella Gruber
- Department of Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Matthias Ruf
- Department of Neuroimaging; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
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130
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Yang X, Tian F, Zhang H, Zeng J, Chen T, Wang S, Jia Z, Gong Q. Cortical and subcortical gray matter shrinkage in alcohol-use disorders: a voxel-based meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 66:92-103. [PMID: 27108216 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yang
- School of Sociality and Psychology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China; Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fangfang Tian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Handi Zhang
- School of Sociality and Psychology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianguang Zeng
- School of Accounting, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Taolin Chen
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Song Wang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhiyun Jia
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Psychology, School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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131
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Groefsema M, Engels R, Luijten M. The role of social stimuli content in neuroimaging studies investigating alcohol cue-reactivity. Addict Behav 2016; 58:123-8. [PMID: 26922160 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cue-reactivity is thought to play a fundamental role in the maintenance of addiction. The incentive sensitization theory proposes that conditioned responses are related to increased sensitivity of the reward-related dopaminergic pathways in the brain. However, neuroimaging studies on alcohol cue-reactivity show inconsistent results. METHODS Stimuli content of 26 alcohol cue-reactivity studies was systematically reviewed. RESULTS No differences were found between alcoholic beverage stimuli and non-alcoholic beverage stimuli in human display and brand factors; however, alcoholic beverage stimuli were more likely to display social interaction compared to non-alcoholic beverage stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Given that processing of social information activates brain areas that partly overlap with reward-related brain areas associated with cue-reactivity, such differences between conditions can introduce noise in the findings. We therefore suggest matching stimuli sets on the reviewed factors carefully to improve reliability of neuroimaging studies investigating alcohol-related cue-reactivity.
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132
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Brion M, D’Hondt F, Davidoff DA, Maurage P. Beyond Cognition: Understanding Affective Impairments in Korsakoff Syndrome. EMOTION REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073915594433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As earlier research on Korsakoff syndrome (KS), a frequent neurological complication of alcohol-dependence (AD), mainly focused on cognition, affective impairments have been little investigated despite their crucial impact in AD. This article proposes new research avenues on this topic by combining two theoretical frameworks: (a) dual-process models, positing that addictions are due to an imbalance between underactivated reflective system and overactivated affective-automatic one; (b) continuity theory, postulating a gradual worsening of cognitive impairments from AD to KS. We suggest that this joint perspective may renew the current knowledge by clarifying the affective-automatic deficits in KS and their interactions with reflective impairments, but also by offering a direct exploration of the continuity between AD and KS regarding reflective and affective-automatic abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabien D’Hondt
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Donald A. Davidoff
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, USA
- Department of Neuropsychology, McLean Hospital, USA
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
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133
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DeWitt SJ, Ketcherside A, McQueeny TM, Dunlop JP, Filbey FM. The hyper-sentient addict: an exteroception model of addiction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2016; 41:374-81. [PMID: 26154169 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2015.1049701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exteroception involves processes related to the perception of environmental stimuli important for an organism's ability to adapt to its environment. As such, exteroception plays a critical role in conditioned response. In addiction, behavioral and neuroimaging studies show that the conditioned response to drug-related cues is often associated with alterations in brain regions including the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex, an important node within the default mode network dedicated to processes such as self-monitoring. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to summarize the growing, but largely fragmented, literature that supports a central role of exteroceptive processes in addiction. METHODS We performed a systematic review of empirical research via PubMed and Google Scholar with keywords including 'addiction', 'exteroception', 'precuneus', and 'self-awareness', to identify human behavioral and neuroimaging studies that report mechanisms of self-awareness in healthy populations, and altered self-awareness processes, specifically exteroception, in addicted populations. RESULTS Results demonstrate that exteroceptive processes play a critical role in conditioned cue response in addiction and serve as targets for interventions such as mindfulness training. Further, a hub of the default mode network, namely, the precuneus, is (i) consistently implicated in exteroceptive processes, and (ii) widely demonstrated to have increased activation and connectivity in addicted populations. CONCLUSION Heightened exteroceptive processes may underlie cue-elicited craving, which in turn may lead to the maintenance and worsening of substance use disorders. An exteroception model of addiction provides a testable framework from which novel targets for interventions can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J DeWitt
- a Center for BrainHealth, University of Texas at Dallas , Dallas , TX , USA
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134
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Garbusow M, Schad DJ, Sebold M, Friedel E, Bernhardt N, Koch SP, Steinacher B, Kathmann N, Geurts DEM, Sommer C, Müller DK, Nebe S, Paul S, Wittchen HU, Zimmermann US, Walter H, Smolka MN, Sterzer P, Rapp MA, Huys QJM, Schlagenhauf F, Heinz A. Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer effects in the nucleus accumbens relate to relapse in alcohol dependence. Addict Biol 2016; 21:719-31. [PMID: 25828702 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In detoxified alcohol-dependent patients, alcohol-related stimuli can promote relapse. However, to date, the mechanisms by which contextual stimuli promote relapse have not been elucidated in detail. One hypothesis is that such contextual stimuli directly stimulate the motivation to drink via associated brain regions like the ventral striatum and thus promote alcohol seeking, intake and relapse. Pavlovian-to-Instrumental-Transfer (PIT) may be one of those behavioral phenomena contributing to relapse, capturing how Pavlovian conditioned (contextual) cues determine instrumental behavior (e.g. alcohol seeking and intake). We used a PIT paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the effects of classically conditioned Pavlovian stimuli on instrumental choices in n = 31 detoxified patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence and n = 24 healthy controls matched for age and gender. Patients were followed up over a period of 3 months. We observed that (1) there was a significant behavioral PIT effect for all participants, which was significantly more pronounced in alcohol-dependent patients; (2) PIT was significantly associated with blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in subsequent relapsers only; and (3) PIT-related NAcc activation was associated with, and predictive of, critical outcomes (amount of alcohol intake and relapse during a 3 months follow-up period) in alcohol-dependent patients. These observations show for the first time that PIT-related BOLD signals, as a measure of the influence of Pavlovian cues on instrumental behavior, predict alcohol intake and relapse in alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garbusow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Daniel J. Schad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Miriam Sebold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Eva Friedel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Nadine Bernhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
- Neuroimaging Center; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Stefan P. Koch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Bruno Steinacher
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Geriatric Psychiatry; Vivantes Wenckebach-Klinikum; Germany
| | - Norbert Kathmann
- Department of Psychology; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Germany
| | - Dirk E. M. Geurts
- Radboud University; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center; Department of Psychiatry; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Christian Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
| | - Dirk K. Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
- Neuroimaging Center; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Stephan Nebe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
- Neuroimaging Center; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Sören Paul
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
- Neuroimaging Center; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Philipp Sterzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Michael A. Rapp
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Area of Excellence Cognitive Sciences; University of Potsdam; Germany
| | - Quentin J. M. Huys
- Centre for Addiction Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry; University of Zürich; Switzerland
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering; University of Zurich and ETH Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Florian Schlagenhauf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
- Max Planck Fellow Group ‘Cognitive and Affective Control of Behavioral Adaptation’; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences; Leipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
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135
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Stuke H, Gutwinski S, Wiers CE, Schmidt TT, Gröpper S, Parnack J, Gawron C, Attar CH, Spengler S, Walter H, Heinz A, Bermpohl F. To drink or not to drink: Harmful drinking is associated with hyperactivation of reward areas rather than hypoactivation of control areas in men. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2016; 41:E24-36. [PMID: 26900791 PMCID: PMC4853213 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.150203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maintenance of harmful alcohol use can be considered a reiterated decision in favour of alcohol in concrete drinking occasions. These decisions are often made despite an intention to quit or reduce alcohol consumption. We tested if a hyperactive reward system and/or an impaired cognitive control system contribute to such unfavourable decision-making. METHODS In this fMRI study, men with modest to harmful drinking behaviour, which was measured using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), repeatedly made decisions between alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks. Based on prior individual ratings, decision pairs were created with an alcoholic decision option considered more desirable but less beneficial by the participant. By correlating AUDIT scores with brain activation during decision-making, we determined areas explicitly related to pro-alcohol decisions in men with greater drinking severity. RESULTS Thirty-eight men participated in our study. Behaviourally, we found a positive correlation between AUDIT scores and the number of decisions for desired alcoholic drinks compared with beneficial nonalcoholic drinks. The fMRI results show that AUDIT scores were positively associated with activation in areas associated with reward and motivation processing (i.e., ventral striatum, amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex) during decisions favouring a desired, nonbeneficial alcoholic drink. Conversely, we did not find hypoactivation in areas associated with self-control (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). These effects were not present when participants chose a desired, nonbenefical, nonalcoholic drink. LIMITATIONS The men participating in our study had to be abstinent and would potentially consume an alcoholic drink at the end of the experiment. Hence, we did not define manifest alcohol dependence as an inclusion criterion and instead focused on less severely affected individuals. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that with growing drinking severity, decisions for alcoholic drinks are associated with increasing activity in reward-associated neural systems, rather than decreasing activity in self-control-associated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner Stuke
- Correspondence to: H. Stuke, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charité-platz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany;
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Abstract
Theorists have proposed several neural vulnerability factors that may increase overeating and consequent weight gain. Early cross-sectional imaging studies could not determine whether aberrant neural responsivity was a precursor or consequence of overeating. However, recent prospective imaging studies examining predictors of future weight gain and response to obesity treatment, and repeated-measures imaging studies before and after weight gain and loss have advanced knowledge of etiologic processes and neural plasticity resulting from weight change. The present article reviews evidence from prospective studies using imaging and behavioral measures reflecting neural function, as well as randomized experiments with humans and animals that are consistent or inconsistent with 5 neural vulnerability theories for excessive weight gain. Extant data provide strong support for the incentive sensitization theory of obesity and moderate support for the reward surfeit theory, inhibitory control deficit theory, and dynamic vulnerability model of obesity, which attempted to synthesize the former theories into a single etiologic model. However, existing data provide only minimal support for the reward deficit theory. Findings are synthesized into a new working etiologic model that is based on current scientific knowledge. Important directions for future studies, which have the potential to support or refute this working etiologic model, are delineated. (PsycINFO Database Record
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137
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Mechin N, Gable PA, Hicks JA. Frontal asymmetry and alcohol cue reactivity: Influence of core personality systems. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1224-31. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mechin
- Department of Psychology; The University of Alabama. Tuscaloosa; Alabama USA
| | - Philip A. Gable
- Department of Psychology; The University of Alabama. Tuscaloosa; Alabama USA
| | - Joshua A. Hicks
- Department of Psychology; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
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138
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Nguyen-Louie TT, Buckman JF, Ray S, Bates ME. Drinkers' memory bias for alcohol picture cues in explicit and implicit memory tasks. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 160:90-6. [PMID: 26811126 PMCID: PMC4855832 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol cues can bias attention and elicit emotional reactions, especially in drinkers. Yet, little is known about how alcohol cues affect explicit and implicit memory processes, and how memory for alcohol cues is affected by acute alcohol intoxication. METHODS Young adult participants (N=161) were randomly assigned to alcohol, placebo, or control beverage conditions. Following beverage consumption, they were shown neutral, emotional and alcohol-related pictures cues. Participants then completed free recall and repetition priming tasks to test explicit and implicit memory, respectively, for picture cues. Average blood alcohol concentration for the alcohol group was 74±13mg/dl when memory testing began. Two mixed linear model analyses were conducted to examine the effects of beverage condition, picture cue type, and their interaction on explicit and implicit memory. RESULTS Picture cue type and beverage condition each significantly affected explicit recall of picture cues, whereas only picture cue type significantly influenced repetition priming. Individuals in the alcohol condition recalled significantly fewer pictures than those in other conditions, regardless of cue type. Both free recall and repetition priming were greater for emotional and alcohol-related cues compared to neutral picture cues. No interaction effects were detected. CONCLUSIONS Young adult drinkers showed enhanced explicit and implicit memory processing of alcohol cues compared to emotionally neutral cues. This enhanced processing for alcohol cues was on par with that seen for positive emotional cues. Acute alcohol intoxication did not alter this preferential memory processing for alcohol cues over neutral cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam T Nguyen-Louie
- Center of Alcohol Studies, 607 Allison Road, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
| | - Jennifer F Buckman
- Center of Alcohol Studies, 607 Allison Road, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
| | - Suchismita Ray
- Center of Alcohol Studies, 607 Allison Road, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
| | - Marsha E Bates
- Center of Alcohol Studies, 607 Allison Road, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
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139
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Malcolm R, Myrick H, Li X, Henderson S, Brady KT, George MS, See RE. Regional Brain Activity in Abstinent Methamphetamine Dependent Males Following Cue Exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2. [PMID: 27314105 DOI: 10.21767/2471-853x.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging of drug-associated cue presentations has aided in understanding the neurobiological substrates of craving and relapse for cocaine, alcohol, and nicotine. However, imaging of cue-reactivity in methamphetamine addiction has been much less studied. METHOD Nine caucasian male methamphetamine-dependent subjects and nine healthy controls were scanned in a Phillips 3.0T MRI scan when they viewed a randomized presentation of visual cues of methamphetamine, neutral objects, and rest conditions. Functional Imaging data were analyzed with Statistical Parametric Mapping software 5 (SPM 5). RESULTS Methamphetamine subjects had significant brain activation in the ventral striatum and medial frontal cortex in comparison to meth pictures and neutral pictures in healthy controls (p<0.005, threshold 15 voxels). Interestingly the ventral striatum activation significantly correlated with the days since the last use of meth (r=-0.76, p=0.017). No significant activity was found in healthy control group. CONCLUSION The preliminary data suggest that methamphetamine dependent subjects, when exposed to methamphetamine-associated visual cues, have increased brain activity in ventral striatum, caudate nucleus and medial frontal cortex which subserve craving, drug-seeking, and drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Malcolm
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hugh Myrick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Charleston, SC, USA; Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Xingbao Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Scott Henderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kathleen T Brady
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mark S George
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Charleston, SC, USA; Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ronald E See
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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140
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Le Foll B. What does addiction medicine expect from neuroscience? From genes and neurons to treatment responses. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 224:419-47. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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141
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Maleki-Balajoo S, Hossein-Zadeh GA, Soltanian-Zadeh H, Ekhtiari H. Locally Estimated Hemodynamic Response Function and Activation Detection Sensitivity in Heroin-Cue Reactivity Study. Basic Clin Neurosci 2016; 7:299-314. [PMID: 27872691 PMCID: PMC5102559 DOI: 10.15412/j.bcn.03070403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A fixed hemodynamic response function (HRF) is commonly used for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis. However, HRF may vary from region to region and subject to subject. We investigated the effect of locally estimated HRF (in functionally homogenous parcels) on activation detection sensitivity in a heroin cue reactivity study. Methods: We proposed a novel exploratory method for brain parcellation based on a probabilistic model to segregate the brain into spatially connected and functionally homogeneous components. Then, we estimated HRF and detected activated regions in response to an experimental task in each parcel using a joint detection estimation (JDE) method. We compared the proposed JDE method with the general linear model (GLM) that uses a fixed HRF and is implemented in FEAT (as a part of FMRIB Software Library, version 4.1). Results: 1) Regions detected by JDE are larger than those detected by fixed HRF, 2) In group analysis, JDE found areas of activation not detected by fixed HRF. It detected drug craving a priori “regions-of-interest” in the limbic lobe (anterior cingulate cortex [ACC], posterior cingulate cortex [PCC] and cingulate gyrus), basal ganglia, especially striatum (putamen and head of caudate), and cerebellum in addition to the areas detected by the fixed HRF method, 3) JDE obtained higher Z-values of local maxima compared to those obtained by fixed HRF. Conclusion: In our study of heroin cue reactivity, our proposed method (that estimates HRF locally) outperformed the conventional GLM that uses a fixed HRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Maleki-Balajoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Khaje Nasir Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam-Ali Hossein-Zadeh
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Image Analysis Laboratory, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Hamed Ekhtiari
- Research Center for Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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142
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Cortese BM, Uhde TW, Brady KT, McClernon FJ, Yang QX, Collins HR, LeMatty T, Hartwell KJ. The fMRI BOLD response to unisensory and multisensory smoking cues in nicotine-dependent adults. Psychiatry Res 2015; 234:321-7. [PMID: 26475784 PMCID: PMC4679531 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Given that the vast majority of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of drug cue reactivity use unisensory visual cues, but that multisensory cues may elicit greater craving-related brain responses, the current study sought to compare the fMRI BOLD response to unisensory visual and multisensory, visual plus odor, smoking cues in 17 nicotine-dependent adult cigarette smokers. Brain activation to smoking-related, compared to neutral, pictures was assessed under cigarette smoke and odorless odor conditions. While smoking pictures elicited a pattern of activation consistent with the addiction literature, the multisensory (odor+picture) smoking cues elicited significantly greater and more widespread activation in mainly frontal and temporal regions. BOLD signal elicited by the multisensory, but not unisensory cues, was significantly related to participants' level of control over craving as well. Results demonstrated that the co-presentation of cigarette smoke odor with smoking-related visual cues, compared to the visual cues alone, elicited greater levels of craving-related brain activation in key regions implicated in reward. These preliminary findings support future research aimed at a better understanding of multisensory integration of drug cues and craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette M. Cortese
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, MSC 861, Charleston, SC 29425, USA,Corresponding author. (B.M. Cortese)
| | - Thomas W. Uhde
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, MSC 861, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kathleen T. Brady
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, MSC 861, Charleston, SC 29425, USA,Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - F. Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Qing X. Yang
- Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology and Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Heather R. Collins
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Todd LeMatty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, MSC 861, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Karen J. Hartwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, MSC 861, Charleston, SC 29425, USA,Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, Charleston, SC, USA
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143
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Balleine BW, Morris RW, Leung BK. Thalamocortical integration of instrumental learning and performance and their disintegration in addiction. Brain Res 2015; 1628:104-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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144
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Droutman V, Bechara A, Read SJ. Roles of the Different Sub-Regions of the Insular Cortex in Various Phases of the Decision-Making Process. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:309. [PMID: 26635559 PMCID: PMC4658437 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a coherent account of the role of the insular cortex (IC) in decision-making. We follow a conceptualization of decision-making that is very close to one previously proposed by Ernst and Paulus (2005): that the decision process is a progression of four phases: (1) re-focusing attention; (2) evaluation; (3) action; and (4) outcome processing, and we present evidence for the insula’s role in all these phases. We review the existing work on insula’s functional anatomy that subdivides the IC into posterior, dorsal anterior and ventral anterior regions. We re-map the results provided by the existing literature into these subdivisions wherever possible, to identify the components’ role in each decision making phase. In addition, we identify a self-regulating quality of the IC focused on harm avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita Droutman
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Read
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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145
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Zhang JT, Ma SS, Yip SW, Wang LJ, Chen C, Yan CG, Liu L, Liu B, Deng LY, Liu QX, Fang XY. Decreased functional connectivity between ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens in Internet gaming disorder: evidence from resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Behav Brain Funct 2015; 11:37. [PMID: 26582309 PMCID: PMC4652358 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-015-0082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has become an increasing mental health problem worldwide. Decreased resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) has been found in substance use and is thought to play an important role in the development of substance addiction. However, rsFC between the VTA and NAcc in a non-substance addiction, such as IGD, has not been assessed previously. The current study aimed to investigate: (1) if individuals with IGD exhibit alterations in VTA-NAcc functional connectivity; and (2) whether VTA-NAcc functional connectivity is associated with subjective Internet craving. Methods Thirty-five male participants with IGD and 24 healthy control (HC) individuals participated in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Regions of interest (left NAcc, right NAcc and VTA) were selected based on the literature and were defined by placing spheres centered on Talairach Daemon coordinates. Results In comparison with HCs, individuals with IGD had significantly decreased rsFC between the VTA and right NAcc. Resting-state functional connectivity strength between the VTA and right NAcc was negatively correlated with self-reported subjective craving for the Internet. Conclusions These results suggest possible neural functional similarities between individuals with IGD and individuals with substance addictions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12993-015-0082-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China. .,Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shan-Shan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Sarah W Yip
- CASA Columbia, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Ling-Jiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Chao-Gan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA. .,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/NYU Langone Medical Center Child Study Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Lu Liu
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ben Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin-Yuan Deng
- Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Qin-Xue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyber Psychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiao-Yi Fang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China. .,Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.
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146
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Seo S, Mohr J, Beck A, Wüstenberg T, Heinz A, Obermayer K. Predicting the future relapse of alcohol-dependent patients from structural and functional brain images. Addict Biol 2015; 20:1042-55. [PMID: 26435383 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In alcohol dependence, individual prediction of treatment outcome based on neuroimaging endophenotypes can help to tailor individual therapeutic offers to patients depending on their relapse risk. We built a prediction model for prospective relapse of alcohol-dependent patients that combines structural and functional brain images derived from an experiment in which 46 subjects were exposed to alcohol-related cues. The patient group had been subdivided post hoc regarding relapse behavior defined as a consumption of more than 60 g alcohol for male or more than 40 g alcohol for female patients on one occasion during the 3-month assessment period (16 abstainers and 30 relapsers). Naïve Bayes, support vector machines and learning vector quantization were used to infer prediction models for relapse based on the mean and maximum values of gray matter volume and brain responses on alcohol-related cues within a priori defined regions of interest. Model performance was estimated by leave-one-out cross-validation. Learning vector quantization yielded the model with the highest balanced accuracy (79.4 percent, p < 0.0001; 90 percent sensitivity, 68.8 percent specificity). The most informative individual predictors were functional brain activation features in the right and left ventral tegmental areas and the right ventral striatum, as well as gray matter volume features in left orbitofrontal cortex and right medial prefrontal cortex. In contrast, the best pure clinical model reached only chance-level accuracy (61.3 percent). Our results indicate that an individual prediction of future relapse from imaging measurement outperforms prediction from clinical measurements. The approach may help to target specific interventions at different risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambu Seo
- Neural Information Processing Group, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Technische Universität Berlin, and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin; Germany
| | - Johannes Mohr
- Neural Information Processing Group, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Technische Universität Berlin, and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin; Germany
| | - Anne Beck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Torsten Wüstenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Klaus Obermayer
- Neural Information Processing Group, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Technische Universität Berlin, and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin; Germany
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147
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Schulte EM, Yokum S, Potenza MN, Gearhardt AN. Neural systems implicated in obesity as an addictive disorder: from biological to behavioral mechanisms. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 223:329-46. [PMID: 26806784 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Contributing factors to obesity have been identified, yet prevention and treatment efforts have had limited long-term success. It has recently been suggested that some individuals may experience an addictive-like response to certain foods, such as losing control over consumption and continued consumption despite negative consequences. In support, shared biological and behavioral features seem to exist between "food addiction" and traditional substance-use disorders. "Food addiction" may be another important contributor to obesity. The current chapter reviews existing literature regarding neural systems implicated similarly in obesity and addiction, discusses unique considerations for addictive-like eating, and proposes directions for future research regarding "food addiction" as an emerging construct for addiction medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Schulte
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; CASAColumbia, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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148
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Kreusch F, Goffaux V, Siep N, Houben K, Quertemont E, Wiers RW. Brain Activation Associated with Automatic Processing of Alcohol-Related Cues in Young Heavy Drinkers and Its Modulation by Alcohol Administration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1957-66. [PMID: 26384233 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the automatic processing of alcohol-related cues by alcohol abusers is well established in experimental psychopathology approaches, the cerebral regions involved in this phenomenon and the influence of alcohol intake on this process remain unknown. The aim of this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of task-irrelevant alcohol-related stimuli in young heavy drinkers and their modulation by alcohol administration. METHODS Twelve heavy drinking male participants were scanned on 2 separate days; once after a low dose of alcohol intake (0.4 g/kg), and once after a placebo intake, in balanced order. Images of alcoholic drinks, soft drinks, or neutral objects were shown while participants' neural activity was recorded through fMRI. Moreover, participants' attentional focus was manipulated using a task which required them to process the central images of interest (focus alcohol condition) or a center unattended task (focus not on alcohol condition). RESULTS Results indicated that an explicit judgment on beverage-related cues increased activation in the prefrontal area compared with the judgment of neutral objects. By comparison with that of task-irrelevant neutral cues, the processing of task-irrelevant alcohol-related cues increased the activation in a large network of cerebral areas including visual and temporal regions, the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex, and the putamen. Moreover, in the condition with focus not on alcohol, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) was particularly activated by the presentation of (task-irrelevant) alcohol-related cues compared to task-irrelevant soft-drink-related cues. CONCLUSIONS The VTA was especially involved in the automatic processing of alcohol-related cues in young heavy drinkers. Low dose of alcohol did not modulate the neural substrates involved in the processing of salient alcohol-related cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Kreusch
- Faculté de Psychologie, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Valerie Goffaux
- Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Institute of Cognitive Science and Assessment, Luxembourg University, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolette Siep
- Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Katrijn Houben
- Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Reinout W Wiers
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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149
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The Dorsal Agranular Insular Cortex Regulates the Cued Reinstatement of Cocaine-Seeking, but not Food-Seeking, Behavior in Rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2425-33. [PMID: 25837282 PMCID: PMC4538357 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies suggest that the insular cortex (IC), and particularly its posterior region (the PIc), is involved in nicotine craving and relapse in humans and rodents. The present experiments were conducted to determine whether the IC and its different subregions regulate relapse to cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. To address this issue, male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent cocaine self-administration followed by extinction training and reinstatement tests. Before each reinstatement, the PIc or the more anterior dorsal agranular IC (AId) was inactivated to determine their roles in the reinstatement to cocaine seeking. In contrast to the nicotine findings, PIc inactivation had no effect on cue-induced reinstatement for cocaine seeking. However, AId inactivation reduced cued reinstatement while having no effect on cocaine-prime reinstatement. AId inactivation had no effect on reinstatement of food-seeking behavior induced by cues, a food-prime, or cues+food-prime. Based on previous work hypothesizing a role for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the IC during craving and relapse, a subsequent experiment found that CRF receptor-1 (CRF1) blockade in the AId similarly reduced cued reinstatement. Our results suggest that the AId, along with CRF1 receptors in this region, regulates reinstatement to cocaine seeking, but not food seeking, depending on the type of reinstatement, whereas PIc activity does not influence cue-induced reinstatement.
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150
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Alhassoon OM, Sorg SF, Stern MJ, Hall MG, Wollman SC. Neuroimaging in alcohol-use disorders: clinical implications and future directions. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.15.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Advances in clinical research have led to significant alterations in diagnostic criteria for alcohol-use disorders (AUD). Neuroimaging techniques are now being called upon to shed light on the validity and clinical utility of diagnostic criteria. For example, craving has recently been added to the diagnostic criteria of AUD based mainly on neurobiological research. In addition to understanding the nuances of the craving process, neuroimaging techniques are helping determine the biological factors that contribute to the onset and maintenance of the disorder and offer insight into the mechanisms underlying treatment. The purpose of this review is to provide a clinically relevant summary of the neuroimaging research that has impacted our understanding of the etiology, treatment and recovery in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M Alhassoon
- California School of Professional Psychology, Clinical Psychology PhD Program, 10455 Pomerado Road, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Scott F Sorg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mark J Stern
- California School of Professional Psychology, Clinical Psychology PhD Program, 10455 Pomerado Road, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | - Matthew G Hall
- California School of Professional Psychology, Clinical Psychology PhD Program, 10455 Pomerado Road, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | - Scott C Wollman
- California School of Professional Psychology, Clinical Psychology PhD Program, 10455 Pomerado Road, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
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