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Hamel EA, Blonde GD, Girish R, Krubitski B, Spector AC. Addition of low sodium does not increase sensitivity to glucose in wild-type mice, or lead to partial glucose taste detection in T1R3 knock-out mice. Physiol Behav 2024; 279:114544. [PMID: 38574794 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The sodium glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) has been proposed as a non-T1R glucosensor contributing to glucose taste. Studies have shown that the addition of NaCl at very weak concentrations to a glucose stimulus can enhance signaling in the gustatory nerves of mice and significantly lower glucose detection thresholds in humans. Here, we trained mice with (wild-type; WT) and without (knockout; KO) a functioning T1R3 subunit on a two-response operant detection task to differentially respond to the presence or absence of a taste stimulus immediately after sampling. After extensive training (∼40 sessions), KO mice were unable to reliably discriminate 2 M glucose+0.01 M NaCl from 0.01 M NaCl alone, but all WT mice could. We then tested WT mice on a descending array of glucose concentrations (2.0-0.03 M) with the addition of 0.01 M NaCl vs. 0.01 M NaCl alone. The concentration series was then repeated with glucose alone vs. water. We found no psychophysical evidence of a non-T1R taste transduction pathway involved in the detection of glucose. The addition of NaCl to glucose did not lower taste detection thresholds in WT mice, nor did it render the stimulus detectable to KO mice, even at 2 M. The proposed pathway must contribute to functions other than sensory-discriminative detection, at least when tested under these conditions. Detection thresholds were also derived for fructose and found to be 1/3 log10 lower than for glucose, but highly correlated (r = 0.88) between the two sugars, suggesting that sensitivity to these stimuli in this task was based on a similar neural process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Hamel
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 W Call St, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Ginger D Blonde
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 W Call St, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Riya Girish
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 W Call St, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Belle Krubitski
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 W Call St, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Alan C Spector
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 W Call St, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States.
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2
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Mai-Lippold SA, Schultze J, Pollatos O. Interoceptive abilities impairment correlates with emotional eating and taste abnormalities in children with overweight and obesity. Appetite 2024; 194:107182. [PMID: 38154574 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Weight problems in children are associated with emotional eating, which has been linked to interoceptive abilities. Previous research also shows altered olfactory and gustatory perception in children with obesity and overweight. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the connection of alterations in olfactory and gustatory perception to interoceptive abilities and emotional eating among children with obesity and overweight. 23 children with overweight and obesity and age-matched controls with normal weight (12-16 years old) underwent olfactory and gustatory testing. Interoceptive abilities were assessed, focusing on interoceptive accuracy and interoceptive sensibility. Children with overweight and obesity showed significantly higher accuracy for detection of sweet taste, but descriptively lower accuracy for all other taste qualities compared to normal weight children. We found no changes in olfactory abilities in children with overweight and obesity. Emotional eating scores were elevated for children with overweight and obesity, and interoceptive accuracy scores were significantly lower. In both groups, interoceptive accuracy was inversely correlated with emotional eating. Our results support prior findings of altered gustatory abilities in children with overweight and obesity. The observed link between impaired interoceptive processes and heightened emotional eating in this group implies that interventions for overweight in children could benefit from targeting interoceptive abilities. This study provides meaningful grounds for further investigations into the roles of taste, emotional eating, and interoceptive abilities for overweight in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Mai-Lippold
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Ulm University, Germany
| | - Jasmin Schultze
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Ulm University, Germany
| | - Olga Pollatos
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Ulm University, Germany.
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3
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Trisal S, VijayRaghavan K, Ramaswami M. Habituation of Sugar-Induced Proboscis Extension Reflex and Yeast-Induced Habituation Override in Drosophila melanogaster. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4891. [PMID: 38130897 PMCID: PMC10733151 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Habituation, the process by which animals learn to ignore insignificant stimuli, facilitates engagement with salient features of the environment. However, neural mechanisms underlying habituation also allow responses to familiar stimuli to be reinstated when such stimuli become potentially significant. Thus, the habituated state must allow a mechanism for habituation override. The remarkably precise knowledge of cell identity, connectivity, and information coding in Drosophila sensory circuits, as well as the availability of tools to genetically target these cells, makes Drosophila a valuable and important organism for analysis of habituation and habituation-override mechanisms. Studies of olfactory and gustatory habituation in Drosophila suggest that potentiation of GABAergic neurons underlies certain timescales of habituation and have specified some elements of a gustatory habituation-override pathway. More detailed understanding of gustatory habituation and habituation-override mechanisms will benefit from access to robust behavioral assays for (a) the proboscis extension reflex (PER) elicited by a sweet stimulus, (b) exposure paradigms that result in PER habituation, and, most critically, (c) manipulations that result in PER-habituation override. Here, we describe simple protocols for persistent sucrose exposure of tarsal hairs that lead to habituation of proboscis extension and for presentation of a novel appetitive stimuli that reinstate robust PER to habituated flies. This detailed protocol of gustatory habituation provides (a) a simple method to induce habituation by continuous exposure of the flies to sucrose for 10 min without leading to ingestion and (b) a novel method to override habituation by presenting yeast to the proboscis. Key features • A protocol for stimulation of Drosophila's taste (sugar) sensory neurons that induces gustatory habituation without satiation due to ingestion. • A chemical (yeast) stimulation protocol that rapidly induces habituation override/dishabituation in sugar-habituated Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Trisal
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy University, Thanjavur, India
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Mani Ramaswami
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore, India
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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4
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Chometton S, Tsan L, Hayes AMR, Kanoski SE, Schier LA. Early-life influences of low-calorie sweetener consumption on sugar taste. Physiol Behav 2023; 264:114133. [PMID: 36801464 PMCID: PMC11062773 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Children and adolescents are the highest consumers of added sugars, particularly from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Regular consumption of SSB early in life induces a variety of negative consequences on health that can last into adulthood. Low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) are increasingly used as an alternative to added sugars because they provide a sweet sensation without adding calories to the diet. However, the long-term effects of early-life consumption of LCS are not well understood. Considering LCS engage at least one of the same taste receptors as sugars and potentially modulate cellular mechanisms of glucose transport and metabolism, it is especially important to understand how early-life LCS consumption impacts intake of and regulatory responses to caloric sugars. In our recent study, we found that habitual intake of LCS during the juvenile-adolescence period significantly changed how rats responded to sugar later in life. Here, we review evidence that LCS and sugars are sensed via common and distinct gustatory pathways, and then discuss the implications this has for shaping sugar-associated appetitive, consummatory, and physiological responses. Ultimately, the review highlights the diverse gaps in knowledge that will be necessary to fill to understand the consequences of regular LCS consumption during important phases of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Chometton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linda Tsan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna M R Hayes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lindsey A Schier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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5
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Mang D, Toyama T, Yamagishi T, Sun J, Purba ER, Endo H, Matthews MM, Ito K, Nagata S, Sato R. Dietary compounds activate an insect gustatory receptor on enteroendocrine cells to elicit myosuppressin secretion. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 155:103927. [PMID: 36871864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of midgut internal contents is important for ensuring appropriate hormonal response and digestion following the ingestion of dietary components. Studies in mammals have demonstrated that taste receptors (TRs), a subgroup of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), are expressed in gut enteroendocrine cells (EECs) to sense dietary compounds and regulate the production and/or secretion of peptide hormones. Although progress has been made in identifying expression patterns of gustatory receptors (GRs) in gut EECs, it is currently unknown whether these receptors, which act as ligand-gated ion channels, serve similar functions as mammalian GPCR TRs to elicit hormone production and/or secretion. A Bombyx mori Gr, BmGr6, has been demonstrated to express in cells by oral sensory organs, midgut and nervous system; and to sense isoquercitrin and chlorogenic acid, which are non-nutritional secondary metabolites of host mulberry. Here, we show that BmGr6 co-expresses with Bommo-myosuppressin (BMS) in midgut EECs, responds to dietary compounds and is involved in regulation of BMS secretion. The presence of dietary compounds in midgut lumen after food intake resulted in an increase of BMS secretions in hemolymph of both wild-type and BmGr9 knockout larvae, but BMS secretions in BmGr6 knockout larvae decreased relative to wild-type. In addition, loss of BmGr6 led to a significant decrease in weight gain, excrement, hemolymph carbohydrates levels and hemolymph lipid levels. Interestingly, although BMS is produced in both midgut EECs and brain neurosecretory cells (NSCs), BMS levels in tissue extracts suggested that the increase in hemolymph BMS during feeding conditions is primarily due to secretion from midgut EECs. Our studies indicate that BmGr6 expressed in midgut EECs responds to the presence of dietary compounds in the lumen by eliciting BMS secretion in B. mori larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingze Mang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Toyama
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Endang R Purba
- Structural Cellular Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Haruka Endo
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Melissa M Matthews
- Molecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ito
- Department of Science of Biological Production, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shinji Nagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
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6
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Green JD, Reid CA, Kneuer MA, Hedgebeth MV. The proust effect: Scents, food, and nostalgia. Curr Opin Psychol 2023; 50:101562. [PMID: 36863096 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Autobiographical memories activated by the senses, particularly smell and taste, can be among the most potent and influential, an experience labelled the Proust Effect. Contemporary research has helped to explain the physiological, neurological, and psychological reasons underlying this phenomenon. Nostalgic memories triggered by taste and smell are especially self-relevant, arousing, and familiar. These memories have an even more positive emotional profile than nostalgic memories elicited by other means, with individuals reporting lower levels of negative or ambivalent emotions. Scent-evoked and food-evoked nostalgia also confer numerous psychological benefits, including enhanced self-esteem, feelings of social connectedness, and deeper meaning in life. Such memories might be harnessed in clinical or other settings.
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7
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Pittman DW, McGinnis MM, Liddy C, Richardson LM, Ellison ZT, Baird JP. Further disentangling the motivational processes underlying benzodiazepine hyperphagia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 218:173426. [PMID: 35810922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their well-known anxiolytic functions, benzodiazepines produce hyperphagia. Previously, we reported that the benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (CDP), increased consumption of both normally-preferred and normally-avoided taste stimuli during long-term (1 h) tests, primarily through changes in licking microstructure patterns associated with hedonic taste evaluation, whereas there was little effect on licking microstructure measures associated with post-ingestive feedback. In this study, we further examined the hedonic and motivational specificity of CDP effects on ingestive behavior. We tested brief access (15 s) licking responses for tastants spanning all taste qualities after treatment with either CDP (5 or 10 mg/kg) or the non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic, buspirone (1.5 or 3 mg/kg). A between-subjects, counterbalanced design compared the CDP or buspirone effects on licking responses for water and a range of weak to strong concentrations of NaCl, Q-HCl, citric acid, MSG, saccharin, and capsaicin under water-restricted (23 h) conditions; and sucrose, saccharin, and MSG under water-replete conditions. In a dose dependent manner, CDP increased licking for taste stimuli that were normally-avoided after saline treatment, with a notable exception observed for the trigeminal stimulus, capsaicin, which was not affected at any concentration or drug dose, suggesting a taste-specific effect of CDP on orosensory processing. Under water-replete conditions, CDP dose-dependently increased licking to normally-accepted concentrations of sucrose, saccharin, and MSG. There was no effect of either drug on licks for water under either water-restricted or water-replete conditions. Buspirone slowed oromotor coordination by increasing brief interlick intervals, but it did not affect licking for any concentrations of the tastants. Overall, these results indicate that benzodiazepines selectively enhance the hedonic acceptance of gustatory orosensory stimuli, independent of general anxiolytic or oromotor coordination effects, or physiological states such as thirst.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Pittman
- Department of Psychology, Wofford College, 429 North Church Street, Spartanburg, SC 29303-3663, USA.
| | - Molly M McGinnis
- Department of Psychology, Wofford College, 429 North Church Street, Spartanburg, SC 29303-3663, USA
| | - Caroline Liddy
- Department of Psychology, Wofford College, 429 North Church Street, Spartanburg, SC 29303-3663, USA
| | - Lindsey M Richardson
- Department of Psychology, Wofford College, 429 North Church Street, Spartanburg, SC 29303-3663, USA
| | - Zachary T Ellison
- Department of Psychology, Wofford College, 429 North Church Street, Spartanburg, SC 29303-3663, USA
| | - John-Paul Baird
- Department of Psychology, Amherst College, P.O. Box 5000, Amherst, MA 01002-5000, USA
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8
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Damiano RF, Neto DB, Oliveira JVR, Magalhães Santos J, Alves JVR, Guedes BF, Nitrini R, de Araújo AL, Oliveira M, Brunoni AR, Voegels RL, Bento RF, Busatto G, Miguel EC, Forlenza OV, de Rezende Pinna F. Association between chemosensory impairment with neuropsychiatric morbidity in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: results from a multidisciplinary cohort study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 273:325-333. [PMID: 35633395 PMCID: PMC9142732 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary methodologically limited studies suggested that taste and smell known as chemosensory impairments and neuropsychiatric symptoms are associated in post-COVID-19. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether chemosensory dysfunction and neuropsychiatric impairments in a well-characterized post-COVID-19 sample. This is a cohort study assessing adult patients hospitalized due to moderate or severe forms of COVID-19 between March and August 2020. Baseline information includes several clinical and hospitalization data. Further evaluations were made using several different reliable instruments designed to assess taste and smell functions, parosmia, and neuropsychiatric disorders (using standardized psychiatric and cognitive measures). Out of 1800 eligible individuals, 701 volunteers were assessed on this study. After multivariate analysis, patients reporting parosmia had a worse perception of memory performance (p < 0.001). Moderate/severe hypogeusia was significantly associated with a worse performance on the word list memory task (p = 0.012); Concomitant moderate/severe olfactory and gustatory loss during the acute phase of COVID-19 was also significantly associated with episodic memory impairment (p = 0.006). We found a positive association between reported chemosensory (taste and olfaction) abnormalities and cognition dysfunction in post-COVID-19 patients. These findings may help us identify potential mechanisms linking these two neurobiological functions, and also support the speculation on a possible route through which SARS-CoV-2 may reach the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Furlan Damiano
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 05403-903, Brazil.
| | - Deusdedit Brandão Neto
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Julia Vallin Rodrigues Alves
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP 05403-903 Brazil
| | - Bruno F. Guedes
- Departamento de Neurologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Departamento de Neurologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Ladeira de Araújo
- Diretoria Executiva dos LIMs, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Melaine Oliveira
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP 05403-903 Brazil
| | - André R. Brunoni
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP 05403-903 Brazil
| | - Richard Louis Voegels
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ferreira Bento
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Busatto
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP 05403-903 Brazil
| | - Euripedes Constantino Miguel
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP 05403-903 Brazil
| | - Orestes V. Forlenza
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP 05403-903 Brazil
| | - Fabio de Rezende Pinna
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Biadsee A, Biadsee A. Commentary on Letter to the Editor regarding "Eight-month follow-up of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in recovered COVID-19 patients". Am J Otolaryngol 2021; 42:103190. [PMID: 34488185 PMCID: PMC8410223 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.103190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Biadsee
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ameen Biadsee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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10
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Marcati E, Ferrari E, Fava E, Talamonti G, D'Aliberti GA. Clinical considerations on a right operculo-insular cavernous angioma: an illustrative case. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2021; 163:2755-2759. [PMID: 34363126 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-021-04947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The insular cortex is considered one of the most complex regions of the brain, defined as the "hub" of somatosensory areas. Here, we examine the case of a surgically treated haemorrhagic cavernoma involving the middle and posterior insular cortex, presenting both sensory, gustative and speech symptoms. By reviewing the recent findings in humans' and primates' basic research, we illustrated clinical and radiological correlations of the reported case, confirming insular role in sensitive and gustatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Marcati
- Department of Neurosurgery, ASST Niguarda Metropolitan Hospital, P.Le Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162, Milano, Italy.
| | - Erika Ferrari
- Department of Neurosurgery, ASST Niguarda Metropolitan Hospital, P.Le Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162, Milano, Italy
| | - Enrica Fava
- Department of Neurosurgery, ASST Niguarda Metropolitan Hospital, P.Le Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Talamonti
- Department of Neurosurgery, ASST Niguarda Metropolitan Hospital, P.Le Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A D'Aliberti
- Department of Neurosurgery, ASST Niguarda Metropolitan Hospital, P.Le Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162, Milano, Italy
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11
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Parente-Arias P, Barreira-Fernandez P, Quintana-Sanjuas A, Patiño-Castiñeira B. Recovery rate and factors associated with smell and taste disruption in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Am J Otolaryngol 2021; 42:102648. [PMID: 33799139 PMCID: PMC7358151 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To determine the occurrence of olfactory and gustatory disruptions in COVID-19 patients, their association with demographic and clinical features and prognosis. Material and methods This observational cohort study involved consecutively diagnosed COVID-19 patients tested between March the 3rd 2020 and March the 24th 2020, in a geographically defined cohort area. All COVID-19 patients were evaluated in a University Hospital. The primary outcome of interest is the prevalence of smell and taste alterations, factors associated and recovery rate. Univariate and multivariate analysis by logistic regression was performed to detect factors associated to these symptoms. Results 151 patients were included and 99 (65.6%) reported olfactory or gustatory symptoms. Olfactory dysfunction was reported by 75 patients (49.7%). Isolated anosmia was found in 2 patients (1.3%). Gustatory dysfunction was reported by 91 patients (60.3%). Factors associated with higher prevalence of smell dysfunction included age, sex, and comorbidities. The time to smell disruption development was significantly shorter in mild to moderate patients than in severe patients (p = 0.043). In 85.3% of patients with smell disruption, the symptom had been resolved in the first 2 months. 14.7% of patients remained symptomatic after 3 months of follow-up. Conclusions Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was common in COVID-19 patients. Smell disruption has high recovery rate and was associated with age, sex, and clinical severity. It may be beneficial to investigate the appearance of taste and/or smell disruptions in individual patients, with respect to diagnosis and prognosis.
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12
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Jain A, Pandey A, Kaur J, Purohit S. Is there really a correlation between viral load and olfactory and gustatory dysfunction? Am J Otolaryngol 2021; 42:103041. [PMID: 33931269 PMCID: PMC8050396 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.103041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Kusnik A, Weiss C, Neubauer M, Huber B, Gerigk M, Miethke T, Hunter N, Rotter N, Ludwig S, Schell A, Ebert MP, Teufel A. Presence of gustatory and olfactory dysfunction in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:612. [PMID: 34174816 PMCID: PMC8234756 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unexpected outbreak of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused more than 49 million cases and an estimated 2,000,000 associated deaths worldwide. In Germany, there are currently more than 2,000,000 laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases including 51,800 deaths. However, regional differences also became apparent and with the second wave of infections, the detailed characterization of COVID-19 patients is crucial to early diagnosis and disruption of chains of infections. METHODS Handing out detailed questionnaires to all individuals tested for COVID-19, we evaluated the clinical characteristics of negative and positive tested individuals. Expression of symptoms, symptom duration and association between predictor variables (i.e. age, gender) and a binary outcome (olfactory and gustatory dysfunction) were assessed. RESULTS Overall, the most common symptoms among individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 were fatigue, headache, and cough. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction were also reported by many SARS-CoV-2 negative individuals, more than 20% of SARS-CoV-2 negative tested individuals in our study reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. Independent of SARS-CoV-2 status, more females displayed symptoms of gustatory (29.8%, p = 0.0041) and olfactory dysfunction (22.9%, p = 0.0174) compared to men. CONCLUSIONS Bringing early SARS-CoV-2 tests to the populations at risk must be a main focus for the upcoming months. The reliability of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 negative tested individuals requires deeper investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kusnik
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Clincial Cooperation Unit Healthy Metabolism, Center for Preventive Medicine Baden-Württemberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christel Weiss
- Department of Statistics, Biomathematics and Information Processing, Heinrich Lanz Center for Digital Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Melanie Neubauer
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bianca Huber
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marlis Gerigk
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Miethke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicole Hunter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicole Rotter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sonja Ludwig
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Angela Schell
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias P Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Clincial Cooperation Unit Healthy Metabolism, Center for Preventive Medicine Baden-Württemberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Teufel
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- Clincial Cooperation Unit Healthy Metabolism, Center for Preventive Medicine Baden-Württemberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Hepatology, Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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Abstract
Taste disorders, impacting well-being and physical health, can be caused by many etiologies including the use of medication. Recently, taste disturbance is also considered as one of the predominant symptoms of COVID-19 although its pathogenesis requires further research. Localized taste disorders may be overlooked considering that whole-mouth taste perception is insured through several mechanisms. Individuals often fail to discern taste from flavor, and interviews/surveys are insufficient to properly assess taste function. Hence, various taste assessment methods have been developed. Among them, psychophysical methods are most widely applied in a clinical context. Less-biased electrophysiological, imaging, or morphological methods are used to a much lesser degree. Overall, more research is needed in the field of taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden University Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden University Hospital, Dresden, Germany.
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Pandian V, Brodsky MB, Brigham EP, Parker AM, Hillel AT, Levy JM, Rassekh CH, Lalwani AK, Needham DM, Brenner MJ. COVID-19 survivorship: How otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeons can restore quality of life after critical illness. Am J Otolaryngol 2021; 42:102917. [PMID: 33545448 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.102917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mortality from COVID-19 has obscured a subtler crisis – the swelling ranks of COVID-19 survivors. After critical illness, patients often suffer post-intensive care syndrome (PICS), which encompasses physical, cognitive, and/or mental health impairments that are often long-lasting barriers to resuming a meaningful life. Some deficits after COVID-19 critical illness will require otolaryngologic expertise for years after hospital discharge. There are roles for all subspecialties in preventing, diagnosing, or treating sequelae of COVID-19. Otolaryngologist leadership in multidisciplinary efforts ensures coordinated care. Timely tracheostomy, when indicated, may shorten the course of intensive care unit stay and thereby potentially reduce the impairments associated with PICS. Otolaryngologists can provide expertise in olfactory disorders; thrombotic sequelae of hearing loss and vertigo; and laryngotracheal injuries that impair speech, voice, swallowing, communication, and breathing. In the aftermath of severe COVID-19, otolaryngologists are poised to lead efforts in early identification and intervention for impairments affecting patients' quality of life.
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Jain A, Pandey AK, Kaur J, Kumar L, Singh M, Das S, Purohit S. Is there a correlation between viral load and olfactory & taste dysfunction in COVID-19 patients? Am J Otolaryngol 2021; 42:102911. [PMID: 33476975 PMCID: PMC7836834 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.102911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the correlation between cycle threshold (Ct) value and occurrence of olfactory and taste dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. Methods This comparative study included COVID-19 patients diagnosed by reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based test at our hospital with mild to moderate disease. The demographic details and detailed clinical history of the patient, including history of loss of smell and taste was taken at the time of presentation. The patients were divided into 2 groups, group A: COVID-19 patients with OTD; group B: COVID-19 patients without OTD. 100 contiguous patients were recruited in each group. The COVID-19 test by RT-PCR was done and Ct value of the 3 genes: E (Envelope encoding) gene, N (Nucleocapsid encoding) gene, and RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) gene, was used for data analysis. The Ct values of each of the three genes were compared between groups A and B. Results Group A and B did not differ significantly in terms of basic demographics. The differences in the Ct values of the 3 genes E gene, N gene and RdRp gene, of group A and B were found to be statistically significant (p = 0.005, p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). Conclusion The patients with OTD had a lower Ct value at diagnosis, and hence, a higher viral load than those without OTD. The evaluation of Ct value and viral load in COVID-19 patients may help in further reducing the transmission of the virus in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avani Jain
- Department of ENT, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, India.
| | - A K Pandey
- Department of Physiology, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, India
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of ENT, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, India
| | - Lakshit Kumar
- Department of ENT, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, India
| | - Mitasha Singh
- Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, India
| | - Suman Das
- Department of Physiology, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, India
| | - Sandeep Purohit
- Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
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Vaira LA, Hopkins C, Petrocelli M, Lechien JR, Soma D, Giovanditto F, Rizzo D, Salzano G, Piombino P, Saussez S, De Riu G. Do olfactory and gustatory psychophysical scores have prognostic value in COVID-19 patients? A prospective study of 106 patients. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 49:56. [PMID: 32762737 PMCID: PMC7406962 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-020-00449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lack of objective data makes it difficult to establish the prognostic value of chemosensitive disorders in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. We aimed to prospectively monitor patients diagnosed with COVID-19 to see if the severity of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction associates with subsequent disease severity. Methods Multicentre prospective study that recruited 106 COVID-19 subjects at diagnosis. Chemosensitive functions were assessed with psychophysical tests within 4 days of clinical onset, at 10 and 20 days. Daily body temperature and oxygen saturation were recorded as markers of disease severity alongside need for hospitalisation. The correlation between olfactory and gustatory scores and disease severity was assessed with linear regression analysis. Results At T0, 71 patients (67%) presented with olfactory dysfunction while gustatory impairment was detected in 76 cases (65.6%). Chemosensitive disorders gradually improved over the observation period. No significant correlations were found between T0 chemosensitive scores and final disease severity. The correlation between olfactory scores and fever proved significant at T2 (p = 0.05), while the relationship with gustatory scores was significant at T1 (p = 0.01) and T2 (p < 0.001), however neither was clinically relevant. The correlation between chemosensitive scores and oxygen saturation was significant only for taste at T2 (p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis found significant correlations between olfactory impairment severity and need for hospitalization at T2 (OR 3.750, p = 0.005). Conclusions Initial objective olfactory and gustatory scores do not seem to have a significant prognostic value in predicting the severity of the COVID-19 course; however, persistence of olfactory dysfunction at 20 days, associated with a more severe course. Unfortunately, olfactory and gustatory dysfunction do not seem to hold prognostic value at the time of initial diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Angelo Vaira
- Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Marzia Petrocelli
- Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Bellaria and Maggiore Hospital, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jerome R Lechien
- .,Department of Human and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium
| | - Damiano Soma
- Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Federica Giovanditto
- Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Davide Rizzo
- Otolaryngology Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Salzano
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Piombino
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Sven Saussez
- .,Department of Human and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium
| | - Giacomo De Riu
- Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, Dequanter D, Blecic S, El Afia F, Distinguin L, Chekkoury-Idrissi Y, Hans S, Delgado IL, Calvo-Henriquez C, Lavigne P, Falanga C, Barillari MR, Cammaroto G, Khalife M, Leich P, Souchay C, Rossi C, Journe F, Hsieh J, Edjlali M, Carlier R, Ris L, Lovato A, De Filippis C, Coppee F, Fakhry N, Ayad T, Saussez S. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 277:2251-2261. [PMID: 32253535 PMCID: PMC7134551 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1648] [Impact Index Per Article: 412.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the occurrence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection. METHODS Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection were recruited from 12 European hospitals. The following epidemiological and clinical outcomes have been studied: age, sex, ethnicity, comorbidities, and general and otolaryngological symptoms. Patients completed olfactory and gustatory questionnaires based on the smell and taste component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and the short version of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders-Negative Statements (sQOD-NS). RESULTS A total of 417 mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients completed the study (263 females). The most prevalent general symptoms consisted of cough, myalgia, and loss of appetite. Face pain and nasal obstruction were the most disease-related otolaryngological symptoms. 85.6% and 88.0% of patients reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions, respectively. There was a significant association between both disorders (p < 0.001). Olfactory dysfunction (OD) appeared before the other symptoms in 11.8% of cases. The sQO-NS scores were significantly lower in patients with anosmia compared with normosmic or hyposmic individuals (p = 0.001). Among the 18.2% of patients without nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea, 79.7% were hyposmic or anosmic. The early olfactory recovery rate was 44.0%. Females were significantly more affected by olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions than males (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Olfactory and gustatory disorders are prevalent symptoms in European COVID-19 patients, who may not have nasal symptoms. The sudden anosmia or ageusia need to be recognized by the international scientific community as important symptoms of the COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome R Lechien
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Carlos M Chiesa-Estomba
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Daniele R De Siati
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mihaela Horoi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge D Le Bon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Rodriguez
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Dequanter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Blecic
- Department of Neurology, EpiCURA Hospital, Ath, Belgium
| | - Fahd El Afia
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France
| | - Lea Distinguin
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France
| | - Younes Chekkoury-Idrissi
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Hans
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France
| | - Irene Lopez Delgado
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Quironsalud Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christian Calvo-Henriquez
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Otolaryngology-Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Philippe Lavigne
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chiara Falanga
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Division of Phoniatrics and Audiology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Barillari
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Division of Phoniatrics and Audiology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cammaroto
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, Forli, Italy
| | - Mohamad Khalife
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, Baudour, Belgium
| | - Pierre Leich
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Ambroise Paré, Mons, Belgium
| | - Christel Souchay
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Ambroise Paré, Mons, Belgium
| | - Camelia Rossi
- Division of Infectious Disease, CHU Ambroise-Paré, Mons, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium
| | - Julien Hsieh
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Edjlali
- Department of Neuroradiology, Université Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, IMABRAIN-INSERM-UMR1266, DHU-Neurovasc, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
- Department of Radiology, APHP, Hôpitaux R. Poincaré-Ambroise Paré, DMU Smart Imaging, GH Université Paris-Saclay, U 1179 UVSQ/Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Robert Carlier
- Department of Radiology, APHP, Hôpitaux R. Poincaré-Ambroise Paré, DMU Smart Imaging, GH Université Paris-Saclay, U 1179 UVSQ/Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Ris
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium
| | - Andrea Lovato
- Department of Neuroscience, Audiology Unit, Padova University, Treviso, Italy
| | - Cosimo De Filippis
- Department of Neuroscience, Audiology Unit, Padova University, Treviso, Italy
| | - Frederique Coppee
- Department of Metabolic and Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Fakhry
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, APHM, Aix Marseille University, La Conception University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Tareck Ayad
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sven Saussez
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, Baudour, Belgium
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19
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Lechien JR, Hsieh JW, Ayad T, Fakhry N, Hans S, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Saussez S. Gustatory dysfunctions in COVID-19. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 277:2397-2398. [PMID: 32577904 PMCID: PMC7309696 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06154-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome R Lechien
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Julien W Hsieh
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tareck Ayad
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicolas Fakhry
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, APHM, Aix-Marseille Univ, Hopital La Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Stephane Hans
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France
| | - Carlos M Chiesa-Estomba
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sven Saussez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Bagheri SH, Asghari A, Farhadi M, Shamshiri AR, Kabir A, Kamrava SK, Jalessi M, Mohebbi A, Alizadeh R, Honarmand AA, Ghalehbaghi B, Salimi A, Dehghani Firouzabadi F. Coincidence of COVID-19 epidemic and olfactory dysfunction outbreak in Iran. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2020; 34:62. [PMID: 32974228 PMCID: PMC7500422 DOI: 10.34171/mjiri.34.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The occurrence of anosmia/hyposmia during novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may indicate a relationship between coincidence of olfactory dysfunction and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to assess the frequency of self-reported anosmia/hyposmia during COVID-19 epidemic in Iran. Methods: This population-based cross sectional study was performed through an online questionnaire from March 12 to 17, 2020. Cases from all provinces of Iran voluntarily participated in this study. Patients completed a 33-item patient-reported online questionnaire, including smell and taste dysfunction and their comorbidities, along with their basic characteristics and past medical histories. The inclusion criteria were self-reported anosmia/hyposmia during the past 4 weeks, from the start of COVID-19 epidemic in Iran. Results: A total of 10 069 participants aged 32.5±8.6 (7-78) years took part in this study, of them 71.13% women and 81.68% nonsmokers completed the online questionnaire. The correlation between the number of olfactory disorders and reported COVID-19 patients in all provinces up to March 17, 2020 was highly significant (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.87, P< 0.001). A sudden onset of olfactory dysfunction was reported in 76.24% of the participations and persistent anosmia in 60.90% from the start of COVID19 epidemic. In addition, 80.38% of participants reported concomitant olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions. Conclusion: An outbreak of olfactory dysfunction occurred in Iran during the COVID-19 epidemic. The exact mechanisms by which anosmia/hyposmia occurred in patients with COVID-19 call for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamidreza Bagheri
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alimohamad Asghari
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farhadi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Shamshiri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Kabir
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Kamran Kamrava
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jalessi
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mohebbi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rafieh Alizadeh
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Babak Ghalehbaghi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Salimi
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dehghani Firouzabadi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Pellegrino R, Cooper KW, Di Pizio A, Joseph PV, Bhutani S, Parma V. Corona Viruses and the Chemical Senses: Past, Present, and Future. Chem Senses 2020; 45:bjaa031. [PMID: 32407464 PMCID: PMC7239211 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A wealth of rapidly evolving reports suggests that olfaction and taste disturbances may be manifestations of the novel COVID-19 pandemic. While otolaryngological societies worldwide have started to consider chemosensory evaluation as a screening tool for COVID-19 infection, the true nature of the relationship between the changes in chemosensory ability and COVID-19 is unclear. Our goal with this review is to provide a brief overview of published and archived literature, as well as the anecdotal reports and social trends related to this topic up to April 29, 2020. We also aim to draw parallels between the clinical/chemosensory symptomology reported in association to past coronavirus pandemics (such as SARS and MERS) and the novel COVID-19. This review also highlights current evidence on persistent chemosensory disturbances after the infection has resolved. Overall, our analysis pinpoints the need for further studies: 1) to better quantify olfaction and taste disturbances associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, compared to those of other viral and respiratory infections, 2) to understand the relation between smell, taste, and chemesthesis disturbances in COVID-19, and 3) to understand how persistent are these disturbances after the infection has resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pellegrino
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Keiland W Cooper
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California Irvine, Irvine (CA), USA
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Paule V Joseph
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) & National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Surabhi Bhutani
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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22
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Riquier AJ, Sollars SI. Astrocytic response to neural injury is larger during development than in adulthood and is not predicated upon the presence of microglia. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 1:100010. [PMID: 38377419 PMCID: PMC8474582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2019.100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While contributions of microglia and astrocytes are regularly studied in various injury models, how these contributions differ across development remains less clear. We previously demonstrated developmental differences in microglial profiles across development in an injury model of the gustatory system. Nerves of the rat gustatory system have limited capacity to regenerate if injured during neonatal ages but show robust recovery if the injury occurs in adulthood. Using this developmentally disparate model of regenerative capacity, we quantified microglia and astrocytes in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNTS) following transection of the gustatory chorda tympani nerve (CTX) of neonatal and adult rats. We found that neonatal CTX induced an attenuated microglia response but a larger astrocyte response compared to adult CTX. To elucidate the interplay between the microglia and astrocyte responses in the CTX model, we used our novel intraperitoneal injection protocol for the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX5622 to deplete microglia in the neonatal and adult rat brain prior to and after CTX. PLX5622 depleted microglia by 80-90% within 3 days of treatment, which increased to > 90% by 7 days. After 14 days of PLX5622 treatment, microglia were depleted by > 96% in both neonates and adults while preserving baseline astrocyte quantity. Microglia depletion eliminated the adult astrocyte response to CTX, while the neonatal astrocyte response after injury remained robust. Our results show injecting PLX5622 is a viable means to deplete microglia in neonatal and adult rats and suggest developmentally distinct mechanisms for astrogliosis following neural injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Riquier
- University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Suzanne I. Sollars
- University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
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23
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Bagheri SH, Asghari A, Farhadi M, Shamshiri AR, Kabir A, Kamrava SK, Jalessi M, Mohebbi A, Alizadeh R, Honarmand AA, Ghalehbaghi B, Salimi A, Dehghani Firouzabadi F. Coincidence of COVID-19 epidemic and olfactory dysfunction outbreak in Iran. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2020. [PMID: 32974228 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.23.20041889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The occurrence of anosmia/hyposmia during novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may indicate a relationship between coincidence of olfactory dysfunction and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to assess the frequency of self-reported anosmia/hyposmia during COVID-19 epidemic in Iran. Methods: This population-based cross sectional study was performed through an online questionnaire from March 12 to 17, 2020. Cases from all provinces of Iran voluntarily participated in this study. Patients completed a 33-item patient-reported online questionnaire, including smell and taste dysfunction and their comorbidities, along with their basic characteristics and past medical histories. The inclusion criteria were self-reported anosmia/hyposmia during the past 4 weeks, from the start of COVID-19 epidemic in Iran. Results: A total of 10 069 participants aged 32.5±8.6 (7-78) years took part in this study, of them 71.13% women and 81.68% nonsmokers completed the online questionnaire. The correlation between the number of olfactory disorders and reported COVID-19 patients in all provinces up to March 17, 2020 was highly significant (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.87, P< 0.001). A sudden onset of olfactory dysfunction was reported in 76.24% of the participations and persistent anosmia in 60.90% from the start of COVID19 epidemic. In addition, 80.38% of participants reported concomitant olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions. Conclusion: An outbreak of olfactory dysfunction occurred in Iran during the COVID-19 epidemic. The exact mechanisms by which anosmia/hyposmia occurred in patients with COVID-19 call for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamidreza Bagheri
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alimohamad Asghari
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farhadi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Shamshiri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Kabir
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Kamran Kamrava
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jalessi
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mohebbi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rafieh Alizadeh
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Babak Ghalehbaghi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Salimi
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dehghani Firouzabadi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Migneault-Bouchard C, Hsieh JW, Hugentobler M, Frasnelli J, Landis BN. Chemosensory decrease in different forms of olfactory dysfunction. J Neurol 2019; 267:138-143. [PMID: 31586261 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of olfactory dysfunction (OD) on the two other chemical senses, namely gustation and the intranasal trigeminal system. Taste and trigeminal function were analyzed in a retrospective cross-sectional study of 178 participants with OD (n = 78 posttraumatic, n = 42 idiopathic, n = 27 post-infectious and n = 31 chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) OD). All patients had been investigated for OD at our smell and taste outpatient clinic. Evaluation of olfaction was performed by means of the Sniffin' Sticks test (odor threshold, odor discrimination and odor identification), whereas gustatory function was assessed with the Taste Strips test and the intranasal trigeminal sensitivity by means of the lateralization task. The degree of olfactory impairment was found to depend on the cause of OD, but not on patients' age. Patients with posttraumatic OD showed lower olfactory function than patients with idiopathic, post-infectious and CRS OD (p = 0.01). Gustatory and trigeminal sensitivity in turn depended on age rather than the cause of olfactory dysfunction. Partial correlations between olfactory, gustatory, and trigeminal scores, with age as covariate, were significant, showing a decrease of taste and trigeminal function proportional to the OD (p < 0.05). The present data suggest that the three chemical senses are closely connected for humans underlining that in case of OD the remaining chemical senses (taste, trigeminal function) tend to decrease rather than compensate as this is seen for sensory loss in other modalities. This finding has direct clinical implications and importance when dealing with smell and taste disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Migneault-Bouchard
- Research Chair in Chemosensory Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Wen Hsieh
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland.,Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Hugentobler
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Research Chair in Chemosensory Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.,Research Center of the Sacré-Coeur Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Basile Nicolas Landis
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland.
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25
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Abstract
Background During development, gustatory (taste) neurons likely undergo numerous changes in morphology and expression prior to differentiation into maturity, but little is known this process or the factors that regulate it. Neuron differentiation is likely regulated by a combination of transcription and growth factors. Embryonically, most geniculate neuron development is regulated by the growth factor brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Postnatally, however, BDNF expression becomes restricted to subpopulations of taste receptor cells with specific functions. We hypothesized that during development, the receptor for BDNF, tropomyosin kinase B receptor (TrkB), may also become developmentally restricted to a subset of taste neurons and could be one factor that is differentially expressed across taste neuron subsets. Methods We used transgenic mouse models to label both geniculate neurons innervating the oral cavity (Phox2b+), which are primarily taste, from those projecting to the outer ear (auricular neurons) to label TrkB expressing neurons (TrkBGFP). We also compared neuron number, taste bud number, and taste receptor cell types in wild-type animals and conditional TrkB knockouts. Results Between E15.5-E17.5, TrkB receptor expression becomes restricted to half of the Phox2b + neurons. This TrkB downregulation was specific to oral cavity projecting neurons, since TrkB expression remained constant throughout development in the auricular geniculate neurons (Phox2b-). Conditional TrkB removal from oral sensory neurons (Phox2b+) reduced this population to 92% of control levels, indicating that only 8% of these neurons do not depend on TrkB for survival during development. The remaining neurons failed to innervate any remaining taste buds, 14% of which remained despite the complete loss of innervation. Finally, some types of taste receptor cells (Car4+) were more dependent on innervation than others (PLCβ2+). Conclusions Together, these findings indicate that TrkB expression and dependence divides gustatory neurons into three subpopulations: 1) neurons that always express TrkB and are TrkB-dependent during development (50%), 2) neurons dependent on TrkB during development but that downregulate TrkB expression between E15.5 and E17.5 (41%), and 3) neurons that never express or depend on TrkB (9%). These TrkB-independent neurons are likely non-gustatory, as they do not innervate taste buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rios-Pilier
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR Building Room 111, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Robin F Krimm
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR Building Room 111, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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26
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Abstract
The gustatory system contributes to the flavor of foods and beverages and communicates information about nutrients and poisons. This system has evolved to detect and ultimately respond to hydrophilic molecules dissolved in saliva. Taste receptor cells, located in taste buds and distributed throughout the oral cavity, activate nerve afferents that project to the brainstem. From here, information propagates to thalamic, subcortical, and cortical areas, where it is integrated with information from other sensory systems and with homeostatic, visceral, and affective processes. There is considerable divergence, as well as convergence, of information between multiple regions of the central nervous system that interact with the taste pathways, with reciprocal connections occurring between the involved regions. These widespread interactions among multiple systems are crucial for the perception of food. For example, memory, hunger, satiety, and visceral changes can directly affect and can be affected by the experience of tasting. In this chapter, we review the literature on the central processing of taste with a specific focus on the anatomic and physiologic responses of single neurons. Emphasis is placed on how information is distributed along multiple systems with the goal of better understanding how the rich and complex sensations associated with flavor emerge from large-scale, systems-wide, interactions.
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27
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McCaughey SA. Characterization of mouse chorda tympani responses evoked by stimulation of anterior or posterior fungiform taste papillae. Neurosci Res 2018; 141:43-51. [PMID: 29580888 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Different gustatory papilla types vary in their locations on the tongue. Distinctions have often made between types, but variation within fungiform papillae has seldom been explored. Here, regional differences in fungiform papillae were investigated by flowing solutions selectively over either an anterior fungiform (AF, tongue tip) or a posterior fungiform (PF, middle third) region as taste-evoked activity was measured in the chorda tympani nerve of C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Significantly larger responses were evoked by NaCl applied to the AF than PF region, and the ENaC blocker amiloride reduced the NaCl response size only for the former. Umami synergy, based on co-presenting MSG and IMP, was larger for the AF than PF region. The regions did not differ in response size to sour chemicals, but responses to l-lysine, l-arginine, sucrose, and tetrasodium pyrophosphate were larger for the AF than PF region. Thus, fungiform papillae on the tongue tip differed from those found further back in their transduction mechanisms for salty and umami compounds. Gustatory sensitivity also showed regional variation, albeit with a complex relationship to palatability and taste quality. Overall, the data support a regional organization for the mouse tongue, with different functional zones for the anterior, middle, and posterior thirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A McCaughey
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Center for Medical Education, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 47306, United States.
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28
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King MS. Distribution of Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the gustatory cortex elicited by intra-oral infusion of taste solutions in conscious rats. Brain Res 2018; 1683:67-77. [PMID: 29371098 PMCID: PMC5818300 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The location of neurons in the gustatory cortex (GC) activated by intra-oral infusion of solutions in conscious rats was mapped using Fos immunohistochemistry. Groups of adult male Wistar rats (N's = 5) received an infusion of one of the following: dH2O, 0.1 or 1.0 M NaCl, 0.1 or 1.0 M sucrose, 0.32 M MSG (with 100 µM amiloride and 2.5 M inosine 5'-monophosphate), 0.03 M HCl, or 0.003 M QHCl delivered via an intra-oral cannula (0.233 ml/min for 5 min). Unstimulated control rats received no infusion. Taste reactivity (TR) behaviors were videotaped and scored. The number of Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-IR) neurons was counted in eight sections throughout the anterior-posterior extent of the GC in the medial and lateral halves of the granular (GI), dysgranular (DI), and dorsal (AID) and ventral (AIV) agranular insular cortices. Intra-oral infusion of dH2O, NaCl, or sucrose altered the number of Fos-IR neurons in only specific subareas of the GC and the effects of these tastants were concentration-dependent. For example, 1.0 M NaCl increased Fos-IR neurons in the posterior lateral AID and DI and elicited more aversive TR responses than 0.1 M NaCl. Compared to dH2O, infusions of HCl or QHCl increased the total number of Fos-IR neurons in many subareas of the GC throughout its anterior-posterior extent and increased aversive TR behaviors. Linear regression analyses suggested that neurons in the medial AID of the posterior GC may influence aversive behavioral responses to HCl and QHCl while neurons in the posterior lateral AID and DI may play a role in aversive TR responses to 1.0 M NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S King
- Biology Department, Stetson University, 421 N. Woodland Blvd., DeLand, FL 32723, United States.
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29
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Eiler WJA, Dzemidzic M, Soeurt CM, Carron CR, Oberlin BG, Considine RV, Harezlak J, Kareken DA. Family history of alcoholism and the human brain response to oral sucrose. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 17:1036-1046. [PMID: 29349037 PMCID: PMC5767843 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A heightened hedonic response to sweet tastes has been associated with increased alcohol preference and alcohol consumption in both humans and animals. The principal goal of this study was to examine blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) activation to high- and low-concentration sweet solutions in subjects who are either positive (FHP) or negative (FHN) for a family history of alcoholism. Seventy-four non-treatment seeking, community-recruited, healthy volunteers (22.8 ± 1.6 SD years; 43% men) rated a range of sucrose concentrations in a taste test and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during oral delivery of water, 0.83 M, and 0.10 M sucrose. Sucrose compared to water produced robust activation in primary gustatory cortex, ventral insula, amygdala, and ventral striatum. FHP subjects displayed greater bilateral amygdala activation than FHN subjects in the low sucrose concentration (0.10 M). In secondary analyses, the right amygdala response to the 0.10 M sucrose was greatest in FHP women. When accounting for group differences in drinks per week, the family history groups remained significantly different in their right amygdala response to 0.10 M sucrose. Our findings suggest that the brain response to oral sucrose differs with a family history of alcoholism, and that this response to a mildly reinforcing primary reward might be an endophenotypic marker of alcoholism risk. Studies in humans and animals have suggested sweet tastes as a trait correlate of alcohol risk. Oral sucrose resulted in robust BOLD activation of gustatory and limbic areas. Amygdala responses to 0.10 M sucrose were greatest in drinkers with family histories of alcoholism. This study is first to suggest endophenotypic brain responses to sucrose in familial alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J A Eiler
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mario Dzemidzic
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christina M Soeurt
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Claire R Carron
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brandon G Oberlin
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert V Considine
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Harezlak
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - David A Kareken
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Altundag A, Ay SA, Hira S, Salıhoglu M, Baskoy K, Denız F, Tekelı H, Kurt O, Yonem A, Hummel T. Olfactory and gustatory functions in patients with non-complicated type 1 diabetes mellitus. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274:2621-7. [PMID: 28258376 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-017-4497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate any possible relationship between diabetic state and olfactory and gustatory functions in patients with non-complicated diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1D), and also to present evidence of the association between olfactory and gustatory scores and HbA1c values and disease durations. The study included 39 patients with non-complicated T1D and 31 healthy controls. Clinical characteristics such as age, gender, duration of disease, education levels and biochemical analyses (fasting blood glucose, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), triglyceride, HbA1c, C-peptide, postprandial blood glucose) were measured. Subjective olfactory and gustatory tests were performed for all participants. There were no significant differences in olfactory tests between the two groups (odor thresholds 8.63 ± 0.91 vs. 8.55 ± 0.57, p = 0.66; odor discrimination 12.97 ± 0.80 vs. 12.74 ± 0.79, p = 0.24; odor identification 13.81 ± 0.98 vs. 13.72 ± 0.89, p = 0.69; TDI score 35.34 ± 1.94 vs. 34.97 ± 1.4, p = 0.37). There were also no significant differences in gustatory tests between the two groups (bitter 3.45 ± 0.51 vs. 3.44 ± 0.50, p = 0.90; sweet 3.32 ± 0.48 vs. 3.38 ± 0.49, p = 0.60; salty 3.13 ± 0.72 vs. 3.10 ± 0.72, p = 0.88; total score of taste 13.16 ± 1.61 vs. 13.13 ± 1.22, p = 0.92). Comparison of gustatory and olfactory scores according to disease duration of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients revealed that there were no differences between groups (all p > 0.05). T1D without complications may not be associated with olfactory and gustatory dysfunction according to subjective testing. We also found that gustatory and olfactory functions may not be related with HbA1c values and disease duration in non-complicated T1D.
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Asparch Y, Pontes G, Masagué S, Minoli S, Barrozo RB. Kissing bugs can generalize and discriminate between different bitter compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 110:99-106. [PMID: 27865772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Animals make use of contact chemoreception structures to examine the quality of potential food sources. During this evaluation they can detect nutritious compounds that promote feeding and recognize toxins that trigger evasive behaviors. Although animals can easily distinguish between stimuli of different gustatory qualities (bitter, salty, sweet, etc.), their ability to discriminate between compounds of the same quality may be limited. Numerous plants produce alkaloids, compounds that elicit aversive behaviors in phytophagous insects and almost uniformly evoke a bitter taste for man. In hematophagous insects, however, the effect of feeding deterrent molecules has been barely studied. Recent studies showed that feeding in Rhodnius prolixus can be negatively modulated by the presence of alkaloids such as quinine (QUI) and caffeine (CAF), compounds that elicit similar aversive responses. Here, we applied associative and non-associative learning paradigms to examine under two behavioral contexts the ability of R. prolixus to distinguish, discriminate and/or generalize between these two bitter compounds, QUI and CAF. Our results show that bugs innately repelled by bitter compounds can change their behavior from avoidance to indifference or even to preference according to their previous experiences. After an aversive operant conditioning with QUI or CAF, R. prolixus modified its behavior in a direct but also in a cross-compound manner, suggesting the occurrence of a generalization process between these two alkaloids. Conversely, after a long pre-exposure to each alkaloid, bugs decreased their avoidance to the compound used during pre-exposure but still expressed an avoidance of the novel compound, proving that QUI and CAF are detected separately. Our results suggest that R. prolixus is able to discriminate between QUI and CAF, although after an associative conditioning they express a symmetrical cross-generalization. This kind of studies adds insight into the gustatory sense of a blood-sucking model but also into the learning abilities of hematophagous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamila Asparch
- Laboratorio Fisiología de Insectos, IBBEA, CONICET-UBA, DBBE, Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gina Pontes
- Laboratorio Fisiología de Insectos, IBBEA, CONICET-UBA, DBBE, Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Masagué
- Laboratorio Fisiología de Insectos, IBBEA, CONICET-UBA, DBBE, Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Minoli
- Laboratorio Fisiología de Insectos, IBBEA, CONICET-UBA, DBBE, Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina B Barrozo
- Laboratorio Fisiología de Insectos, IBBEA, CONICET-UBA, DBBE, Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Keesey IW, Koerte S, Retzke T, Haverkamp A, Hansson BS, Knaden M. Adult Frass Provides a Pheromone Signature for Drosophila Feeding and Aggregation. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:739-747. [PMID: 27539589 PMCID: PMC5045843 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Adult Drosophila melanogaster locate food resources by using distinct olfactory cues that often are associated with the fermentation of fruit. However, in addition to being an odorous food source and providing a possible site for oviposition, fermenting fruit also provides a physical substrate upon which flies can attract and court a potential mate. In this study, we demonstrate that Drosophila adults are able to recruit additional flies to a food source by covering the exposed surface area with fecal spots, and that this recruitment is mediated via olfactory receptors (Ors). Analyses of the deposited frass material demonstrates that frass contains several previously studied pheromone components, such as methyl laurate (ML), methyl myristate (MM), methyl palmitate (MP), and 11-cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA), in addition to several cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) that are known to be behaviorally active. Moreover, this study also demonstrates that adult feeding is increased in the presence of frass, although it appears that Ors are less likely to mediate this phenomenon. In summary, the frass deposited by the fly onto the fruit provides both pheromone and CHC cues that lead to increased feeding and aggregation in Drosophila. This research is the first step in examining Drosophila frass as an important chemical signature that provides information about both the sex and the species of the fly that generated the fecal spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Keesey
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Koerte
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Tom Retzke
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Haverkamp
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
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Zhang L, Gao L, Bi HM. New perspectives of incretin research. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:4473-4481. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i28.4473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Incretins are a group of hormones released into the blood stream by gastrointestinal cells after food stimulation, including glucagon like peptide and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which can promote insulin secretion and regulate blood sugar. GLP-1 is secreted by intestinal L cells, and fulfills its function through the specific GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). GLP-1R is widely distributed in the pancreas and non-pancreatic tissues such as central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, lungs, and kidneys. In recent years, GLP-1 drugs have been used for the treatment of diabetes, but it has attracted more interest because of its beneficiary effects on β cell function, weight reduction, endothelial function, and Alzheimer's disease. This article will review the recent progress in research of GLP-1 with regards to its synthesis and secretion, its effects on taste and Alzheimer's disease, and its relationship with other gastrointestinal hormones, with an aim to illuminate the future clinical use and research of GLP-1.
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MacKay CA, Sweeney JD, Hillier NK. Morphology of antennal sensilla of the brown spruce longhorn beetle, Tetropium fuscum (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Arthropod Struct Dev 2014; 43:469-475. [PMID: 24768726 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The antennal sensilla of the brown spruce longhorn beetle, Tetropium fuscum (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) were examined with particular focus on the sensilla present on the apical flagellomere. T. fuscum antennae are composed of 11 segments, namely the scape, pedicel, and nine flagellomeres. Nine types of sensilla were observed: three types of sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichodea, two types of sensilla basiconica, grooved peg sensilla, thick-walled sensilla, and Böhm bristles. Seven of these types were present on the apical flagellomere, the exceptions were sensilla chaetica type 3 and Böhm bristles. There were no significant differences in the distribution or density of sensilla present on the ninth flagellomere of males and females, except that males had significantly more sensilla chaetica type 1, which are put forward as the putative contact chemoreceptors for T. fuscum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A MacKay
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, 33 Westwood Ave., Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada; Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service-Atlantic Forestry Centre, PO Box 4000, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5P7, Canada.
| | - Jon D Sweeney
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service-Atlantic Forestry Centre, PO Box 4000, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5P7, Canada
| | - N Kirk Hillier
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, 33 Westwood Ave., Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
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Benson K, Raynor HA. Occurrence of habituation during repeated food exposure via the olfactory and gustatory systems. Eat Behav 2014; 15:331-3. [PMID: 24854829 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Greater exposure to an orosensory cue could increase habituation rate. This investigation examined salivary habituation during 10 lemon juice trials providing exposure via olfactory, gustatory, and combined systems. METHODS Healthy, normal-weight, unrestrained females (age = 20.7 ± 2.7 year, body mass index [BMI] = 22.2 ± 1.5 kg/m(2), 70.0% white) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: olfactory (SMELL: n = 8), gustatory (TASTE: n = 10), or olfactory+gustatory (SMELL+TASTE: n = 9). All conditions completed 12, 2-minute, trials (trials 1-2: water [baseline]; trials 3-12: lemon juice), in which salivation was measured. In conditions with taste exposure, 0.05 ml of the stimulus was placed on the tongue. In conditions with smell exposure, 4.0 g of the stimulus was held 0.5 in from the nose. Salivation was measured using dental rolls and mean salivation of every two trials was the dependent variable. RESULTS A mixed-factor ANCOVA, controlling for baseline differences between the conditions in lemon juice hedonics, found a significant (p < 0.05) interaction of condition x trial. SMELL+TASTE significantly (p < 0.05) increased salivation from baseline to lemon juice exposure, and decreased salivation by the last two mean trials. TASTE had a significant (p < 0.05) increase in salivation from baseline to lemon juice, with no decrease. CONCLUSION Repeated exposure to an orosensory cue by combined olfactory and gustatory systems produced a faster habituation rate than exposure by the gustatory system alone. Thus, food cues that combine exposure to the olfactory and gustatory systems may enhance satiation.
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Choi HG, Kwon SY, Won JY, Yoo SW, Lee MG, Kim SW, Park B. Comparisons of Three Indicators for Frey's Syndrome: Subjective Symptoms, Minor's Starch Iodine Test, and Infrared Thermography. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 6:249. [PMID: 24353866 PMCID: PMC3863675 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2013.6.4.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To correlate Frey's syndrome with subjective symptoms, Minor's starch iodine test results, and infrared thermography measurements, and to discuss the utility of thermography as a quantitative diagnostic method. METHODS This study included 59 patients who underwent unilateral parotidectomy. A subjective clinical questionnaire and an objective Minor's starch iodine test were performed to evaluate the incidence of Frey's syndrome. Infrared thermography was performed, and the subjects were divided into seven groups according to the temperature differences between operated and unoperated sites. The thermal differences were correlated with the results from Minor's starch iodine test and the subjective symptoms questionnaire. RESULTS Of the 59 patients, 20 patients (33.9%) reported subjective symptoms after eating; 30 patients (50.8%) tested positive for Minor's starch iodine test, 19 patients (63.3%) of which reported subjective symptoms. Of the 29 patients who were negative for the iodine test, 2 patients (6.9%) reported subjective symptoms. Thus, subjective symptoms were well correlated with Minor's starch iodine test (r=0.589, P<0.001). As the thermal differences with infrared thermography increased, the number of patients with subjective symptoms increased (χ(2)=22.5, P<0.001). Using infrared thermography, the mean temperature difference in the positive group for the iodine test was 0.82℃±0.26℃, and that in the negative group was 0.10℃±0.47℃. With increased thermal differences, more patients showed positivity in the iodine test (χ(2)=29.9, P<0.001). CONCLUSION Subjective symptoms, Minor's starch iodine test, and infrared thermography are well correlated with one another. Quantitative thermography provides clues for the wide variation in the incidence of Frey's syndrome, and could be a useful method for diagnosing and studying Frey's syndrome.
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Parker LA. Conditioned flavor avoidance and conditioned gaping: rat models of conditioned nausea. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 722:122-33. [PMID: 24157975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although rats are incapable of vomiting, they demonstrate profound avoidance of a flavor previously paired with an emetic drug. They also display conditioned gaping reactions during re-exposure to the flavor. This robust learning occurs in a single trial and with long delays (hours) between consumption of a novel flavor and the emetic treatment. However, conditioned flavor avoidance learning is not a selective measure of the emetic properties of drugs, because non-emetic treatments (even highly rewarding treatments) produce conditioned avoidance, and anti-emetic treatments are generally ineffective in suppressing conditioned avoidance produced by an emetic drug. On the other hand, conditioned gaping reactions are consistently produced by emetic drugs and are prevented by anti-emetic drugs, indicating that they may be a more selective measure of conditioned malaise in rats. Here we review the literature on the use of conditioned flavor avoidance and conditioned gaping reactions as rat measures of conditioned nausea, as well as the neuropharmacology and neuroanatomy of conditioned gaping reactions in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
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