101
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Lim SH, Dubielecka PM, Raghunathan VM. Molecular targeting in acute myeloid leukemia. J Transl Med 2017; 15:183. [PMID: 28851395 PMCID: PMC5576374 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous disease associated with distinct genetic and molecular abnormalities. Somatic mutations result in dysregulation of intracellular signaling pathways, epigenetics, and apoptosis of the leukemia cells. Understanding the basis for the dysregulated processes provides the platform for the design of novel targeted therapy for AML patients. The effort to devise new targeted therapy has been helped by recent advances in methods for high-throughput genomic screening and the availability of computer-assisted techniques for the design of novel agents that are predicted to specifically inhibit the mutant molecules involved in these intracellular events. In this review, we will provide the scientific basis for targeting the dysregulated molecular mechanisms and discuss the agents currently being investigated, alone or in combination with chemotherapy, for treating patients with AML. Successes in molecular targeting will ultimately change the treatment paradigm for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seah H. Lim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Patrycja M. Dubielecka
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Vikram M. Raghunathan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903 USA
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102
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Chen Y, Pan Y, Guo Y, Zhao W, Ho WT, Wang J, Xu M, Yang FC, Zhao ZJ. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting FLT3 in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Stem Cell Investig 2017; 4:48. [PMID: 28607922 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2017.05.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid lineage of blood cells. Although significant progress has been made in treating many types of cancers during recent years, AML remains a deadly disease with survival rate lagging behind other blood cancers. A combination of toxic chemotherapies has been the standard AML treatment for more than 40 years. With intensive efforts to define the pathogenesis of AML, novel therapeutic drugs targeting key molecular defects in AML are being developed. Mutated in nearly 30% of AML, FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) represents one of the most attractive targets. FLT3 mutants resulted from either internal tandem duplication (ITD) or point mutations possess enhanced kinase activity and cause constitutive activation of signaling. To date, several small molecule inhibitors of FLT3 have been developed but their clinical efficacy is limited due to a lack of potency and the generation of drug resistance. Therefore, next-generation FLT3 inhibitors overcoming these limitations are urgently in need. This review focuses on the pathological role of mutant FLT3 in the development of AML, the current status of FLT3 inhibitor development, and mechanisms underlining the development of resistance to existing FLT3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Yihang Pan
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yao Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Wanke Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Wanting Tina Ho
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mingjiang Xu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Feng-Chun Yang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Zhizhuang Joe Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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103
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Jarusiewicz J, Jeon JY, Connelly MC, Chen Y, Yang L, Baker SD, Guy RK. Discovery of a Diaminopyrimidine FLT3 Inhibitor Active against Acute Myeloid Leukemia. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:1985-2009. [PMID: 28580438 PMCID: PMC5452050 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Profiling of the kinase-binding capabilities of an aminopyrimidine analogue detected in a cellular screen of the St. Jude small-molecule collection led to the identification of a novel series of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the development of compounds exhibiting good potency against MV4-11 and MOLM13 acute myelogenous leukemia cells driven by FLT3, regardless of their FLT3 mutation status. In vitro pharmacological profiling demonstrated that compound 5e shows characteristics suitable for further preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie
A. Jarusiewicz
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St.
Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Jae Yoon Jeon
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The
Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Street, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - Michele C. Connelly
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St.
Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Yizhe Chen
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St.
Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Lei Yang
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St.
Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Sharyn D. Baker
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The
Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Street, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - R. Kiplin Guy
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St.
Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
- E-mail: . Phone: 859-257-5290. Fax: 859-257-2128
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104
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Tsapogas P, Mooney CJ, Brown G, Rolink A. The Cytokine Flt3-Ligand in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1115. [PMID: 28538663 PMCID: PMC5485939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FL) is an important regulator of hematopoiesis. Its receptor, Flt3, is expressed on myeloid, lymphoid and dendritic cell progenitors and is considered an important growth and differentiation factor for several hematopoietic lineages. Activating mutations of Flt3 are frequently found in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and associated with a poor clinical prognosis. In the present review we provide an overview of our current knowledge on the role of FL in the generation of blood cell lineages. We examine recent studies on Flt3 expression by hematopoietic stem cells and its potential instructive action at early stages of hematopoiesis. In addition, we review current findings on the role of mutated FLT3 in leukemia and the development of FLT3 inhibitors for therapeutic use to treat AML. The importance of mouse models in elucidating the role of Flt3-ligand in normal and malignant hematopoiesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Tsapogas
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, Basel 4058, Switzerland.
| | - Ciaran James Mooney
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edbgaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Geoffrey Brown
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edbgaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edbgaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Antonius Rolink
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, Basel 4058, Switzerland.
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105
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Lagunas-Rangel FA, Chávez-Valencia V. FLT3–ITD and its current role in acute myeloid leukaemia. Med Oncol 2017; 34:114. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-0970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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106
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Gaballa S, Saliba R, Oran B, Brammer JE, Chen J, Rondon G, Alousi AM, Kebriaei P, Marin D, Popat UR, Andersson BS, Shpall EJ, Jabbour E, Daver N, Andreeff M, Ravandi F, Cortes J, Patel K, Champlin RE, Ciurea SO. Relapse risk and survival in patients with FLT3 mutated acute myeloid leukemia undergoing stem cell transplantation. Am J Hematol 2017; 92:331-337. [PMID: 28052408 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In patients with AML with FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations, the significance of minimal residual disease (MRD) detected by PCR before allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) on outcomes after transplant remains unclear. We identified 200 patients with FLT3-AML who underwent SCT at our institution. Disease status at transplant was: first or second complete remission (CR1/CR2, n = 119), high-risk CR (third or subsequent CR, marrow hypoplasia, or incomplete count recovery) (CR-HR, n = 31), and morphological evidence of active disease (AD, n = 50). The median follow-up was 27 months, and the 2-year overall and progression-free survival were 43% and 41%, respectively. Relapse was highest in the AD group (85%) and the CR-HR FLT3 MRD positive group (72%), followed by CR-HR FLT3 MRD negative (58%), CR1/CR2 FLT3 MRD positive (39%), and lowest in the CR1/CR2 FLT3 MRD negative group (23%). On multivariate analysis, independent factors influencing the risk of relapse were detectable morphological disease and FLT3 MRD by PCR pre-transplant. Factors that did not influence the relapse risk included: age, graft type, graft source, type of FLT3 mutation, or conditioning intensity. Morphologic and molecular remission status at the time of transplant were key predictors of disease relapse and survival in patients with FLT3-AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Gaballa
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Rima Saliba
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Betul Oran
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
- Transplant Myeloid Study Group; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Jonathan E. Brammer
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Julianne Chen
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Gabriela Rondon
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Amin M. Alousi
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Partow Kebriaei
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
- Transplant Myeloid Study Group; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - David Marin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
- Transplant Myeloid Study Group; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Uday R. Popat
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
- Transplant Myeloid Study Group; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Borje S. Andersson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
- Transplant Myeloid Study Group; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Elizabeth J. Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
- Transplant Myeloid Study Group; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Elias Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Naval Daver
- Department of Leukemia; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of Leukemia; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Jorge Cortes
- Department of Leukemia; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Keyur Patel
- Department of Hematopathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Richard E. Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
- Transplant Myeloid Study Group; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Stefan O. Ciurea
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
- Transplant Myeloid Study Group; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
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107
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Kazi JU, Chougule RA, Li T, Su X, Moharram SA, Rupar K, Marhäll A, Gazi M, Sun J, Zhao H, Rönnstrand L. Tyrosine 842 in the activation loop is required for full transformation by the oncogenic mutant FLT3-ITD. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2679-2688. [PMID: 28271164 PMCID: PMC5487891 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The type III receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 is frequently mutated in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogenic FLT3 mutants display constitutive activity leading to aberrant cell proliferation and survival. Phosphorylation on several critical tyrosine residues is known to be essential for FLT3 signaling. Among these tyrosine residues, Y842 is located in the so-called activation loop. The position of this tyrosine residue is well conserved in all receptor tyrosine kinases. It has been reported that phosphorylation of the activation loop tyrosine is critical for catalytic activity for some but not all receptor tyrosine kinases. The role of Y842 residue in FLT3 signaling has not yet been studied. In this report, we show that Y842 is not important for FLT3 activation or ubiquitination but plays a critical role in regulating signaling downstream of the receptor as well as controlling receptor stability. We found that mutation of Y842 in the FLT3-ITD oncogenic mutant background reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, the introduction of the Y842 mutation in the FLT3-ITD background led to a dramatic reduction in in vitro colony forming capacity. Additionally, mice injected with cells expressing FLT3-ITD/Y842F displayed a significant delay in tumor formation, compared to FLT3-ITD expressing cells. Microarray analysis comparing gene expression regulated by FLT3-ITD versus FLT3-ITD/Y842F demonstrated that mutation of Y842 causes suppression of anti-apoptotic genes. Furthermore, we showed that cells expressing FLT3-ITD/Y842F display impaired activity of the RAS/ERK pathway due to reduced interaction between FLT3 and SHP2 leading to reduced SHP2 activation. Thus, we suggest that Y842 is critical for FLT3-mediated RAS/ERK signaling and cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julhash U Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rohit A Chougule
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tianfeng Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xianwei Su
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Sausan A Moharram
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kaja Rupar
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alissa Marhäll
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mohiuddin Gazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jianmin Sun
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Lars Rönnstrand
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden. .,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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108
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Subcellular localization of the FLT3-ITD oncogene plays a significant role in the production of NOX- and p22phox-derived reactive oxygen species in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 2017; 52:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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109
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NOX-driven ROS formation in cell transformation of FLT3-ITD-positive AML. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:1113-1122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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110
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Bertoli S, Boutzen H, David L, Larrue C, Vergez F, Fernandez-Vidal A, Yuan L, Hospital MA, Tamburini J, Demur C, Delabesse E, Saland E, Sarry JE, Galcera MO, Mansat-De Mas V, Didier C, Dozier C, Récher C, Manenti S. CDC25A governs proliferation and differentiation of FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 6:38061-78. [PMID: 26515730 PMCID: PMC4741984 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated cell cycle regulation in acute myeloid leukemia cells expressing the FLT3-ITD mutated tyrosine kinase receptor, an underexplored field in this disease. Upon FLT3 inhibition, CDC25A mRNA and protein were rapidly down-regulated, while levels of other cell cycle proteins remained unchanged. This regulation was dependent on STAT5, arguing for FLT3-ITD-dependent transcriptional regulation of CDC25A. CDC25 inhibitors triggered proliferation arrest and cell death of FLT3-ITD as well as FLT3-ITD/TKD AC-220 resistant cells, but not of FLT3-wt cells. Consistently, RNA interference-mediated knock-down of CDC25A reduced the proliferation of FLT3-ITD cell lines. Finally, the clonogenic capacity of primary FLT3-ITD AML cells was reduced by the CDC25 inhibitor IRC-083864, while FLT3-wt AML and normal CD34+ myeloid cells were unaffected. In good agreement, in a cohort of 100 samples from AML patients with intermediate-risk cytogenetics, high levels of CDC25A mRNA were predictive of higher clonogenic potential in FLT3-ITD+ samples, not in FLT3-wt ones.Importantly, pharmacological inhibition as well as RNA interference-mediated knock-down of CDC25A also induced monocytic differentiation of FLT3-ITD positive cells, as judged by cell surface markers expression, morphological modifications, and C/EBPα phosphorylation. CDC25 inhibition also re-induced monocytic differentiation in primary AML blasts carrying the FLT3-ITD mutation, but not in blasts expressing wild type FLT3. Altogether, these data identify CDC25A as an early cell cycle transducer of FLT3-ITD oncogenic signaling, and as a promising target to inhibit proliferation and re-induce differentiation of FLT3-ITD AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bertoli
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm UMR 1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse, France.,Hematology Department, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse - Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Helena Boutzen
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm UMR 1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Laure David
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm UMR 1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Clément Larrue
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm UMR 1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse, France.,Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U 1016, Paris, France
| | - François Vergez
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm UMR 1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse, France.,Hematology Laboratory, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse - Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Fernandez-Vidal
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm UMR 1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Lingli Yuan
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm UMR 1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Anne Hospital
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U 1016, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Tamburini
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U 1016, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Demur
- Hematology Laboratory, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse - Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Delabesse
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm UMR 1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse, France.,Hematology Laboratory, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse - Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Estelle Saland
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm UMR 1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Sarry
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm UMR 1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Véronique Mansat-De Mas
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm UMR 1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse, France.,Hematology Laboratory, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse - Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Didier
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm UMR 1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Dozier
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm UMR 1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Récher
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm UMR 1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse, France.,Hematology Department, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse - Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Manenti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm UMR 1037, CNRS ERL 5294, Université de Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse, France
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111
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Manara E, Basso G, Zampini M, Buldini B, Tregnago C, Rondelli R, Masetti R, Bisio V, Frison M, Polato K, Cazzaniga G, Menna G, Fagioli F, Merli P, Biondi A, Pession A, Locatelli F, Pigazzi M. Characterization of children with FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the AIEOP AML-2002 study group. Leukemia 2016; 31:18-25. [PMID: 27416911 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent molecular markers have been routinely used in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) for risk assessment at diagnosis, whereas their post-induction monitoring still represents a debated issue. We evaluated the prognostic value and biological impact of minimal residual disease (MRD) and of the allelic ratio (AR) of FLT3-internal-tandem duplication (ITD) in childhood AML. We retrospectively screened 494 children with de novo AML for FLT3-ITD mutation, identifying 54 harboring the mutation; 51% of them presented high ITD-AR at diagnosis and had worse event-free survival (EFS, 19.2 versus 63.5% for low ITD-AR, <0.05). Forty-one percent of children with high levels of MRD after the 1st induction course, measured by a patient-specific real-time-PCR, had worse EFS (22.2 versus 59.4% in low-MRD patients, P<0.05). Next, we correlated these parameters with gene expression, showing that patients with high ITD-AR or persistent MRD had characteristic expression profiles with deregulated genes involved in methylation and acetylation. Moreover, patients with high CyclinA1 expression presented an unfavorable EFS (20.3 versus 51.2% in low CyclinA1 group, P<0.01). Our results suggest that ITD-AR levels and molecular MRD should be considered in planning clinical management of FLT3-ITD patients. Different transcriptional activation of epigenetic and oncogenic profiles may explain variability in outcome among these patients, for whom novel therapeutic approaches are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Manara
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - G Basso
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Clinica di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Zampini
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - B Buldini
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Clinica di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - C Tregnago
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Clinica di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - R Rondelli
- Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Bologna, Ospedale 'S. Orsola', Bologna, Italy
| | - R Masetti
- Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Bologna, Ospedale 'S. Orsola', Bologna, Italy
| | - V Bisio
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Clinica di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Frison
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Clinica di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - K Polato
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Clinica di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - G Cazzaniga
- Clinica Pediatrica, Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italia
| | - G Menna
- Department of Paediatric Haemato-Oncology, Santobono-Pausilipon Hospital, Napoli, Italy
| | - F Fagioli
- Paediatric Onco-Haematology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Division, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - P Merli
- IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital Rome, Università di Pavia, Rome, Italy
| | - A Biondi
- Clinica Pediatrica, Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italia
| | - A Pession
- Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Bologna, Ospedale 'S. Orsola', Bologna, Italy
| | - F Locatelli
- IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital Rome, Università di Pavia, Rome, Italy
| | - M Pigazzi
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Clinica di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
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112
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Sun D, Yang Y, Lyu J, Zhou W, Song W, Zhao Z, Chen Z, Xu Y, Li H. Discovery and Rational Design of Pteridin-7(8H)-one-Based Inhibitors Targeting FMS-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 (FLT3) and Its Mutants. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6187-200. [PMID: 27266526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
FLT3 has been validated as a therapeutic target for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this paper, we describe for the first time, pteridin-7(8H)-one as a scaffold for potent FLT3 inhibitors derived from structural optimizations on irreversible EGFR inhibitors. The representative inhibitor (31) demonstrates single-digit nanomolar inhibition against FLT3 and subnanomolar KD for drug-resistance FLT3 mutants. In profiling of the in vitro tumor cell lines, it shows good selectivity against AML cells harboring FLT3-ITD mutations over other leukemia and solid tumor cell lines. The mechanism of action study illustrates that pteridin-7(8H)-one derivatives suppress the phosphorylation of FLT3 and its downstream pathways, thereby inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in AML cells. In in vivo studies, 31 significantly suppresses the tumor growth in MV4-11 xenograft model. Overall, we provide a structurally distinct chemical scaffold with which to develop FLT3 mutants-selective inhibitors for AML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiankun Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenlin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenjiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yufang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Honglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
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113
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Merestinib blocks Mnk kinase activity in acute myeloid leukemia progenitors and exhibits antileukemic effects in vitro and in vivo. Blood 2016; 128:410-4. [PMID: 27307295 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-02-698704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase interacting protein kinases (Mnks) play important roles in the development and progression of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by regulating eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) activation. Inhibiting Mnk1/2-induced phosphorylation of eIF4E may represent a unique approach for the treatment of AML. We provide evidence for antileukemic effects of merestinib, an orally bioavailable multikinase inhibitor with suppressive effects on Mnk activity. Our studies show that merestinib effectively blocks eIF4E phosphorylation in AML cells and suppresses primitive leukemic progenitors from AML patients in vitro and in an AML xenograft model in vivo. Our findings provide evidence for potent preclinical antileukemic properties of merestinib and support its clinical development for the treatment of patients with AML.
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114
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BEX1 acts as a tumor suppressor in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21395-405. [PMID: 26046670 PMCID: PMC4673273 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease of the myeloid lineage. About 35% of AML patients carry an oncogenic FLT3 mutant making FLT3 an attractive target for treatment of AML. Major problems in the development of FLT3 inhibitors include lack of specificity, poor response and development of a resistant phenotype upon treatment. Further understanding of FLT3 signaling and discovery of novel regulators will therefore help to determine additional pharmacological targets in FLT3-driven AML. In this report, we identified BEX1 as a novel regulator of oncogenic FLT3-ITD-driven AML. We showed that BEX1 expression was down-regulated in a group of AML patients carrying FLT3-ITD. Loss of BEX1 expression resulted in poor overall survival (hazard ratio, HR = 2.242, p = 0.0011). Overexpression of BEX1 in mouse pro-B and myeloid cells resulted in decreased FLT3-ITD-dependent cell proliferation, colony and tumor formation, and in increased apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. BEX1 localized to the cytosolic compartment of cells and significantly decreased FLT3-ITD-induced AKT phosphorylation without affecting ERK1/2 or STAT5 phosphorylation. Our data suggest that the loss of BEX1 expression in FLT3-ITD driven AML potentiates oncogenic signaling and leads to decreased overall survival of the patients.
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115
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Lu JW, Wang AN, Liao HA, Chen CY, Hou HA, Hu CY, Tien HF, Ou DL, Lin LI. Cabozantinib is selectively cytotoxic in acute myeloid leukemia cells with FLT3-internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD). Cancer Lett 2016; 376:218-25. [PMID: 27060207 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cabozantinib is an oral multikinase inhibitor that exhibits anti-tumor activity in several cancers. We found that cabozantinib was significantly cytotoxic to MV4-11 and Molm-13 cells that harbored FLT3-ITD, resulting in IC50 values of 2.4 nM and 2.0 nM, respectively. However, K562, OCI-AML3 and THP-1 (leukemia cell lines lacking FLT3-ITD) were resistant to cabozantinib, showing IC50 values in the micromolar range. Cabozantinib arrested MV4-11 cell growth at the G0/G1 phase within 24 h, which was associated with decreased phosphorylation of FLT3, STAT5, AKT and ERK. Additionally, cabozantinib induced MV4-11 cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner (as indicated by annexin V staining and high levels of cleaved caspase 3 and PARP-1), down-regulated the anti-apoptotic protein survivin and up-regulated the pro-apoptotic protein Bak. Thus, cabozantinib is selectively cytotoxic to leukemia cells with FLT3-ITD, causing cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. In mouse xenograft model, cabozantinib significantly inhibited MV4-11 and Molm-13 tumor growth at a dosage of 10 mg/kg and showed longer survival rate. Clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of cabozantinib in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with FLT3-ITD are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Wei Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Ni Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heng-An Liao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yuan Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-An Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Fan Tien
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Da-Liang Ou
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Liang-In Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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116
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Lineage-specific STAT5 target gene activation in hematopoietic progenitor cells predicts the FLT3(+)-mediated leukemic phenotype. Leukemia 2016; 30:1725-33. [PMID: 27046463 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations that activate FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) are frequent occurrences in acute myeloid leukemia. Two distinct types of mutations have been described: internal duplication of the juxtamembranous domain (ITD) and point mutations of the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD). Although both mutations lead to constitutive FLT3 signaling, only FLT3-ITD strongly activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5). In a murine transplantation model, FLT3-ITD induces a myeloproliferative neoplasm, whereas FLT3-TKD leads to a lymphoid malignancy with significantly longer latency. Here we report that the presence of STAT5 is critical for the development of a myeloproliferative disease by FLT3-ITD in mice. Deletion of Stat5 in FLT3-ITD-induced leukemogenesis leads not only to a significantly longer survival (82 vs 27 days) of the diseased mice, but also to an immunophenotype switch with expansion of the lymphoid cell compartment. Interestingly, we were able to show differential STAT5 activation in FLT3-ITD(+) myeloid and lymphoid murine progenitors. STAT5 target genes such as Oncostatin M were highly expressed in FLT3-ITD(+) myeloid but not in FLT3-ITD(+) lymphoid progenitor cells. Strikingly, FLT3-TKD expression in combination with Oncostatin M is sufficient to reverse the phenotype to a myeloproliferative disease in FLT3-TKD mice. Thus, lineage-specific STAT5 activation in hematopoietic progenitor cells predicts the FLT3(+)-mediated leukemic phenotype in mice.
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117
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Meyer SE, Qin T, Muench DE, Masuda K, Venkatasubramanian M, Orr E, Suarez L, Gore SD, Delwel R, Paietta E, Tallman MS, Fernandez H, Melnick A, Le Beau MM, Kogan S, Salomonis N, Figueroa ME, Grimes HL. DNMT3A Haploinsufficiency Transforms FLT3ITD Myeloproliferative Disease into a Rapid, Spontaneous, and Fully Penetrant Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:501-15. [PMID: 27016502 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML) represents nearly 50% of human AML. Co-occurring mutations in the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A and the FMS related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) are common in CN-AML and confer a poorer prognosis. We demonstrate that mice with Flt3-internal tandem duplication (Flt3(ITD)) and inducible deletion of Dnmt3a spontaneously develop a rapidly lethal, completely penetrant, and transplantable AML of normal karyotype. AML cells retain a single Dnmt3a floxed allele, revealing the oncogenic potential of Dnmt3a haploinsufficiency. FLT3(ITD)/DNMT3A-mutant primary human and murine AML exhibit a similar pattern of global DNA methylation associated with changes in the expression of nearby genes. In the murine model, rescuing Dnmt3a expression was accompanied by DNA remethylation and loss of clonogenic potential, suggesting that Dnmt3a-mutant oncogenic effects are reversible. Dissection of the cellular architecture of the AML model using single-cell assays, including single-cell RNA sequencing, identified clonogenic subpopulations that express genes sensitive to the methylation of nearby genomic loci and responsive to DNMT3A levels. Thus, Dnmt3a haploinsufficiency transforms Flt3(ITD) myeloproliferative disease by modulating methylation-sensitive gene expression within a clonogenic AML subpopulation. SIGNIFICANCE DNMT3A haploinsufficiency results in reversible epigenetic alterations that transform FLT3(ITD)-mutant myeloproliferative neoplasm into AML. Cancer Discov; 6(5); 501-15. ©2016 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 461.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Meyer
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Tingting Qin
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David E Muench
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kohei Masuda
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Emily Orr
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lauren Suarez
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven D Gore
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ruud Delwel
- Department of Hematology, and Clinical Trial Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Paietta
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Medicine (Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Martin S Tallman
- Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Hugo Fernandez
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Moffitt Cancer Center, Oncologic Sciences, College of Medicine at University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ari Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Michelle M Le Beau
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Scott Kogan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Maria E Figueroa
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - H Leighton Grimes
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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118
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Lindblad O, Cordero E, Puissant A, Macaulay L, Ramos A, Kabir NN, Sun J, Vallon-Christersson J, Haraldsson K, Hemann MT, Borg Å, Levander F, Stegmaier K, Pietras K, Rönnstrand L, Kazi JU. Aberrant activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway promotes resistance to sorafenib in AML. Oncogene 2016; 35:5119-31. [PMID: 26999641 PMCID: PMC5399143 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Therapy directed against oncogenic FLT3 has been shown to induce response in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but these responses are almost always transient. To address the mechanism of FLT3 inhibitor resistance, we generated two resistant AML cell lines by sustained treatment with the FLT3 inhibitor sorafenib. Parental cell lines carry the FLT3-ITD (tandem duplication) mutation and are highly responsive to FLT3 inhibitors, whereas resistant cell lines display resistance to multiple FLT3 inhibitors. Sanger sequencing and protein mass-spectrometry did not identify any acquired mutations in FLT3 in the resistant cells. Moreover, sorafenib treatment effectively blocked FLT3 activation in resistant cells, whereas it was unable to block colony formation or cell survival, suggesting that the resistant cells are no longer FLT3 dependent. Gene expression analysis of sensitive and resistant cell lines, as well as of blasts from patients with sorafenib-resistant AML, suggested an enrichment of the PI3K/mTOR pathway in the resistant phenotype, which was further supported by next-generation sequencing and phospho-specific-antibody array analysis. Furthermore, a selective PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, gedatolisib, efficiently blocked proliferation, colony and tumor formation, and induced apoptosis in resistant cell lines. Gedatolisib significantly extended survival of mice in a sorafenib-resistant AML patient-derived xenograft model. Taken together, our data suggest that aberrant activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway in FLT3-ITD-dependent AML results in resistance to drugs targeting FLT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lindblad
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Hematology and Vascular Disorders, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - E Cordero
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Puissant
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Macaulay
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Ramos
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - N N Kabir
- Laboratory of Computational Biochemistry, KN Biomedical Research Institute, Barisal, Bangladesh
| | - J Sun
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - K Haraldsson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M T Hemann
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Å Borg
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - F Levander
- Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences (BILS), Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - K Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Pietras
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - L Rönnstrand
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J U Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Laboratory of Computational Biochemistry, KN Biomedical Research Institute, Barisal, Bangladesh
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119
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Nogami A, Oshikawa G, Okada K, Fukutake S, Umezawa Y, Nagao T, Kurosu T, Miura O. FLT3-ITD confers resistance to the PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitors by protecting the mTOR/4EBP1/Mcl-1 pathway through STAT5 activation in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 6:9189-205. [PMID: 25826077 PMCID: PMC4496211 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
FLT3-ITD and FLT3-TKD are the most frequent tyrosine kinase mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with the former associated with poor prognosis. Here, we show that the PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 or the Akt inhibitor MK-2206 induced apoptosis through the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic pathway more efficiently in hematopoietic 32D cells driven by FLT3-TKD (32D/TKD) than FLT3-ITD (32D/ITD), which robustly activated STAT5. The resistance to GDC-0941 and MK-2206 was gained by expression of the constitutively activated STAT5 mutant STAT5A1*6 in 32D/TKD cells, while it was abrogated by the STAT5 inhibitor pimozide in 32D/ITD cells or FLT3-ITD-expressing human leukemic MV4-11 cells. GDC-0941 or MK-2206 induced dephosphorylation of 4EBP1 more conspicuously in 32D/TKD than in 32D/ITD, which was prevented or augmented by STAT5A1*6 or pimozide, respectively, and correlated with downregulation of the eIF4E/eIF4G complex formation and Mcl-1 expression. Furthermore, exogenous expression of Mcl-1 endowed resistance to GDC-0941 and MK-2206 on 32D/TKD cells. Finally, it was confirmed in primary AML cells with FLT3-ITD that pimozide enhanced 4EBP1 dephosphorylation and Mcl-1 downregulation to augment cytotoxicity of GDC-0941. These data suggest that the robust STAT5 activation by FLT3-ITD protects cells treated with the PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitors from apoptosis by maintaining Mcl-1 expression through the mTORC1/4EBP1/eIF4E pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Nogami
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gaku Oshikawa
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Okada
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shusaku Fukutake
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Umezawa
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikage Nagao
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kurosu
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Miura
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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120
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Kuo YH, Qi J, Cook GJ. Regain control of p53: Targeting leukemia stem cells by isoform-specific HDAC inhibition. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:315-21. [PMID: 26923266 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are self-renewable, leukemia-initiating populations that are often resistant to traditional chemotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors currently used for treatment of acute or chronic myeloid leukemia. The persistence and continued acquisition of mutations in resistant LSCs represent a major cause of refractory disease and/or relapse after remission. Understanding the mechanisms regulating LSC growth and survival is critical in devising effective therapies that will improve treatment response and outcome. Several recent studies indicate that the p53 tumor suppressor pathway is often inactivated in de novo myeloid leukemia through oncogenic-specific mechanisms, which converge on aberrant p53 protein deacetylation. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the various mechanisms underlying deregulation of histone deacetylases (HDACs), which could be exploited to restore p53 activity and enhance targeting of LSCs in molecularly defined patient subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Huei Kuo
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute, Norbert Gehr and Family Leukemia Center, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA.
| | - Jing Qi
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute, Norbert Gehr and Family Leukemia Center, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Guerry J Cook
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute, Norbert Gehr and Family Leukemia Center, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA
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121
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Petrushev B, Boca S, Simon T, Berce C, Frinc I, Dima D, Selicean S, Gafencu GA, Tanase A, Zdrenghea M, Florea A, Suarasan S, Dima L, Stanciu R, Jurj A, Buzoianu A, Cucuianu A, Astilean S, Irimie A, Tomuleasa C, Berindan-Neagoe I. Gold nanoparticles enhance the effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:641-60. [PMID: 26929621 PMCID: PMC4760658 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s94064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Every year, in Europe, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is diagnosed in thousands of adults. For most subtypes of AML, the backbone of treatment was introduced nearly 40 years ago as a combination of cytosine arabinoside with an anthracycline. This therapy is still the worldwide standard of care. Two-thirds of patients achieve complete remission, although most of them ultimately relapse. Since the FLT3 mutation is the most frequent, it serves as a key molecular target for tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that inhibit FLT3 kinase. In this study, we report the conjugation of TKIs onto spherical gold nanoparticles. MATERIALS AND METHODS The internalization of TKI-nanocarriers was proved by the strongly scattered light from gold nanoparticles and was correlated with the results obtained by transmission electron microscopy and dark-field microscopy. The therapeutic effect of the newly designed drugs was investigated by several methods including cell counting assay as well as the MTT assay. RESULTS We report the newly described bioconjugates to be superior when compared with the drug alone, with data confirmed by state-of-the-art analyses of internalization, cell biology, gene analysis for FLT3-IDT gene, and Western blotting to assess degradation of the FLT3 protein. CONCLUSION The effective transmembrane delivery and increased efficacy validate its use as a potential therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobe Petrushev
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sanda Boca
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microscopy Center, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Timea Simon
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microscopy Center, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Berce
- Department of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Frinc
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Delia Dima
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sonia Selicean
- Department of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Grigore-Aristide Gafencu
- Department of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Tanase
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihnea Zdrenghea
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Florea
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sorina Suarasan
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microscopy Center, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Liana Dima
- School of Dentistry, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Raluca Stanciu
- Department of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ancuta Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Buzoianu
- Department of Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Cucuianu
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simion Astilean
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microscopy Center, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Faculty of Physics, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Irimie
- Department of Surgery, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Surgery, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Takahashi S, Shirahama K. Internal tandem duplication and tyrosine kinase domain mutations in FLT3 alter the response to daunorubicin in Ba/F3 cells. Biomed Rep 2015; 4:83-86. [PMID: 26870340 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Internal tandem duplication (ITD) and activating point mutations, mainly at aspartic acid 835 in the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD), are frequently identified in the Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) receptor gene in acute myeloid leukemia. The ITD in FLT3 (FLT3-ITD) confers resistance to several chemotherapeutic drugs; however, the relative effects of FLT3-ITD and FLT3-TKD mutations on the efficacy of these drugs have not been reported. In the present study, ITD or TKD mutant forms of FLT3 in Ba/F3 cells were expressed, as in the absence of interleukin-3 (IL-3) the growth of these cells is completely dependent on FLT3 oncogenic signals. As a result, the 50% effective dose for daunorubicin was significantly higher in both Ba/F3-FLT3-ITD clones, and also in one of the two Ba/F3-FLT3-TKD clones when cells were cultured without IL-3. This phenomenon was not observed for cytarabine in either Ba/F3-FLT3-ITD or Ba/F3-FLT3-TKD cells. Collectively, these results indicate that ITD and TKD mutations in FLT3 may confer daunorubicin resistance in Ba/F3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Takahashi
- Division of Hematology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kumi Shirahama
- Division of Hematology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
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123
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Lindblad O, Kazi JU, Rönnstrand L, Sun J. PI3 kinase is indispensable for oncogenic transformation by the V560D mutant of c-Kit in a kinase-independent manner. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4399-407. [PMID: 26040420 PMCID: PMC11113438 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic mutants of c-Kit are often found in mastocytosis, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and acute myeloid leukemia. The activation mechanism of the most commonly occurring mutation, D816V in exon 17 of c-Kit, has been well-studied while other mutations remain fairly uncharacterized in this respect. In this study, we show that the constitutive activity of the exon 11 mutant V560D is weaker than the D816V mutant. Phosphorylation of downstream signaling proteins induced by the ligand for c-Kit, stem cell factor, was stronger in c-Kit/V560D expressing cells than in cells expressing c-kit/D816V. Although cells expressing c-Kit/V560D showed increased ligand-independent proliferation and survival compared to wild-type c-Kit-expressing cells, these biological effects were weaker than in c-Kit/D816V-expressing cells. In contrast to cells expressing wild-type c-Kit, cells expressing c-Kit/V560D were independent of Src family kinases for downstream signaling. However, the independence of Src family kinases was not due to a Src-like kinase activity that c-Kit/D816V displayed. Point mutations that selectively block the association of PI3 kinase with c-Kit/V560D inhibited ligand-independent activation of the receptor, while inhibition of the kinase activity of PI3 kinase with pharmacological inhibitors did not affect the kinase activity of the receptor. This suggests a lipid kinase-independent key role of PI3 kinase in c-Kit/V560D-mediated oncogenic signal transduction. Thus, PI3 kinase is an attractive therapeutic target in malignancies induced by c-Kit mutations independent of its lipid kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Lindblad
- Division of Translational Cancer Research and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village 404C3, Scheelevägen 8, 22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Julhash U Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village 404C3, Scheelevägen 8, 22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Rönnstrand
- Division of Translational Cancer Research and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village 404C3, Scheelevägen 8, 22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jianmin Sun
- Division of Translational Cancer Research and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village 404C3, Scheelevägen 8, 22363, Lund, Sweden.
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124
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Badar T, Kantarjian HM, Nogueras-Gonzalez GM, Borthakur G, Garcia Manero G, Andreeff M, Konopleva M, Kadia TM, Daver N, Wierda WG, Luthra R, Patel K, Oran B, Champlin R, Ravandi F, Cortes JE. Improvement in clinical outcome of FLT3 ITD mutated acute myeloid leukemia patients over the last one and a half decade. Am J Hematol 2015; 90:1065-70. [PMID: 26299958 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AML with FLT3 ITD mutations are associated with poor outcome. We reviewed outcomes of patients with FLT3 ITD mutated AML to investigate trends over time. We analyzed 224 AML patients (excluding patients with core binding factor and acute promyelocytic leukemia) referred to our institution between 2000 and 2014. Patients were divided into five cohorts by era: 2000-2002 (Era 1, n = 19), 2003-2005 (Era 2, n = 41), 2006-2008 (Era 3, n = 53), 2009-2011 (Era 4, n = 55), and 2012-2014 (Era 5, n = 56) to analyze differences in outcome. The baseline characteristics were not statistically different across Eras. The response rate (CR/CRp) from Era 1-5 was 68%, 49%, 72%, 73%, and 75%, respectively. The overall response rate (all Eras) with chemotherapy alone versus chemotherapy plus FLT3 inhibitor was 67% and 72.5%, respectively (P = 0.4). The median time to relapse was 6, 3.6, 7.9, 8.1 months and not reached from Eras 1 through 5, respectively (P = 0.001). The median OS has improved: 9.6, 7.6, 14.4, 15.7, and 17.8 month from Eras 1-5, respectively (P = <0.001). Stem cell transplant as a time-dependent variable, showed better OS in the univariate analysis (HR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.39-0.84, P = 0.004) but did not retained its significance in multivariate analysis (HR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.50-1.13, P = 0.16). Our data suggest improvement in outcome of FLT3 ITD mutated AML patients over the last 15 years. This is probably due to improvement in treatment strategies, including but not limited to integration of FLT3 inhibitors and increased use of SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talha Badar
- Department of Leukemia; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Hagop M. Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | | | - Gautam Borthakur
- Department of Leukemia; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | | | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of Leukemia; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Tapan M. Kadia
- Department of Leukemia; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Naval Daver
- Department of Leukemia; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - William G. Wierda
- Department of Leukemia; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Raja Luthra
- Department of Leukemia, Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Keyur Patel
- Department of Leukemia, Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Betul Oran
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Richard Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Jorge E. Cortes
- Department of Leukemia; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
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125
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Zhu N, Xiao H, Wang LM, Fu S, Zhao C, Huang H. Mutations in tyrosine kinase and tyrosine phosphatase and their relevance to the target therapy in hematologic malignancies. Future Oncol 2015; 11:659-73. [PMID: 25686120 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases play pivotal roles in regulation of cellular phosphorylation and signal transduction with opposite functions. Accumulating evidences have uncovered the relevance of genetic alterations in these two family members to hematologic malignancies. This review underlines progress in understanding the pathogenesis of these genetic alterations including mutations and aberrant expression and the evolving protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases targeted therapeutic strategies in hematologic neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
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126
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Viny AD, Ott CJ, Spitzer B, Rivas M, Meydan C, Papalexi E, Yelin D, Shank K, Reyes J, Chiu A, Romin Y, Boyko V, Thota S, Maciejewski JP, Melnick A, Bradner JE, Levine RL. Dose-dependent role of the cohesin complex in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. J Exp Med 2015; 212:1819-32. [PMID: 26438361 PMCID: PMC4612085 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cohesin complex members have recently been identified as putative tumor suppressors in hematologic and epithelial malignancies. The cohesin complex guides chromosome segregation; however, cohesin mutant leukemias do not show genomic instability. We hypothesized that reduced cohesin function alters chromatin structure and disrupts cis-regulatory architecture of hematopoietic progenitors. We investigated the consequences of Smc3 deletion in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Biallelic Smc3 loss induced bone marrow aplasia with premature sister chromatid separation and revealed an absolute requirement for cohesin in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function. In contrast, Smc3 haploinsufficiency increased self-renewal in vitro and in vivo, including competitive transplantation. Smc3 haploinsufficiency reduced coordinated transcriptional output, including reduced expression of transcription factors and other genes associated with lineage commitment. Smc3 haploinsufficiency cooperated with Flt3-ITD to induce acute leukemia in vivo, with potentiated Stat5 signaling and altered nucleolar topology. These data establish a dose dependency for cohesin in regulating chromatin structure and HSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Viny
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Molecular Cytology Core Facility, and Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Molecular Cytology Core Facility, and Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Christopher J Ott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215 Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Barbara Spitzer
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Molecular Cytology Core Facility, and Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Martin Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Cem Meydan
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Efthymia Papalexi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Molecular Cytology Core Facility, and Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Dana Yelin
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Molecular Cytology Core Facility, and Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 Department of Medicine, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikvah 49100, Israel
| | - Kaitlyn Shank
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Molecular Cytology Core Facility, and Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jaime Reyes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - April Chiu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Molecular Cytology Core Facility, and Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Yevgeniy Romin
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Molecular Cytology Core Facility, and Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Vitaly Boyko
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Molecular Cytology Core Facility, and Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Swapna Thota
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Jaroslaw P Maciejewski
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Ari Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215 Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Molecular Cytology Core Facility, and Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Molecular Cytology Core Facility, and Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Molecular Cytology Core Facility, and Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
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127
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Ziai JM, Siddon AJ. Pathology Consultation on Gene Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 144:539-54. [PMID: 26386075 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp77zfpuqgygwy] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rapidly fatal disease without the use of aggressive chemotherapy regimens. Cytogenetic and molecular studies are commonly used to classify types of AML based on prognosis, as well as to determine therapeutic regimens. METHODS Although there are several AML classifications determined by particular translocations, cytogenetically normal AML represents a molecularly, as well as clinically, heterogeneous group of diseases. Laboratory evaluation of AML will become increasingly important as new mutations with both prognostic and therapeutic implications are being recognized. Moreover, because many patients with AML are being treated more effectively, these mutations may become increasingly useful as markers of minimal residual disease, which can be interpreted in an individualized approach. RESULTS Current laboratory studies of gene mutations in AML include analysis of NPM1, FLT3, CEBPA, and KIT. In addition to these genes, many other genes are emerging as potentially useful in determining patients' prognosis, therapy, and disease course. CONCLUSIONS This article briefly reviews the current most clinically relevant gene mutations and their clinical and immunophenotypic features, prognostic information, and methods used for detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexa J. Siddon
- Departments of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- VA Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT
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128
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Adamaki M, Tsotra M, Vlahopoulos S, Zampogiannis A, Papavassiliou AG, Moschovi M. STAT transcript levels in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: STAT1 and STAT3 transcript correlations. Leuk Res 2015; 39:S0145-2126(15)30379-9. [PMID: 26385310 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the transcript levels of genes STAT1, STAT3, STAT5A and STAT5B in the diagnostic samples of childhood ALL patients and compared them to those of healthy controls in order to characterize STAT gene expression in childhood ALL. As compared to controls, ALL patients exhibit markedly decreased transcript levels in all four genes investigated. STAT1 and STAT3 are significantly correlated in ALL patients as opposed to controls (P<0.0005). Patients with low transcript levels of STAT1 and STAT3 survive, regardless of minimal residual disease status and relapse. Lower transcript levels appear in association with a particularly high survival outcome in the ALL patients. The identification of aberrant expression profiles provides insight into the role of STAT genes in the development of childhood ALL and enables development of patient-tailored therapeutic approaches in cases of resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Adamaki
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tsotra
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros Vlahopoulos
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Archontis Zampogiannis
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Moschovi
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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129
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Green AS, Maciel TT, Hospital MA, Yin C, Mazed F, Townsend EC, Pilorge S, Lambert M, Paubelle E, Jacquel A, Zylbersztejn F, Decroocq J, Poulain L, Sujobert P, Jacque N, Adam K, So JCC, Kosmider O, Auberger P, Hermine O, Weinstock DM, Lacombe C, Mayeux P, Vanasse GJ, Leung AY, Moura IC, Bouscary D, Tamburini J. Pim kinases modulate resistance to FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors in FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500221. [PMID: 26601252 PMCID: PMC4643770 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) is frequently detected in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and is associated with a dismal long-term prognosis. FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors provide short-term disease control, but relapse invariably occurs within months. Pim protein kinases are oncogenic FLT3-ITD targets expressed in AML cells. We show that increased Pim kinase expression is found in relapse samples from AML patients treated with FLT3 inhibitors. Ectopic Pim-2 expression induces resistance to FLT3 inhibition in both FLT3-ITD-induced myeloproliferative neoplasm and AML models in mice. Strikingly, we found that Pim kinases govern FLT3-ITD signaling and that their pharmacological or genetic inhibition restores cell sensitivity to FLT3 inhibitors. Finally, dual inhibition of FLT3 and Pim kinases eradicates FLT3-ITD(+) cells including primary AML cells. Concomitant Pim and FLT3 inhibition represents a promising new avenue for AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa S. Green
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, CNRS, UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris 75014, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
- Equipe Labellisée, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC), Paris 75013, France
- Department of Hematology, Charles Nicolle University Hospital, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Thiago T. Maciel
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of cellular and molecular mechanisms of hematological disorders and therapeutic implications, Paris 75015, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris 75015, France
- CNRS ERL 8254, Paris 75015, France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris 75015 , France
| | - Marie-Anne Hospital
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, CNRS, UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris 75014, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
- Equipe Labellisée, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC), Paris 75013, France
| | - Chae Yin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fetta Mazed
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, CNRS, UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris 75014, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
- Equipe Labellisée, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC), Paris 75013, France
| | - Elizabeth C. Townsend
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston 02115, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sylvain Pilorge
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, CNRS, UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris 75014, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
- Equipe Labellisée, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC), Paris 75013, France
- INSERM U1065/C3M Team 2, Cell Death Differentiation Inflammation and Cancer, Nice 06204, France
| | - Mireille Lambert
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, CNRS, UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris 75014, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
- Equipe Labellisée, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC), Paris 75013, France
| | - Etienne Paubelle
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of cellular and molecular mechanisms of hematological disorders and therapeutic implications, Paris 75015, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris 75015, France
- CNRS ERL 8254, Paris 75015, France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris 75015 , France
| | - Arnaud Jacquel
- INSERM U1065/C3M Team 2, Cell Death Differentiation Inflammation and Cancer, Nice 06204, France
| | - Florence Zylbersztejn
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of cellular and molecular mechanisms of hematological disorders and therapeutic implications, Paris 75015, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris 75015, France
- CNRS ERL 8254, Paris 75015, France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris 75015 , France
| | - Justine Decroocq
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of cellular and molecular mechanisms of hematological disorders and therapeutic implications, Paris 75015, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris 75015, France
- CNRS ERL 8254, Paris 75015, France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris 75015 , France
| | - Laury Poulain
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, CNRS, UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris 75014, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
- Equipe Labellisée, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC), Paris 75013, France
| | - Pierre Sujobert
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, CNRS, UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris 75014, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
- Equipe Labellisée, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC), Paris 75013, France
| | - Nathalie Jacque
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, CNRS, UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris 75014, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
- Equipe Labellisée, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC), Paris 75013, France
| | - Kevin Adam
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, CNRS, UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris 75014, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
- Equipe Labellisée, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC), Paris 75013, France
| | - Jason C. C. So
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Olivier Kosmider
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, CNRS, UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris 75014, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
- Equipe Labellisée, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC), Paris 75013, France
| | - Patrick Auberger
- INSERM U1065/C3M Team 2, Cell Death Differentiation Inflammation and Cancer, Nice 06204, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of cellular and molecular mechanisms of hematological disorders and therapeutic implications, Paris 75015, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris 75015, France
- CNRS ERL 8254, Paris 75015, France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris 75015 , France
| | - David M. Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston 02115, MA 02115, USA
| | - Catherine Lacombe
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, CNRS, UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris 75014, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
- Equipe Labellisée, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC), Paris 75013, France
| | - Patrick Mayeux
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, CNRS, UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris 75014, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
- Equipe Labellisée, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC), Paris 75013, France
| | - Gary J. Vanasse
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anskar Y. Leung
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ivan C. Moura
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of cellular and molecular mechanisms of hematological disorders and therapeutic implications, Paris 75015, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris 75015, France
- CNRS ERL 8254, Paris 75015, France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris 75015 , France
| | - Didier Bouscary
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, CNRS, UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris 75014, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
- Equipe Labellisée, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC), Paris 75013, France
| | - Jerome Tamburini
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, CNRS, UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris 75014, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
- Equipe Labellisée, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC), Paris 75013, France
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Salemi D, Cammarata G, Agueli C, Augugliaro L, Corrado C, Bica MG, Raimondo S, Marfia A, Randazzo V, Dragotto P, Di Raimondo F, Alessandro R, Fabbiano F, Santoro A. miR-155 regulative network in FLT3 mutated acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 2015; 39:883-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Larrue C, Saland E, Vergez F, Serhan N, Delabesse E, Mansat-De Mas V, Hospital MA, Tamburini J, Manenti S, Sarry JE, Récher C. Antileukemic Activity of 2-Deoxy-d-Glucose through Inhibition of N-Linked Glycosylation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia with FLT3-ITD or c-KIT Mutations. Mol Cancer Ther 2015. [PMID: 26206337 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the antileukemic activity of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) through the modulation of expression of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) commonly mutated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We used human leukemic cell lines cells, both in vitro and in vivo, as well as leukemic samples from AML patients to demonstrate the role of 2-DG in tumor cell growth inhibition. 2-DG, through N-linked glycosylation inhibition, affected the cell-surface expression and cellular signaling of both FTL3-ITD and mutated c-KIT and induced apoptotic cell death. Leukemic cells harboring these mutated RTKs (MV4-11, MOLM-14, Kasumi-1, and TF-1 c-KIT D816V) were the most sensitive to 2-DG treatment in vitro as compared with nonmutated cells. 2-DG activity was also demonstrated in leukemic cells harboring FLT3-TKD mutations resistant to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) quizartinib. Moreover, the antileukemic activity of 2-DG was particularly marked in c-KIT-mutated cell lines and cell samples from core binding factor-AML patients. In these cells, 2-DG inhibited the cell-surface expression of c-KIT, abrogated STAT3 and MAPK-ERK pathways, and strongly downregulated the expression of the receptor resulting in a strong in vivo effect in NOD/SCID mice xenografted with Kasumi-1 cells. Finally, we showed that 2-DG decreases Mcl-1 protein expression in AML cells and induces sensitization to both the BH3 mimetic inhibitor of Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and Bcl-w, ABT-737, and cytarabine. In conclusion, 2-DG displays a significant antileukemic activity in AML with FLT3-ITD or KIT mutations, opening a new therapeutic window in a subset of AML with mutated RTKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Larrue
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Estelle Saland
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - François Vergez
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Nizar Serhan
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Delabesse
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Véronique Mansat-De Mas
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Anne Hospital
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Tamburini
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Manenti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Emmanuel Sarry
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Récher
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. Service d'Hématologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France.
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132
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Teo T, Lam F, Yu M, Yang Y, Basnet SKC, Albrecht H, Sykes MJ, Wang S. Pharmacologic Inhibition of MNKs in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:380-9. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.098012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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NFATc1 as a therapeutic target in FLT3-ITD-positive AML. Leukemia 2015; 29:1470-7. [PMID: 25976987 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Internal tandem duplications (ITD) in the Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 receptor (FLT3) are associated with a dismal prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). FLT3 inhibitors such as sorafenib may improve outcome, but only few patients display long-term responses, prompting the search for underlying resistance mechanisms and therapeutic strategies to overcome them. Here we identified that the nuclear factor of activated T cells, NFATc1, is frequently overexpressed in FLT3-ITD-positive (FLT3-ITD+) AML. NFATc1 knockdown using inducible short hairpin RNA or pharmacological NFAT inhibition with cyclosporine A (CsA) or VIVIT significantly augmented sorafenib-induced apoptosis of FLT3-ITD+ cells. CsA also potently overcame sorafenib resistance in FLT3-ITD+ cell lines and primary AML. Vice versa, de novo expression of a constitutively nuclear NFATc1-mutant mediated instant and robust sorafenib resistance in vitro. Intriguingly, FLT3-ITD+ AML patients (n=26) who received CsA as part of their rescue chemotherapy displayed a superior outcome when compared with wild-type FLT3 (FLT3-WT) AML patients. Our data unveil NFATc1 as a novel mediator of sorafenib resistance in FLT3-ITD+ AML. CsA counteracts sorafenib resistance and may improve treatment outcome in AML by means of inhibiting NFAT.
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134
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Aleem E, Arceci RJ. Targeting cell cycle regulators in hematologic malignancies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:16. [PMID: 25914884 PMCID: PMC4390903 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies represent the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer in economically developed countries. In hematologic malignancies normal hematopoiesis is interrupted by uncontrolled growth of a genetically altered stem or progenitor cell (HSPC) that maintains its ability of self-renewal. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) not only regulate the mammalian cell cycle, but also influence other vital cellular processes, such as stem cell renewal, differentiation, transcription, epigenetic regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Chromosomal translocations, amplification, overexpression and altered CDK activities have been described in different types of human cancer, which have made them attractive targets for pharmacological inhibition. Mouse models deficient for one or more CDKs have significantly contributed to our current understanding of the physiological functions of CDKs, as well as their roles in human cancer. The present review focuses on selected cell cycle kinases with recent emerging key functions in hematopoiesis and in hematopoietic malignancies, such as CDK6 and its role in MLL-rearranged leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia, CDK1 and its regulator WEE-1 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and cyclin C/CDK8/CDK19 complexes in T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. The knowledge gained from gene knockout experiments in mice of these kinases is also summarized. An overview of compounds targeting these kinases, which are currently in clinical development in various solid tumors and hematopoietic malignances, is presented. These include the CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors (palbociclib, LEE011, LY2835219), pan-CDK inhibitors that target CDK1 (dinaciclib, flavopiridol, AT7519, TG02, P276-00, terampeprocol and RGB 286638) as well as the WEE-1 kinase inhibitor, MK-1775. The advantage of combination therapy of cell cycle inhibitors with conventional chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of AML, such as cytarabine, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiman Aleem
- Department of Child Health, The Ronald A. Matricaria Institute of Molecular Medicine at Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix Phoenix, AZ, USA ; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Robert J Arceci
- Department of Child Health, The Ronald A. Matricaria Institute of Molecular Medicine at Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Lee-Sherick AB, Zhang W, Menachof KK, Hill AA, Rinella S, Kirkpatrick G, Page LS, Stashko MA, Jordan CT, Wei Q, Liu J, Zhang D, DeRyckere D, Wang X, Frye S, Earp HS, Graham DK. Efficacy of a Mer and Flt3 tyrosine kinase small molecule inhibitor, UNC1666, in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2015; 6:6722-36. [PMID: 25762638 PMCID: PMC4466645 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mer and Flt3 receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated as therapeutic targets in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this manuscript we describe UNC1666, a novel ATP-competitive small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which potently diminishes Mer and Flt3 phosphorylation in AML. Treatment with UNC1666 mediated biochemical and functional effects in AML cell lines expressing Mer or Flt3 internal tandem duplication (ITD), including decreased phosphorylation of Mer, Flt3 and downstream effectors Stat, Akt and Erk, induction of apoptosis in up to 98% of cells, and reduction of colony formation by greater than 90%, compared to treatment with vehicle. These effects were dose-dependent, with inhibition of downstream signaling and functional effects correlating with the degree of Mer or Flt3 kinase inhibition. Treatment of primary AML patient samples expressing Mer and/or Flt3-ITD with UNC1666 also inhibited Mer and Flt3 intracellular signaling, induced apoptosis, and inhibited colony formation. In summary, UNC1666 is a novel potent small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that decreases oncogenic signaling and myeloblast survival, thereby validating dual Mer/Flt3 inhibition as an attractive treatment strategy for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weihe Zhang
- University of North Carolina, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Amanda A. Hill
- University of Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sean Rinella
- University of Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Lauren S. Page
- University of Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael A. Stashko
- University of North Carolina, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Craig T. Jordan
- University of Colorado, Department of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Qi Wei
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Department of Pathology, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- University of North Carolina, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dehui Zhang
- University of North Carolina, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Xiaodong Wang
- University of North Carolina, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen Frye
- University of North Carolina, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - H. Shelton Earp
- University of North Carolina, Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Augustin E, Skwarska A, Weryszko A, Pelikant I, Sankowska E, Borowa-Mazgaj B. The antitumor compound triazoloacridinone C-1305 inhibits FLT3 kinase activity and potentiates apoptosis in mutant FLT3-ITD leukemia cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:385-99. [PMID: 25640477 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM FMS-like receptor tyrosine kinase (FLT3) is expressed in some normal hematopoietic cell types and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, we examined the effects of triazoloacridinone C-1305, an antitumor compound, on AML cells with different FLT3 status in vitro. METHODS A panel of human leukemic cell lines with different FLT3 status was used, including FLT3 internal tandem duplication mutations (FLT3-ITD, MV-4-11), wild-type FLT3 (RS-4-11) and null-FLT3 (U937) cells. Cell proliferation was estimated using MTT assays, and apoptosis was studied with flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. FLT3 kinase activity (phosphorylation of FLT3 at Tyr591) was determined with ELISA and Western blotting. FLT3 downstream signaling proteins involving AKT, MAPK and STAT5 were examined by Western blotting. RNA silencing was used to decrease the endogenous FLT3. RESULTS The mutant FLT3-ITD cells were more sensitive to C-1305 than the wild-type FLT3 and null-FLT3 cells (the IC50 values measured at 24 h were 1.2±0.17, 2.0±09, 7.6±1.6 μmol/L, respectively). C-1305 (1-10 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited the kinase activity of FLT3, which was more pronounced in the mutant FLT3-ITD cells than in the wild-type FLT3 cells. Furthermore, C-1305 dose-dependently decreased the phosphorylation of STAT5 and MAPK and the inhibitory phosphorylation of Bad, and induced time- and dose-dependent apoptosis in the 3 cell lines with the null-FLT3 cells being the least susceptible to C-1305-induced apoptosis. Knockdown of FLT3 with siRNA significantly decreased C-1305-induced cytotoxicity in the mutant FLT3-ITD cells. CONCLUSION C-1305 induces apoptosis in FLT3-ITD-expressing human leukemia cells in vitro, suggesting that mutated FLT3 kinase can be a new target for C-1305, and C-1305 may be a drug candidate for the therapeutic intervention in FLT3-associated AML.
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137
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Stanicka J, Russell EG, Woolley JF, Cotter TG. NADPH oxidase-generated hydrogen peroxide induces DNA damage in mutant FLT3-expressing leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9348-61. [PMID: 25697362 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.510495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal tandem duplication of the FMS-like tyrosine kinase (FLT3-ITD) receptor is present in 20% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and it has been associated with an aggressive AML phenotype. FLT3-ITD expressing cell lines have been shown to generate increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). However, the molecular basis of how FLT3-ITD-driven ROS leads to the aggressive form of AML is not clearly understood. Our group has previously reported that inhibition of FLT3-ITD signaling results in post-translational down-regulation of p22(phox), a small membrane-bound subunit of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) complex. Here we demonstrated that 32D cells, a myeloblast-like cell line transfected with FLT3-ITD, have a higher protein level of p22(phox) and p22(phox)-interacting NOX isoforms than 32D cells transfected with the wild type FLT3 receptor (FLT3-WT). The inhibition of NOX proteins, p22(phox), and NOX protein knockdowns caused a reduction in ROS, as measured with a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-specific dye, peroxy orange 1 (PO1), and nuclear H2O2, as measured with nuclear peroxy emerald 1 (NucPE1). These reductions in the level of H2O2 following the NOX knockdowns were accompanied by a decrease in the number of DNA DSBs. We showed that 32D cells that express FLT3-ITD have a higher level of both oxidized DNA and DNA DSBs than their wild type counterparts. We also observed that NOX4 and p22(phox) localize to the nuclear membrane in MV4-11 cells expressing FLT3-ITD. Taken together these data indicate that NOX and p22(phox) mediate the ROS production from FLT3-ITD that signal to the nucleus causing genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Stanicka
- From the Tumour Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eileen G Russell
- From the Tumour Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Woolley
- From the Tumour Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas G Cotter
- From the Tumour Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Mathias TJ, Natarajan K, Shukla S, Doshi KA, Singh ZN, Ambudkar SV, Baer MR. The FLT3 and PDGFR inhibitor crenolanib is a substrate of the multidrug resistance protein ABCB1 but does not inhibit transport function at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:300-9. [PMID: 25597754 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Crenolanib (crenolanib besylate, 4-piperidinamine, 1-[2-[5-[(3-methyl-3-oxetanyl)methoxy]-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl]-8-quinolinyl]-, monobenzenesulfonate) is a potent and specific type I inhibitor of fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) that targets the active kinase conformation and is effective against FLT3 with internal tandem duplication (ITD) with point mutations induced by, and conferring resistance to, type II FLT3 inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Crenolanib is also an inhibitor of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and beta and is in clinical trials in both gastrointestinal stromal tumors and gliomas. Methods We tested crenolanib interactions with the multidrug resistance-associated ATP-binding cassette proteins ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein), ABCG2 (breast cancer resistance protein) and ABCC1 (multidrug resistance-associated protein 1), which are expressed on AML cells and other cancer cells and are important components of the blood-brain barrier. Results We found that crenolanib is a substrate of ABCB1, as evidenced by approximate five-fold resistance of ABCB1-overexpressing cells to crenolanib, reversal of this resistance by the ABCB1-specific inhibitor PSC-833 and stimulation of ABCB1 ATPase activity by crenolanib. In contrast, crenolanib was not a substrate of ABCG2 or ABCC1. Additionally, it did not inhibit substrate transport by ABCB1, ABCG2 or ABCC1, at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Finally, incubation of the FLT3-ITD AML cell lines MV4-11 and MOLM-14 with crenolanib at a pharmacologically relevant concentration of 500 nM did not induce upregulation of ABCB1 cell surface expression. Conclusions Thus ABCB1 expression confers resistance to crenolanib and likely limits crenolanib penetration of the central nervous system, but crenolanib at therapeutic concentrations should not alter cellular exposure to ABC protein substrate chemotherapy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Mathias
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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Taylor SJ, Thien CBF, Dagger SA, Duyvestyn JM, Grove CS, Lee BH, Gilliland DG, Langdon WY. Loss of c-Cbl E3 ubiquitin ligase activity enhances the development of myeloid leukemia in FLT3-ITD mutant mice. Exp Hematol 2014; 43:191-206.e1. [PMID: 25534201 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) occur frequently in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with the most common involving internal tandem duplication (ITD) within the juxtamembrane domain. Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-ITD mutations result in a mislocalized and constitutively activated receptor, which aberrantly phosphorylates signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and upregulates the expression of its target genes. c-Cbl is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that negatively regulates RTKs, including FLT3, but whether it can downregulate mislocalized FLT3-ITD remains to be resolved. To help clarify this, we combined a FLT3-ITD mutation with a loss-of-function mutation in the RING finger domain of c-Cbl that abolishes its E3 ligase activity. Mice transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells expressing both mutations rapidly develop myeloid leukemia, indicating strong cooperation between the two. Although the c-Cbl mutation was shown to cause hyperactivation of another RTK, c-Kit, it had no effect on enhancing FLT3-ITD protein levels or STAT5 activation. This indicates that c-Cbl does not downregulate FLT3-ITD and that the leukemia is driven by independent pathways involving FLT3-ITD's activation of STAT5 and mutant c-Cbl's activation of other RTKs, such as c-Kit. This study highlights the importance of c-Cbl's negative regulation of wild-type RTKs in suppressing FLT3-ITD-driven myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Taylor
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christine B F Thien
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samantha A Dagger
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Johanna M Duyvestyn
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carolyn S Grove
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; PathWest Division of Clinical Pathology, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin H Lee
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D Gary Gilliland
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wallace Y Langdon
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
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Regulation of Stat5 by FAK and PAK1 in Oncogenic FLT3- and KIT-Driven Leukemogenesis. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1333-48. [PMID: 25456130 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations of FLT3 and KIT receptors are associated with poor survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), and currently available drugs are largely ineffective. Although Stat5 has been implicated in regulating several myeloid and lymphoid malignancies, how precisely Stat5 regulates leukemogenesis, including its nuclear translocation to induce gene transcription, is poorly understood. In leukemic cells, we show constitutive activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) whose inhibition represses leukemogenesis. Downstream of FAK, activation of Rac1 is regulated by RacGEF Tiam1, whose inhibition prolongs the survival of leukemic mice. Inhibition of the Rac1 effector PAK1 prolongs the survival of leukemic mice in part by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of Stat5. These results reveal a leukemic pathway involving FAK/Tiam1/Rac1/PAK1 and demonstrate an essential role for these signaling molecules in regulating the nuclear translocation of Stat5 in leukemogenesis.
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141
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Zhang Y, Hsu CP, Lu JF, Kuchimanchi M, Sun YN, Ma J, Xu G, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Weidner M, Huard J, D'Argenio DZ. FLT3 and CDK4/6 inhibitors: signaling mechanisms and tumor burden in subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse models of acute myeloid leukemia. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2014; 41:675-91. [PMID: 25326874 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-014-9393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
FLT3(ITD) subtype acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has a poor prognosis with currently available therapies. A number of small molecule inhibitors of FLT3 and/or CDK4/6 are currently under development. A more complete and quantitative understanding of the mechanisms of action of FLT3 and CDK4/6 inhibitors may better inform the development of current and future compounds that act on one or both of the molecular targets, and thus may lead to improved treatments for AML. In this study, we investigated in both subcutaneous and orthotopic AML mouse models, the mechanisms of action of three FLT3 and/or CDK4/6 inhibitors: AMG925 (Amgen), sorafenib (Bayer and Onyx), and quizartinib (Ambit Biosciences). A composite model was developed to integrate the plasma pharmacokinetics of these three compounds on their respective molecular targets, the coupling between the target pathways, as well as the resulting effects on tumor burden reduction in the subcutaneous xenograft model. A sequential modeling approach was used, wherein model structures and estimated parameters from upstream processes (e.g. PK, cellular signaling) were fixed for modeling subsequent downstream processes (cellular signaling, tumor burden). Pooled data analysis was employed for the plasma PK and cellular signaling modeling, while population modeling was applied to the tumor burden modeling. The resulting model allows the decomposition of the relative contributions of FLT3(ITD) and CDK4/6 inhibition on downstream signaling and tumor burden. In addition, the action of AMG925 on cellular signaling and tumor burden was further studied in an orthotopic tumor mouse model more closely representing the physiologically relevant environment for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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142
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Differential impact of allelic ratio and insertion site in FLT3-ITD-positive AML with respect to allogeneic transplantation. Blood 2014; 124:3441-9. [PMID: 25270908 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-578070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the prognostic and predictive impact of allelic ratio and insertion site (IS) of internal tandem duplications (ITDs), as well as concurrent gene mutations, with regard to postremission therapy in 323 patients with FLT3-ITD-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Increasing FLT3-ITD allelic ratio (P = .004) and IS in the tyrosine kinase domain 1 (TKD1, P = .06) were associated with low complete remission (CR) rates. After postremission therapy including intensive chemotherapy (n = 121) or autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT, n = 17), an allelic ratio ≥ 0.51 was associated with an unfavorable relapse-free (RFS, P = .0008) and overall survival (OS, P = .004); after allogeneic HSCT (n = 93), outcome was significantly improved in patients with a high allelic ratio (RFS, P = .02; OS, P = .03), whereas no benefit was seen in patients with a low allelic ratio (RFS, P = .38; OS, P = .64). Multivariable analyses revealed a high allelic ratio as a predictive factor for the beneficial effect of allogeneic HSCT; ITD IS in TKD1 remained an unfavorable factor, whereas no prognostic impact of concurrent gene mutations was observed. The clinical trials described herein were previously published or are registered as follows: AMLHD93 and AMLHD98A, previously published; AML SG 07-04, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier #NCT00151242.
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143
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Annesley CE, Brown P. The Biology and Targeting of FLT3 in Pediatric Leukemia. Front Oncol 2014; 4:263. [PMID: 25295230 PMCID: PMC4172015 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite remarkable improvement in treatment outcomes in pediatric leukemia over the past several decades, the prognosis for high-risk groups of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), as well as for relapsed leukemia, remains poor. Intensification of chemotherapy regimens for those at highest risk has improved success rates, but at the cost of significantly increased morbidity and long-term adverse effects. With the success of imatinib in Philadelphia-chromosome-positive leukemia and all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia, the quest to find additional molecularly targeted therapies has generated much excitement over recent years. Another such possible target in pediatric acute leukemia is FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3). FLT3 aberrations are among the most frequently identified transforming events in AML, and have significant clinical implications in both high-risk pediatric AML and in certain high-risk groups of pediatric ALL. Therefore, the successful targeting of FLT3 has tremendous potential to improve outcomes in these subsets of patients. This article will give an overview of the molecular function and signaling of the FLT3 receptor, as well as its pathogenic role in leukemia. We review the discovery of targeting FLT3, discuss currently available FLT3 inhibitors in pediatric leukemia and results of clinical trials to date, and finally, consider the future promise and challenges of FLT3 inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E. Annesley
- Oncology and Pediatrics, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Brown
- Oncology and Pediatrics, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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144
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Kato T, Sakata-Yanagimoto M, Nishikii H, Ueno M, Miyake Y, Yokoyama Y, Asabe Y, Kamada Y, Muto H, Obara N, Suzukawa K, Hasegawa Y, Kitabayashi I, Uchida K, Hirao A, Yagita H, Kageyama R, Chiba S. Hes1 suppresses acute myeloid leukemia development through FLT3 repression. Leukemia 2014; 29:576-85. [PMID: 25234168 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In leukemogenesis, Notch signaling can be up and downregulated in a context-dependent manner. The transcription factor hairy and enhancer of split-1 (Hes1) is well-characterized as a downstream target of Notch signaling. Hes1 encodes a basic helix-loop-helix-type protein, and represses target gene expression. Here, we report that deletion of the Hes1 gene in mice promotes acute myeloid leukemia (AML) development induced by the MLL-AF9 fusion protein. We then found that Hes1 directly bound to the promoter region of the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene and downregulated the promoter activity. FLT3 was consequently upregulated in MLL-AF9-expressing immortalized and leukemia cells with a Hes1- or RBPJ-null background. MLL-AF9-expressing Hes1-null AML cells showed enhanced proliferation and ERK phosphorylation following FLT3 ligand stimulation. FLT3 inhibition efficiently abrogated proliferation of MLL-AF9-induced Hes1-null AML cells. Furthermore, an agonistic anti-Notch2 antibody induced apoptosis of MLL-AF9-induced AML cells in a Hes1-wild type but not a Hes1-null background. We also accessed two independent databases containing messenger RNA (mRNA) expression profiles and found that the expression level of FLT3 mRNA was negatively correlated with those of HES1 in patient AML samples. These observations demonstrate that Hes1 mediates tumor suppressive roles of Notch signaling in AML development, probably by downregulating FLT3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kato
- 1] Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan [2] Life Science center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan [3] Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - M Sakata-Yanagimoto
- 1] Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan [2] Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - H Nishikii
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - M Ueno
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Y Miyake
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Y Yokoyama
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Y Asabe
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Y Kamada
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - H Muto
- 1] Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan [2] Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - N Obara
- 1] Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan [2] Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - K Suzukawa
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Y Hasegawa
- 1] Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan [2] Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - I Kitabayashi
- Molecular Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Uchida
- Department of Molecular Biological Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - A Hirao
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - H Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Kageyama
- 1] Institute of Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan [2] World Premier International Research Initiative-Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - S Chiba
- 1] Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan [2] Life Science center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan [3] Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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145
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Yuan LL, Green A, David L, Dozier C, Récher C, Didier C, Tamburini J, Manenti S. Targeting CHK1 inhibits cell proliferation in FLT3-ITD positive acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 2014; 38:1342-9. [PMID: 25281057 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CHK1 Ser/Thr kinase, a well characterized regulator of DNA damage response, is also involved in normal cell cycle progression. In this study, we investigate how CHK1 participates to proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia cells expressing the mutated FLT3-ITD tyrosine kinase receptor. Pharmacological inhibition of CHK1 as well as its shRNA mediated down regulation reduced the proliferation rate of FLT-ITD expressing leukemic cell lines in a cytostatic manner. Flow cytometry analysis revealed no accumulation in a specific phase of the cell cycle upon CHK1 inhibition. Accordingly, lentiviral-mediated CHK1 overexpression increased the proliferation rate of FLT3-ITD expressing cells, as judged by cell viability and [3H] thymidine incorporation experiments. By contrast, expression of a ser280 mutant did not, suggesting that phosphorylation of this residue is an important determinant of CHK1 proliferative function. Clonogenic growth of primary leukemic cells from patients in semi-solid medium was reduced upon CHK1 inhibition, confirming the data obtained with leukemic established cell lines. Surprisingly, 3 out of 4 CHK1 inhibitory compounds tested in this study were also potent inhibitors of the FLT3-ITD tyrosine kinase receptor. Altogether, these data identify CHK1 as a regulator of FLT3-ITD-positive leukemic cells proliferation, and they open interesting perspectives in terms of new therapeutic strategies for these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li Yuan
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche 1037, CNRS Equipe de Recherche labellisée 5294, Université de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, Toulouse, France; Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Alexa Green
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U 1016, Paris, France
| | - Laure David
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche 1037, CNRS Equipe de Recherche labellisée 5294, Université de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Dozier
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche 1037, CNRS Equipe de Recherche labellisée 5294, Université de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Récher
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche 1037, CNRS Equipe de Recherche labellisée 5294, Université de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, Toulouse, France; Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Didier
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche 1037, CNRS Equipe de Recherche labellisée 5294, Université de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Tamburini
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U 1016, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Manenti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche 1037, CNRS Equipe de Recherche labellisée 5294, Université de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, Toulouse, France.
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146
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Gerloff D, Grundler R, Wurm AA, Bräuer-Hartmann D, Katzerke C, Hartmann JU, Madan V, Müller-Tidow C, Duyster J, Tenen DG, Niederwieser D, Behre G. NF-κB/STAT5/miR-155 network targets PU.1 in FLT3-ITD-driven acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2014; 29:535-47. [PMID: 25092144 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Almost 30% of all acute myeloid leukemias (AML) are associated with an internal tandem duplication (ITD) in the juxtamembrane domain of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 receptor (FLT3). Patients with FLT3-ITD mutations tend to have a poor prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a pivotal role in myeloid differentiation and leukemia. MiRNA-155 (MiR-155) was found to be upregulated in FLT3-ITD-associated AMLs. In this study, we discovered that FLT3-ITD signaling induces the oncogenic miR-155. We show in vitro and in vivo that miR-155 expression is regulated by FLT3-ITD downstream targets nuclear factor-κB (p65) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5). Further, we demonstrate that miR-155 targets the myeloid transcription factor PU.1. Knockdown of miR-155 or overexpression of PU.1 blocks proliferation and induces apoptosis of FLT3-ITD-associated leukemic cells. Our data demonstrate a novel network in which FLT3-ITD signaling induces oncogenic miR-155 by p65 and STAT5 in AML, thereby targeting transcription factor PU.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gerloff
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - R Grundler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A A Wurm
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - D Bräuer-Hartmann
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - C Katzerke
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J-U Hartmann
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - V Madan
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - C Müller-Tidow
- Department of Medicine IV, Hematology and Oncology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - J Duyster
- Department of Hematology/Oncology 1, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - D G Tenen
- 1] Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Niederwieser
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - G Behre
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
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147
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Bar-Natan M, Nelson EA, Xiang M, Frank DA. STAT signaling in the pathogenesis and treatment of myeloid malignancies. JAKSTAT 2014; 1:55-64. [PMID: 24058751 PMCID: PMC3670294 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.20006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT transcription factors play a critical role in mediating the effects of cytokines on myeloid cells. As STAT target genes control key processes such as survival, proliferation and self-renewal, it is not surprising that constitutive activation of STATs, particularly STAT3 and STAT5, are common events in many myeloid tumors. STATs are activated both by mutant tyrosine kinases as well as other pathogenic events, and continued activation of STATs is common in the setting of resistance to kinase inhibitors. Thus, the targeting of STATs, alone or in combination with other drugs, will likely have increasing importance for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bar-Natan
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Departments of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
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148
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Su L, Gao SJ, Tan YH, Han W, Li W. Associations between age, cytogenetics, FLT3-ITD, and marrow leukemia cells identified by flow cytometry. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:5341-4. [PMID: 24175822 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.9.5341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the relationships between age, cytogenetic subgroups, molecular markers, and cells with leukemic aberrant immunophenotype in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS In this study, we evaluated the correlations between age, cytogenetic subgroups (normal, balanced and unbalance karyotype), molecular mutations (NPM1, FLT3-ITD, and CEBPA mutations) and marrow leukemia cells (LC) identified by flow cytometry in 256 patients with de novo AML. RESULTS From age group 10-19 years to age group ≥ 60 years, the percentage of LC decreased from 67.0 ± 18.4% to 49.0 ± 25.1% (F = 2.353, P = 0.041). LC percentage was higher in patients with balanced karyotypes (65.7 ± 22.4%), than those with unbalanced karyotypes (46.0 ± 26.6%) (u = 3.444, P = 0.001) or a normal karyotype (49.9 ± 22.1%) (u = 5.093, P < 0.001). Patients with FLT3-ITD (64.3 ± 19.5%) had higher LC percentages compared with those without (54.2 ± 24.3%) (u = 2.794, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Associations between age, cytogenetics, molecular markers, and marrow leukemia cells may offer beneficial information to understand the biology and pathogenesis of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Su
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China E-mail :
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149
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Pemmaraju N, Kantarjian H, Andreeff M, Cortes J, Ravandi F. Investigational FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitors in treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:943-54. [PMID: 24749672 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.911839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Outcomes for the majority of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain poor. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the understanding of the cytogenetic and molecular determinants of AML pathogenesis. One such advance is the identification of recurring mutations in the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 gene (FLT3). Currently, this marker, which appears in approximately one-third of all AML patients, not only signifies a poorer prognosis but also identifies an important target for therapy. FLT3 inhibitors have now undergone clinical evaluation in Phase I, II and III clinical trials, as both single agents and in combination with chemotherapeutics. Unfortunately, to date, none of the FLT3 inhibitors have gained FDA approval for the treatment of patients with AML. Yet, several promising FLT3 inhibitors are being evaluated in all phases of drug development. AREAS COVERED This review aims to highlight the agents furthest along in their development. It also focuses on those FLT3 inhibitors that are being evaluated in combination with other anti-leukemia agents. EXPERT OPINION The authors believe that the field of research for FLT3 inhibitors remains promising, despite the historically poor prognosis of this subgroup of patients with AML. The most promising areas of research will likely be the elucidation of the mechanisms of resistance to FLT3 inhibitors, and development of potent FLT3 inhibitors alone or in combination with hypomethylating agents, cytotoxic chemotherapy or with other targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Pemmaraju
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Leukemia , 1515 Holcombe Blvd Houston, TX 77030 , USA
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150
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Yoshida A, Ookura M, Zokumasu K, Ueda T. Gö6976, a FLT3 kinase inhibitor, exerts potent cytotoxic activity against acute leukemia via inhibition of survivin and MCL-1. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:16-24. [PMID: 24735609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) have been reported in about a third of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The presence of FLT3 mutations confers a poor prognosis. Thus, pharmacological inhibitors of FLT3 are of therapeutic interest for AML. Gö6976 is an indolocarbazole with a similar structural backbone to staurosporine. In the present study, we demonstrated that Gö6976 displays a potent inhibitory activity against recombinant FLT3 using an in vitro kinase assay, with an IC50 value of 0.7nM. Gö6976 markedly inhibited the proliferation of human leukemia cells having FLT3-ITD such as MV4-11 and MOLM13. We also observed that Gö6976 showed minimal toxicity for human normal CD34(+) cells. Gö6976 suppressed the phosphorylation of FLT3 and downstream signaling molecules such as STAT3/5, Erk1/2, and Akt in MV4-11 and MOLM13 cells. Interestingly, induction of apoptosis by Gö6976 was associated with rapid and pronounced down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein survivin and MCL-1. Suppression of survivin protein expression by Gö6976 was due to the inhibition of transcription via the suppression of STAT3/5. On the other hand, Gö6976 induced proteasome-mediated degradation of MCL-1. Previously described FLT3 inhibitors such as PKC412 are bound by the human plasma protein, α1-acid glycoprotein, resulting in diminished inhibitory activity against FLT3. In contrast, we found that Gö6976 potently inhibited phosphorylation of FLT3 and exerted cytotoxicity in the presence of human serum. In conclusion, Gö6976 is a potent FLT3 inhibitor that displays a significant antiproliferative activity against leukemia cells with FLT3-ITD through the profound down-regulation of survivin and MCL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Shimoaizuki 23-3, Mastuoka, Eiheiji-Chou, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Translational Research Center, University of Fukui, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Ookura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Shimoaizuki 23-3, Mastuoka, Eiheiji-Chou, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kouichi Zokumasu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Shimoaizuki 23-3, Mastuoka, Eiheiji-Chou, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Takanori Ueda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Shimoaizuki 23-3, Mastuoka, Eiheiji-Chou, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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