101
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Borges KS, Pignatti E, Leng S, Kariyawasam D, Ruiz-Babot G, Ramalho FS, Taketo MM, Carlone DL, Breault DT. Wnt/β-catenin activation cooperates with loss of p53 to cause adrenocortical carcinoma in mice. Oncogene 2020; 39:5282-5291. [PMID: 32561853 PMCID: PMC7378041 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1358-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy with limited therapeutic options. The lack of mouse models that recapitulate the genetics of ACC has hampered progress in the field. We analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset for ACC and found that patients harboring alterations in both p53/Rb and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways show a worse prognosis compared with patients that harbored alterations in only one. To model this, we utilized the Cyp11b2(AS)Cre mouse line to generate mice with adrenocortical-specific Wnt/β-catenin activation, Trp53 deletion, or the combination of both. Mice with targeted Wnt/β-catenin activation or Trp53 deletion showed no changes associated with tumor formation. In contrast, alterations in both pathways led to ACC with pulmonary metastases. Similar to ACCs in humans, these tumors produced increased levels of corticosterone and aldosterone and showed a high proliferation index. Gene expression analysis revealed that mouse tumors exhibited downregulation of Star and Cyp11b1 and upregulation of Ezh2, similar to ACC patients with a poor prognosis. Altogether, these data show that altering both Wnt/β-catenin and p53/Rb signaling is sufficient to drive ACC in mouse. This autochthonous model of ACC represents a new tool to investigate the biology of ACC and to identify new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleiton Silva Borges
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Emanuele Pignatti
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sining Leng
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dulanjalee Kariyawasam
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gerard Ruiz-Babot
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Fernando Silva Ramalho
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Makoto Mark Taketo
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8506, Japan
| | - Diana L Carlone
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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102
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Epigenetic clock analysis of human fibroblasts in vitro: effects of hypoxia, donor age, and expression of hTERT and SV40 largeT. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:3012-3022. [PMID: 31113906 PMCID: PMC6555444 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a genome-wide change of DNA methylation (DNAm). "DNAm age" is defined as the predicted chronological age by the age estimator based on DNAm. The estimator is called the epigenetic clock. The molecular mechanism underlining the epigenetic clock is still unknown. Here, we evaluated the effects of hypoxia and two immortalization factors, hTERT and SV40-LargeT (LT), on the DNAm age of human fibroblasts in vitro. We detected the cell division-associated progression of DNAm age after >10 population doublings. Moreover, the progression of DNAm age was slower under hypoxia (1% oxygen) compared to normoxia (21% oxygen), suggesting that oxygen levels determine the speed of the epigenetic aging. We show that the speed of cell division-associated DNAm age progression depends on the chronological age of the cell donor. hTERT expression did not arrest cell division-associated progression of DNAm age in most cells. SV40LT expression produced inconsistent effects, including rejuvenation of DNAm age. Our results show that a) oxygen and the targets of SV40LT (e.g. p53) modulate epigenetic aging rates and b) the chronological age of donor cells determines the speed of mitosis-associated DNAm age progression in daughter cells.
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103
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Chennakrishnaiah S, Tsering T, Gregory C, Tawil N, Spinelli C, Montermini L, Karatzas N, Aprikian S, Choi D, Klewes L, Mai S, Rak J. Extracellular vesicles from genetically unstable, oncogene-driven cancer cells trigger micronuclei formation in endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8532. [PMID: 32444772 PMCID: PMC7244541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65640-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation impacts cancer cell interactions with their stroma, including through formation of abnormal blood vessels. This influence is often attributed to angiogenic growth factors, either soluble, or associated with tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here we examine some of the cancer-specific components of EV-mediated tumor-vascular interactions, including the impact of genetic driver mutations and genetic instability. Cancer cells expressing mutant HRAS oncogene exhibit aberrations of chromatin architecture, aneuploidy, cytoplasmic chromatin deposition and formation of micronuclei with a non-random chromosome content. EVs released from such HRAS-driven cells carry genomic DNA, including oncogenic sequences, and transfer this material to endothelial cells while inducing abnormal formation of micronuclei, along with cell migration and proliferation. Micronuclei were also triggered following treatment with EVs derived from glioma cells (and stem cells) expressing EGFRvIII oncogene, and in both endothelial cells and astrocytes. EVs from HRAS and EGFRvIII-driven cancer cells carry 19 common proteins while EVs from indolent control cells exhibit more divergent proteomes. Immortalized endothelial cell lines with disrupted TP53 pathway were refractory to EV-mediated micronuclei induction. We suggest that oncogenic transformation and intercellular trafficking of cancer-derived EVs may contribute to pathological vascular responses in cancer due to intercellular transmission of genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Chennakrishnaiah
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Thupten Tsering
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Caroline Gregory
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Nadim Tawil
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Cristiana Spinelli
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Laura Montermini
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Nicolaos Karatzas
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Saro Aprikian
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Dongsic Choi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ludger Klewes
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sabine Mai
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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104
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Mazzone A, Strege PR, Gibbons SJ, Alcaino C, Joshi V, Haak AJ, Tschumperlin DJ, Bernard CE, Cima RR, Larson DW, Chua HK, Graham RP, El Refaey M, Mohler PJ, Hayashi Y, Ordog T, Calder S, Du P, Farrugia G, Beyder A. microRNA overexpression in slow transit constipation leads to reduced Na V1.5 current and altered smooth muscle contractility. Gut 2020; 69:868-876. [PMID: 31757880 PMCID: PMC7147984 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate the roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in slow transit constipation (STC). DESIGN All human tissue samples were from the muscularis externa of the colon. Expression of 372 miRNAs was examined in a discovery cohort of four patients with STC versus three age/sex-matched controls by a quantitative PCR array. Upregulated miRNAs were examined by quantitative reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR) in a validation cohort of seven patients with STC and age/sex-matched controls. The effect of a highly differentially expressed miRNA on a custom human smooth muscle cell line was examined in vitro by RT-qPCR, electrophysiology, traction force microscopy, and ex vivo by lentiviral transduction in rat muscularis externa organotypic cultures. RESULTS The expression of 13 miRNAs was increased in STC samples. Of those miRNAs, four were predicted to target SCN5A, the gene that encodes the Na+ channel NaV1.5. The expression of SCN5A mRNA was decreased in STC samples. Let-7f significantly decreased Na+ current density in vitro in human smooth muscle cells. In rat muscularis externa organotypic cultures, overexpression of let-7f resulted in reduced frequency and amplitude of contraction. CONCLUSIONS A small group of miRNAs is upregulated in STC, and many of these miRNAs target the SCN5A-encoded Na+ channel NaV1.5. Within this set, a novel NaV1.5 regulator, let-7f, resulted in decreased NaV1.5 expression, current density and reduced motility of GI smooth muscle. These results suggest NaV1.5 and miRNAs as novel diagnostic and potential therapeutic targets in STC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Mazzone
- Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter R Strege
- Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Simon J Gibbons
- Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Constanza Alcaino
- Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vikram Joshi
- Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew J Haak
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cheryl E Bernard
- Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robert R Cima
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David W Larson
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Heidi K Chua
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Mona El Refaey
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter J Mohler
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tamas Ordog
- Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stefan Calder
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peng Du
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA .,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Arthur Beyder
- Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA .,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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105
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Creation and characterization of an immortalized canine myoblast cell line: Myok9. Mamm Genome 2020; 31:95-109. [PMID: 32246189 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-020-09833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The availability of an in vitro canine cell line would reduce the need for dogs for primary in vitro cell culture and reduce overall cost in pre-clinical studies. An immortalized canine muscle cell line, named Myok9, from primary myoblasts of a normal dog has been developed by the authors. Immortalization was performed by SV40 viral transfection of the large T antigen into the primary muscle cells. Proliferation assays, growth curves, quantitative PCR, western blotting, mass spectrometry, and light microscopy were performed to characterize the MyoK9 cell line at different stages of growth and differentiation. The expression of muscle-related genes was determined to assess myogenic origin. Myok9 cells expressed dystrophin and other muscle-specific proteins during differentiation, as detected with mass spectrometry and western blotting. Using the Myok9 cell line, new therapies before moving to pre-clinical studies to enhance the number and speed of analyses and reduce the cost of early experimentation can be tested now. This cell line will be made available to the research community to further evaluate potential therapeutics.
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106
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Cell cycle-dependent localization of the proteasome to chromatin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5801. [PMID: 32242037 PMCID: PMC7118148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrative understanding of nuclear events including transcription in normal and cancer cells requires comprehensive and quantitative measurement of protein dynamics that underlie such events. However, the low abundance of most nuclear proteins hampers their detailed functional characterization. We have now comprehensively quantified the abundance of nuclear proteins with the use of proteomics approaches in both normal and transformed human diploid fibroblasts. We found that subunits of the 26S proteasome complex were markedly down-regulated in the nuclear fraction of the transformed cells compared with that of the wild-type cells. The intranuclear proteasome abundance appeared to be inversely related to the rate of cell cycle progression, with restraint of the cell cycle being associated with an increase in the amount of proteasome subunits in the nucleus, suggesting that the nuclear proteasome content is dependent on the cell cycle. Furthermore, chromatin enrichment for proteomics (ChEP) analysis revealed enrichment of the proteasome in the chromatin fraction of quiescent cells and its apparent dissociation from chromatin in transformed cells. Our results thus suggest that translocation of the nuclear proteasome to chromatin may play an important role in control of the cell cycle and oncogenesis through regulation of chromatin-associated transcription factors.
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107
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Yeon A, Wang Y, Su S, Lo EM, Kim HL. Syngeneic murine model for prostate cancer using RM1 cells transfected with gp100. Prostate 2020; 80:424-431. [PMID: 32017163 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PC) is the most commonly diagnosed solid tumor in men. A major challenge in PC immunotherapy is the lack of an animal model that resembles human adenocarcinoma and allows for manipulation or monitoring of the immune response. Mouse models are needed for preclinical testing of new immunotherapies, whether used alone or in combination with established drugs, and to develop companion biomarkers that can be validated in clinical trials. METHODS To develop a syngeneic prostate adenocarcinoma model with a well-defined tumor antigen, murine RM1 PC cells were transfected with the endogenous mouse melanoma protein, gp100 (RM1-gp100). Gp100 was attractive because it is a self-protein and it instantly allowed us to use the large trove of immune research tools developed for melanoma research. A dendritic cell (DC) vaccine was used as model immunotherapy to demonstrate that adoptive immunotherapy against gp100 decreases the growth of RM1-gp100 but not RM1. RESULTS Expressing gp100 did not change the growth of RM1 cell in vitro or in vivo. The DCs pulsed with RM1-gp100 could be used to stimulate Pmel-1 lymphocyte proliferation and activation. Pmel-1 lymphocytes could be adoptively transferred into C57Bl/6 mice that were treated with DCs pulsed with RM1-gp100. The resulting Pmel-1 lymphocytes were monitored to assess the primary cellular immune response and memory response. CONCLUSION We describe a murine model for prostate adenocarcinoma with a well-characterized antigen that can be used in an immunologically intact mice to monitor the temporal CD8+ lymphocyte-mediated antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Yeon
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shengchen Su
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric M Lo
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hyung L Kim
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, California
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108
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Kim M, Kim SJ, Xu Z, Ha SY, Byeon JH, Kang EJ, Shin SH, Yoo SK, Jee HG, Yoon SG, Yi JW, Bae JM, Yu HW, Chai YJ, Cho SW, Choi JY, Lee KE, Han W. BRAFV600E Transduction of an SV40-Immortalized Normal Human Thyroid Cell Line Induces Dedifferentiated Thyroid Carcinogenesis in a Mouse Xenograft Model. Thyroid 2020; 30:487-500. [PMID: 32122255 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Despite active studies of the clinical importance of BRAFV600E, suitable research models to investigate the role of this mutation in the etiopathogenesis of human thyroid cancers are limited. Thus, we generated cell lines by transducing the simian virus (SV)-40 immortalized human thyroid cell line Nthy-ori 3-1 (Nthy) with lentiviral vectors expressing either BRAFWT (Nthy/WT) or BRAFV600E. Nthy/WT and Nthy/V600E cells were then xenografted into mice to evaluate the carcinogenic role of BRAFV600E. Methods: Each cell line was subcutaneously injected into NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ mice, and a pathological analysis was performed. The effects of the mutation were further verified by using a BRAFV600E-selective inhibitor (PLX-4032, vemurafenib). The transcriptome was analyzed by RNA sequencing and compared with data from The Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and Gene Expression Omnibus. Results: While Nthy/WT was not tumorigenic in vivo, Nthy/V600E formed tumors reaching 2784.343 mm3 in 4 weeks, on average. A pathological analysis indicated that Nthy/V600E tumors were dedifferentiated thyroid cancer. We found metastases in the lung, liver, and relevant lymph nodes. A transcriptomic analysis revealed 5512 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the mutant and wild-type cell lines, and more DEGs were shared with anaplastic thyroid cancer than with papillary thyroid cancer. BRAFV600E activated the cell cycle mainly by regulating G1/S phases. PLX-4032 treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth and metastasis. Conclusions: Our data show that BRAFV600E plays a pivotal role in the carcinogenic transformation of an SV40-transfected immortalized normal human thyroid cell line. This xenograft model is expected to contribute to studies of the etiopathogenesis and treatment of highly malignant thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Surgery, Thyroid Center, Seoul National University Cancer Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhen Xu
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery, YanBian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Seong Yun Ha
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Byeon
- Department of Statistics, Yonsei Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Shin
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Keun Yoo
- Precision Medicine Institute, Macrogen, Inc., Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gun Jee
- Healthcare Innovation Park, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gab Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Wook Yi
- Department of Surgery, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Mo Bae
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Won Yu
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Chai
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Wook Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - June Young Choi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Eun Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Surgery, Thyroid Center, Seoul National University Cancer Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonshik Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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109
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Maugein A, Diedisheim M, Bailly K, Scharfmann R, Albagli O. The RB gene family controls the maturation state of the EndoC-βH2 human pancreatic β-cells. Differentiation 2020; 113:1-9. [PMID: 32120156 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The functional maturation of human pancreatic β-cells remains poorly understood. EndoC-βH2 is a human β-cell line with a reversible immortalized phenotype. Removal of the two oncogenes, SV40LT and hTERT introduced for its propagation, stops proliferation, triggers cell size increase and senescence, promotes mitochondrial activity and amplifies several β-cell traits and functions. Overall, these events recapitulate several aspects of functional β-cell maturation. We report here that selective depletion of SV40LT, but not of hTERT, is sufficient to revert EndoC-βH2 immortalization. SV40LT inhibits the activity of the RB family members and of P53. In EndoC-βH2 cells, the knock-down of RB itself, and, to a lesser extent, of its relative P130, precludes most events triggered by SV40LT depletion. In contrast, the knock-down of P53 does not prevent reversion of immortalization. Thus, an increase in RB and P130 activity, but not in P53 activity, is required for functional maturation of EndoC-βH2 cells upon SV40LT-depletion. In addition, RB and/or P130 depletion in SV40LT-expressing EndoC-βH2 cells decreases cell size, stimulates proliferation, and decreases the expression of key β-cell genes. Thus, despite SV40LT expression, EndoC-βH2 cells have a residual RB activity, which when suppressed reverts them to a more immature phenotype. These results show that the expression and activity levels of RB family members, especially RB itself, regulate the maturation state of EndoC-βH2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Maugein
- Paris University, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Marc Diedisheim
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Diabetology Department, Paris University, Cochin Hospital, and INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris University, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Karine Bailly
- Paris University, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Scharfmann
- Paris University, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Albagli
- Paris University, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.
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Gorish BMT, Ournasseir MEH, Shammat IM. Molecular Characterization of BK Polyomavirus’ Large T Antigen Gene Sequences Detected in Prostate Cancer Tissues of Sudanese Patients. Open Virol J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874357901913010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
BK virus, which is associated with Prostate Cancer (PCa), have a global seroprevalence in humans. Based on the sequences of VP1 and the Large Antigen (LTAg) genes, there are four subtypes of BKV. Each subtype has its own subgroups.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to identify the BKV subtype that circulates among Sudanese patients with PCa.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 8 samples from our previous work on BKV were studied in this investigation. The LTAg gene was partially amplified (176nt) by a homemade PCR. All the amplicons were purified and subjected to sequencing. Bioedit version 7.0 and Mega X version 6.0 were used to analyze the sequence and compare the results with the BKV sequences and build a phylogenetic tree.
Results:
All the BKV LTAg gene sequences derived from Sudanese patients were classified with Subtype-1 BKV strains from Iran and Japan. Translated protein alignment showed that some isolates had identical amino acids with Iranian and Japanese strains, whereas others had a silent mutation. Interestingly, a point mutation was identified in the sequences of isolate 5 and 8 where adenine nucleotide (A) was replaced with Cytosine (C) at position 276, resulting in amino acid substitution.
Conclusion:
It was concluded that all the BKV isolates which circulated among Sudanese prostate tumor patients belonged to subtype 1. These findings only highlighted the need for the molecular detection and subtyping of BKV strains in Sudanese patients in order to better demonstrate the relationship between BKV infection and PCa.
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Yamada Y, Liao GR, Tseng CY, Tseng YY, Hsu WL. Establishment and characterization of transformed goat primary cells by expression of simian virus 40 large T antigen for orf virus propagations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226105. [PMID: 31805146 PMCID: PMC6894772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the limited host range of orf virus (ORFV), primary cells derived from its natural hosts, such as goats and sheep, are recommended for isolation and propagation of wild type ORFV. This situation limits the option for the study of virus-host interaction during ORFV infection since primary cells only support a few numbers of passages. SV40 T antigen is a viral oncoprotein that can abrogate replicative senescence, leading to an extended life span of cells. In this study, the transformation of two goat primary cells, fibroblast (FB) and testis (GT) cells, were achieved by stably expressing SV40 T antigen using the lentiviral technique. The presence of the gene encoding SV40 T antigen was validated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analyses. As evidenced by immunofluorescent microscopy, the two types of cells expressing SV40 T antigen (namely, FBT and GTT) were purified to homogeneity. Moreover, faster growth kinetics and a lower serum dependency were noticed in FBT and GTT, as compared with their counterpart parental cells. FBT and GTT remain permissive and can form plaque of ORFV, despite with different profiles; generally speaking, with SV40 T expression, ORFV forms plaques with smaller size and distinct margin. Most importantly, the prolonged life span of goat FBT and GTT serves as an ideal cell culture resource for ORFV isolation from the field, studies of ORFV pathogenesis and efficient vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Yamada
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ru Liao
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yeu-Yang Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Wei-Li Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Promotes Tumor Growth and Metastasis Formation via ROS-Dependent Upregulation of Twist. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6016278. [PMID: 31885806 PMCID: PMC6915010 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6016278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV-induced immune suppression results in the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS-associated malignancies including Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and cervical cancer. HIV-infected people are also at an increased risk of “non-AIDS-defining” malignancies not directly linked to immune suppression but associated with viral infections. Their incidence is increasing despite successful antiretroviral therapy. The mechanism behind this phenomenon remains unclear. Here, we obtained daughter clones of murine mammary gland adenocarcinoma 4T1luc2 cells expressing consensus reverse transcriptase of HIV-1 subtype A FSU_A strain (RT_A) with and without primary mutations of drug resistance. In in vitro tests, mutations of resistance to nucleoside inhibitors K65R/M184V reduced the polymerase, and to nonnucleoside inhibitors K103N/G190S, the RNase H activities of RT_A. Expression of these RT_A variants in 4T1luc2 cells led to increased production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, enhanced cell motility in the wound healing assay, and upregulation of expression of Vimentin and Twist. These properties, particularly, the expression of Twist, correlated with the levels of expression RT_A and/or the production of ROS. When implanted into syngeneic BALB/C mice, 4T1luc2 cells expressing nonmutated RT_A demonstrated enhanced rate of tumor growth and increased metastatic activity, dependent on the level of expression of RT_A and Twist. No enhancement was observed for the clones expressing mutated RT_A variants. Plausible mechanisms are discussed involving differential interactions of mutated and nonmutated RTs with its cellular partners involved in the regulation of ROS. This study establishes links between the expression of HIV-1 RT, production of ROS, induction of EMT, and enhanced propagation of RT-expressing tumor cells. Such scenario can be proposed as one of the mechanisms of HIV-induced/enhanced carcinogenesis not associated with immune suppression.
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113
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Starrett GJ, Buck CB. The case for BK polyomavirus as a cause of bladder cancer. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 39:8-15. [PMID: 31336246 PMCID: PMC6901737 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, the International Agency for Research on Cancer judged Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) to be a probable human carcinogen. BK polyomavirus (BKPyV, a distant cousin of MCPyV) was ruled a possible carcinogen. In this review, we argue that it has recently become reasonable to view both of these viruses as known human carcinogens. In particular, several complementary lines of evidence support a causal role for BKPyV in the development of bladder carcinomas affecting organ transplant patients. The expansion of inexpensive deep sequencing has opened new approaches to investigating the important question of whether BKPyV causes urinary tract cancers in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Starrett
- National Cancer Institute, Building 37 Room 4118, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, United States.
| | - Christopher B Buck
- National Cancer Institute, Building 37 Room 4118, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, United States
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Nako T, Fukumoto H, Hasegawa H, Saeki H, Katano H. Functional Analysis of Trichodysplasia Spinulosa-Associated Polyomavirus-Encoded Large T Antigen. Jpn J Infect Dis 2019; 73:132-139. [PMID: 31787742 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2019.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV or human polyomavirus 8) was identified from patients with trichodysplasia spinulosa, a rare skin disease affecting the faces of immunocompromised patients. Like other polyomaviruses, the TSPyV genome encodes a large T antigen (LT). However, the expression and functions of TSPyV LT in infected cells remain largely unknown. In the present study, we cloned a full-length TSPyV LT cDNA from cells transfected with the full-length of TSPyV LT DNA. Transfection study using green fluorescence protein-tagged LT expression plasmids showed that TSPyV LT was expressed in the nucleus of transfected cells. Analysis of deletion mutants identified a nuclear localization signal in TSPyV LT. Recombinant TSPyV LT exhibited an ATPase activity. TSPyV LT has a chitinase-like domain; however, no chitinase activity was detected. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed that TSPyV LT bound to retinoblastoma 1, but not to p53 in transfected cells. Expression of TSPyV LT in NIH3T3 cells induced colony formation in soft agar, suggesting its transformation activity. These data indicate that TSPyV LT may be associated with the pathogenesis of trichodysplasia spinulosa, which is a hyperplasia of keratinocytes in inner hair follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Nako
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases.,Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School
| | - Hitomi Fukumoto
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | | | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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115
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Cluzet V, Devillers MM, Petit F, Chauvin S, François CM, Giton F, Genestie C, di Clemente N, Cohen-Tannoudji J, Guigon CJ. Aberrant granulosa cell-fate related to inactivated p53/Rb signaling contributes to granulosa cell tumors and to FOXL2 downregulation in the mouse ovary. Oncogene 2019; 39:1875-1890. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cho M, Kim H, Son HS. Codon usage patterns of LT-Ag genes in polyomaviruses from different host species. Virol J 2019; 16:137. [PMID: 31727090 PMCID: PMC6854729 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyomaviruses (PyVs) have a wide range of hosts, from humans to fish, and their effects on hosts vary. The differences in the infection characteristics of PyV with respect to the host are assumed to be influenced by the biochemical function of the LT-Ag protein, which is related to the cytopathic effect and tumorigenesis mechanism via interaction with the host protein. Methods We carried out a comparative analysis of codon usage patterns of large T-antigens (LT-Ags) of PyVs isolated from various host species and their functional domains and sequence motifs. Parity rule 2 (PR2) and neutrality analysis were applied to evaluate the effects of mutation and selection pressure on codon usage bias. To investigate evolutionary relationships among PyVs, we carried out a phylogenetic analysis, and a correspondence analysis of relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values was performed. Results Nucleotide composition analysis using LT-Ag gene sequences showed that the GC and GC3 values of avian PyVs were higher than those of mammalian PyVs. The effective number of codon (ENC) analysis showed host-specific ENC distribution characteristics in both the LT-Ag gene and the coding sequences of its domain regions. In the avian and fish PyVs, the codon diversity was significant, whereas the mammalian PyVs tended to exhibit conservative and host-specific evolution of codon usage bias. The results of our PR2 and neutrality analysis revealed mutation bias or highly variable GC contents by showing a narrow GC12 distribution and wide GC3 distribution in all sequences. Furthermore, the calculated RSCU values revealed differences in the codon usage preference of the LT-AG gene according to the host group. A similar tendency was observed in the two functional domains used in the analysis. Conclusions Our study showed that specific domains or sequence motifs of various PyV LT-Ags have evolved so that each virus protein interacts with host cell targets. They have also adapted to thrive in specific host species and cell types. Functional domains of LT-Ag, which are known to interact with host proteins involved in cell proliferation and gene expression regulation, may provide important information, as they are significantly related to the host specificity of PyVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongji Cho
- Laboratory of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Institute of Public Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hayeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kyungdong University, 815 Gyeonhwon-ro, Munmak, Wonju, Gangwondo, 24695, South Korea
| | - Hyeon S Son
- Laboratory of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Institute of Public Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,SNU Bioinformatics Institute, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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117
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Weydert C, Decuypere JP, De Smedt H, Janssens P, Vennekens R, Mekahli D. Fundamental insights into autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease from human-based cell models. Pediatr Nephrol 2019; 34:1697-1715. [PMID: 30215095 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-018-4057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several animal- and human-derived models are used in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) research to gain insight in the disease mechanism. However, a consistent correlation between animal and human ADPKD models is lacking. Therefore, established human-derived models are relevant to affirm research results and translate findings into a clinical set-up. In this review, we give an extensive overview of the existing human-based cell models. We discuss their source (urine, nephrectomy and stem cell), immortalisation procedures, genetic engineering, kidney segmental origin and characterisation with nephron segment markers. We summarise the most studied pathways and lessons learned from these different ADPKD models. Finally, we issue recommendations for the derivation of human-derived cell lines and for experimental set-ups with these cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Weydert
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Decuypere
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Humbert De Smedt
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Janssens
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rudi Vennekens
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Djalila Mekahli
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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118
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Gorish BMT, Ournasseir MEH, Shammat IM. A correlation study of BK Polyoma Virus infection and prostate Cancer among Sudanese patients - immunofluorescence and molecular based case-control study. Infect Agent Cancer 2019; 14:25. [PMID: 31548852 PMCID: PMC6751814 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-019-0244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyomavirus hominis1, also called BK virus (BKV) is a well-known etiological agent of renal transplant nephropathy and cystitis. Recently, it got great attention from the researcher as a principal predisposing factor for different kinds of cancers including prostate cancer (PCa). Thus, this study aims to determine the correlation between BKV infection and PCa through a descriptive case-control based study. Methods A total of 55 paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of patients with PCa and another 55 tissue blocks from BPH patients were obtained. In parallel, respective urine samples were collected from all the cases and controls. The existence of BKV large T antigen (LTAg) was analyzed by Direct Immunofluorescence assay. Only BKV LTAg positive specimens were further analyzed for the presence of viral DNA by using a conventional PCR then subjected to viral load quantitation by using Q-PCR. Result BKV LTAg was identified in 30% (17/55) of cases tissue specimens and only in 7% (4/55) of the controls tissue specimens with P-value 0.002 and Odd ratio 5.7. The conventional PCR detects the BKV DNA in 16 out of 17 cases specimens while only two out of four controls specimens were identified with a viral DNA. The mean of the BKV DNA load was higher significantly among cases 6733 ± 6745 copies/ml when compared to controls 509.0 ± 792.9 copies/m with a p-value of 0.002. Conclusion More BKV prevalence with high viral load was observed in PCa patients tissue compared to BPH specimens. PCa Gleason scores 9 and 7 were the most cancer grades identified with the presence of BKV DNA. Our findings are thus consistent with a significant link between the BKV infection and the PCa risk. Prostate or seminal fluids should be selected as principal specimens for future studies and can, therefore, be designated as screening samples to find early virus evidence in the prostate tissue. Detection of early virus evidence may help to reduce the risk of PCa cancer due to BKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babbiker Mohammed Taher Gorish
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | | | - Iman Mohammed Shammat
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan.,2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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Mihajlovic M, Hariri S, Westphal KCG, Janssen MJ, Oost MJ, Bongiovanni L, van den Heuvel LP, de Bruin A, Hilbrands LB, Masereeuw R. Safety evaluation of conditionally immortalized cells for renal replacement therapy. Oncotarget 2019; 10:5332-5348. [PMID: 31523392 PMCID: PMC6731099 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
End-stage kidney disease represents irreversible kidney failure. Dialysis and transplantation, two main treatment options currently available, present various drawbacks and complications. Innovative cell-based therapies, such as a bioartificial kidney, have not reached the clinic yet, mostly due to safety and/or functional issues. Here, we assessed the safety of conditionally immortalized proximal tubule epithelial cells (ciPTECs) for bioartificial kidney application, by using in vitro assays and athymic nude rats. We demonstrate that these cells do not possess key properties of oncogenically transformed cells, including anchorage-independent growth, lack of contact inhibition and apoptosis-resistance. In late-passage cells we did observe complex chromosomal abnormalities favoring near-tetraploidy, indicating chromosomal instability. However, time-lapse imaging of ciPTEC-OAT1, confined to a 3D extracellular matrix (ECM)-based environment, revealed that the cells were largely non-invasive. Furthermore, we determined the viral integration sites of SV40 Large T antigen (SV40T), human telomerase (hTERT) and OAT1 (SLC22A6), the transgenes used for immortalization and cell function enhancement. All integrations sites were found to be located in the intronic regions of endogenous genes. Among these genes, early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1) involved in endocytosis, and BCL2 Like 1 (BCL2L1) known for its role in regulating apoptosis, were identified. Nevertheless, both gene products appeared to be functionally intact. Finally, after subcutaneous injection in athymic nude rats we show that ciPTEC-OAT1 lack tumorigenic and oncogenic effects in vivo, confirming the in vitro findings. Taken together, this study lays an important foundation towards bioartificial kidney (BAK) development by confirming the safety of the cell line intended for incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Mihajlovic
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sam Hariri
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen C G Westphal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manoe J Janssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam J Oost
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Centre, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alain de Bruin
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Centre, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk B Hilbrands
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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120
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He Z, Wang S, Shao Y, Zhang J, Wu X, Chen Y, Hu J, Zhang F, Liu XS. Ras Downstream Effector GGCT Alleviates Oncogenic Stress. iScience 2019; 19:256-266. [PMID: 31400748 PMCID: PMC6700472 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How cells adapt to oncogenic transformation-associated cellular stress and become fully transformed is still unknown. Here we identified a novel GGCT-regulated glutathione (GSH)-reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolic pathway in oncogenic stress alleviation. We identified GGCT as a target of oncogenic Ras and that it is required for oncogenic Ras-induced primary mouse cell proliferation and transformation and in vivo lung cancer formation in the LSL-Kras G12D mouse model. However, GGCT deficiency is compatible with normal mouse development, suggesting that GGCT can be a cancer-specific therapeutic target. Genetically amplified GGCT locus further supports the oncogenic driving function of GGCT. In summary, our study not only identifies an oncogenic function of GGCT but also identifies a novel regulator of GSH metabolism, with implications for further understanding of oncogenic stress and cancer treatment. GGCT is a target of Ras and is required for Ras-induced cancer formation GGCT deletion is compatible with normal mouse development and tissue function GGCT genomic locus is amplified in multiple human cancer types GGCT could alleviate oncogenic stress by regulating GSH-ROS metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaoke He
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shixiang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuxing Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Junhao Hu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Core Facility, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue-Song Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Benyelles M, Episkopou H, O'Donohue M, Kermasson L, Frange P, Poulain F, Burcu Belen F, Polat M, Bole‐Feysot C, Langa‐Vives F, Gleizes P, de Villartay J, Callebaut I, Decottignies A, Revy P. Impaired telomere integrity and rRNA biogenesis in PARN-deficient patients and knock-out models. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e10201. [PMID: 31273937 PMCID: PMC6609912 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201810201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PARN, poly(A)-specific ribonuclease, regulates the turnover of mRNAs and the maturation and stabilization of the hTR RNA component of telomerase. Biallelic PARN mutations were associated with Høyeraal-Hreidarsson (HH) syndrome, a rare telomere biology disorder that, because of its severity, is likely not exclusively due to hTR down-regulation. Whether PARN deficiency was affecting the expression of telomere-related genes was still unclear. Using cells from two unrelated HH individuals carrying novel PARN mutations and a human PARN knock-out (KO) cell line with inducible PARN complementation, we found that PARN deficiency affects both telomere length and stability and down-regulates the expression of TRF1, TRF2, TPP1, RAP1, and POT1 shelterin transcripts. Down-regulation of dyskerin-encoding DKC1 mRNA was also observed and found to result from p53 activation in PARN-deficient cells. We further showed that PARN deficiency compromises ribosomal RNA biogenesis in patients' fibroblasts and cells from heterozygous Parn KO mice. Homozygous Parn KO however resulted in early embryonic lethality that was not overcome by p53 KO. Our results refine our knowledge on the pleiotropic cellular consequences of PARN deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maname Benyelles
- Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune SystemINSERM, UMR 1163ParisFrance
- Laboratoire labellisé LigueImagine InstituteParis Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cite UniversityParisFrance
| | | | - Marie‐Françoise O'Donohue
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire EucaryoteCentre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI)CNRS, UPSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Laëtitia Kermasson
- Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune SystemINSERM, UMR 1163ParisFrance
- Laboratoire labellisé LigueImagine InstituteParis Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cite UniversityParisFrance
| | - Pierre Frange
- EA 7327, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris‐CitéParisFrance
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie clinique & Unité d'ImmunologieHématologie et Rhumatologie PédiatriquesAP‐HP, Hôpital Necker, Enfants MaladesParisFrance
| | - Florian Poulain
- de Duve InstituteUniversité catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Fatma Burcu Belen
- Pediatric HematologyFaculty of MedicineBaskent UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Meltem Polat
- Pediatric Infectious DiseasesDepartment of Pediatric Infectious DiseasesPamukkale University Medical FacultyDenizliTurkey
| | - Christine Bole‐Feysot
- INSERM, UMR 1163Genomics platform, Imagine InstituteParis Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité UniversityParisFrance
- Genomic Core FacilityImagine Institute‐Structure Fédérative de Recherche NeckerINSERM U1163ParisFrance
| | | | - Pierre‐Emmanuel Gleizes
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire EucaryoteCentre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI)CNRS, UPSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Jean‐Pierre de Villartay
- Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune SystemINSERM, UMR 1163ParisFrance
- Laboratoire labellisé LigueImagine InstituteParis Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cite UniversityParisFrance
| | - Isabelle Callebaut
- Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleUMR CNRS 7590Institut de Minéralogiede Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMCSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | | | - Patrick Revy
- Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune SystemINSERM, UMR 1163ParisFrance
- Laboratoire labellisé LigueImagine InstituteParis Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cite UniversityParisFrance
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Albagli O, Maugein A, Huijbregts L, Bredel D, Carlier G, Martin P, Scharfmann R. New α- and SIN γ-retrovectors for safe transduction and specific transgene expression in pancreatic β cell lines. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:35. [PMID: 31208395 PMCID: PMC6580483 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral vectors are invaluable tools to transfer genes and/or regulatory sequences into differentiated cells such as pancreatic cells. To date, several kinds of viral vectors have been used to transduce different pancreatic cell types, including insulin-producing β cells. However, few studies have used vectors derived from « simple » retroviruses, such as avian α- or mouse γ-retroviruses, despite their high experimental convenience. Moreover, such vectors were never designed to specifically target transgene expression into β cells. RESULTS We here describe two novel α- or SIN (Self-Inactivating) γ-retrovectors containing the RIP (Rat Insulin Promoter) as internal promoter. These two retrovectors are easily produced in standard BSL2 conditions, rapidly concentrated if needed, and harbor a large multiple cloning site. For the SIN γ-retrovector, either the VSV-G (pantropic) or the retroviral ecotropic (rodent specific) envelope was used. For the α-retrovector, we used the A type envelope, as its receptor, termed TVA, is only naturally present in avian cells and can efficiently be provided to mammalian β cells through either exogenous expression upon cDNA transfer or gesicle-mediated delivery of the protein. As expected, the transgenes cloned into the two RIP-containing retrovectors displayed a strong preferential expression in β over non-β cells compared to transgenes cloned in their non-RIP (CMV- or LTR-) regulated counterparts. We further show that RIP activity of both retrovectors mirrored fluctuations affecting endogenous INSULIN gene expression in human β cells. Finally, both α- and SIN γ-retrovectors were extremely poorly mobilized by the BXV1 xenotropic retrovirus, a common invader of human cells grown in immunodeficient mice, and, most notably, of human β cell lines. CONCLUSION Our novel α- and SIN γ-retrovectors are safe and convenient tools to stably and specifically express transgene(s) in mammalian β cells. Moreover, they both reproduce some regulatory patterns affecting INSULIN gene expression. Thus, they provide a helpful tool to both study the genetic control of β cell function and monitor changes in their differentiation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Albagli
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, 123 Boulevard de Port-Royal, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Alicia Maugein
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, 123 Boulevard de Port-Royal, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Lukas Huijbregts
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, 123 Boulevard de Port-Royal, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Bredel
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, 123 Boulevard de Port-Royal, 75014, Paris, France.,Present Address: Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle en Immunothérapie, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Géraldine Carlier
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, 123 Boulevard de Port-Royal, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Martin
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR7277 INSERM U1099, iBV (Institut de Biologie Valrose), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Bâtiment Sciences Naturelles; UFR Sciences, Parc Valrose, 28, avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Raphaël Scharfmann
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, 123 Boulevard de Port-Royal, 75014, Paris, France
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Kwon S, Kim SS, Nebeck HE, Ahn EH. Immortalization of Different Breast Epithelial Cell Types Results in Distinct Mitochondrial Mutagenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2813. [PMID: 31181796 PMCID: PMC6600575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different phenotypes of normal cells might influence genetic profiles, epigenetic profiles, and tumorigenicities of their transformed derivatives. In this study, we investigate whether the whole mitochondrial genome of immortalized cells can be attributed to the different phenotypes (stem vs. non-stem) of their normal epithelial cell originators. To accurately determine mutations, we employed Duplex Sequencing, which exhibits the lowest error rates among currently-available DNA sequencing methods. Our results indicate that the vast majority of the observed mutations of the whole mitochondrial DNA occur at low-frequency (rare mutations). The most prevalent rare mutation types are C→T/G→A and A→G/T→C transitions. Frequencies and spectra of homoplasmic point mutations are virtually identical between stem cell-derived immortalized (SV1) cells and non-stem cell-derived immortalized (SV22) cells, verifying that both cell types were derived from the same woman. However, frequencies of rare point mutations are significantly lower in SV1 cells (5.79 × 10-5) than in SV22 cells (1.16 × 10-4). The significantly lower frequencies of rare mutations are aligned with a finding of longer average distances to adjacent mutations in SV1 cells than in SV22 cells. Additionally, the predicted pathogenicity for rare mutations in the mitochondrial tRNA genes tends to be lower (by 2.5-fold) in SV1 cells than in SV22 cells. While four known/confirmed pathogenic mt-tRNA mutations (m.5650 G>A, m.5521 G>A, m.5690 A>G, m.1630 A>G) were identified in SV22 cells, no such mutations were observed in SV1 cells. Our findings suggest that the immortalization of normal cells with stem cell features leads to decreased mitochondrial mutagenesis, particularly in RNA gene regions. The mutation spectra and mutations specific to stem cell-derived immortalized cells (vs. non-stem cell derived) have implications in characterizing the heterogeneity of tumors and understanding the role of mitochondrial mutations in the immortalization and transformation of human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kwon
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Susan S Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Howard E Nebeck
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Eun Hyun Ahn
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Almarhabi H, Rotstein C. Symptomatic BK virus cystitis in non-renal transplant recipients. JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE CANADA = JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE L'ASSOCIATION POUR LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE ET L'INFECTIOLOGIE CANADA 2019; 4:102-107. [PMID: 36337748 PMCID: PMC9602953 DOI: 10.3138/jammi.2018-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BK virus is implicated most commonly in causing BK virus-associated nephropathy in renal transplant recipients. However, on rare occasions, it can also produce symptomatic cystitis in other solid organ transplant recipients. METHODS Retrospective review of 2,149 non-renal solid organ transplant recipients over a 6-year period to evaluate patients for cases of symptomatic BK virus cystitis. RESULTS Three patients (two heart transplant recipients and one lung transplant recipient) are reported herein with symptomatic BK virus cystitis. These patients responded to reduced immunosuppressive medication with a reduction in viral load in two instances, and the third patient appeared to have an apparent response to prolonged levofloxacin treatment. CONCLUSIONS A high index of suspicion should be exercised in non-renal solid organ transplant recipients (particularly heart and lung transplant recipients) who have symptoms consistent with cystitis but have a negative urine bacterial culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Almarhabi
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Coleman Rotstein
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Tomita Y, Palethorpe HM, Smith E, Nakhjavani M, Townsend AR, Price TJ, Yool AJ, Hardingham JE. Bumetanide-Derived Aquaporin 1 Inhibitors, AqB013 and AqB050 Inhibit Tube Formation of Endothelial Cells through Induction of Apoptosis and Impaired Migration In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081818. [PMID: 31013775 PMCID: PMC6515555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AqB013 and AqB050 compounds inhibit aquaporin 1 (AQP1), a dual water and ion channel implicated in tumour angiogenesis. We tested AqB013 and AqB050 either as monotherapy or in combination on tube formation of murine endothelial cells (2H-11 and 3B-11) and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). The mechanism underlying their anti-tubulogenic effect was explored by examining cell viability, induction of apoptosis and migration using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay, Annexin V/propidium iodide apoptosis assay and scratch wound assay. Tube formation of all the cell lines was inhibited by AqB013, AqB050 and the combination of the two compounds. The inhibition of 2H-11 and 3B-11 was frequently accompanied by impaired migration, whereas that of HUVEC treated with AqB050 and the combination was associated with reduced cell viability due to apoptosis. AqB013 and AqB050 exhibited an anti-tubulogenic effect through inhibition of AQP1-mediated cell migration and induction of apoptosis. Together with previously reported anti-tumour cell effect of AqB013 and AqB050, our findings support further evaluation of these compounds as potential cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Tomita
- Solid Tumour Group, Basil Hetzel Institute, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia.
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
- Medical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia.
| | - Helen M Palethorpe
- Solid Tumour Group, Basil Hetzel Institute, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia.
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Eric Smith
- Solid Tumour Group, Basil Hetzel Institute, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia.
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Maryam Nakhjavani
- Solid Tumour Group, Basil Hetzel Institute, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia.
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Amanda R Townsend
- Solid Tumour Group, Basil Hetzel Institute, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia.
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
- Medical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia.
| | - Timothy J Price
- Solid Tumour Group, Basil Hetzel Institute, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia.
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
- Medical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia.
| | - Andrea J Yool
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Jennifer E Hardingham
- Solid Tumour Group, Basil Hetzel Institute, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia.
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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Fernández Robledo JA, Yadavalli R, Allam B, Pales Espinosa E, Gerdol M, Greco S, Stevick RJ, Gómez-Chiarri M, Zhang Y, Heil CA, Tracy AN, Bishop-Bailey D, Metzger MJ. From the raw bar to the bench: Bivalves as models for human health. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:260-282. [PMID: 30503358 PMCID: PMC6511260 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves, from raw oysters to steamed clams, are popular choices among seafood lovers and once limited to the coastal areas. The rapid growth of the aquaculture industry and improvement in the preservation and transport of seafood have enabled them to be readily available anywhere in the world. Over the years, oysters, mussels, scallops, and clams have been the focus of research for improving the production, managing resources, and investigating basic biological and ecological questions. During this decade, an impressive amount of information using high-throughput genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic technologies has been produced in various classes of the Mollusca group, and it is anticipated that basic and applied research will significantly benefit from this resource. One aspect that is also taking momentum is the use of bivalves as a model system for human health. In this review, we highlight some of the aspects of the biology of bivalves that have direct implications in human health including the shell formation, stem cells and cell differentiation, the ability to fight opportunistic and specific pathogens in the absence of adaptive immunity, as source of alternative drugs, mucosal immunity and, microbiome turnover, toxicology, and cancer research. There is still a long way to go; however, the next time you order a dozen oysters at your favorite raw bar, think about a tasty model organism that will not only please your palate but also help unlock multiple aspects of molluscan biology and improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bassem Allam
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | | | - Marco Gerdol
- University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Samuele Greco
- University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rebecca J Stevick
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
| | - Marta Gómez-Chiarri
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Cynthia A Heil
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA
| | - Adrienne N Tracy
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA; Colby College, Waterville, 4,000 Mayflower Hill Dr, ME, 04901, USA
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Wang Q, Zhang P, Li Z, Feng X, Lv C, Zhang H, Xiao H, Ding J, Chen X. Evaluation of Polymer Nanoformulations in Hepatoma Therapy by Established Rodent Models. Theranostics 2019; 9:1426-1452. [PMID: 30867842 PMCID: PMC6401493 DOI: 10.7150/thno.31683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatoma is one of the most severe malignancies usually with poor prognosis, and many patients are insensitive to the existing therapeutic agents, including the drugs for chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. Currently, researchers are committed to developing the advanced formulations with controlled drug delivery to improve the efficacy of hepatoma therapy. Numerous inoculated, induced, and genetically engineered hepatoma rodent models are now available for formulation screening. However, animal models of hepatoma cannot accurately represent human hepatoma in terms of histological characteristics, metastatic pathways, and post-treatment responses. Therefore, advanced animal hepatoma models with comparable pathogenesis and pathological features are in urgent need in the further studies. Moreover, the development of nanomedicines has renewed hope for chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy of advanced hepatoma. As one kind of advanced formulations, the polymer-based nanoformulated drugs have many advantages over the traditional ones, such as improved tumor selectivity and treatment efficacy, and reduced systemic side effects. In this article, the construction of rodent hepatoma model and much information about the current development of polymer nanomedicines were reviewed in order to provide a basis for the development of advanced formulations with clinical therapeutic potential for hepatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Xiangru Feng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Chengyue Lv
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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128
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Alnasser F, Castagnola V, Boselli L, Esquivel-Gaon M, Efeoglu E, McIntyre J, Byrne HJ, Dawson KA. Graphene Nanoflake Uptake Mediated by Scavenger Receptors. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1260-1268. [PMID: 30628448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The biological interactions of graphene have been extensively investigated over the last 10 years. However, very little is known about graphene interactions with the cell surface and how the graphene internalization process is driven and mediated by specific recognition sites at the interface with the cell. In this work, we propose a methodology to investigate direct molecular correlations between the biomolecular corona of graphene and specific cell receptors, showing that key protein recognition motifs, presented on the nanomaterial surface, can engage selectively with specific cell receptors. We consider the case of apolipoprotein A-I, found to be very abundant in the graphene protein corona, and observe that the uptake of graphene nanoflakes is somewhat increased in cells with greatly elevated expression of scavenger receptors B1, suggesting a possible mechanism of endogenous interaction. The uptake results, obtained by flow cytometry, have been confirmed using Raman microspectroscopic mapping, exploiting the strong Raman signature of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Alnasser
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Valentina Castagnola
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Luca Boselli
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Margarita Esquivel-Gaon
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Esen Efeoglu
- FOCAS Research Institute , Technological University Dublin , Kevin Street , Dublin 8 , Ireland
| | - Jennifer McIntyre
- FOCAS Research Institute , Technological University Dublin , Kevin Street , Dublin 8 , Ireland
| | - Hugh J Byrne
- FOCAS Research Institute , Technological University Dublin , Kevin Street , Dublin 8 , Ireland
| | - Kenneth A Dawson
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
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129
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Trosko JE. Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Two Types of Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication⁻Deficient "Cancer Stem Cell". Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010087. [PMID: 30646567 PMCID: PMC6356618 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early observations showed a lack of growth control and terminal differentiation with a lack of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). Subsequent observations showed that epigenetic tumor promoters and activated oncogenes, which block gap junction function, provide insights into the multi-stage, multi-mechanism carcinogenic process. With the isolation of embryonic induced pluri-potent stem cells and organ-specific adult stem cells, gap junctions were linked to early development. While tumors and tumor cell lines are a heterogeneous mixture of "cancer stem cells" and "cancer non-stem cells", the cancer stem cells seem to be of two types, namely, they express (a) no connexin genes or (b) connexin genes, but do not have functional GJIC. These observations suggest that these "cancer stem cells" originate from normal adult stem cells or from the de-differentiation or re-programming of somatic differentiated cells. This "Concept Paper" provides a hypothesis that "cancer stem cells" either originate from (a) organ-specific adult stem cells before the expression of the connexin genes or (b) organ-specific adult stem cells that just express gap junction genes but that the connexin proteins are rendered dysfunctional by activated oncogenes. Therefore, cancer prevention and therapeutic strategies must account for these two different types of "cancer stem cell".
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Trosko
- Department Pediatrics & Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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130
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Establishment and characterization of an immortalized renal cell line of the Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinesis). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2171-2180. [PMID: 30637496 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese tree shrew holds a great potential as a viable animal model in biomedical research, especially for infectious diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders. A thorough understanding of the innate immunity, which represents the first line that defends the host against viral infection, of the Chinese tree shrew, is needed. However, the progress is hindered by the lack of a proper cell line for research usage. In this study, we established a cell line that is applicable to the study of tree shrew innate immune responses against viral infections. The Chinese tree shrew primary renal cells (TSPRCs) were immortalized by simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40LT) transduction, and the immortalized cells were termed TSR6 (tree shrew renal cell #6). TSR6 showed a similar morphology to TSPRCs and expressed the epithelial cell-specific marker cytokeratin 18 (KRT18). In addition, TSR6 could be transfected by transfection reagent and was suitable for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. Infection of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) or herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) in TSR6 induced the mRNA expression of tree shrew interferon-β (tIFNB1) and myxovirus resistance protein 1 (tMx1) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Collectively, we successfully established a tree shrew renal cell line and demonstrated that this cell line was suitable for the study of the innate immune response to viral infections.
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131
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Burkard M, Bengtson Nash S, Gambaro G, Whitworth D, Schirmer K. Lifetime extension of humpback whale skin fibroblasts and their response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor). Cell Biol Toxicol 2019; 35:387-398. [PMID: 30627956 PMCID: PMC6757015 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-018-09457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Marine mammals, such as whales, have a high proportion of body fat and so are susceptible to the accumulation, and associated detrimental health effects, of lipophilic environmental contaminants. Recently, we developed a wild-type cell line from humpback whale fibroblasts (HuWa). Extensive molecular assessments with mammalian wild-type cells are typically constrained by a finite life span, with cells eventually becoming senescent. Thus, the present work explored the possibility of preventing senescence in the HuWa cell line by transfection with plasmids encoding the simian virus large T antigen (SV40T) or telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). No stable expression was achieved upon SV40 transfection. Transfection with TERT, on the other hand, activated the expression of telomerase in HuWa cells. At the time of manuscript preparation, the transfected HuWa cells (HuWaTERT) have been stable for at least 59 passages post-transfection. HuWaTERT proliferate rapidly and maintain initial cell characteristics, such as morphology and chromosomal stability. The response of HuWaTERT cells to an immune stimulant (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) and an immunotoxicant (Aroclor1254) was assessed by measurement of intracellular levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. HuWaTERT cells constitutively express IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα. Exposure to neither LPS nor Aroclor1254 had an effect on the levels of these cytokines. Overall, this work supports the diverse applicability of HuWa cell lines in that they display reliable long-term preservation, susceptibility to exogenous gene transfer and enable the study of humpback whale-specific cellular response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Burkard
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Susan Bengtson Nash
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gessica Gambaro
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Deanne Whitworth
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland. .,Institute of Biogechemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPF Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Tarnita RM, Wilkie AR, DeCaprio JA. Contribution of DNA Replication to the FAM111A-Mediated Simian Virus 40 Host Range Phenotype. J Virol 2019; 93:e01330-18. [PMID: 30333173 PMCID: PMC6288344 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01330-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Host range (HR) mutants of simian virus 40 (SV40) containing mutations in the C terminus of large T antigen fail to replicate efficiently or form plaques in restrictive cell types. HR mutant viruses exhibit impairments at several stages of the viral life cycle, including early and late gene and protein expression, DNA replication, and virion assembly, although the underlying mechanism for these defects is unknown. Host protein FAM111A, whose depletion rescues early and late gene expression and plaque formation for SV40 HR viruses, has been shown to play a role in cellular DNA replication. SV40 viral DNA replication occurs in the nucleus of infected cells in viral replication centers where viral proteins and cellular replication factors localize. Here, we examined the role of viral replication center formation and DNA replication in the FAM111A-mediated HR phenotype. We found that SV40 HR virus rarely formed viral replication centers in restrictive cells, a phenotype that could be rescued by FAM111A depletion. Furthermore, while FAM111A localized to nucleoli in uninfected cells in a cell cycle-dependent manner, FAM111A relocalized to viral replication centers after infection with SV40 wild-type or HR viruses. We also found that inhibition of viral DNA replication through aphidicolin treatment or through the use of replication-defective SV40 mutants diminished the effects of FAM111A depletion on viral gene expression. These results indicate that FAM111A restricts SV40 HR viral replication center formation and that viral DNA replication contributes to the FAM111A-mediated effect on early gene expression.IMPORTANCE SV40 has served as a powerful tool for understanding fundamental viral and cellular processes; however, despite extensive study, the SV40 HR mutant phenotype remains poorly understood. Mutations in the C terminus of large T antigen that disrupt binding to the host protein FAM111A render SV40 HR viruses unable to replicate in restrictive cell types. Our work reveals a defect of HR mutant viruses in the formation of viral replication centers that can be rescued by depletion of FAM111A. Furthermore, inhibition of viral DNA replication reduces the effects of FAM111A restriction on viral gene expression. Additionally, FAM111A is a poorly characterized cellular protein whose mutation leads to two severe human syndromes, Kenny-Caffey syndrome and osteocraniostenosis. Our findings regarding the role of FAM111A in restricting viral replication and its localization to nucleoli and viral replication centers provide further insight into FAM111A function that could help reveal the underlying disease-associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana M Tarnita
- Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adrian R Wilkie
- Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James A DeCaprio
- Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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133
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Haridhasapavalan KK, Borgohain MP, Dey C, Saha B, Narayan G, Kumar S, Thummer RP. An insight into non-integrative gene delivery approaches to generate transgene-free induced pluripotent stem cells. Gene 2018; 686:146-159. [PMID: 30472380 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over a decade ago, a landmark study that reported derivation of induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) by reprogramming fibroblasts has transformed stem cell research attracting the interest of the scientific community worldwide. These cells circumvent the ethical and immunological concerns associated with embryonic stem cells, and the limited self-renewal ability and restricted differentiation potential linked to adult stem cells. iPSCs hold great potential for understanding basic human biology, in vitro disease modeling, high-throughput drug testing and discovery, and personalized regenerative medicine. The conventional reprogramming methods involving retro- and lenti-viral vectors to deliver reprogramming factors in somatic cells to generate iPSCs nullify the clinical applicability of these cells. Although these gene delivery systems are efficient and robust, they carry an enormous risk of permanent genetic modifications and are potentially tumorigenic. To evade these safety concerns and derive iPSCs for human therapy, tremendous technological advancements have resulted in the development of non-integrating viral- and non-viral approaches. These gene delivery techniques curtail or eliminate the risk of any genomic alteration and enhance the prospects of iPSCs from bench-to-bedside. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of non-integrating viral (adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral vectors, and Sendai virus vectors) and DNA-based, non-viral (plasmid transfection, minicircle vectors, transposon vectors, episomal vectors, and liposomal magnetofection) approaches that have the potential to generate transgene-free iPSCs. The understanding of these techniques could pave the way for the use of iPSCs for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Haridhasapavalan
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Manash P Borgohain
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Chandrima Dey
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Bitan Saha
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Gloria Narayan
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Viral Immunology Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Rajkumar P Thummer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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134
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Dong D, Zhou H, Na SY, Niedra R, Peng Y, Wang H, Seed B, Zhou GL. GPR108, an NF-κB activator suppressed by TIRAP, negatively regulates TLR-triggered immune responses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205303. [PMID: 30332431 PMCID: PMC6192633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher vertebrates have evolved innate and adaptive immune systems to defend against foreign substances and pathogens. Sophisticated regulatory circuits are needed to avoid inappropriate immune responses and inflammation. GPR108 is a seven-transmembrane family protein that activates NF-κB strongly when overexpressed. Surprisingly, its action in a physiological context is that of an antagonist of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signaling. Cells from Gpr108-null mice exhibit enhanced cytokine secretion and NF-κB and IRF3 signaling, whereas Gpr108-null macrophages reconstituted with GPR108 exhibit blunted signaling. Co-expression of TLRs and GPR108 reduces NF-κB and IFNβ promoter activation compared to expression of either TLRs or GPR108 alone. Upon TLR stimulation GPR108 abundance increases and the protein engages TLRs and their partners to reduce MyD88 expression and interfere with its binding to TLR4 through blocking MyD88 ubiquitination. In turn GPR108 is antagonized by TIRAP, an adaptor protein for TLR and MyD88. The interrelationships between GPR108 and innate immune signaling components are multifactorial and point to a membrane-associated signaling structure of significant complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Dong
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haisheng Zhou
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Soon-Young Na
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rasma Niedra
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yibing Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huajun Wang
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian Seed
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Guo Ling Zhou
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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135
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Flores-Morales A, Bergmann TB, Lavallee C, Batth TS, Lin D, Lerdrup M, Friis S, Bartels A, Kristensen G, Krzyzanowska A, Xue H, Fazli L, Hansen KH, Røder MA, Brasso K, Moreira JM, Bjartell A, Wang Y, Olsen JV, Collins CC, Iglesias-Gato D. Proteogenomic Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenografts Highlights the Role of REST in Neuroendocrine Differentiation of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:595-608. [PMID: 30274982 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An increasing number of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) tumors exhibit neuroendocrine (NE) features. NE prostate cancer (NEPC) has poor prognosis, and its development is poorly understood.Experimental Design: We applied mass spectrometry-based proteomics to a unique set of 17 prostate cancer patient-derived xenografts (PDX) to characterize the effects of castration in vivo, and the proteome differences between NEPC and prostate adenocarcinomas. Genome-wide profiling of REST-occupied regions in prostate cancer cells was correlated to the expression changes in vivo to investigate the role of the transcriptional repressor REST in castration-induced NEPC differentiation. RESULTS An average of 4,881 proteins were identified and quantified from each PDX. Proteins related to neurogenesis, cell-cycle regulation, and DNA repair were found upregulated and elevated in NEPC, while the reduced levels of proteins involved in mitochondrial functions suggested a prevalent glycolytic metabolism of NEPC tumors. Integration of the REST chromatin bound regions with expression changes indicated a direct role of REST in regulating neuronal gene expression in prostate cancer cells. Mechanistically, depletion of REST led to cell-cycle arrest in G1, which could be rescued by p53 knockdown. Finally, the expression of the REST-regulated gene secretagogin (SCGN) correlated with an increased risk of suffering disease relapse after radical prostatectomy. CONCLUSIONS This study presents the first deep characterization of the proteome of NEPC and suggests that concomitant inhibition of REST and the p53 pathway would promote NEPC. We also identify SCGN as a novel prognostic marker in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amilcar Flores-Morales
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias B Bergmann
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Lavallee
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tanveer S Batth
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dong Lin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mads Lerdrup
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Friis
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Bartels
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Kristensen
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Krzyzanowska
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hui Xue
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Klaus H Hansen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin A Røder
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Brasso
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - José M Moreira
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jesper V Olsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Colin C Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Diego Iglesias-Gato
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- The Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
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136
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Farquhar MJ, McCluskey E, Staunton R, Hughes KR, Coltherd JC. Characterisation of a canine epithelial cell line for modelling the intestinal barrier. Altern Lab Anim 2018; 46:115-132. [PMID: 30022673 DOI: 10.1177/026119291804600304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how food interacts with the intestinal epithelium during the digestion process. However, it is known that ingredients in food can modulate the intestinal barrier, and have the potential to disrupt homeostasis of the gut. Here, we characterise a conditionally immortalised canine intestinal epithelial cell (cIEC) line for use in in vitro assays, to assess the effect of food ingredients on intestinal barrier function, permeability, cell health, and inflammation. Microscopy and flow cytometry confirmed that cIECs had a phenotype consistent with those of epithelial origin, and were able to differentiate to mature enterocytes. The cIECs also formed a monolayer when grown on Transwell® inserts, producing functional tight junctions between the cells. In contrast to the human-derived Caco-2 cell line, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was increased in cIECs in response to two different raw ingredients. The exposure of cIECs to known inflammatory stimuli and raw ingredients induced the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-?B). This work demonstrates the value of a unique cIEC in vitro model to study the effects of food ingredients on canine intestinal function and health, and supports continued efforts to reduce and refine the use of animals in scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma McCluskey
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, U
| | - Ruth Staunton
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, U
| | - Kevin R Hughes
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, U
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137
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Kim D, Liu Y, Oberly S, Freire R, Smolka MB. ATR-mediated proteome remodeling is a major determinant of homologous recombination capacity in cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:8311-8325. [PMID: 30010936 PMCID: PMC6144784 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATR kinase is crucial for genome maintenance, but the mechanisms by which ATR controls the DNA repair machinery are not fully understood. Here, we find that long-term chronic inhibition of ATR signaling severely impairs the ability of cells to utilize homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA repair. Proteomic analysis shows that chronic ATR inhibition depletes the abundance of key HR factors, suggesting that spontaneous ATR signaling enhances the capacity of cells to use HR-mediated repair by controlling the abundance of the HR machinery. Notably, ATR controls the abundance of HR factors largely via CHK1-dependent transcription, and can also promote stabilization of specific HR proteins. Cancer cells exhibit a strong dependency on ATR signaling for maintaining elevated levels of HR factors, and we propose that increased constitutive ATR signaling caused by augmented replication stress in cancer cells drives the enhanced HR capacity observed in certain tumor types. Overall, these findings define a major pro-HR function for ATR and have important implications for therapy by providing rationale for sensitizing HR-proficient cancer cells to PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Susannah Oberly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologias Biomedicas, 38320 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Marcus B Smolka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 607 255 0274; Fax: +1 607 255 5961;
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138
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Shi X, Ykema MR, Hazenoot J, ten Bloemendaal L, Mancini I, Odijk M, de Haan P, Bosma PJ. Cre Recombinase Mediates the Removal of Bacterial Backbone to Efficiently Generate rSV40. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2018; 9:225-233. [PMID: 29766030 PMCID: PMC5948228 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has been shown to be a feasible approach to treat inherited disorders in vivo. Among the currently used viral vector systems, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are the most advanced and have been applied in patients successfully. An important drawback of non-integrating AAV vectors is their loss of expression upon cell division, while repeating systemic administration lacks efficacy due to the induction of neutralizing antibodies. In addition, a significant percentage of the general population is not eligible for AAV-mediated gene therapy due to pre-existing immunity. Development of additional viral vectors may overcome this hurdle. Simian virus 40 (SV40)-derived vectors have been reported to transduce different tissues, including the liver, and prevalence of neutralizing antibodies in the general population is very low. This renders recombinant SV40 (rSV40) vector an interesting candidate for effective (re-)administration. Clinical use of SV40 vectors is in part hampered by less advanced production methods compared to AAVs. To optimize the production of rSV40 and make it better suitable for clinical practice, we developed a production system that relies on Cre recombinase-mediated removal of the bacterial plasmid backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Shi
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew Ryan Ykema
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaco Hazenoot
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lysbeth ten Bloemendaal
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Piter J. Bosma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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139
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Gordon EM, Ravicz JR, Liu S, Chawla SP, Hall FL. Cell cycle checkpoint control: The cyclin G1/Mdm2/p53 axis emerges as a strategic target for broad-spectrum cancer gene therapy - A review of molecular mechanisms for oncologists. Mol Clin Oncol 2018; 9:115-134. [PMID: 30101008 PMCID: PMC6083405 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2018.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic research in genetics, biochemistry and cell biology has identified the executive enzymes and protein kinase activities that regulate the cell division cycle of all eukaryotic organisms, thereby elucidating the importance of site-specific protein phosphorylation events that govern cell cycle progression. Research in cancer genomics and virology has provided meaningful links to mammalian checkpoint control elements with the characterization of growth-promoting proto-oncogenes encoding c-Myc, Mdm2, cyclins A, D1 and G1, and opposing tumor suppressor proteins, such as p53, pRb, p16INK4A and p21WAF1, which are commonly dysregulated in cancer. While progress has been made in identifying numerous enzymes and molecular interactions associated with cell cycle checkpoint control, the marked complexity, particularly the functional redundancy, of these cell cycle control enzymes in mammalian systems, presents a major challenge in discerning an optimal locus for therapeutic intervention in the clinical management of cancer. Recent advances in genetic engineering, functional genomics and clinical oncology converged in identifying cyclin G1 (CCNG1 gene) as a pivotal component of a commanding cyclin G1/Mdm2/p53 axis and a strategic locus for re-establishing cell cycle control by means of therapeutic gene transfer. The purpose of the present study is to provide a focused review of cycle checkpoint control as a practicum for clinical oncologists with an interest in applied molecular medicine. The aim is to present a unifying model that: i) clarifies the function of cyclin G1 in establishing proliferative competence, overriding p53 checkpoints and advancing cell cycle progression; ii) is supported by studies of inhibitory microRNAs linking CCNG1 expression to the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and viral subversion; and iii) provides a mechanistic basis for understanding the broad-spectrum anticancer activity and single-agent efficacy observed with dominant-negative cyclin G1, whose cytocidal mechanism of action triggers programmed cell death. Clinically, the utility of companion diagnostics for cyclin G1 pathways is anticipated in the staging, prognosis and treatment of cancers, including the potential for rational combinatorial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlinda M Gordon
- Cancer Center of Southern California/Sarcoma Oncology Center, Santa Monica, CA 90403, USA.,Aveni Foundation, Santa Monica, CA 90405, USA.,DELTA Next-Gen, LLC, Santa Monica, CA 90405, USA
| | - Joshua R Ravicz
- Cancer Center of Southern California/Sarcoma Oncology Center, Santa Monica, CA 90403, USA
| | - Seiya Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sant P Chawla
- Cancer Center of Southern California/Sarcoma Oncology Center, Santa Monica, CA 90403, USA
| | - Frederick L Hall
- Aveni Foundation, Santa Monica, CA 90405, USA.,DELTA Next-Gen, LLC, Santa Monica, CA 90405, USA
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140
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Ginzberg MB, Chang N, D'Souza H, Patel N, Kafri R, Kirschner MW. Cell size sensing in animal cells coordinates anabolic growth rates and cell cycle progression to maintain cell size uniformity. eLife 2018; 7:26957. [PMID: 29889021 PMCID: PMC6031432 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell size uniformity in healthy tissues suggests that control mechanisms might coordinate cell growth and division. We derived a method to assay whether cellular growth rates depend on cell size, by monitoring how variance in size changes as cells grow. Our data revealed that, twice during the cell cycle, growth rates are selectively increased in small cells and reduced in large cells, ensuring cell size uniformity. This regulation was also observed directly by monitoring nuclear growth in live cells. We also detected cell-size-dependent adjustments of G1 length, which further reduce variability. Combining our assays with chemical/genetic perturbations confirmed that cells employ two strategies, adjusting both cell cycle length and growth rate, to maintain the appropriate size. Additionally, although Rb signaling is not required for these regulatory behaviors, perturbing Cdk4 activity still influences cell size, suggesting that the Cdk4 pathway may play a role in designating the cell’s target size. Animal cells come in many different sizes. In humans, for example, egg cells are thousands of times larger than sperm cells. Yet cells of any given type are often strikingly similar in size. The cells that line the surface of organs including the skin and kidneys are especially uniform; in fact a loss of size uniformity in certain tumors is a sign of malignancy. What kind of regulation could enable separate cells within a tissue to have the same size? One possibility is that each type of cell is programmed with a specific target size, and that a cell can sense if it strays from its target and take steps to compensate. Animal cells sensing their own size was first reported in the 1960s, and now Ginzberg et al. confirm that human cells grown in the laboratory do indeed monitor their size and correct deviations from their target. It turns out that two separate and independent processes help to keep all the cells in the population roughly uniform in size. Firstly, proliferating human cells that are smaller than their target size spend longer growing before they divide. Secondly, at two time points between cell divisions, large cells adjust their growth rate such that they grow slower than small cells. To show these processes in action, Ginzberg et al. introduced mutations or chemicals that perturbed the length of time between cell divisions or the rate of a cell’s growth. As expected, most of these perturbations had only a modest influence on cell size, due to the cell’s compensatory strategies. Cells that had less time to grow compensated by more quickly making new protein molecules, meaning that they still had enough material to build two new cells by the time they had to divide. In contrast, if a cell’s division was artificially delayed, it reduced its growth rate to stop it from becoming too large. Similarly, cells grown in conditions that slow the production of proteins extended the time between their cell divisions to give them enough time to accumulate the material required for two new cells. In a recent related study, Liu, Ginzberg et al. identified some of the molecules that a human cell uses to sense its own size. Together these two studies now pave the road to answering a fundamental question in cell biology: what is the elusive cell size sensor? Understanding how cells sense their size will open a window onto how quantitative information is programmed, sensed and communicated within living cells. These findings will shed also new light onto how cells specialize into cell types of different sizes, and what happens when cells lose the ability to sense or regulate their size in diseases like cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bracha Ginzberg
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nancy Chang
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Heather D'Souza
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nish Patel
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ran Kafri
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc W Kirschner
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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141
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Civenni G, Carbone GM, Catapano CV. Overview of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Prostate Cancer and Their Applications in Drug Discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 81:e39. [PMID: 29927081 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignant visceral neoplasm in males in Western countries. Despite progress made in the early treatment of localized malignancies, there remains a need for therapies effective against advanced forms of the disease. Genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models are valuable tools for addressing this issue, particularly in defining the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for tumor initiation and progression. While cell and tissue culture systems are important models for this purpose as well, they cannot recapitulate the complex interactions within heterotypic cells and the tumor microenvironment that are crucial in the initiation and progression of prostate tumors. Limitations of GEM models include resistance to developing invasive and metastatic tumors that resemble the advanced stages of human PCa. Nonetheless, because genetic models provide valuable information on the human condition that would otherwise be impossible to obtain, they are increasingly employed to identify molecular targets and to examine the efficacy of cancer therapeutics. The aim of this overview is to provide a brief but comprehensive summary of GEM models for PCa, with particular emphasis on the strengths and weaknesses of this experimental approach. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Civenni
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppina M Carbone
- Prostate Cancer Biology Group, Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Carlo V Catapano
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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142
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Wen W, Cheng X, Fu Y, Meng F, Zhang JP, Zhang L, Li XL, Yang Z, Xu J, Zhang F, Botimer GD, Yuan W, Sun C, Cheng T, Zhang XB. High-Level Precise Knockin of iPSCs by Simultaneous Reprogramming and Genome Editing of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:1821-1834. [PMID: 29754960 PMCID: PMC5989814 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed an improved episomal vector system for efficient generation of integration-free induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. More recently, we reported that the use of an optimized CRISPR-Cas9 system together with a double-cut donor increases homology-directed repair-mediated precise gene knockin efficiency by 5- to 10-fold. Here, we report the integration of blood cell reprogramming and genome editing in a single step. We found that expression of Cas9 and KLF4 using a single vector significantly increases genome editing efficiency, and addition of SV40LT further enhances knockin efficiency. After these optimizations, genome editing efficiency of up to 40% in the bulk iPSC population can be achieved without any selection. Most of the edited cells show characteristics of iPSCs and genome integrity. Our improved approach, which integrates reprogramming and genome editing, should expedite both basic research and clinical applications of precision and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinxin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yawen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Feiying Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhixue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Gary D Botimer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Weiping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Changkai Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; Research Center for the Control Engineering of Translational Precision Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Institute for Brain Disorders, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China; Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China; Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China; Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China; Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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143
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Krstic J, Galhuber M, Schulz TJ, Schupp M, Prokesch A. p53 as a Dichotomous Regulator of Liver Disease: The Dose Makes the Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E921. [PMID: 29558460 PMCID: PMC5877782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle-related disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, have become a primary risk factor for the development of liver pathologies that can progress from hepatic steatosis, hepatic insulin resistance, steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis, to the most severe condition of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While the prevalence of liver pathologies is steadily increasing in modern societies, there are currently no approved drugs other than chemotherapeutic intervention in late stage HCC. Hence, there is a pressing need to identify and investigate causative molecular pathways that can yield new therapeutic avenues. The transcription factor p53 is well established as a tumor suppressor and has recently been described as a central metabolic player both in physiological and pathological settings. Given that liver is a dynamic tissue with direct exposition to ingested nutrients, hepatic p53, by integrating cellular stress response, metabolism and cell cycle regulation, has emerged as an important regulator of liver homeostasis and dysfunction. The underlying evidence is reviewed herein, with a focus on clinical data and animal studies that highlight a direct influence of p53 activity on different stages of liver diseases. Based on current literature showing that activation of p53 signaling can either attenuate or fuel liver disease, we herein discuss the hypothesis that, while hyper-activation or loss of function can cause disease, moderate induction of hepatic p53 within physiological margins could be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of liver pathologies. Hence, stimuli that lead to a moderate and temporary p53 activation could present new therapeutic approaches through several entry points in the cascade from hepatic steatosis to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Krstic
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism & Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Markus Galhuber
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism & Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Tim J Schulz
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehhbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Michael Schupp
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Prokesch
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism & Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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144
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Lee AR, Li Y, Xie N, Gleave ME, Cox ME, Collins CC, Dong X. Alternative RNA splicing of the MEAF6 gene facilitates neuroendocrine prostate cancer progression. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27966-27975. [PMID: 28427194 PMCID: PMC5438622 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although potent androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPI) improve overall survival of metastatic prostate cancer patients, treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-NEPC) as a consequence of the selection pressures of ARPI is becoming a more common clinical issue. Improved understanding of the molecular biology of t-NEPC is essential for the development of new effective management approaches for t-NEPC. In this study, we identify a splice variant of the MYST/Esa1-associated factor 6 (MEAF6) gene, MEAF6-1, that is highly expressed in both t-NEPC tumor biopsies and neuroendocrine cell lines of prostate and lung cancers. We show that MEAF6-1 splicing is stimulated by neuronal RNA splicing factor SRRM4. Rather than inducing neuroendocrine trans-differentiation of cells in prostate adenocarcinoma, MEAF6-1 upregulation stimulates cell proliferation, anchorage-independent cell growth, invasion and xenograft tumor growth. Gene microarray identifies that these MEAF6-1 actions are in part mediated by the ID1 and ID3 genes. These findings suggest that the MEAF6-1 variant does not induce neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer cells, but rather facilitates t-NEPC progression by increasing the proliferation rate of cells that have acquired neuroendocrine phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahn R Lee
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Yinan Li
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Ning Xie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Michael E Cox
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Colin C Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada
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145
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Beaver LM, Lӧhr CV, Clarke JD, Glasser ST, Watson GW, Wong CP, Zhang Z, Williams DE, Dashwood RH, Shannon J, Thuillier P, Ho E. Broccoli Sprouts Delay Prostate Cancer Formation and Decrease Prostate Cancer Severity with a Concurrent Decrease in HDAC3 Protein Expression in Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) Mice. Curr Dev Nutr 2018; 2:nzy002. [PMID: 30019025 PMCID: PMC6041877 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cruciferous vegetables have been associated with the chemoprevention of cancer. Epigenetic regulators have been identified as important targets for prostate cancer chemoprevention. Treatment of human prostate cancer cells with sulforaphane (SFN), a chemical from broccoli and broccoli sprouts, inhibits epigenetic regulators such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes, but it is not known whether consumption of a diet high in broccoli sprouts impacts epigenetic mechanisms in an in vivo model of prostate cancer. OBJECTIVE In the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model, we tested the hypothesis that a broccoli sprout diet suppresses prostate cancer, inhibits HDAC expression, alters histone modifications, and changes the expression of genes regulated by HDACs. METHODS TRAMP mice were fed a 15% broccoli sprout or control AIN93G diet; tissue samples were collected at 12 and 28 wk of age. RESULTS Mice fed broccoli sprouts had detectable amounts of SFN metabolites in liver, kidney, colon, and prostate tissues. Broccoli sprouts reduced prostate cancer incidence and progression to invasive cancer by 11- and 2.4-fold at 12 and 28 wk of age, respectively. There was a significant decline in HDAC3 protein expression in the epithelial cells of prostate ventral and anterior lobes at age 12 wk. Broccoli sprout consumption also decreased histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation in the ventral lobe (age 12 wk), and decreased histone H3 lysine 18 acetylation in all prostate lobes (age 28 wk). A decline in p16 mRNA levels, a gene regulated by HDAC3, was associated with broccoli sprout consumption, but no significant changes were noted at the protein level. CONCLUSIONS Broccoli sprout intake was associated with a decline in prostate cancer occurrence and HDAC3 protein expression in the prostate, extending prior work that implicated loss of HDAC3/ corepressor interactions as a key preventive mechanism by SFN in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Beaver
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Christiane V Lӧhr
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - John D Clarke
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Sarah T Glasser
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Greg W Watson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Carmen P Wong
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - David E Williams
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Roderick H Dashwood
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Jackilen Shannon
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Philippe Thuillier
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Emily Ho
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- Moore Family Center for Whole Grain Foods, Nutrition and Preventive Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
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146
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Hesbacher S, Pfitzer L, Wiedorfer K, Angermeyer S, Borst A, Haferkamp S, Scholz CJ, Wobser M, Schrama D, Houben R. RB1 is the crucial target of the Merkel cell polyomavirus Large T antigen in Merkel cell carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:32956-68. [PMID: 27121059 PMCID: PMC5078066 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pocket protein (PP) family consists of the three members RB1, p107 and p130 all possessing tumor suppressive properties. Indeed, the PPs jointly control the G1/S transition mainly by inhibiting E2F transcription factors. Notably, several viral oncoproteins are capable of binding and inhibiting PPs. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is considered as etiological factor for Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) with expression of the viral Large T antigen (LT) harboring an intact PP binding domain being required for proliferation of most MCC cells. Therefore, we analyzed the interaction of MCPyV-LT with the PPs. Co-IP experiments indicate that MCPyV-LT binds potently only to RB1. Moreover, MCPyV-LT knockdown-induced growth arrest in MCC cells can be rescued by knockdown of RB1, but not by p107 or p130 knockdown. Accordingly, cell cycle arrest and E2F target gene repression mediated by the single PPs can only in the case of RB1 be significantly reverted by MCPyV-LT expression. Moreover, data from an MCC patient indicate that loss of RB1 rendered the MCPyV-positive MCC cells LT independent. Thus, our results suggest that RB1 is the dominant tumor suppressor PP in MCC, and that inactivation of RB1 by MCPyV-LT is largely sufficient for its growth supporting function in established MCPyV-positive MCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Hesbacher
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Pfitzer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, University of Munich (Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität), Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Wiedorfer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Angermeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Borst
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Marion Wobser
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Schrama
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Houben
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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147
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Seki T, Aizawa R, Tanaka J, Yajima-Himuro S, Kato M, Tanaka K, Mishima K, Yamamoto M. Establishment of mouse gingival junctional epithelial cell line using a bioengineered tooth system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:167-172. [PMID: 29428727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Junctional epithelium (JE), one of the constituents of periodontal tissue, has several unique features to prevent bacterial infection. However, the molecular mechanisms of these cells remain to be completely elucidated because there has been no JE cell line to date. We have succeeded in isolating JE cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) by using a bioengineered tooth technique in mice. The gene expressions of GFP-positive JE cells, isolated from around the erupted bioengineered teeth using flow cytometry, were analyzed by RNA sequencing. GFP-positive cells derived from the bioengineered tooth germs showed similar gene expression patterns to primary JE cells. The isolated GFP-positive JE cells were immortalized by transducing the simian virus 40 large T antigen using lentiviral vectors. The established GFP-positive JE cells maintained proliferative activity for more than 20 passages, and did not show cellular senescence as demonstrated by β-galactosidase assay. These cells also expressed similar gene expression patterns to primary JE cells. The established cell lines may prove useful for future investigation of JE characteristics in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Seki
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan; Division of Pathology Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Ryo Aizawa
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan.
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Division of Pathology Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Sara Yajima-Himuro
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan
| | - Mayu Kato
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan; Division of Pathology Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tanaka
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan; Division of Pathology Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Matsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan.
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148
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Wang TY, Liu YG, Li L, Wang G, Wang HM, Zhang HL, Zhao SF, Gao JC, An TQ, Tian ZJ, Tang YD, Cai XH. Porcine alveolar macrophage CD163 abundance is a pivotal switch for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12174-12185. [PMID: 29552301 PMCID: PMC5844737 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a problematic virus that is difficult to control. The principal target cells for PRRSV infection are porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Increasing evidence has demonstrated that CD163 is the determinant receptor for PRRSV infection. However, the relationship between CD163 abundance and PRRSV infection is unclear. In this study, we first generated primary immortalized PAMs (iPAMs) using SV40 large T antigen and demonstrated that CD163 expression is suppressed by the alternative splicing of mRNA in iPAMs. Two forms of CD163 transcripts were discovered, and most iPAMs expressed a short-form CD163 transcript that lacked from scavenger receptor cysteine-rich tandem repeat 1 (SRCR1) to SRCR5 of the functional domain. More importantly, using flow cytometric cell sorting technology, we isolated CD163-positive single-cell-derived clones with varying CD163 abundances to investigate the relationship between CD163 abundance and PRRSV infection. For the first time, we showed that cells with low CD163 abundance (approximately 20%) do not initiate PRRSV infection, while cells with moderate CD163 abundance display limited infection. PRRSV initiated efficient infection only in cells with high CD163 abundances. Our results demonstrate that CD163 abundance is a pivotal switch for PRRSV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yong-Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hai-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shi-Fei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jia-Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tong-Qing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
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149
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Trosko JE. The Role of the Mitochondria in the Evolution of Stem Cells, Including MUSE Stem Cells and Their Biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1103:131-152. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56847-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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150
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Hairpin probe for sequence-specific recognition of double-stranded DNA on simian virus 40. Chem Res Chin Univ 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-017-7152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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