101
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Mekapogu M, Vasamsetti BMK, Kwon OK, Ahn MS, Lim SH, Jung JA. Anthocyanins in Floral Colors: Biosynthesis and Regulation in Chrysanthemum Flowers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186537. [PMID: 32906764 PMCID: PMC7554973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is an economically important ornamental crop across the globe. As floral color is the major factor determining customer selection, manipulation of floral color has been a major objective for breeders. Anthocyanins are one of the main pigments contributing to a broad variety of colors in the ray florets of chrysanthemum. Manipulating petal pigments has resulted in the development of a vast range of floral colors. Although the candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis have been well studied, the genetic and transcriptional control of floral color remains unclear. Despite advances in multi-omics technology, these methods remain in their infancy in chrysanthemum, owing to its large complex genome and hexaploidy. Hence, there is a need to further elucidate and better understand the genetic and molecular regulatory mechanisms in chrysanthemum, which can provide a basis for future advances in breeding for novel and diverse floral colors in this commercially beneficial crop. Therefore, this review describes the significance of anthocyanins in chrysanthemum flowers, and the mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis under genetic and environmental factors, providing insight into the development of novel colored ray florets. Genetic and molecular regulatory mechanisms that control anthocyanin biosynthesis and the various breeding efforts to modify floral color in chrysanthemum are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjulatha Mekapogu
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (M.M.); (O.-K.K.); (M.-S.A.)
| | - Bala Murali Krishna Vasamsetti
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Oh-Keun Kwon
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (M.M.); (O.-K.K.); (M.-S.A.)
| | - Myung-Suk Ahn
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (M.M.); (O.-K.K.); (M.-S.A.)
| | - Sun-Hyung Lim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyoung National University, Anseong 17579, Korea;
| | - Jae-A Jung
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (M.M.); (O.-K.K.); (M.-S.A.)
- Correspondence:
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102
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Fatemeh Mollaamin, Majid Monajjemi. Thermodynamic and IR Spectral Study of Metal Cations–Anthocyanin Chelation: Mechanism of Formation of Pigments. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024420090204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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103
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Ashraf J, Mughal EU, Sadiq A, Bibi M, Naeem N, Ali A, Massadaq A, Fatima N, Javid A, Zafar MN, Khan BA, Nazar MF, Mumtaz A, Tahir MN, Mirzaei M. Exploring 3-hydroxyflavone scaffolds as mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors: synthesis, X-ray crystallography, antimicrobial, fluorescence behaviour, structure-activity relationship and molecular modelling studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:7107-7122. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1805364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamshaid Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | | | - Amina Sadiq
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Bibi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Nafeesa Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Anser Ali
- Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur, Pakistan
| | - Anam Massadaq
- Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur, Pakistan
| | - Nighat Fatima
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbotabad, Pakistan
| | - Asif Javid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | | | - Bilal Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Amara Mumtaz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Masoud Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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104
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Tasaki K, Yoshida M, Nakajima M, Higuchi A, Watanabe A, Nishihara M. Molecular characterization of an anthocyanin-related glutathione S-transferase gene in Japanese gentian with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:370. [PMID: 32762648 PMCID: PMC7409652 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02565-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blue pigmentation of Japanese gentian flowers is due to a polyacylated anthocyanin, gentiodelphin, and all associated biosynthesis genes and several regulatory genes have been cloned and characterized. However, the final step involving the accumulation of anthocyanins in petal vacuoles remains unclear. We cloned and analyzed the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in Japanese gentian that are known to be involved in anthocyanin transport in other plant species. RESULTS We cloned GST1, which is expressed in gentian flower petals. Additionally, this gene belongs to the Phi-type GST clade related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. We used the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing system to generate loss-of-function GST1 alleles. The edited alleles were confirmed by Sanger and next-generation sequencing analyses. The GST1 genome-edited lines exhibited two types of mutant flower phenotypes, severe (almost white) and mild (pale blue). The phenotypes were associated with decreased anthocyanin accumulation in flower petals. In the GST1 genome-edited lines, sugar-induced stress conditions inhibited the accumulation of anthocyanins in stems and leaves, suggestvhing that GST1 is necessary for stress-related anthocyanin accumulation in organs other than flowers. These observations clearly demonstrate that GST1 is the gene responsible for anthocyanin transport in Japanese gentian, and is necessary for the accumulation of gentiodelphin in flowers. CONCLUSIONS In this study, an anthocyanin-related GST gene in Japanese gentian was functionally characterized. Unlike other biosynthesis genes, the functions of GST genes are difficult to examine in in vitro studies. Thus, the genome-editing strategy described herein may be useful for in vivo investigations of the roles of transport-related genes in gentian plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tasaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- Present address: Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Momo Yoshida
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Minori Nakajima
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Atsumi Higuchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Aiko Watanabe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishihara
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan.
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105
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Różyło R. Recent trends in methods used to obtain natural food colorants by freeze-drying. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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106
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Prado JM, Veggi PC, Náthia-Neves G, Meireles MAA. Extraction Methods for Obtaining Natural Blue Colorants. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666181115125740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Blue is a color not often present in food. Even so, it is especially attractive
to children. Today, most blue coloring agents used by the food industry are synthetic. With increasing
health issues concern by the scientific community and the general population, there is a trend to look
for natural alternatives to most synthetic products. There only exist few natural blue colorants, which
are presented in a literature survey, along with the methods currently used for their recovery from
natural sources. The best extraction methods and process parameters for the extraction of blue anthocyanins,
iridoids and phycocyanin are discussed.
Methods:
A literature survey was conducted to detect the main sources of blue colorants found in nature.
The focus was on the extraction methods used to recover such molecules, with the objective of
finding efficient and environmentally safe techniques for application at industrial level, and, thus, allowing
the production of natural blue colorants at scale high enough for food industry consumption.
Results:
The main natural blue colorants found in literature are anthocyanins, phycocyanin, and genipin.
While anthocyanins can be recovered from a variety of plants, the source of phycocyanin are
algae, and genipin can be obtained specifically from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and Genipa americana
L. Several extraction techniques have been applied to recover blue colorants from such sources,
from classical methods using organic solvents, to more sophisticated technologies as ultrasoundassisted
extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, high-pressure extraction,
and enzyme-assisted extraction.
Conclusion:
There is great potential for anthocyanins, phycocyanin and genipin use as natural food
additives with health benefits, besides imparting color. However, the technologies for the colorants
recovery and application are not mature enough. Therefore, this area is still developing, and it is necessary
to evaluate the economic feasibility of the proposed extraction processes, along with the safety
and acceptance of colored food using these additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M. Prado
- Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences Center (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscilla C. Veggi
- Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), School of Chemical Engineering, 210 Sao Nicolau Street, 09913-030, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Grazielle Náthia-Neves
- LASEFI/DEA/FEA (College of Food Engineering)/ UNICAMP (University of Campinas), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80; 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M. Angela A. Meireles
- LASEFI/DEA/FEA (College of Food Engineering)/ UNICAMP (University of Campinas), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80; 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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107
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Zhong C, Tang Y, Pang B, Li X, Yang Y, Deng J, Feng C, Li L, Ren G, Wang Y, Peng J, Sun S, Liang S, Wang X. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor GhMYB1a regulates flavonol and anthocyanin accumulation in Gerbera hybrida. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:78. [PMID: 32435501 PMCID: PMC7237480 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins and flavonols have vital roles in flower coloration, plant development, and defense. Because anthocyanins and flavonols share the same subcellular localization and common biosynthetic substrates, these pathways may compete for substrates. However, the mechanism regulating this potential competition remains unclear. Here, we identified GhMYB1a, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor involved in the regulation of anthocyanin and flavonol accumulation in gerbera (Gerberahybrida). GhMYB1a shares high sequence similarity with that of other characterized regulators of flavonol biosynthesis. In addition, GhMYB1a is also phylogenetically grouped with these proteins. The overexpression of GhMYB1a in gerbera and tobacco (Nicotianatabacum) resulted in decreased anthocyanin accumulation and increased accumulation of flavonols by upregulating the structural genes involved in flavonol biosynthesis. We further found that GhMYB1a functions as a homodimer instead of interacting with basic helix-loop-helix cofactors. These results suggest that GhMYB1a is involved in regulating the anthocyanin and flavonol metabolic pathways through precise regulation of gene expression. The functional characterization of GhMYB1a provides insight into the biosynthesis and regulation of flavonols and anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zhong
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture; Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Bin Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Xukun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Yuping Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture; Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Chengyong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Lingfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518004 China
| | - Guiping Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Jianzong Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Shulan Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Shan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
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Liang CY, Rengasamy KP, Huang LM, Hsu CC, Jeng MF, Chen WH, Chen HH. Assessment of violet-blue color formation in Phalaenopsis orchids. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:212. [PMID: 32397954 PMCID: PMC7218627 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phalaenopsis represents an important cash crop worldwide. Abundant flower colors observed in Phalaenopsis orchids range from red-purple, purple, purple-violet, violet, and violet-blue. However, violet-blue orchids are less bred than are those of other colors. Anthocyanin, vacuolar pH and metal ions are three major factors influencing flower color. This study aimed to identify the factors causing the violet-blue color in Phalaenopsis flowers and to analyze whether delphinidin accumulation and blue pigmentation formation can be achieved by transient overexpression of heterologous F3'5'H in Phalaenopsis. RESULTS Cyanidin-based anthocyanin was highly accumulated in Phalaenopsis flowers with red-purple, purple, purple-violet, and violet to violet-blue color, but no true-blue color and no delphinidin was detected. Concomitantly, the expression of PeF3'H (Phalaenopsis equestrsis) was high, but that of PhF3'5'H (Phalaenopsis hybrid) was low or absent in various-colored Phalaenopsis flowers. Transient overexpression of DgF3'5'H (Delphinium grandiflorum) and PeMYB2 in a white Phalaenopsis cultivar resulted a 53.6% delphinidin accumulation and a novel blue color formation. In contrast, transient overexpression of both PhF3'5'H and PeMYB2 did not lead to delphinidin accumulation. Sequence analysis showed that the substrate recognition site 6 (SRS6) of PhF3'5'H was consistently different from DgF3'5'Hs at positions 5, 8 and 10. Prediction of molecular docking of the substrates showed a contrary binding direction of aromatic rings (B-ring) with the SRS6 domain of DgF3'5'H and PhF3'5'H. In addition, the pH values of violet-blue and purple Phalaenopsis flowers ranged from 5.33 to 5.54 and 4.77 to 5.04, respectively. Furthermore, the molar ratio of metal ions (including Al3+, Ca2+ and Fe3+) to anthocyanin in violet-blue color Phalaenopsis was 190-, 49-, and 51-fold higher, respectively, than those in purple-color Phalaenopsis. CONCLUSION Cyanidin-based anthocyanin was detected in violet-blue color Phalaenopsis and was concomitant with a high pH value and high molar ratio of Al3+, Ca2+ and Fe3+ to anthocyanin content. Enhanced expression of delphinidin is needed to produce true-blue Phalaenopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yu Liang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | | | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Fen Jeng
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- , Nantou City, Taiwan.
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109
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Das AB, Goud VV, Das C. Degradation kinetics of anthocyanins from purple rice bran and effect of hydrocolloids on its stability. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit B. Das
- Department of Food Engineering and TechnologyTezpur University Assam India
- Department of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Guwahati Assam India
| | - Vaibhav V. Goud
- Department of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Guwahati Assam India
| | - Chandan Das
- Department of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Guwahati Assam India
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110
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Freitas-Dörr BC, Machado CO, Pinheiro AC, Fernandes AB, Dörr FA, Pinto E, Lopes-Ferreira M, Abdellah M, Sá J, Russo LC, Forti FL, Gonçalves LCP, Bastos EL. A metal-free blue chromophore derived from plant pigments. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0421. [PMID: 32284978 PMCID: PMC7124932 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Blue natural pigments are rare, especially among plants. However, flowering species that evolved to attract Hymenoptera pollinators are colored by blue anthocyanin-metal complexes. Plants lacking anthocyanins are pigmented by betalains but are unable to produce blue hues. By extending the π-system of betalains, we designed a photostable and metal-free blue dye named BeetBlue that did not show toxicity to human hepatic and retinal pigment epithelial cells and does not affect zebrafish embryonal development. This chiral dye can be conveniently synthesized from betalamic acid obtained from hydrolyzed red beetroot juice or by enzymatic oxidation of l-dopa. BeetBlue is blue in the solid form and in solution of acidified polar molecular solvents, including water. Its capacity to dye natural matrices makes BeetBlue the prototype of a new class of low-cost bioinspired chromophores suitable for a myriad of applications requiring a blue hue.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. C. Freitas-Dörr
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C. O. Machado
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A. C. Pinheiro
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A. B. Fernandes
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F. A. Dörr
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E. Pinto
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M. Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (Center for Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling/CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M. Abdellah
- Physical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Qena Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - J. Sá
- Physical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - L. C. Russo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F. L. Forti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - L. C. P. Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E. L. Bastos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
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111
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Fenger JA, Moloney M, Robbins RJ, Collins TM, Dangles O. The influence of acylation, metal binding and natural antioxidants on the thermal stability of red cabbage anthocyanins in neutral solution. Food Funct 2020; 10:6740-6751. [PMID: 31576890 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01884k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The main red cabbage anthocyanins (pigments) are cyanidin glycosides bearing one or two acyl groups derived from hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs). Through π-stacking interactions with the cyanidin chromophore, the HCA residues have a deep influence on the color expressed and its stability. In this work, a series of non-, mono- and diacylated anthocyanins were investigated in neutral solution (pH 7 and 8), where the pigments exhibit purple to blue colors. Under such conditions, the gradual color loss observed is a combination of two distinct processes involving the cyanidin nucleus: reversible water addition and irreversible autoxidation. By acidification to pH < 2, the colorless forms stemming from water addition (hemiketal and chalcones) are converted to the red flavylium ion, thereby permitting the selective monitoring of the irreversible contribution. The kinetics of color loss and of true pigment degradation could thus be recorded for each pigment. The influence of iron - cyanidin binding and of antioxidants (caffeic acid, N-acetylcysteine) was also investigated. A complete kinetic analysis combining the anthocyanin colored and colorless forms and the degradation products is provided. Overall, it appears that acylation is critical to color stability. For instance, the nonacylated pigment is rapidly bleached as a result of fast water addition and its iron complex is too unstable to provide protection. By contrast, the diacylated pigments are efficiently protected against hydration but much more moderately against autoxidation, which on the other hand is inhibited by efficient iron binding and addition of N-acetylcysteine. Finally, the diacylated pigments are much more resistant to bleaching by hydrogen peroxide (possibly produced by cyanidin autoxidation) and bisulfite (a common food preservative).
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112
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Pal RS, Pal Y, Saraswat N, Wal P. A Review on the Recent Flavoring Herbal Medicines of Today. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874220302007010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Herbs are the most trending taste enhancers, carrying multiple benefits. Sprinkling them in minute amounts in pasta, salads, sautéed vegetables, curries, fried rice or adding them in dips and sauces can lead to enhanced flavours. The fresh and dried versions serve the same purpose, especially when the fresh ones are not available.
Objective:
The objective of this article is to explore and review trending flavouring herbs of the present era with reference to the knowledge available from previous texts.
Materials and Methods:
A literature review has been performed on various herbs such as dill, cilantro, parsley, chives, mint, oregano, etc, which can be used as healthy and taste enhancing sprinklers and garnishers for foods.
Results:
There are various herbs present in nature in many forms and patterns, some provide anti-inflammatory benefits, are anti-microbial and most of them are digestive in nature.
Conclusion:
These herbs are very rich in phytoconstituents, having multiple properties like anti-oxidant and carminative effects. They are superior as compared to artificial additives as well.
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113
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Li H, Li D, Yang Z, Zeng Q, Luo Y, He N. Flavones Produced by Mulberry Flavone Synthase Type I Constitute a Defense Line against the Ultraviolet-B Stress. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020215. [PMID: 32045991 PMCID: PMC7076714 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Flavones, one of the largest classes of flavonoids in plants, have a variety of bioactivities and participate in the resistance response of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, flavone synthase (FNS), the key enzyme for flavone biosynthesis, has not yet been characterized in mulberry. In this study, we report that the leaves of certain mulberry cultivars, namely BJ7, PS2, and G14, are rich in flavones. We identified a Fe2+/2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase from Morus notabilis (MnFNSI) that shows the typical enzymatic activity of a FNSI-type enzyme, and directly converts eriodictyol and naringenin into their corresponding flavones. Overexpression of MnFNSI in tobacco increased the flavones contents in leaves and enhanced the tolerance of tobacco to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) stress. We found that mulberry cultivars with higher flavones contents exhibit less UV-B induced damage after a UV-B treatment. Accordingly, our findings demonstrate that MnFNSI, a FNSI-type enzyme, is involved in the biosynthesis of flavones, which provide protection against UV-B radiation. These results lay the foundation for obtaining mulberry germplasm resources that are more tolerant to UV-B stress and richer in their nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.L.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.L.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.L.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiwei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.L.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Industrial Engineering Research Center of Mulberry, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.L.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.L.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Industrial Engineering Research Center of Mulberry, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence:
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114
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Marpaung AM, Andarwulan N, Hariyadi P, Faridah DN. The Difference in Colour Shifting of Clitoria ternatea L. Flower Extract at pH 1, 4, and 7 During Storage. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401314666180503152636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
A research to evaluate the colour shift of Clitoria ternatea L. flower (CT) extract
at pH 1, 4, and 7 during storage at 30oC in the dark has been conducted.
Methods:
The evaluation comprised of the measurement of colour intensity (CI), violet index (VI),
and browning index (BI).
Results:
The extract was very stable at pH 1, although its colour slightly shifted to redder. Conversely,
at pH 4 the extract slightly decreased, but the colour hue remained stable. At pH 7, the extract exhibited
much less colour stability by demonstrating considerable decrease of CI and VI.
Conclusion:
The absence and presence of the colour shift at pH 4 and 7, respectively, indicated that
there were two different ways of the colour fading. It was proposed that the colour degradation at pH 4
occurred through the unfolding of hydrophobic interaction, while at pH 7 through the deacylation. The
deacylation was proven by the high-performance liquid chromatography analysis equipped by diode
array detector at 530 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M. Marpaung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Raya Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Nuri Andarwulan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Raya Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Purwiyatno Hariyadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Raya Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Didah N. Faridah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Raya Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
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115
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Tasaki K, Higuchi A, Watanabe A, Sasaki N, Nishihara M. Effects of knocking out three anthocyanin modification genes on the blue pigmentation of gentian flowers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15831. [PMID: 31676875 PMCID: PMC6825144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing by the CRISPR/Cas9 system has recently been used to produce gene knockout lines in many plant species. We applied this system to analyze Japanese gentian plants that produce blue flowers because of the accumulation of a polyacylated anthocyanin, gentiodelphin. Mutant lines in which anthocyanin modification genes were knocked out were examined to assess the contribution of each gene to the blue pigmentation of flowers. The targeted genes encoded anthocyanin 5-O-glycosyltransferase (Gt5GT), anthocyanin 3'-O-glycosyltransferase (Gt3'GT), and anthocyanin 5/3'-aromatic acyltransferase (Gt5/3'AT). The Gt5GT knockout lines accumulated delphinidin 3G, whereas the Gt3'GT knockout lines accumulated delphinidin 3G-5CafG as the major flower pigment. Knocking out Gt5/3'AT resulted in the accumulation of delphinidin 3G-5G-3'G and delphinidin 3G-5G as the primary and secondary pigments, respectively. These results indicated the existence of two pathways mediating the modification of delphinidin 3G-5G in flowers, with one involving a glycosylation by 3'GT and the other involving an acylation by 5/3'AT. The Gt5GT, Gt3'GT, and Gt5/3'AT transformants produced pale red violet, dull pink, and pale mauve flowers, respectively, unlike the vivid blue flowers of wild-type plants. Thus, the glycosylation and subsequent acylation of the 3'-hydroxy group of the B-ring in delphinidin aglycone is essential for the development of blue gentian flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tasaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Atsumi Higuchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Aiko Watanabe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Sasaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishihara
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan.
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116
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Mendoza J, Basílio N, de Freitas V, Pina F. New Procedure To Calculate All Equilibrium Constants in Flavylium Compounds: Application to the Copigmentation of Anthocyanins. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:12058-12070. [PMID: 31460319 PMCID: PMC6681987 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new experimental procedure to calculate all equilibrium constants of the multistate of species of anthocyanins and related compounds, including those in basic medium, is reported. The procedure is based on a series of pH jumps monitored by stopped flow from an extended pH range of solutions at pseudo-equilibrium (when there is no significant formation of trans-chalcones) or at equilibrium to pH = 1.0. The experimental procedure is described for the anthocyanin model compound 4'-hydroxyflavylium, which exhibits a peculiar behavior in moderately acidic medium, because the quinoidal base, hemiketal, and cis-chalcone have similar mole fractions at pseudo-equilibrium, permitting good discrimination among these species. The experimental procedure can be extended to the copigmentation phenomenon and allow the calculation of the 1:1 copigmentation constants of the flavylium cation, quinoidal base, hemiketal, and cis- and trans-chalcones (this last from the equilibrium) and their respective ionized forms. The method was applied to calculate the copigmentation constants of the model compound 4'-hydroxyflavylium as well as malvidin-3-glucoside with caffeine. In the last compound, the strongest interaction takes place with the quinoidal base (K = 303 M-1) and flavylium cation (K = 134 M-1) and, to a lesser extent, with the ionized quinoidal base (K = 43 M-1) and cis-chalcone (K = 17 M-1). The caffeine interaction with the hemiketal and the other ionized species is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Mendoza
- LAQV,
REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Nuno Basílio
- LAQV,
REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Victor de Freitas
- LAQV,
REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade
de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Pina
- LAQV,
REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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117
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Zou H, Ma Y, Liao X, Wang Y. Effects of high pressure processing on the copigmentation reaction of pelargonidin-3-glucoside and catechin. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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118
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Rusishvili M, Grisanti L, Laporte S, Micciarelli M, Rosa M, Robbins RJ, Collins T, Magistrato A, Baroni S. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms of color expression in anthocyanins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8757-8766. [PMID: 30968901 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00747d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a broad family of natural dyes, increasingly finding application as substitutes for artificial colorants in the food industry. In spite of their importance and ubiquity, the molecular principles responsible for their extreme color variability are poorly known. We address these mechanisms by computer simulations and photoabsorption experiments of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in water solution, as a proxy for more complex members of the family. Experimental results are presented in the range of pH 1-9, accompanied by a comprehensive systematic computational study across relevant charge states and tautomers. The computed spectra are in excellent agreement with the experiments, providing unprecedented insight into the complex behavior underlying color expression in these molecules. Besides confirming the importance of the molecule's charge state, we also unveil the hitherto unrecognized role of internal distortions in the chromophore, which affect its degree of conjugation, modulating the optical gap and in turn the color. This entanglement of structural and electronic traits is also shared by other members of the anthocyanin family (e.g. pelargonidin and delphinidin) highlighting a common mechanism for color expression across this important family of natural dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariami Rusishvili
- SISSA - Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Bonomea 265, 34125 Trieste, Italy. and International Center for Theoretical Physics, Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Grisanti
- SISSA - Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Bonomea 265, 34125 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Sara Laporte
- SISSA - Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Bonomea 265, 34125 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Marco Micciarelli
- SISSA - Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Bonomea 265, 34125 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Marta Rosa
- SISSA - Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Bonomea 265, 34125 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Rebecca J Robbins
- Mars Wrigley Confectionery R&D, 1132 W. Blackhawk St., Chicago, IL 60642, USA
| | - Tom Collins
- Mars Wrigley Confectionery R&D, 800 High St., Hackettstown, NJ 07840, USA
| | | | - Stefano Baroni
- SISSA - Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Bonomea 265, 34125 Trieste, Italy. and CNR-IOM DEMOCRITOS, SISSA, Trieste, Italy
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119
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Ito T, Aoki D, Fukushima K, Yoshida K. Direct mapping of hydrangea blue-complex in sepal tissues of Hydrangea macrophylla. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5450. [PMID: 30932024 PMCID: PMC6443790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41968-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The original sepal color of Hydrangea macrophylla is blue, although it is well known that sepal color easily changes from blue through purple to red. All the colors are due to a unique anthocyanin, 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin, and both aluminum ion (Al3+) and copigments, 5-O-caffeoyl and/or 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid are essential for blue coloration. A mixture of 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin, 5-O-acylquinic acid, and Al3+ in a buffer solution at pH 4 produces a stable blue solution with visible absorption and circular dichroism spectra identical to those of the sepals, then, we named this blue pigment as ‘hydrangea blue-complex’. The hydrangea blue-complex consists of 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin, Al3+, and 5-O-acylquinic acid in a ratio 1:1:1 as determined by the electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. To map the distribution of hydrangea blue-complex in sepal tissues, we carried out cryo-time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis. The spectrum of the reproduced hydrangea blue-complex with negative mode-detection gave a molecular ion at m/z = 841, which was consistent with the results of ESI-TOF MS. The same molecular ion peak at m/z = 841 was detected in freeze-fixed blue sepal-tissue. In sepal tissues, the blue cells were located in the second layer and the mass spectrometry imaging of the ion attributable to hydrangea blue-complex overlapped with the same area of the blue cells. In colorless epidermal cells, atomic ion of Al3+ was hardly detected and potassium adduct ion of 5-O-caffeoyl and/or 3-O-acylquinic acid were found. This is the first report about the distribution of aluminum, potassium, hydrangea blue-complex, and copigment in sepal tissues and the first evidence that aluminum and hydrangea blue-complex exist in blue sepal cells and are involved in blue coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Ito
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Dan Aoki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Fukushima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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120
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Purple-fleshed sweet potato acylated anthocyanins: Equilibrium network and photophysical properties. Food Chem 2019; 288:386-394. [PMID: 30902308 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Two anthocyanins from purple-fleshed sweet potato were isolated and characterized by LC-MS and NMR analysis. They were identified as peonidin-3-(6'-hydroxybenzoyl)-sophoroside-5-glucoside and peonidin-3-(6'-hydroxybenzoyl-6″-caffeoyl)-sophoroside-5-glucoside. The acid-base dynamics of these acylated anthocyanins was evaluated by means of pH jump techniques. Equilibrium and kinetic constants were determined and, in general, these anthocyanins demonstrated a higher capacity in retaining the red and blue colors at acidic and basic pH values, suggesting a higher resistance to pH variations compared to the parent anthocyanin, peonidin-3-O-glucoside. The presence of acyl groups and additional glucoside moieties seems to determine this particular characteristic. The fluorescence properties of these anthocyanins were evaluated. Overall, the species present at higher pH values (7-9) showed higher fluorescence intensity for both anthocyanins, with an optimum λex/λem pair at λex 610 nm/λem 640 nm. The fluorescence characteristics of these anthocyanins were used to evaluate their location in gastric and intestinal cells by fluorescence microscopy.
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121
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Effect of malvidin-3-glucoside and epicatechin interaction on their ability to interact with salivary proline-rich proteins. Food Chem 2019; 276:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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122
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Diretto G, Jin X, Capell T, Zhu C, Gomez-Gomez L. Differential accumulation of pelargonidin glycosides in petals at three different developmental stages of the orange-flowered gentian (Gentiana lutea L. var. aurantiaca). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212062. [PMID: 30742659 PMCID: PMC6370212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Corolla color in Gentiana lutea L. exhibits a yellow/orange variation. We previously demonstrated that the orange petal color of G. lutea L. var. aurantiaca is predominantly caused by newly synthesized pelargonidin glycosides that confer a reddish hue to the yellow background color, derived from the carotenoids. However, the anthocyanin molecules of these pelargonidin glycosides are not yet fully identified and characterized. Here, we investigated the regulation, content and type of anthocyanins determining the petal coloration of the orange-flowered G. lutea L. var. aurantiaca. Anthocyanins from the petals of G. lutea L. var. aurantiaca were characterized and quantified by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS (High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry) coupled with a diode array detector in flowers at three different stages of development (S1, S3 and S5). Eleven pelargonidin derivatives were identified in the petals of G. lutea L. var. aurantiaca for the first time, but quantitative and qualitative differences were observed at each developmental stage. The highest levels of these pelargonidin derivatives were reached at the fully open flower stage (S5) where all anthocyanins were detected. In contrast, not all the anthocyanins were detected at the budlet stage (S1) and mature bud stage (S3) and those corresponded to more complex pelargonidin derivatives. The major pelargonidin derivatives found at all the stages were pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin 3,5-O-diglucoside and pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside. Furthermore, the expression of DFR (dihydroflavonol 4-reductase), ANS (anthocyanidin synthase), 3GT (UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase), 5GT (UDP-glucose:flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferase) and 5AT (anthocyanin 5-aromatic acyltransferase) genes was analyzed in the petals of three developmental stages, showing that the expression level of DFR, ANS and 3GT parallels the accumulation of the pelargonidin glucosides. Overall, this study enhances the knowledge of the biochemical basis of flower coloration in Gentiana species, and lays a foundation for breeding of flower color and genetic variation studies on Gentiana varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Xin Jin
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Teresa Capell
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lourdes Gomez-Gomez
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, Albacete, Spain
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123
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Cristea E, Sturza R, Jauregi P, Niculaua M, Ghendov-Moșanu A, Patras A. Influence of pH and ionic strength on the color parameters and antioxidant properties of an ethanolic red grape marc extract. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12788. [PMID: 31353573 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of present study was to investigate the influences of pH and several salts on the antioxidant activity and color of an ethanolic grape marc extract. Furthermore, the phenolic content of the extract was analyzed using HPLC and spectrophotometric methods while the total antioxidant activity was assessed by the reaction with ABTS radical. Gallic acid, procyanidins B1, B2, polydatin, catechin, epicatechin, hyperoside, ferulic, chlorogenic, and salicylic acids were among the main identified polyphenols. Different pH values had slight influence on the antioxidant activity, the highest value being determined for pH 3.7. The redness, chroma, and hue were significantly enhanced at pH 3.7 and 2.6. The chromaticity decreased at pH = 5.5 and pH = 7.4, so the extract should be used with care in products with such media. The presence of salts did not noticeably affect the antioxidant activity, except the higher concentrations of CaCl2 , which decreased the antioxidant activity but enhanced the color intensity. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The data presented in this paper could be used for the development of a new food dye with antioxidant properties of natural origin. The optimal medium conditions (i.e., pH and ionic strength) for the use of an ethanolic red grape marc extract have been identified. The information could be used in product development and product formulation, especially when functional foodstuffs are envisaged. Consequently, this paper would be of significant interest for food chemists, food technologists, food manufacturers, and especially manufacturers of food dyes and all those using natural substances in their production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cristea
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, Technical University of Moldova, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Rodica Sturza
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Food Technology, Technical University of Moldova, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Paula Jauregi
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Marius Niculaua
- Research Center for Oenology, Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Aliona Ghendov-Moșanu
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, Technical University of Moldova, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Antoanela Patras
- Department of Exact Sciences, Faculty of Horticulture, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
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124
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Yamakita Y, Yokoyama N, Xue B, Shiokawa N, Harabuchi Y, Maeda S, Kobayashi T. Femtosecond electronic relaxation and real-time vibrational dynamics in 2′-hydroxychalcone. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:5344-5358. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06405a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electronic relaxation, proton transfer and instantaneous vibrational frequency change after the impulsive excitation by a deep ultraviolet 9 fs pulse were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Yamakita
- Department of Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering
- The University of Electro-Communications
- Tokyo 182-8585
- Japan
| | - Nanae Yokoyama
- Department of Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering
- The University of Electro-Communications
- Tokyo 182-8585
- Japan
| | - Bing Xue
- Department of Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering
- The University of Electro-Communications
- Tokyo 182-8585
- Japan
| | - Naoyuki Shiokawa
- Department of Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering
- The University of Electro-Communications
- Tokyo 182-8585
- Japan
| | - Yu Harabuchi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0810
- Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0810
- Japan
| | - Takayoshi Kobayashi
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center
- The University of Electro-Communications
- Tokyo 182-8585
- Japan
- Department of Electrophysics
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125
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Li X, Siddique F, Silva GTM, Quina FH, Lischka H, Aquino AJA. Quantum chemical evidence for the origin of the red/blue colors of Hydrangea macrophylla sepals. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00237e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An ab initio quantum chemical study of the spectral properties of pigments that contribute to the color difference of red and blue Hydrangea macrophylla sepals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People's Republic of China
| | - Farhan Siddique
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People's Republic of China
| | | | - Frank H. Quina
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Hans Lischka
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Adelia J. A. Aquino
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
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126
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Oyama KI, Kimura Y, Iuchi S, Koga N, Yoshida K, Kondo T. Conversion of flavonol glycoside to anthocyanin: an interpretation of the oxidation–reduction relationship of biosynthetic flavonoid-intermediates. RSC Adv 2019; 9:31435-31439. [PMID: 35527956 PMCID: PMC9072432 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06986k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient conversion of rutin to the corresponding anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, was established. Clemmensen-type reduction of rutin gave a mixture of flav-2-en-3-ol and two flav-3-en-3-ols, which were easily oxidised by air to give the anthocyanin. The interconversion reactions of these flavonoids provide insight into their biosynthetic pathway. An efficient conversion of rutin to the corresponding anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside by Clemmensen-type reduction followed by air oxidation was established.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-ichi Oyama
- Research Institute for Materials Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
| | - Yuki Kimura
- Graduate School of Information Sciences
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
| | - Satoru Iuchi
- Graduate School of Informatics
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
| | - Nobuaki Koga
- Graduate School of Informatics
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
| | - Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Informatics
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
| | - Tadao Kondo
- Graduate School of Informatics
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
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127
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Alejo-Armijo A, Corici L, Cseh L, Aparaschivei D, Moro AJ, Parola AJ, Lima JC, Pina F. Achieving Complexity at the Bottom. 2,6-Bis(arylidene)cyclohexanones and Anthocyanins: The Same General Multistate of Species. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:17853-17862. [PMID: 31458379 PMCID: PMC6643841 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As in supramolecular chemistry, complexity could also be achieved through a bottom-up approach. Anthocyanins and related compounds such as the compound (E)-6-(dimethylamino)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxanthylium chloride (1), here reported, exhibit this type of complexity. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the complex multistate of species of compound 1 were studied by conventional and stopped-flow UV-visible spectrophotometry as well as by NMR. The system follows the same multistate of species of anthocyanins, except for the presence at moderately basic pH values of a species possessing a spiro carbon. The introduction of two dimethylamino substituents in positions 4' and 7, modulates deeply the thermodynamic and kinetics of the system. A beautiful pH-dependent palette of colors is obtained, including a blue flavylium cation at unusually high pH values. The protonation of the dimethylamino substituents is the key aspect for explaining the details of the spiro opening kinetics. The system was fully characterized by representing the mole fraction distribution and the relative energy level diagram of all multistate species as a function of pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Alejo-Armijo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Livia Corici
- Institute
of Chemistry Timisoara of Romanian Academy, 24 M. Viteazu Bvd, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Liliana Cseh
- Institute
of Chemistry Timisoara of Romanian Academy, 24 M. Viteazu Bvd, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Diana Aparaschivei
- Institute
of Chemistry Timisoara of Romanian Academy, 24 M. Viteazu Bvd, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Artur J. Moro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - A. Jorge Parola
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - João C. Lima
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fernando Pina
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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128
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Formation of Nudicaulins In Vivo and In Vitro and the Biomimetic Synthesis and Bioactivity of O-Methylated Nudicaulin Derivatives. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123357. [PMID: 30567384 PMCID: PMC6320756 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nudicaulins are yellow flower pigments accounting for the color of the petals of Papaver nudicaule (Papaveraceae). These glucosidic compounds belong to the small group of indole/flavonoid hybrid alkaloids. Here we describe in vivo and in vitro experiments which substantiate the strongly pH-dependent conversion of pelargonidin glucosides to nudicaulins as the final biosynthetic step of these alkaloids. Furthermore, we report the first synthesis of nudicaulin aglycon derivatives, starting with quercetin and ending up at the biomimetic fusion of a permethylated anthocyanidin with indole. A small library of nudicaulin derivatives with differently substituted indole units was prepared, and the antimicrobial, antiproliferative and cell toxicity data of the new compounds were determined. The synthetic procedure is considered suitable for preparing nudicaulin derivatives which are structurally modified in the indole and/or the polyphenolic part of the molecule and may have optimized pharmacological activities.
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129
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The study of transcriptome sequencing for flower coloration in different anthesis stages of alpine ornamental herb (Meconopsis 'Lingholm'). Gene 2018; 689:220-226. [PMID: 30572099 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) is an interesting alpine herb, mainly distributed in the mountainous area of southwest China and high altitude zone in Tibetan-Himalaya. Different Meconopsis species showed a flower color alteration in different anthesis stages, Meconopsis 'Lingholm' is one of the localized species whose petal color changes from purple to blue during the flowering process. In general, the blue color flower is a rare kind, and usually hard to cultivate artificially. The molecular mechanism of flower color formation and color alteration of alpine flowers were reported by many research workers. To find critical genes that regulate Meconopsis 'Lingholm' color alteration and the mechanism of environmental adaptation, the current study performed transcriptome sequencing by using Meconopsis 'Lingholm' petals from different anthesis stages. There were totally 91,615 unigenes obtained from 31.4 Gb sequencing data, and differentially expressed genes between two consecutive flowering stages were obtained. Bioinformatics studies showed genes regulating petal color alteration were activated. Moreover, the functional analysis showed that Meconopsis 'Lingholm' showed a stress response to mechanical damage, non-biological stimulation and water deficiency in the bud stage, as well as showed a stress response to the cold from cracking stage to blooming stage. Furthermore, RNA-Seq results were verified using nine randomly selected genes by qPCR, which showed same expression trend with sequencing results. During this study, 20 candidate genes identified for further studies, which included five petal color related genes and 15 environmental response genes.
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130
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Sugahara K, Kitao K, Watanabe T, Yamagaki T. Imaging Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Flavonoids in Blue Viola Petals and Their Enclosure Effects on Violanin during Color Expression. Anal Chem 2018; 91:896-902. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Sugahara
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kitao
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Takehiro Watanabe
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Tohru Yamagaki
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
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131
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Farooque S, Rose PM, Benohoud M, Blackburn RS, Rayner CM. Enhancing the Potential Exploitation of Food Waste: Extraction, Purification, and Characterization of Renewable Specialty Chemicals from Blackcurrants ( Ribes nigrum L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12265-12273. [PMID: 30412401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural colorants were extracted from renewable botanical sources, specifically waste epicarp from the blackcurrant fruit pressing industry. A process was developed which used acidified water extraction followed by a solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification stage which allowed the production of an anthocyanin-rich extract in good yields (ca. 2% w/ w based on dry weight of raw material). The components in the extracts were extensively characterized by HPLC, mass spectrometry, IR, NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. HPLC confirmed presence of four anthocyanins: delphinidin-3- O-rutinoside (45%), cyanidin-3- O-rutinoside (31%), and the corresponding glucosides at 16% and 8%, respectively. On sequential liquid-liquid aqueous-organic partitioning of the post-SPE sample, monomeric anthocyanins (54.7%) and polymeric anthocyanins (18%) were found in the aqueous layer with 3- O-rutinosides of myricetin (3.1%) and quercetin (3.2%), while isopropylacetate achieved selective extraction of caffeic acid (3%), p-coumaric acid (5%), and myricetin (2.5%) and quercetin (3.2%) aglycons. 3- O-Glucosides of myricetin (3.1%) and quercetin (2%), along with nigrumin- p-coumarate (1%) and nigrumin ferulate (0.5%) were selectively extracted from the remaining aqueous fraction using ethyl acetate. This allowed for near total quantification of the blackcurrant extract composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sannia Farooque
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Rose
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
- Sustainable Materials Research Group, School of Design , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Meryem Benohoud
- Keracol Limited , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Richard S Blackburn
- Sustainable Materials Research Group, School of Design , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
- Keracol Limited , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Rayner
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
- Keracol Limited , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
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132
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Okitsu N, Matsui K, Horikawa M, Sugahara K, Tanaka Y. Identification and Characterization of Novel Nemophila menziesii Flavone Glucosyltransferases that Catalyze Biosynthesis of Flavone 7,4'-O-Diglucoside, a Key Component of Blue Metalloanthocyanins. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2075-2085. [PMID: 29986079 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The brilliant blue color of the Nemophila menziesii flower is derived from metalloanthocyanin, which consists of anthocyanin {petunidin 3-O-[6-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-glucoside]-5-O-[6-O-(malonyl)-β-glucoside]}, flavone [apigenin 7-O-β-glucoside-4'-O-(6-O-malonyl)-O-β-glucoside] and metal ions (Mg2+, Fe3+). Although the two glucosyl moieties at the apigenin 7-O and 4'-O positions are essential for metalloanthocyanin formation, the mechanism of glucosylation has not yet been clarified. In this study, we used crude protein extract prepared from N. menziesii petals to determine that apigenin is sequentially glucosylated by the catalysis of UDP-glucose:flavone 4'-O-glucosyltrasferase (F4'GT) and UDP-glucose:flavone 4'-O-glucoside 7-O-glucosyltransferase (F4'G7GT). We identified 150 contigs exhibiting homology with a UDP-glucose-dependent GT in the N. menziesii petal transcriptome and isolated 24 putative full-length GT cDNAs which were then subjected to functional analysis. Two GT cDNAs, NmF4'GT and NmF4'G7GT, which are highly expressed during the early stages of petal development and rarely in leaves, were shown to encode F4'GT and F4'G7GT activities, respectively. Biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzymes revealed that NmF4'GT specifically catalyzed 4'-glucosylation of flavonoids and that NmF4'G7GT specifically catalyzed 7-glucosylation of flavone 4'-O-glucosides and flavones. Apigenin 7,4'-O-diglucoside was efficiently synthesized from apigenin in the presence of recombinant NmF4'GT and NmF4'G7GT. Transgenic tobacco BY-2 cells expressing NmF4'GT and NmF4'G7GT converted apigenin into apigenin 7,4'-O-diglucoside, confirming their activities in vivo. Based on these results, we conclude that these two GTs act co-ordinately to catalyze apigenin 7,4'-O-diglucoside biosynthesis in N. menziesii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Okitsu
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-Gun, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsui
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-Gun, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Horikawa
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-Gun, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Sugahara
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-Gun, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-Gun, Kyoto, Japan
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133
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Dangles O, Fenger JA. The Chemical Reactivity of Anthocyanins and Its Consequences in Food Science and Nutrition. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081970. [PMID: 30087225 PMCID: PMC6222895 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their specific pyrylium nucleus (C-ring), anthocyanins express a much richer chemical reactivity than the other flavonoid classes. For instance, anthocyanins are weak diacids, hard and soft electrophiles, nucleophiles, prone to developing π-stacking interactions, and bind hard metal ions. They also display the usual chemical properties of polyphenols, such as electron donation and affinity for proteins. In this review, these properties are revisited through a variety of examples and discussed in relation to their consequences in food and in nutrition with an emphasis on the transformations occurring upon storage or thermal treatment and on the catabolism of anthocyanins in humans, which is of critical importance for interpreting their effects on health.
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134
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Rose PM, Cantrill V, Benohoud M, Tidder A, Rayner CM, Blackburn RS. Application of Anthocyanins from Blackcurrant ( Ribes nigrum L.) Fruit Waste as Renewable Hair Dyes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6790-6798. [PMID: 29808681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is much concern about the toxicological effects of synthetic hair dyes. As an alternative approach, renewable waste blackcurrant ( Ribes nigrum L.) fruit skins from the fruit pressing industry were extracted using acidified water with a solid-phase purification stage. Anthocyanin colorants were isolated in good yields (2-3% w/ w) and characterized by HPLC. Sorption of anthocyanins onto hair followed a Freundlich isotherm; anthocyanin-anthocyanin aggregation interactions enabled high buildup on the substrate. Sorption energy of cyanidin-3- O-glucoside (monosaccharide) > cyanidin-3- O-rutinoside (disaccharide), but sorption properties of different anthocyanin glucosides were very similar. Intense blue-colored dyeing on hair could be achieved with λmax-vis at 580 nm, typical of the anionic quinonoid base; it is suggested that hair provides an environment that enables the stabilization of the anionic quinonoid base on adsorption through association with cations in the hair and copigmentation effects. Dyeings were stable to multiple washes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Rose
- Sustainable Materials Research Group, School of Design , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Cantrill
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Meryem Benohoud
- Keracol Limited , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Alenka Tidder
- Keracol Limited , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Rayner
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
- Keracol Limited , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Richard S Blackburn
- Sustainable Materials Research Group, School of Design , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
- Keracol Limited , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
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135
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Wu Q, Li PC, Zhang HJ, Feng CY, Li SS, Yin DD, Tian J, Xu WZ, Wang LS. Relationship between the flavonoid composition and flower colour variation in Victoria. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:674-681. [PMID: 29683547 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Victoria (Nymphaeaceae), an annual or perennial aquatic plant genus, contains only two species: V. amazonica (Poepp.) J. C. Sowerby and V. cruziana A. D. Orb. Both species have large floating leaves and variable flower colour. Both Victoria species are night bloomers, which have white petals on the first blooming night that then turn pink or ruby red on the second blooming day. The mechanism of the colour change of Victoria petals during anthesis is still unclear. In this study, flavonoids in Victoria petals of both species were evaluated and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for the first time. In total, 14 flavonoids were detected in Victoria petals, including 4 anthocyanins and 10 flavonols. The flavonoid compositions differed across the two species, resulting in different colours between the inner and outer petals. With increased anthocyanin content across blooming days, the colour of Victoria flowers changed over time. The results of this study will improve understanding of the chemical mechanism of colour formation and lay the foundation for selective colour breeding in Victoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agriculture, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - P-C Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - H-J Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - C-Y Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agriculture, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S-S Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - D-D Yin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agriculture, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - J Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - W-Z Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - L-S Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agriculture, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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136
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de Brito Francisco R, Martinoia E. The Vacuolar Transportome of Plant Specialized Metabolites. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1326-1336. [PMID: 29452376 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The plant vacuole is a cellular compartment that is essential to plant development and growth. Often plant vacuoles accumulate specialized metabolites, also called secondary metabolites, which constitute functionally and chemically diverse compounds that exert in planta many essential functions and improve the plant's fitness. These metabolites provide, for example, chemical defense against herbivorous and pathogens or chemical attractants (color and fragrance) to attract pollinators. The chemical composition of the vacuole is dynamic, and is altered during development and as a response to environmental changes. To some extent these alterations rely on vacuolar transporters, which import and export compounds into and out of the vacuole, respectively. During the past decade, significant progress was made in the identification and functional characterization of the transporters implicated in many aspects of plant specialized metabolism. Still, deciphering the molecular players underlying such processes remains a challenge for the future. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the most recent achievements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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137
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Appelhagen I, Wulff-Vester AK, Wendell M, Hvoslef-Eide AK, Russell J, Oertel A, Martens S, Mock HP, Martin C, Matros A. Colour bio-factories: Towards scale-up production of anthocyanins in plant cell cultures. Metab Eng 2018; 48:218-232. [PMID: 29890220 PMCID: PMC6075943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are widely distributed, glycosylated, water-soluble plant pigments, which give many fruits and flowers their red, purple or blue colouration. Their beneficial effects in a dietary context have encouraged increasing use of anthocyanins as natural colourants in the food and cosmetic industries. However, the limited availability and diversity of anthocyanins commercially have initiated searches for alternative sources of these natural colourants. In plants, high-level production of secondary metabolites, such as anthocyanins, can be achieved by engineering of regulatory genes as well as genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes. We have used tobacco lines which constitutively produce high levels of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside or a novel anthocyanin, acylated cyanidin 3-O-(coumaroyl) rutinoside to generate cell suspension cultures. The cell lines are stable in their production rates and superior to conventional plant cell cultures. Scale-up of anthocyanin production in small scale fermenters has been demonstrated. The cell cultures have also proven to be a suitable system for production of 13C-labelled anthocyanins. Our method for anthocyanin production is transferable to other plant species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, demonstrating the potential of this approach for making a wide range of highly-decorated anthocyanins. The tobacco cell cultures represent a customisable and sustainable alternative to conventional anthocyanin production platforms and have considerable potential for use in industrial and medical applications of anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Appelhagen
- John Innes Centre, Department of Metabolic Biology, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, United Kingdom.
| | - Anders Keim Wulff-Vester
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Fougnerbakken 3, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Micael Wendell
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Fougnerbakken 3, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Anne-Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Fougnerbakken 3, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Julia Russell
- John Innes Centre, Department of Metabolic Biology, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, United Kingdom.
| | - Anne Oertel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK-Gatersleben), Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany; TransMIT GmbH, Project division PlantMetaChem, Kerkrader Str. 3, 35394 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Martens
- TransMIT GmbH, Project division PlantMetaChem, Kerkrader Str. 3, 35394 Giessen, Germany; Edmund Mach Foundation, Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Via E. Mach, 1 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK-Gatersleben), Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Cathie Martin
- John Innes Centre, Department of Metabolic Biology, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrea Matros
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK-Gatersleben), Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany.
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138
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Ito T, Oyama KI, Yoshida K. Direct Observation of Hydrangea Blue-Complex Composed of 3- O-Glucosyldelphinidin, Al 3+ and 5- O-Acylquinic Acid by ESI-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2018; 23:E1424. [PMID: 29895788 PMCID: PMC6100629 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blue sepal color of hydrangea is due to a metal complex anthocyanin composed of 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin (1) and an aluminum ion with the co-pigments 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (2) and/or 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid (3). The three components, namely anthocyanin, Al3+ and 5-O-acylquinic acids, are essential for blue color development, but the complex is unstable and only exists in an aqueous solution. Furthermore, the complex did not give analyzable NMR spectra or crystals. Therefore, many trials to determine the detailed chemical structure of the hydrangea-blue complex have not been successful to date. Instead, via experiments mixing 1, Al3+ and 2 or 3 in a buffered solution at pH 4.0, we obtained the same blue solution derived from the sepals. However, the ratio was not stoichiometric but fluctuated. To determine the composition of the complex, we tried direct observation of the molecular ion of the complex using electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. In a very low-concentration buffer solution (2.0 mM) at pH 4.0, we reproduced the hydrangea-blue color by mixing 1, 2 and Al3+ in ratios of 1:1:1, 1:2:1 and 1:3:1. All solution gave the same molecular ion peak at m/z = 843, indicating that the blue solution has a ratio of 1:1:1 for the complex. By using 3, the observed mass number was m/z = 827 and the ratio of 1, 3 and Al3+ was also 1:1:1. A mixture of 1, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4) and Al3+ did not give any blue color but instead was purple, and the intensity of the molecular ion peak at m/z = 843 was very low. These results strongly indicate that the hydrangea blue-complex is composed of a ratio of 1:1:1 for 1, Al3+ and 2 or 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Ito
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Kin-Ichi Oyama
- Research Institute for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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139
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Xu W, Luo G, Yu F, Jia Q, Zheng Y, Bi X, Lei J. Characterization of anthocyanins in the hybrid progenies derived from Iris dichotoma and I. domestica by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS analysis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 150:60-74. [PMID: 29550699 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Iris dichotoma with different flower colors and I. domestica are beardless wild irises belonging to the family Iridaceae that bloom in the summer and have long flowering periods. In this study, we collected three accessions of I. dichotoma with violet, yellow, and white flowers, respectively, in China, and crossed them with I. domestica individuals. The flower color of the hybrids derived from these crosses was categorized into eight groups: violet, purple, brown, orange, red, pink, yellow, and white. From this population, 45 individuals were selected for analysis, and their fully expanded inner and outer perianths were harvested for extraction of anthocyanins. Using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis, 29 anthocyanins were identified by comparing MS and UV-visible spectra and elution order based on published data and guidelines. The 29 anthocyanins were classified into six groups: non-acylated glycosides (3RG, 3RG5G), acetylglycosides (3acRG5G), p-coumaroylglycosides (3pCRG, 3pCRG5G), caffeoylglycosides (3CRG5G), feruloylglycosides (3feRG, 3feRG5G), and acetyl-(p-coumaroyl) glycosides (3ac-pCRG5G). Acylated anthocyanin contents were considerably higher than non-acylated anthocyanin contents in the individuals evaluated, regardless of flower color, except in the yellow-flowered I. dichotoma and its yellow-flowered progeny. We found ten anthocyanins derived from pelargonidin, including pelargonidin 3-O-(caffeoyl)rutinoside-5-O-glucoside (Pg3CRG5G), pelargonidin 3-O-(feruloyl)rutinoside-5-O-glucoside (Pg3feRG5G), and pelargonidin 3-O-(feruloyl)rutinoside (Pg3feRG), that have not yet been reported in other Iris species. Moreover, delphinidin 3-O-(feruloyl) rutinoside-5-O-glucoside (Dp3feRG5G), and delphinidin 3-O-(feruloyl)rutinoside (Dp3feRG) were also characterized for the first time in Iris. Two to five major anthocyanins were detected in the petals of the violet and purple groups, whereas those of the brown group contained three to six anthocyanins. Petals of the orange, red, and pink groups contained two to four major anthocyanins. The total variance explained by the first two principal components (PC) in a PC analysis of the intensities of the compound peaks detected in individuals representing the eight color groups was 44.7%. Individuals were classified into 10 types (A-I to A-X) according to their anthocyanidin composition in the flower petals. Knowledge of the types of anthocyanins determining flower petal color will aid comprehensive understanding of flower color characteristics in hybrid progeny and will contribute to the development of breeding Iris cultivars of diverse flower colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenji Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Gangjun Luo
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Fengyang Yu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Qingxiang Jia
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Yang Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Xiaoying Bi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Jiajun Lei
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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140
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Rationalizing the Color in Heavenly Blue Anthocyanin: A Complete Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:4982-4992. [PMID: 29669413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
All equilibrium and rate constants of heavenly blue anthocyanin (HBA 1) as well as the derivatives with two (HBA 2) or none (HBA 3) acylated units were determined. The three acylated units of the sugar in position 3 of the peonidin chromophore of HBA 1 are essential to confer the peculiar stability of its purple and blue colors. The sugars generate an efficient protective environment around position 2 (and 4) of the flavylium cation, through an intramolecular sandwich-type stacking that retards 35-fold the hydration reaction ( kh) and increases 8.8-fold the dehydration reaction ( k-h), when compared with the peonidin chromophore HBA 3. The conjugation of these two rates lowers 308-fold the hydration equilibrium constant ( Kh), corresponding to a raise of the energy level of the hemiketal by 14.2 kJ mol-1. Conversely, the p Ka of the quinoidal base in HBA 1 is only slightly stabilized in comparison with that of HBA 2 and HBA 3. The energy level of hemiketal increases with the number of acylated units, but the inversion of energies between hemiketal and quinoidal base takes place exclusively for HBA 1 (three acylated units), permitting in moderately acidic solutions the stabilization of the purple quinoidal base. Identical inversion of energy was observed for the corresponding ionized species, allowing the stabilization of the blue ionized quinoidal base in slightly basic solutions. At pH values higher than 8, the hydroxyl groups of the hydroxycinnamic acid units start to deprotonate disrupting the intramolecular sandwich-type stacking and the more or less slow degradation of the anthocyanin is observed.
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141
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Okitsu N, Mizuno T, Matsui K, Choi SH, Tanaka Y. Molecular cloning of flavonoid biosynthetic genes and biochemical characterization of anthocyanin O-methyltransferase of Nemophila menziesii Hook. and Arn. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:9-16. [PMID: 31275032 PMCID: PMC6543731 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0104a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Blue flower color of Nemophila menziesii Hook. and Arn. is derived from a metalloanthocyanin, nemophilin, which comprises petunidin-3-O-[6-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-glucoside]-5-O-[6-O-(malonyl)-β-glucoside], apigenin-7-O-β-glucoside-4'-O-(6-O-malonyl)-β-glucoside, and Mg2+ and Fe3+ ions. The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway of nemophilin has not yet been characterized. RNA-Seq analysis of the petals yielded 61,491 contigs. These were searched using BLAST against petunia or torenia flavonoid biosynthetic proteins, which identified 11 putative full-length protein sequences belonging to the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. RT-PCR using primers designed on the basis of these sequences yielded 14 sequences. Spatio-temporal transcriptome analysis indicated that genes involved in the early part of the pathway are strongly expressed during early-petal development and that those in the late part at late-flower opening stages, but they are rarely expressed in leaves. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase cDNAs were successfully expressed in yeast to confirm their activities. Recombinant anthocyanin O-methyltransferase cDNA (NmAMT6) produced using Escherichia coli was subjected to biochemical characterization. Km of NmAMT6 toward delphinidin 3-O-glucoside was 22 µM, which is comparable with Km values of anthocyanin O-methyltransferases from other plants. With delphinidin 3-O-glucoside as substrate, NmAMT6 almost exclusively yielded petunidin 3-O-glucoside rather than malvidin 3-O-glucoside. This specificity is consistent with the anthocyanin composition of Nemophila petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Okitsu
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., Soraku-Gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Takayuki Mizuno
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsui
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., Soraku-Gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Sun Hee Choi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., Soraku-Gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
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142
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Sigurdson GT, Tang P, Giusti MM. Cis-Trans Configuration of Coumaric Acid Acylation Affects the Spectral and Colorimetric Properties of Anthocyanins. Molecules 2018; 23:E598. [PMID: 29518915 PMCID: PMC6017527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The color expression of anthocyanins can be affected by a variety of environmental factors and structural characteristics. Anthocyanin acylation (type and number of acids) is known to be key, but the influence of acyl isomers (with unique stereochemistries) remains to be explored. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cis-trans configuration of the acylating group on the spectral and colorimetric properties of anthocyanins. Petunidin-3-rutinoside-5-glucoside (Pt-3-rut-5-glu) and Delphinidin-3-rutinoside-5-glucoside (Dp-3-rut-5-glu) and their cis and trans coumaroylated derivatives were isolated from black goji and eggplant, diluted in pH 1-9 buffers, and analyzed spectrophotometrically (380-700 nm) and colorimetrically (CIELAB) during 72 h of storage (25 °C, dark). The stereochemistry of the acylating group strongly impacted the spectra, color, and stability of the Dp and Pt anthocyanins. Cis acylated pigments exhibited the greatest λmax in all pH, as much as 66 nm greater than their trans counterparts, showing bluer hues. Cis acylation seemed to reduce hydration across pH, increasing color intensity, while trans acylation generally improved color retention over time. Dp-3-cis-p-cou-rut-5-glu exhibited blue hues even in pH 5 (C*ab = 10, hab = 256°) where anthocyanins are typically colorless. Cis or trans double bond configurations of the acylating group affected anthocyanin spectral and stability properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Sigurdson
- Department of Food Science and Technology 2015 Fyffe Ct., The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1007, USA.
| | - Peipei Tang
- Department of Food Science and Technology 2015 Fyffe Ct., The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1007, USA.
| | - M Mónica Giusti
- Department of Food Science and Technology 2015 Fyffe Ct., The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1007, USA.
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144
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da Silva C, Pioli RM, Liu L, Zheng S, Zhang M, Silva GTM, Carneiro VMT, Quina FH. Improved Synthesis of Analogues of Red Wine Pyranoanthocyanin Pigments. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:954-960. [PMID: 31457941 PMCID: PMC6641511 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An improved procedure is described for the preparation of pyranoflavylium cations from the reaction of 5,7-dihydroxy-4-methylflavylium cation with aromatic aldehydes. Modifications of the procedure of Chassaing et al. (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 6999-7004; Tetrahedron 2015, 71, 3066-3078) circumvent the reported restriction to electron-rich benzaldehydes and provide access to a wide variety of substituted pyranoflavylium cations, including those with electron-withdrawing substituents or an attached heterocyclic or polycyclic aromatic ring. This opens the way for studies of substituent and structural effects on the ground and excited states of these pyranoanthocyanin analogues, the behavior of which should mirror fundamental aspects of the chemistry and photophysics of the pyranoanthocyanin chromophores present in mature red wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassio
Pacheco da Silva
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Renan Moraes Pioli
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Liu Liu
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Shasha Zheng
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Mengjiao Zhang
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 China
| | | | - Vânia Maria Teixeira Carneiro
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade Federal
de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Frank H. Quina
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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145
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Morita Y, Hoshino A. Recent advances in flower color variation and patterning of Japanese morning glory and petunia. BREEDING SCIENCE 2018; 68:128-138. [PMID: 29681755 PMCID: PMC5903981 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.17107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil) and petunia (Petunia hybrida), locally called "Asagao" and "Tsukubane-asagao", respectively, are popular garden plants. They have been utilized as model plants for studying the genetic basis of floricultural traits, especially anthocyanin pigmentation in flower petals. In their long history of genetic studies, many mutations affecting flower pigmentation have been characterized, and both structural and regulatory genes for the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway have been identified. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the understanding of flower pigmentation in the two species with respect to flower hue and color patterning. Regarding flower hue, we will describe a novel enhancer of flavonoid production that controls the intensity of flower pigmentation, new aspects related to a flavonoid glucosyltransferase that has been known for a long time, and the regulatory mechanisms of vacuolar pH being a key determinant of red and blue coloration. On color patterning, we describe particular flower patterns regulated by epigenetic and RNA-silencing mechanisms. As high-quality whole genome sequences of the Japanese morning glory and petunia wild parents (P. axillaris and P. inflata, respectively) were published in 2016, further study on flower pigmentation will be accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Morita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University,
Kasugai, Aichi 486-0804,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Atsushi Hoshino
- National Institute for Basic Biology,
Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585,
Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies),
Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585,
Japan
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146
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Ishizaka H. Breeding of fragrant cyclamen by interspecific hybridization and ion-beam irradiation. BREEDING SCIENCE 2018; 68:25-34. [PMID: 29681745 PMCID: PMC5903983 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.17117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conventional breeding of cyclamen has relied on crossings among Cyclamen persicum cultivars without consideration of the scent of the flowers. Cyclamen purpurascens is a wild species with the most fragrant flowers in the genus Cyclamen. Allodiploid (2n = 2x = 41, AB) and allotriploid (2n = 3x = 65, AAB) plants have been produced from crosses of diploid and autotetraploid cultivars of C. persicum (2n = 2x = 48, AA; 4x = 96, AAAA) × diploid wild C. purpurascens (2n = 2x = 34, BB) by embryo rescue, but are sterile. Fertile allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 82, AABB) plants have been produced by chromosome doubling of the sterile allodiploids in vitro. Autotetraploid C. purpurascens (2n = 4x = 68, BBBB) has been produced by chromosome doubling of diploid C. purpurascens, and other fertile allotetraploids (2n = 4x = 82, AABB) have been produced from crosses of autotetraploid cultivars of C. persicum × autotetraploid C. purpurascens by embryo rescue. Commercial cultivars of fragrant cyclamen have been bred by conventional crosses among the allotetraploids. Mutation breeding using ion-beam irradiation combined with plant tissue culture has resulted in fragrant cyclamens with novel flower colors and pigments. In contrast, allotriploids (AAB) have not been commercialized because of seed sterility and poor ornamental value. The flower colors are determined by anthocyanins and flavonol glycosides or chalcone glucoside, and the fragrances are determined by monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, phenylpropanoids, or aliphatics. Techniques for the production of fragrant cyclamen and knowledge of flower pigments and volatiles will allow innovation in conventional cyclamen breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ishizaka
- Horticultural Laboratory, Saitama Prefecture Agriculture and Forestry Research Center,
91 Rokumanbu, Kuki, Saitama 346-0037,
Japan
- Present address: Saitama Agricultural Technology Research Center,
784, Sugahiro, Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0102,
Japan
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147
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Oliveira E, Bértolo E, Núñez C, Pilla V, Santos HM, Fernández‐Lodeiro J, Fernández‐Lodeiro A, Djafari J, Capelo JL, Lodeiro C. Green and Red Fluorescent Dyes for Translational Applications in Imaging and Sensing Analytes: A Dual-Color Flag. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:9-52. [PMID: 29318095 PMCID: PMC5754553 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Red and green are two of the most-preferred colors from the entire chromatic spectrum, and red and green dyes are widely used in biochemistry, immunohistochemistry, immune-staining, and nanochemistry applications. Selective dyes with green and red excitable chromophores can be used in biological environments, such as tissues and cells, and can be irradiated with visible light without cell damage. This critical review, covering a period of five years, provides an overview of the most-relevant results on the use of red and green fluorescent dyes in the fields of bio-, chemo- and nanoscience. The review focuses on fluorescent dyes containing chromophores such as fluorescein, rhodamine, cyanine, boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY), 7-nitobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-4-yl, naphthalimide, acridine orange, perylene diimides, coumarins, rosamine, Nile red, naphthalene diimide, distyrylpyridinium, benzophosphole P-oxide, benzoresorufins, and tetrapyrrolic macrocycles. Metal complexes and nanomaterials with these dyes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Oliveira
- BIOSCOPE GroupUCIBIO-LAQV-REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa2829-516LisboaPortugal
- Proteomass Scientific SocietyRua dos Inventores, Madan Park2829-516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Emilia Bértolo
- Biomolecular Research GroupSchool of Human and Life SciencesCanterbury Christ Church UniversityCanterburyCT1 1QUUK
| | - Cristina Núñez
- Research UnitHospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS)27003LugoSpain
| | - Viviane Pilla
- Instituto de FísicaUniversidade Federal de Uberlândia-UFUAv. João Naves de Ávila 2121Uberlândia, MG38400-902Brazil
| | - Hugo M. Santos
- BIOSCOPE GroupUCIBIO-LAQV-REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa2829-516LisboaPortugal
- Proteomass Scientific SocietyRua dos Inventores, Madan Park2829-516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Javier Fernández‐Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE GroupUCIBIO-LAQV-REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa2829-516LisboaPortugal
- Proteomass Scientific SocietyRua dos Inventores, Madan Park2829-516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Adrian Fernández‐Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE GroupUCIBIO-LAQV-REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa2829-516LisboaPortugal
- Proteomass Scientific SocietyRua dos Inventores, Madan Park2829-516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Jamila Djafari
- BIOSCOPE GroupUCIBIO-LAQV-REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa2829-516LisboaPortugal
- Proteomass Scientific SocietyRua dos Inventores, Madan Park2829-516CaparicaPortugal
| | - José Luis Capelo
- BIOSCOPE GroupUCIBIO-LAQV-REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa2829-516LisboaPortugal
- Proteomass Scientific SocietyRua dos Inventores, Madan Park2829-516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Carlos Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE GroupUCIBIO-LAQV-REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa2829-516LisboaPortugal
- Proteomass Scientific SocietyRua dos Inventores, Madan Park2829-516CaparicaPortugal
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148
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Okitsu N, Noda N, Chandler S, Tanaka Y. Flower Color and Its Engineering by Genetic Modification. HANDBOOK OF PLANT BREEDING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90698-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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149
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Noda N. Recent advances in the research and development of blue flowers. BREEDING SCIENCE 2018; 68:79-87. [PMID: 29681750 PMCID: PMC5903984 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.17132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Flower color is the most important trait in the breeding of ornamental plants. In the floriculture industry, however, bluish colored flowers of desirable plants have proved difficult to breed. Many ornamental plants with a high production volume, such as rose and chrysanthemum, lack the key genes for producing the blue delphinidin pigment or do not have an intracellular environment suitable for developing blue color. Recently, it has become possible to incorporate a blue flower color trait through progress in molecular biological analysis of pigment biosynthesis genes and genetic engineering. For example, introduction of the F3'5'H gene encoding flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase can produce delphinidin in various flowers such as roses and carnations, turning the flower color purple or violet. Furthermore, the world's first blue chrysanthemum was recently produced by introducing the A3'5'GT gene encoding anthocyanin 3',5'-O-glucosyltransferase, in addition to F3'5'H, into the host plant. The B-ring glucosylated delphinidin-based anthocyanin that is synthesized by the two transgenes develops blue coloration by co-pigmentation with colorless flavone glycosides naturally present in the ray floret of chrysanthemum. This review focuses on the biotechnological efforts to develop blue flowers, and describes future prospects for blue flower breeding and commercialization.
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150
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QUINA FRANKH, BASTOS ERICKL. Chemistry Inspired by the Colors of Fruits, Flowers and Wine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:681-695. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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