101
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Gyllenhammar I, Benskin JP, Sandblom O, Berger U, Ahrens L, Lignell S, Wiberg K, Glynn A. Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Serum from 2-4-Month-Old Infants: Influence of Maternal Serum Concentration, Gestational Age, Breast-Feeding, and Contaminated Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7101-7110. [PMID: 29758986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about factors influencing infant perfluorinated alkyl acid (PFAA) concentrations. Associations between serum PFAA concentrations in 2-4-month-old infants ( n = 101) and determinants were investigated by multiple linear regression and general linear model analysis. In exclusively breast-fed infants, maternal serum PFAA concentrations 3 weeks after delivery explained 13% (perfluoroundecanoic acid, PFUnDA) to 73% (perfluorohexanesulfonate, PFHxS) of infant PFAA concentration variation. Median infant/maternal ratios decreased with increasing PFAA carbon chain length from 2.8 for perfluoroheptanoic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to 0.53 for PFUnDA and from 1.2 to 0.69 for PFHxS and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Infant PFOA, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and PFOS levels increased 0.7-1.2% per day of gestational age. Bottle-fed infants had mean concentrations of PFAAs 2 times lower than and a mean percentage of branched (%br) PFOS isomers 1.3 times higher than those of exclusively breast-fed infants. PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS levels increased 8-11% per week of exclusive breast-feeding. Infants living in an area receiving PFAA-contaminated drinking water had 3-fold higher mean perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) and PFHxS concentrations and higher mean %br PFHxS. Prenatal PFAA exposure and postnatal PFAA exposure significantly contribute to infant PFAA serum concentrations, depending on PFAA carbon chain length. Moderately PFBS- and PFHxS-contaminated drinking water is an important indirect exposure source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Gyllenhammar
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment , National Food Agency , P.O. Box 622, 751 26 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Oskar Sandblom
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Urs Berger
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Department of Analytical Chemistry , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Sanna Lignell
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment , National Food Agency , P.O. Box 622, 751 26 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment , National Food Agency , P.O. Box 622, 751 26 Uppsala , Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Box 7028, 750 07 Uppsala , Sweden
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102
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Liu Y, Qian M, Ma X, Zhu L, Martin JW. Nontarget Mass Spectrometry Reveals New Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Fish from the Yangtze River and Tangxun Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5830-5840. [PMID: 29659273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nontarget high-resolution mass spectrometry (Nt-HRMS) has been proven useful for the identification of unknown poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in commercial products and water, but applications to biological samples are limited. China is the major PFAS-manufacturing nation; thus, here, we adapted our Nt-HRMS methods to fish collected from the Yangtze River and Tangxun Lake to discover potentially bioaccumulative PFASs in aquatic organisms destined for human consumption. In addition to traditional PFASs, over 330 other fluorinated analytes belonging to 10 classes of PFASs were detected among the pooled fish livers, including 6 sulfonate classes, 2 amine classes, 1 carboxylate class, and 1 N-heterocycle class. One class was detected in samples from both locations, 8 classes were detected exclusively in Tangxun Lake fish, and 1 class was detected exclusively in Yangtze River fish, 10 km downstream of a fluorochemical manufacturing site where we first reported these substances in wastewater 3 years ago. Overall, 4 of the PFAS classes (>165 analytes) are reported for the first time here. Wider monitoring and toxicological testing should be a priority for understanding the health risks posed to people and wildlife exposed to these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Liu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicity, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada , T6G 2G3
| | - Manli Qian
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory , Wuxi AppTec , Suzhou , China , 215104
| | - Xinxin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , China , 300071
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , China , 300071
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicity, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada , T6G 2G3
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry , Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden , 10691
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103
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Shi Y, Vestergren R, Nost TH, Zhou Z, Cai Y. Probing the Differential Tissue Distribution and Bioaccumulation Behavior of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances of Varying Chain-Lengths, Isomeric Structures and Functional Groups in Crucian Carp. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4592-4600. [PMID: 29611424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the bioaccumulation mechanisms of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) across different chain-lengths, isomers and functional groups represents a monumental scientific challenge with implications for chemical regulation. Here, we investigate how the differential tissue distribution and bioaccumulation behavior of 25 PFASs in crucian carp from two field sites impacted by point sources can provide information about the processes governing uptake, distribution and elimination of PFASs. Median tissue/blood ratios (TBRs) were consistently <1 for all PFASs and tissues except bile which displayed a distinct distribution pattern and enrichment of several perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids. Transformation of concentration data into relative body burdens (RBBs) demonstrated that blood, gonads, and muscle together accounted for >90% of the amount of PFASs in the organism. Principal component analyses of TBRs and RBBs showed that the functional group was a relatively more important predictor of internal distribution than chain-length for PFASs. Whole body bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for short-chain PFASs deviated from the positive relationship with hydrophobicity observed for longer-chain homologues. Overall, our results suggest that TBR, RBB, and BAF patterns were most consistent with protein binding mechanisms although partitioning to phospholipids may contribute to the accumulation of long-chain PFASs in specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Robin Vestergren
- ACES , Stockholm University , Stockholm SE 10691 , Sweden
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Therese Haugdahl Nost
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences , UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , 6050 Langnes , 9037 Tromsø , Norway
- FRAM-High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment , Norwegian Institute for Air Research , 9296 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Jianghan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
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104
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Treatment of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) using a large-scale sonochemical reactor. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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105
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Zhao S, Zhou T, Zhu L, Wang B, Li Z, Yang L, Liu L. Uptake, translocation and biotransformation of N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamide (N-EtFOSA) by hydroponically grown plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:404-410. [PMID: 29306808 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (N-EtFOSA) is an important perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) precursor (PreFOS) which is used in sulfluramid. The present work studied the uptake, translocation and metabolism of N-EtFOSA in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) by hydroponic exposure. Except for parent N-EtFOSA, its metabolites of perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetate (FOSAA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), PFOS, perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) were detected in the roots and shoots of all the three plant species examined. This suggested that plant roots could take up N-EtFOSA from solutions efficiently, and translocate to shoots. A positive correlation was found between root concentration factors (RCFs) of N-EtFOSA and root lipid content. Much higher proportion of N-EtFOSA transformation products in plant tissues than in the solutions suggested that N-EtFOSA could be in vivo metabolized in plant roots and shoots to FOSAA, PFOSA and PFOS, and other additional shorter-chain perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs), including PFHxS and PFBS. The results suggested that plants had biotransformation pathways to N-EtFOSA that were different than those from microorganisms and animals. This study provides important information about the uptake and metabolism of PreFOSs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China.
| | - Tao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Bohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
| | - Ze Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lifen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
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106
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Ableitung von HBM-I-Werten für Perfluoroktansäure (PFOA) und Perfluoroktansulfonsäure (PFOS) – Stellungnahme der Kommission „Humanbiomonitoring“ des Umweltbundesamts. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2018; 61:474-487. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-018-2709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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107
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Dassuncao C, Hu XC, Nielsen F, Weihe P, Grandjean P, Sunderland EM. Shifting Global Exposures to Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) Evident in Longitudinal Birth Cohorts from a Seafood-Consuming Population. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3738-3747. [PMID: 29516726 PMCID: PMC6438388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapid declines in legacy poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been reported in human populations globally following changes in production since 2000. However, changes in exposure sources are not well understood. Here, we report serum concentrations of 19 PFASs (∑19PFAS) measured in children between 1993 and 2012 from a North Atlantic fishing community (Faroe Islands). Median ∑19PFAS concentrations in children (ages 5-13 years) peaked in 2000 (47.7 ng mL-1) and declined significantly by 14.4% year-1 until 2012. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified two groups of PFASs that likely reflect exposures from diverse consumer products and a third group that consisted of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) with nine or more carbons (C ≥ 9). These C ≥ 9 PFASs are strongly associated with mercury in children's hair, a well-established proxy for seafood consumption, especially perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA, r = 0.72). Toxicokinetic modeling shows PFAS exposures from seafood have become increasingly important (53% of perfluorooctanesulfonate, PFOS, in 2012), despite a decline in whale consumption in recent years. We infer that even in a major seafood-consuming population, declines in legacy PFAS exposure after 2000 were achieved by the rapid phase out of PFOS and its precursors in consumer products. These results emphasize the importance of better understanding exposures to replacement PFASs in these sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifton Dassuncao
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Corresponding author: Phone: +1-617-496-4653. . Mail: 125 Pierce Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States 02138
| | - Xindi C. Hu
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | | | - Pál Weihe
- The Faroese Hospital System, FR-100 Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Elsie M. Sunderland
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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108
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Yao Y, Zhao Y, Sun H, Chang S, Zhu L, Alder AC, Kannan K. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Indoor Air and Dust from Homes and Various Microenvironments in China: Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3156-3166. [PMID: 29415540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A newly developed solid-phase extraction cartridge composed of mixed sorbents was optimized for collection of both neutral and ionizable per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in indoor air. Eighty-one indoor air samples and 29 indoor dust samples were collected from rooms of homes and hotels, textile shops, and cinemas in Tianjin, China. Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) were the predominant PFASs found in air (250-82 300 pg/m3) and hotel dust (24.8-678 ng/g). Polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters were found at lower levels of nd-125 pg/m3 in air and 0.32-183 ng/g in dust. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were dominant ionizable PFASs in air samples (121-20 600 pg/m3) with C4-C7 PFCAs contributing to 54% ± 17% of the profiles, suggesting an ongoing shift to short-chain PFASs. Long-chain PFCAs (C > 7) were strongly correlated and the intermediate metabolite of FTOHs, fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acids, occurred in all the air samples at concentrations up to 413 pg/m3, suggesting the transformation of precursors such as FTOHs in indoor environment. Daily intake of ∑PFASs via air inhalation and dust ingestion was estimated at 1.04-14.1 ng/kg bw/d and 0.10-8.17 ng/kg bw/d, respectively, demonstrating that inhalation of air with fine suspended particles was a more important direct exposure pathway than dust ingestion for PFASs to adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Yangyang Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Shuai Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Alfredo C Alder
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Environmental Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of E nvironmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Albany , New York 12201 , United States
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109
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Hu XC, Dassuncao C, Zhang X, Grandjean P, Weihe P, Webster GM, Nielsen F, Sunderland EM. Can profiles of poly- and Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human serum provide information on major exposure sources? Environ Health 2018; 17:11. [PMID: 29391068 PMCID: PMC5796515 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are exposed to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from diverse sources and this has been associated with negative health impacts. Advances in analytical methods have enabled routine detection of more than 15 PFASs in human sera, allowing better profiling of PFAS exposures. The composition of PFASs in human sera reflects the complexity of exposure sources but source identification can be confounded by differences in toxicokinetics affecting uptake, distribution, and elimination. Common PFASs, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and their precursors are ubiquitous in multiple exposure sources. However, their composition varies among sources, which may impact associated adverse health effects. METHODS We use available PFAS concentrations from several demographic groups in a North Atlantic seafood consuming population (Faroe Islands) to explore whether chemical fingerprints in human sera provide insights into predominant exposure sources. We compare serum PFAS profiles from Faroese individuals to other North American populations to investigate commonalities in potential exposure sources. We compare individuals with similar demographic and physiological characteristics and samples from the same years to reduce confounding by toxicokinetic differences and changing environmental releases. RESULTS Using principal components analysis (PCA) confirmed by hierarchical clustering, we assess variability in serum PFAS concentrations across three Faroese groups. The first principal component (PC)/cluster consists of C9-C12 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and is consistent with measured PFAS profiles in consumed seafood. The second PC/cluster includes perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and the PFOS precursor N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetate (N-EtFOSAA), which are directly used or metabolized from fluorochemicals in consumer products such as carpet and food packaging. We find that the same compounds are associated with the same exposure sources in two North American populations, suggesting generalizability of results from the Faroese population. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that PFAS homologue profiles in serum provide valuable information on major exposure sources. It is essential to compare samples collected at similar time periods and to correct for demographic groups that are highly affected by differences in physiological processes (e.g., pregnancy). Information on PFAS homologue profiles is crucial for attributing adverse health effects to the proper mixtures or individual PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindi C. Hu
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 128 Pierce Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Clifton Dassuncao
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 128 Pierce Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 128 Pierce Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Pál Weihe
- The Faroese Hospital System, FR-100 Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | | | | | - Elsie M. Sunderland
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 128 Pierce Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
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110
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Ma X, Shan G, Chen M, Zhao J, Zhu L. Riverine inputs and source tracing of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Taihu Lake, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:18-25. [PMID: 28846903 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, riverine inputs and sources of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Taihu Lake, one of the largest lakes in China, were investigated by measuring PFASs including the isomers of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) in the Lake and its main flow-in rivers. It was found that PFHxS, instead of PFOS or PFOA, was predominant both in the Lake and rivers (45.9-351ng/L), reflecting increasing demand of PFHxS in recent years. The riverine flux of PFASs into the Lake was estimated to be 1255kg/year. The percentage of linear (n-) PFOS and the ratio of 3+5m-/1m-PFOS were combined to indicate indirect source due to biodegradation of PFOS-precursors. The percentage order of n-PFOS was: the Lake (48.7%)<the flow-in rivers (59.2%)<ECF product (70.3%). While the ratio of 3+5m-/1m-PFOS was in reverse order: the Lake (11.9)>the rivers (8.99)>ECF (electrochemical fluorination) product (6.76). These suggested that degradation of PFOS-precursors made distinct contribution to PFOS load in the waters, particularly in the Lake. The Lake and river waters had a consistent proportion of n-PFHxS (89.0%), which was slightly lower than the ECF product (96.0%), indicating it was mainly due to the release from production and application of PFHxS as an active ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Shan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Jinyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
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111
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Man YB, Chow KL, Tsang YF, Lau FTK, Fung WC, Wong MH. Fate of bisphenol A, perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonate in two different types of sewage treatment works in Hong Kong. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:358-367. [PMID: 29017113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the removal efficiencies of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and bisphenol A (BPA) of two major sewage treatment works in Hong Kong: Stonecutters Island STW (SCISTW) which adopts chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) process and Sha Tin STW (STSTW) which employs biological treatment. Liquid portion (LP) and particulate matter (PM) of liquid sewage samples and sludge samples were collected and followed by liquid chromatograph system. It was found that BPA (44.6 ± 35.1%) generally achieved higher TRE than the two other chemicals (PFOS (-18.8 ± 34.8%) and PFOA (-104 ± 86.8%)) in STSTW (p < 0.05). Most of the PFOA, PFOS and BPA was discharged through final effluent (PFOA: 95.6 ± 1.00% and 94.5 ± 3.13%; PFOS: 77.7 ± 1.48% and 72.6 ± 6.07%; BPA: 99.2 ± 0.950% and 92.8 ± 7.25%, respectively) rather than stored in the sludge/cake (PFOA: 4.45 ± 1.00% and 5.47 ± 3.13%, PFOS: 22.3 ± 1.48% and 27.4 ± 6.07%, BPA: 0.844 ± 0.950% and 7.20 ± 7.25%, respectively). After the sewage purification process, the two STW released considerable amounts of PFOA, PFOS and BPA in the final effluent (PFOA: 0.638 ± 0.227 kg/year; PFOS: 0.409 ± 0.126 kg/year; BPA: 10.4 ± 3.83 kg/year in STSTW; PFOA: 3.08 ± 1.415 kg/year; PFOS: 2.13 ± 0.452 kg/year; BPA: 714 ± 768 kg/year in SCISTW) and in the sludge (PFOA: 0.0360 ± 0.0250 kg/year; PFOS: 0.149 ± 0.00100 kg/year; BPA: 1.09 ± 1.47 kg/year in STSTW; PFOA: 0.139 ± 0.0670 kg/year; PFOS: 0.606 ± 0.0780 kg/year; BPA: 3.05 ± 3.95 kg/year in SCISTW). This study may help to provide crucial information for further development of municipal sewage system in treating synthetic emerging chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Lai Chow
- Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Frankie Tat Kwong Lau
- The Drainage Services Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Cheong Fung
- The Drainage Services Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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112
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Babut M, Labadie P, Simonnet-Laprade C, Munoz G, Roger MC, Ferrari BJD, Budzinski H, Sivade E. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl compounds in freshwater fish from the Rhône River: Influence of fish size, diet, prey contamination and biotransformation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:38-47. [PMID: 28654807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pools of aquatic plants and benthic invertebrates were collected along with 47 individuals from three cyprinid fish species (Barbus barbus, Gobio gobio, Rutilus rutilus) at a site in the Rhône River (France). Carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios (δ13C and δ15N) and a wide range of per- and poly-fluorinated chemicals (PFASs) were analysed in all samples. The sum of PFAS concentrations (ΣPFAS) increased from aquatic plants to fish dorsal muscles; molecular profiles were dominated by C9-C13 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), while perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) were detected in all samples at lower concentrations. ΣPFAS and especially ΣPFCAs were higher in barbels (B. barbus) than in other species, while roaches (R. rutilus) were less contaminated by PFOS than barbels and gudgeons (G. gobio). Gudgeons accumulated significantly higher FOSA concentrations. Young (small) barbels displayed significantly higher PFOS, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) concentrations than did large specimens; conversely, perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA) concentrations were significantly higher in large barbels. Multiple linear regressions were performed on the whole set of fish samples with size, mass and isotopic ratios as explicative variables, and several single compounds as explained variables. Regardless of the compound, the regressions did not explain much of the contamination variability. However, adding species as a qualitative variable, i.e. performing analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) improved the fit greatly, while adding sex did not. Diet (i.e. δ13C and δ15N) was the main factor explaining interspecific differences. Biotransformation was assessed by comparing concentration ratios of PFOS or FOSA to their precursors in the food-web compartments. These ratios increased from invertebrates to fish, and differed among fish species, suggesting that biotransformation occurred but was species-specific. Biomagnification factor calculations showed that C11-C13 PFCAs, PFOS and FOSA were apparently biomagnified in barbels and gudgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Babut
- Irstea, UR MALY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua, BP 32108, 69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Pierre Labadie
- Université de Bordeaux, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France; CNRS, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Caroline Simonnet-Laprade
- Université de Bordeaux, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Université de Bordeaux, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Marie-Claude Roger
- Irstea, UR MALY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua, BP 32108, 69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Benoit J D Ferrari
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, Eawag/EPFL, EPFL ENAC IIE-GE, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- Université de Bordeaux, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France; CNRS, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Eve Sivade
- Rhone-Mediterranean and Corsica Water Agency, 2-4 allée de Lodz, 69363 Lyon, France
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113
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Kucharzyk KH, Darlington R, Benotti M, Deeb R, Hawley E. Novel treatment technologies for PFAS compounds: A critical review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 204:757-764. [PMID: 28818342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) have recently drawn great attention due to their wide distribution in aquatic environments. The understanding of the physicochemical properties and fate and transport of PFAs in groundwater is still limited. Preliminary studies indicate that these compounds can readily bioaccumulate and pose human and animal health concerns. Due to their physicochemical properties, PFOS and PFOA are water soluble, nonvolatile and persistent in the environment, which is a cause of concern related to their treatment with conventional remediation technologies. Extraction with inefficient carbon adsorption is one of the most common treatment technologies for remediation of PFOS- or PFOA-impacted groundwater. Several other innovative and promising technologies, including sonochemistry, bioremediation and photolysis, have been tested for their effectiveness in removal of perfluorinated compounds. This paper provides a baseline for understanding research needs to better develop treatment technologies for PFOA and PFOS in groundwater. Frontiers for improving the state of practice for PFOA and PFOS treatment include the development of more cost-effective ex situ treatment methods and the development and demonstration of promising in situ treatment technologies at the pilot and full scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Benotti
- Newfields Environmental, Rockland, MA, 02371, USA
| | - Rula Deeb
- Geosyntec Consultants, Atlanta, GA, 30319, USA
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114
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Xiao F. Emerging poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment: A review of current literature. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:482-495. [PMID: 28800519 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) comprise a group of synthetic organic surfactants with a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. A few PFASs such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are now known to be ubiquitously present in the aquatic environment. They have become a global concern because of the toxicity and bioaccumulative properties. With the increasing availability of high-resolution mass spectrometers, many novel PFASs have been identified. Studies published between 2009 and 2017 have discovered 455 new PFASs (including nine fully and 446 partially fluorinated compounds), 45%, 29%, 17%, and 8% of which are anions, zwitterions, cations, and neutrals, respectively. They have been identified in natural waters, fish, sediments, wastewater, activated sludge, soils, aqueous film-forming foams, and commercial fluoropolymer surfactants. This article integrates and critically evaluates what is known about these newly identified PFASs. It discusses the different aspects of detection methodologies. It also surveys the removal of these compounds during conventional and advanced drinking-water and wastewater treatment, predicts the relevant physicochemical properties by means of four software programs, and identifies major knowledge gaps. Notably, a number of these newly identified PFASs are potential precursor compounds of PFOS and PFOA. Studies are critically needed to understand the removal and transformation of these compounds in natural and engineered environmental systems and their contribution, if any, to the secondary formation of PFOS and PFOA in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8115, United States.
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115
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Routti H, Aars J, Fuglei E, Hanssen L, Lone K, Polder A, Pedersen ÅØ, Tartu S, Welker JM, Yoccoz NG. Emission Changes Dwarf the Influence of Feeding Habits on Temporal Trends of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Two Arctic Top Predators. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11996-12006. [PMID: 28918622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We monitored concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in relation to climate-associated changes in feeding habits and food availability in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) (192 plasma and 113 liver samples, respectively) sampled from Svalbard, Norway, during 1997-2014. PFASs concentrations became greater with increasing dietary trophic level, as bears and foxes consumed more marine as opposed to terrestrial food, and as the availability of sea ice habitat increased. Long-chained perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) in arctic foxes decreased with availability of reindeer carcasses. The ∼9-14% yearly decline of C6-8 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) following the cease in C6-8 PFSA precursor production in 2001 indicates that the peak exposure was mainly a result of atmospheric transport of the volatile precursors. However, the stable PFSA concentrations since 2009-2010 suggest that Svalbard biota is still exposed to ocean-transported PFSAs. Long-chain ocean-transported PFCAs increased 2-4% per year and the increase in C12-14 PFCAs in polar bears tended to level off since ∼2009. Emerging short-chain PFASs showed no temporal changes. Climate-related changes in feeding habits and food availability moderately affected PFAS trends. Our results indicate that PFAS concentrations in polar bears and arctic foxes are mainly affected by emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute , Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jon Aars
- Norwegian Polar Institute , Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eva Fuglei
- Norwegian Polar Institute , Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Linda Hanssen
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research , Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Karen Lone
- Norwegian Polar Institute , Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anuschka Polder
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Campus Adamstua, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sabrina Tartu
- Norwegian Polar Institute , Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jeffrey M Welker
- University of Alaska Anchorage , Department of Biological Sciences, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, United States
| | - Nigel G Yoccoz
- UiT-The Arctic University of Norway , Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
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116
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Sedlak MD, Benskin JP, Wong A, Grace R, Greig DJ. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in San Francisco Bay wildlife: Temporal trends, exposure pathways, and notable presence of precursor compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:1217-1226. [PMID: 28477851 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in San Francisco Bay (SF Bay) wildlife have historically been among the highest reported globally. To track continuing exposures to PFASs and assess the impact of the 2002 phase-out of production of PFOS and related chemicals in the US, nine perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs; C4-C12), three perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs; C4, C6, C8) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA, a PFOS precursor) were measured in SF Bay cormorant eggs in 2012 and harbor seal serum sampled between 2009 and 2014. PFOS remained the dominant perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) in both cormorant eggs (36.1-466 ng/g) and seals (12.6-796 ng/g) from 2012 and 2014, respectively. Concentrations in seal and bird eggs from the South Bay have declined approximately 70% in both matrices. To elucidate potential pathways of exposure, prey fish, sediments and wastewater effluent were analyzed for PFASs, and in the case of sediment and effluent, a suite of PFAA precursors. PFOS was the dominant PFAA in prey fish and sediment. In effluent, different mixtures of PFAAs were measured, with PFOS, PFHxA, and PFOA detected in the highest concentrations. Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (PFCA-precursors) were observed at concentrations over an order of magnitude higher than PFCAs in sediment, highlighting their importance as a potential, on-going source of PFCAs to SF Bay wildlife. These findings suggest that the PFOS phase-out has resulted in reduced burdens to wildlife in SF Bay, but that exposure to diverse and incompletely characterized PFASs continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret D Sedlak
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Adam Wong
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - Richard Grace
- SGS AXYS, 2045 Mills Road West, Sidney, BC V8L 5X2, Canada.
| | - Denise J Greig
- California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
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117
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Zhang L, Lee LS, Niu J, Liu J. Kinetic analysis of aerobic biotransformation pathways of a perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) precursor in distinctly different soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:159-167. [PMID: 28595069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the phaseout of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) production in most countries and its well known recalcitrance, there is a need to quantify the potential release of PFOS from precursors previously or currently being emitted into the environment. Aerobic biodegradation of N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (EtFOSE) was monitored in two soils from Indiana, USA: an acidic forest silt loam (FRST-48, pH = 5.5) and a high pH agricultural loam (PSF-49, pH = 7.8) with similar organic carbon contents (2.4 and 2.6%) for 210 d and 180 d, respectively. At designated times, triplicate samples were sacrificed for which headspace samples were taken followed by three sequential extractions. Extracts were analyzed using HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Measured profiles of EtFOSE degradation and generation/degradation of subsequent metabolites were fitted to the Indiana soils data as well as to a previously published data set for a Canadian soil using an R-based model (KinGUII) to explore pathways and estimate half-lives (t1/2) for EtFOSE and metabolites. EtFOSE degradation ranged from a few days to up to a month. PFOS yields ranged form 1.06-5.49 mol% with the alkaline soils being four to five times higher than the acidic soil. In addition, a direct pathway to PFOS had to be invoked to describe the early generation of PFOS in the Canadian soil. Of all metabolites, the sulfonamidoacetic acids were the most persistent (t1/2 ≥ 3 months) in all soils. We hypothesized that while pH-pKa dependent speciation may have impacted rates, differences in microbial communities between the 3 soils arising from varied soil properties including pH, nutrient levels, soil management, and climatic regions are likely the major factors affecting pathways, rates, and PFOS yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Linda S Lee
- Purdue University, Department of Agronomy, Ecological Science and Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, United States.
| | - Junfeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
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118
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Alpers T, Schmidtmann M, Muesmann TWT, Temme O, Christoffers J. Perfluorinated Pyridinium and Imidazolium Ionic Liquids. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Torben Alpers
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26111 Oldenburg Germany
- Ferdinand Eimermacher GmbH & Co. KG; Westring 24 48356 Nordwalde Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | | | - Oliver Temme
- Ferdinand Eimermacher GmbH & Co. KG; Westring 24 48356 Nordwalde Germany
| | - Jens Christoffers
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26111 Oldenburg Germany
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119
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Olsen GW, Mair DC, Lange CC, Harrington LM, Church TR, Goldberg CL, Herron RM, Hanna H, Nobiletti JB, Rios JA, Reagen WK, Ley CA. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in American Red Cross adult blood donors, 2000-2015. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 157:87-95. [PMID: 28528142 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, thirteen per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), including perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) were analyzed in human plasma that were collected from a total of 616 American Red Cross male and female blood donors (ages 20-69) at 6 regional blood collection centers. Plasma samples were analyzed using a validated solvent precipitation-isotope dilution direction-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. The data were analyzed in conjunction with prior cross-sectional investigations [2000-2001 (n =645), 2006 (n =600), and 2010 (n =600)] to determine PFAS trends. Age- and sex-adjusted geometric mean serum (2000-2001) and plasma (2006, 2010, 2015) concentrations (ng/mL) were, respectively: PFHxS (2.3, 1.5, 1.3, 0.9); PFOS (35.1, 14.5, 8.4, 4.3); PFOA (4.7, 3.4, 2.4, 1.1); PFNA (0.6, 1.0, 0.8, 0.4); and PFDA (0.2, 0.3, 0.3, 0.1). The percentage decline in these geometric mean concentrations from 2000-2001 to 2015 were: PFHxS (61%); PFOS (88%); PFOA (77%); PFNA (33%); and PFDA (50%). The results indicate a continued decline of PFHxS, PFOS, and PFOA concentrations in American Red Cross blood donors. For the remaining PFAS measured in 2015, including the shorter chain perfluoroalkyls perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA), the majority of samples were below the lower limit of quantitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David C Mair
- American Red Cross, North Central Region, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Timothy R Church
- University of Minnesota, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Ross M Herron
- American Red Cross, Southern California Region, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hank Hanna
- American Red Cross, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John B Nobiletti
- American Red Cross, Greater Alleghenies Region, Johnstown, PA, USA
| | - Jorge A Rios
- American Red Cross, New England Region, Dedham, MA, USA
| | | | - Carol A Ley
- 3M Company, Medical Department, St. Paul, MN, USA
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120
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Munoz G, Budzinski H, Babut M, Drouineau H, Lauzent M, Menach KL, Lobry J, Selleslagh J, Simonnet-Laprade C, Labadie P. Evidence for the Trophic Transfer of Perfluoroalkylated Substances in a Temperate Macrotidal Estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8450-8459. [PMID: 28679050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The present survey examines the trophodynamics of a suite of 19 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in a temperate macrotidal estuary (Gironde, SW France). Across the 147 biota samples (18 taxa) collected, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), and C8-C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) were the most-recurrent analytes. ΣPFASs ranged between 0.66-45 ng per g of wet weight of the whole body. Benthic organisms had relatively high ΣPFASs compared to demersal organisms and displayed specific composition profiles with higher relative abundances of C8 and C9 PFCAs. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were determined through the use of linear mixed effect models including censored data, thereby considering data below detection limits as well as the interspecific variability of δ15N and PFAS levels (random effects). TMFs were almost consistently >1 in the benthic food web as well as when considering all data pooled together, providing evidence for the biomagnification of several PFASs in estuarine environments. In addition, in contrast with previous observations, TMFs determined in the estuarine benthic web were found to significantly decrease with increasing chain length for C8-C14 PFCAs and C6-C8 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates. This suggests that PFAS chemical structure might not be necessarily predictive of TMFs, which are also influenced by the trophic web characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Munoz
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 , F-33400 Talence, France
| | | | - Marc Babut
- IRSTEA, UR MALY , F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Mathilde Lauzent
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 , F-33400 Talence, France
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121
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Gaillard J, Veyrand B, Thomas M, Dauchy X, Boiteux V, Marchand P, Le Bizec B, Banas D, Feidt C. Tissue Uptake, Distribution, and Elimination of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Juvenile Perch through Perfluorooctane Sulfonamidoethanol Based Phosphate Diester Dietary Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7658-7666. [PMID: 28558235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol based phosphate diester (SAmPAP) is a potential perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) precursor. To examine whether SAmPAP exposure would result in fish contamination by perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), juvenile Eurasian perch were dietarily exposed to this compound (dosed group) or exposed to the same tank water but fed control feed (control group). SAmPAP and metabolites were monitored in the muscle, liver, and serum during the 45-day exposure phase and 35-day depuration phase. SAmPAP was only detected in the dosed group and the absorption efficiency (0.04-2.25%) was very low, possibly related to its low bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract, steric constraints in crossing biological membranes, and clearing by enterohepatic circulation. Although SAmPAP was biotransformed and eliminated at a slow rate (t1/2 > 18 days), its biomagnification factor was low. The observed metabolites in fish were N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonamide, and PFOS. Considering that SAmPAP was the only source of PFASs in the tanks, the occurrence of metabolites indicates that SAmPAP could be biotransformed in fish and contribute to PFOS bioaccumulation. However, levels of metabolites were not significantly different in the dosed and control groups, indicating that metabolite excretion followed by re-exposure to these metabolites from water was the main uptake route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Gaillard
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, Université de Lorraine , EA 3998, BP 20163, F-54 505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, INRA, USC INRA 340 , BP 20163, F-54 505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Veyrand
- Atlanpôle-La Chantrerie, ONIRIS, USC 2013 LABERCA , BP 50707, F-44307 Nantes, France
| | - Marielle Thomas
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, Université de Lorraine , EA 3998, BP 20163, F-54 505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, INRA, USC INRA 340 , BP 20163, F-54 505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Xavier Dauchy
- Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, ANSES , 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Virginie Boiteux
- Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, ANSES , 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Philippe Marchand
- Atlanpôle-La Chantrerie, ONIRIS, USC 2013 LABERCA , BP 50707, F-44307 Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Atlanpôle-La Chantrerie, ONIRIS, USC 2013 LABERCA , BP 50707, F-44307 Nantes, France
| | - Damien Banas
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, Université de Lorraine , EA 3998, BP 20163, F-54 505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, INRA, USC INRA 340 , BP 20163, F-54 505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Cyril Feidt
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, Université de Lorraine , EA 3998, BP 20163, F-54 505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, INRA, USC INRA 340 , BP 20163, F-54 505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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122
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Makey CM, Webster TF, Martin JW, Shoeib M, Harner T, Dix-Cooper L, Webster GM. Airborne Precursors Predict Maternal Serum Perfluoroalkyl Acid Concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7667-7675. [PMID: 28535063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to persistent perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), can occur directly from contaminated food, water, air, and dust. However, precursors to PFAAs (PreFAAs), such as dipolyfluoroalkyl phosphates (diPAPs), fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), perfluorooctyl sulfonamides (FOSAs), and sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs), which can be biotransformed to PFAAs, may also be a source of exposure. PFAAs were analyzed in 50 maternal sera samples collected in 2007-2008 from participants in Vancouver, Canada, while PFAAs and PreFAAs were measured in matching samples of residential bedroom air collected by passive sampler and in sieved vacuum dust (<150 μm). Concentrations of PreFAAs were higher than for PFAAs in air and dust. Positive associations were discovered between airborne 10:2 FTOH and serum PFOA and PFNA and between airborne MeFOSE and serum PFOS. On average, serum PFOS concentrations were 2.3 ng/mL (95%CI: 0.40, 4.3) higher in participants with airborne MeFOSE concentrations in the highest tertile relative to the lowest tertile. Among all PFAAs, only PFNA in air and vacuum dust predicted serum PFNA. Results suggest that airborne PFAA precursors were a source of PFOA, PFNA, and PFOS exposure in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Makey
- Boston University School of Public Health , Department of Environmental Health, 715 Albany Street T4W, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Boston University School of Public Health , Department of Environmental Health, 715 Albany Street T4W, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Mahiba Shoeib
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Linda Dix-Cooper
- Environmental Health Services, BC Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Glenys M Webster
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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Dassuncao C, Hu XC, Zhang X, Bossi R, Dam M, Mikkelsen B, Sunderland EM. Temporal Shifts in Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in North Atlantic Pilot Whales Indicate Large Contribution of Atmospheric Precursors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4512-4521. [PMID: 28350446 PMCID: PMC7784705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent, bioaccumulative anthropogenic compounds associated with adverse health impacts on humans and wildlife. PFAS production changed in North America and Europe around the year 2000, but impacts on wildlife appear to vary across species and location. Unlike other mammal species, cetaceans lack the enzyme for transforming an important intermediate precursor (perfluorooctane sulfonamide: FOSA), into a prevalent compound in most wildlife (perfluorooctanesulfonate: PFOS). Thus, their tissue burden differentiates these two compounds while other mammals contain PFOS from both direct exposure and precursor degradation. Here we report temporal trends in 15 PFASs measured in muscle from juvenile male North Atlantic pilot whales (Globicephala melas) harvested between 1986 and 2013. FOSA accounted for a peak of 84% of the 15 PFASs around 2000 but declined to 34% in recent years. PFOS and long-chained PFCAs (C9-C13) increased significantly over the whole period (2.8% yr-1 to 8.3% yr-1), but FOSA declined by 13% yr-1 after 2006. Results from FOSA partitioning and bioaccumulation modeling forced by changes in atmospheric inputs reasonably capture magnitudes and temporal patterns in FOSA concentrations measured in pilot whales. Rapid changes in atmospheric FOSA in polar and subpolar regions around 2000 helps to explain large declines in PFOS exposure for species that metabolize FOSA, including seafood consuming human populations. This work reinforces the importance of accounting for biological exposures to PFAS precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifton Dassuncao
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston MA USA 02115
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge MA USA 02138
| | - Xindi C. Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston MA USA 02115
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge MA USA 02138
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston MA USA 02115
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge MA USA 02138
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Maria Dam
- Environment Agency, PO Box 2048, FO-165 Argir, Faroe Islands
| | | | - Elsie M. Sunderland
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston MA USA 02115
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge MA USA 02138
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Wang Z, Boucher JM, Scheringer M, Cousins IT, Hungerbühler K. Toward a Comprehensive Global Emission Inventory of C 4-C 10 Perfluoroalkanesulfonic Acids (PFSAs) and Related Precursors: Focus on the Life Cycle of C 8-Based Products and Ongoing Industrial Transition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4482-4493. [PMID: 28323424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Here a new global emission inventory of C4-C10 perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids (PFSAs) from the life cycle of perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride (POSF)-based products in 1958-2030 is presented. In particular, we substantially improve and expand the previous frameworks by incorporating missing pieces (e.g., emissions to soil through land treatment, overlooked precursors) and updating parameters (e.g., emission factors, degradation half-lives). In 1958-2015, total direct and indirect emissions of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) are estimated as 1228-4930 tonnes, and emissions of PFOS precursors are estimated as 1230-8738 tonnes and approximately 670 tonnes for x-perfluorooctanesulfonamides/sulfonamido ethanols (xFOSA/Es) and POSF, respectively. Most of these emissions occurred between 1958 and 2002, followed by a substantial decrease. This confirms the positive effect of the ongoing transition to phase out POSF-based products, although this transition may still require substantial time and cause substantial additional releases of PFOS (8-153 tonnes) and xFOSA/Es (4-698 tonnes) in 2016 to 2030. The modeled environmental concentrations obtained by coupling the emission inventory and a global multimedia mass-balance model generally agree well with reported field measurements, suggesting that the inventory captures the actual emissions of PFOS and xFOSA/Es for the time being despite remaining uncertainties. Our analysis of the key uncertainties and open questions of and beyond the inventory shows that, among others, degradation of side-chain fluorinated polymers in the environment and landfills can be a long-term, (potentially) substantial source of PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyun Wang
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Justin M Boucher
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- RECETOX, Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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125
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Recent experimental results of effects of perfluoroalkyl substances in laboratory animals - Relation to current regulations and guidance values. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:766-775. [PMID: 28286084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The detection of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface and drinking water from various countries raised the attention to the presence of these chemicals in environmental probes and led to several regulatory actions to limit exposure in human beings. There was particular concern about perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), due to their former wide-spread use. Recently, several institutions published revisions of former regulatory or recommended maximum concentrations in drinking water and food, which are markedly lower than the former values. The present short overview describes the current regulations for PFAS and compares them with the outcome of several experimental studies in laboratory animals at low-level exposure to PFOA and PFOS. In addition, regulations for short-chain PFAS are presented which, due to lack of toxicological information, are evaluated according to the concepts of Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) or the Health-related Indication Values (HRIV).
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126
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Winkens K, Koponen J, Schuster J, Shoeib M, Vestergren R, Berger U, Karvonen AM, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Cousins IT. Perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in indoor air sampled in children's bedrooms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:423-432. [PMID: 28012670 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The contamination levels and patterns of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and their precursors in indoor air of children's bedrooms in Finland, Northern Europe, were investigated. Our study is among the most comprehensive indoor air monitoring studies (n = 57) and to our knowledge the first one to analyse air in children's bedrooms for PFASs (17 PFAAs and 9 precursors, including two acrylates, 6:2 FTAC and 6:2 FTMAC). The most frequently detected compound was 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (8:2 FTOH) with the highest median concentration (3570 pg/m3). FTOH concentrations were generally similar to previous studies, indicating that in 2014/2015 the impact of the industrial transition had been minor on FTOH levels in indoor air. However, in contrast to earlier studies (with one exception), median concentrations of 6:2 FTOH were higher than 10:2 FTOH. The C8 PFAAs are still the most abundant acids, even though they have now been phased out by major manufacturers. The mean concentrations of FOSE/As, especially MeFOSE (89.9 pg/m3), were at least an order of magnitude lower compared to previous studies. Collectively the comparison of FTOHs, PFAAs and FOSE/FOSAs with previous studies indicates that indoor air levels of PFASs display a time lag to changes in production of several years. This is the first indoor air study investigating 6:2 FTMAC, which was frequently detected (58%) and displayed some of the highest maximum concentrations (13 000 pg/m3). There were several statistically significant correlations between particular house and room characteristics and PFAS concentrations, most interestingly higher EtFOSE air concentrations in rooms with plastic floors compared to wood or laminate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Winkens
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jani Koponen
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jasmin Schuster
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahiba Shoeib
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin Vestergren
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urs Berger
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne M Karvonen
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Pekkanen
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Kiviranta
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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127
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Arrieta-Cortes R, Farias P, Hoyo-Vadillo C, Kleiche-Dray M. Carcinogenic risk of emerging persistent organic pollutant perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS): A proposal of classification. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 83:66-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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128
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Alpers T, Muesmann TWT, Temme O, Christoffers J. Aromatic Esters, Carbinols, and Derivatives Thereof with Perfluorohexyl Residues as Alternatives to Perfluoroalkanecarboxylic and -sulfonic Acids. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torben Alpers
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26111 Oldenburg Germany
- Ferdinand Eimermacher GmbH & Co. KG; Westring 24 48356 Nordwalde Germany
| | | | - Oliver Temme
- Ferdinand Eimermacher GmbH & Co. KG; Westring 24 48356 Nordwalde Germany
| | - Jens Christoffers
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26111 Oldenburg Germany
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129
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Fang S, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Qiang L, Chen M, Zhu L. Bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl acids including the isomers of perfluorooctane sulfonate in carp (Cyprinus carpio) in a sediment/water microcosm. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:3005-3013. [PMID: 27163505 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) isomers in an artificially contaminated sediment/water microcosm. The uptake constant of PFAAs increased with increasing carbon chain length, whereas the elimination coefficient displayed the opposite trend, suggesting that carbon chain length plays an important role in the bioaccumulation of PFAAs. When the contribution of suspended particulate matter was taken into account, the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) became lower (3.61-600 L/kg) compared with BAFs derived from only considering the absorption from free PFAAs in water (3.85-97000 L/kg). The results indicate that suspended particulate matter in water constitutes an important source of exposure for aquatic organisms to long-chain PFAAs. Linear (n-)PFOS was preferentially accumulated compared with branched isomers in carp. Among the branched isomers, 1m-PFOS displayed the greatest bioaccumulation, whereas m2 -PFOS had the lowest. Linear PFOS displayed greater partitioning ability from blood to other tissues over branched PFOS (br-PFOS) isomers, leading to a relatively lower n-PFOS proportion in blood. In summary, suspended particulate matter made a contribution to the accumulation of long-chain PFAAs in aquatic organisms, and n-PFOS was preferentially accumulated compared with br-PFOS isomers. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:3005-3013. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwen Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yang Ling, People's Republic of China
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130
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Abe T, Takahashi M, Kano M, Amaike Y, Ishii C, Maeda K, Kudoh Y, Morishita T, Hosaka T, Sasaki T, Kodama S, Matsuzawa A, Kojima H, Yoshinari K. Activation of nuclear receptor CAR by an environmental pollutant perfluorooctanoic acid. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2365-2374. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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131
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Bost PC, Strynar MJ, Reiner JL, Zweigenbaum JA, Secoura PL, Lindstrom AB, Dye JA. U.S. domestic cats as sentinels for perfluoroalkyl substances: Possible linkages with housing, obesity, and disease. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:145-153. [PMID: 27479711 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are persistent, globally distributed, anthropogenic compounds. The primary source(s) for human exposure are not well understood although within home exposure is likely important since many consumer products have been treated with different PFAS, and people spend much of their lives indoors. Herein, domestic cats were used as sentinels to investigate potential exposure and health linkages. PFAS in serum samples of 72 pet and feral cats, including 11 healthy and 61 with one or more primary disease diagnoses, were quantitated using high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. All but one sample had detectable PFAS, with PFOS and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) ranging from <LOQ to 121 and <LOQ to 235ng/mL, respectively. PFAS prevalence and geometric means in cats were very similar to contemporary NHANES reports of human sera in the U. S. POPULATION The highest PFAS serum concentrations detected were in indoor cats due to disproportionately elevated PFHxS levels. Ranked by quartile, contingency testing indicated that total PFAS levels were positively associated with living indoors and with higher body weight and body condition scores. Individual PFAS quartile rankings suggested positive associations with respiratory effusion, thyroid, liver, and possibly chronic kidney disease. Domestic cats appear to be useful sentinels for assessing primary PFAS exposure routes, especially indoor sources of relevance to children. Additional case-control studies in pet cats are warranted to better define the potential health associations observed herein. A "One Health" approach assessing humans, pets, and their common environment may improve our understanding of chronic low-level, largely indoor, PFAS exposure and effects in humans and animals alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip C Bost
- Student Contractor to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, United States
| | - Mark J Strynar
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | | | - Patricia L Secoura
- North Carolina State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Andrew B Lindstrom
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Janice A Dye
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Public Health Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States.
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Wang T, Vestergren R, Herzke D, Yu J, Cousins IT. Levels, Isomer Profiles, and Estimated Riverine Mass Discharges of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Fluorinated Alternatives at the Mouths of Chinese Rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11584-11592. [PMID: 27689437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An extensive sampling campaign was undertaken to study the levels, isomer profiles and riverine mass discharges of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and fluorinated alternatives in 19 Chinese rivers. The levels and homologue profiles of Σ10PFAAs varied considerably among the 19 rivers (mean 106; median 16.3, range 8.9-1240 ng/L), indicating the influence of specific point sources. Highly branched isomer profiles of perfluorooctanoic acid (18-25% br-PFOA) in rivers with elevated concentrations (96-352 ng/L) indicate that releases during production of PFOA by electrochemical fluorination and/or its use in fluoropolymer manufacture were the dominant sources to these rivers. The fluorinated alternatives 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (detection frequency 21%, < 0.1-3.1 ng/L) and chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate F-53B (51%, < 0.56-78.5 ng/L) were also found in some rivers. The total Chinese riverine mass discharges of PFOA (mean 80.9; range 16.8-168 t/y) (including monitoring data from this and other studies) were in good agreement with theoretical PFOA emission estimates (17.3-203 t/y) whereas riverine mass discharges of PFOS (mean 3.6; range 1.9-5.6 t/y) could only account for a minor fraction of theoretically estimated PFOS releases (70 t/y). This study provides empirical evidence that emissions from Chinese point sources likely dominate the global emissions of several legacy PFASs (notably PFOA) and fluorinated alternatives (e.g., F-53B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Wang
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University , Örebro, Sweden
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Robin Vestergren
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment , Tromsø, Norway
- ACES - Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment , Tromsø, Norway
| | - Junchao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ian T Cousins
- ACES - Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University , Stockholm, Sweden
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133
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Riebe RA, Falk S, Georgii S, Brunn H, Failing K, Stahl T. Perfluoroalkyl Acid Concentrations in Livers of Fox (Vulpes vulpes) and Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) from Germany and Austria. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 71:7-15. [PMID: 26714691 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 11 perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) were measured in the livers of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Germany, a primarily carnivorous species, and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) from Austria, an herbivorous species. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) at concentrations [all results refer to wet weight (ww)] of 3.2-320 µg/kg were detected in all 40 fox livers tested, yielding an arithmetic mean of 46.6 µg/kg and a median of 29.8 µg/kg. Long-chain PFAAs were detected at concentrations of 1.7 µg/kg perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) to 2.4 µg/kg perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA). Of the short-chain PFAAs tested, only perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) was found in 1 fox liver at a concentration of 1.4 µg/kg, and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) was found in 2 fox livers at a concentration of 1 µg/kg each. PFOS and PFNA concentrations higher than limit of quantification (LOQ) were detected in 90.9 and 81.8 % of chamois livers, respectively. The arithmetic mean for PFOS concentrations was 2.2 µg/kg (median 2.4 µg/kg), a factor of 21 (median factor of 12) lower than in fox livers. The arithmetic mean for PFNA concentrations was 2.0 µg/kg (median 1.9 µg/kg). Perfluorobutanoic acid, PFHxA, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorobutanesulfonate, and PFHxS were not detected at concentrations higher than the LOQ in any of the samples. The various results are compared with one another and with the results of other studies of herbivorous, carnivorous, and omnivorous wild animals. The highest concentrations of PFAA, in particular PFOS, were found in omnivorous animals followed by carnivores. The lowest levels were present in herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandy Falk
- Hessian State Laboratory, Glarusstr. 6, 65203, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | | | - Hubertus Brunn
- Hessian State Laboratory, Schubertstr. 60, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 95, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stahl
- Hessian State Laboratory, Glarusstr. 6, 65203, Wiesbaden, Germany.
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134
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Zhao S, Ma X, Fang S, Zhu L. Behaviors of N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide ethanol (N-EtFOSE) in a soil-earthworm system: Transformation and bioaccumulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 554-555:186-191. [PMID: 26950632 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol (N-EtFOSE) is a typical precursor of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). In this study, the behaviors of N-EtFOSE in a soil-earthworm system, including biodegradation in soil and bioaccumulation and biotransformation in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were investigated. N-EtFOSE could be biodegraded in soil and biotransformed in earthworms to several metabolites, including n-ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamide acetate (N-EtFOSAA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetate (FOSAA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and PFOS, with N-EtFOSAA as the predominant intermediate and PFOS as the terminal product in both soil and earthworm. The uptake rate coefficients (ku, 0.746 goc gdw(-1)d(-1)), degradation rate constant in soil (k0, 0.138 d(-1)) and the biota-to-soil accumulation factor (BSAF, 0.523 goc gdw(-1)) of N-EtFOSE were estimated. For N-EtFOSE, N-EtFOSAA, FOSAA, FOSA and PFOS, their loss rate constants in earthworms were in the range of 0.467-30.2 (α) and 0.006-0.415 (β) d(-1), respectively. The results provided important information about the behaviors of N-EtFOSE in the soil-earthworm system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Zhao
- School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology (Panjin Campus), Panjin 124221, PR China
| | - Xinxin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Shuhong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
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135
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Shan G, Wang Z, Zhou L, Du P, Luo X, Wu Q, Zhu L. Impacts of daily intakes on the isomeric profiles of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human serum. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 89-90:62-70. [PMID: 26826363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been well studied in human daily intake for assessment of potential health risks. However, little is known about the isomeric compositions of PFASs in daily intake and their impacts on isomeric profiles in humans. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of PFASs with isomeric analysis in various human exposure matrices including foodstuffs, tap water and indoor dust. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and/or perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were predominant in these exposure matrices collected in Tianjin, China. In fish and meat, linear (n-) PFOA was enriched with a percentage of 92.2% and 99.6%, respectively. Although n-PFOS was higher in fish (84.8%) than in technical PFOS (ca. 70%), it was much lower in meat (63.1%) and vegetables (58.5%). Dietary intake contributed >99% of the estimated daily intake (EDI) for the general population. The isomeric profiles of PFOA and PFOS in human serum were predicted based on the EDI and a one-compartment, first-order pharmacokinetic model. The isomeric percentage of n-PFOA in the EDI (98.6%) was similar to that in human serum (predicted: 98.2%, previously measured: 99.7%) of Tianjin residents. The results suggest direct PFOA intake plays an important role in its isomeric compositions in humans. For PFOS, the predicted n-PFOS (69.3%) was much higher than the previously measured values (59.2%) in human serum. This implies that other factors, such as indirect exposure to PFOS precursors and multiple excretion pathways, may contribute to the lower percentage of n-PFOS in humans than of technical PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Shan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lianqiu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Pin Du
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Qiannian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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136
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Yang L, Wang Z, Shi Y, Li J, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Cai Z. Human placental transfer of perfluoroalkyl acid precursors: Levels and profiles in paired maternal and cord serum. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1631-8. [PMID: 26517392 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) precursors, the indirect source of PFAA exposure, have been observed in environmental and human samples. However, the maternal-fetal transfer of these chemicals has not been well examined. In this study, 50 paired maternal and cord serum samples collected in Jiangsu province of China were analyzed for fifteen PFAA precursors. Among the detected PFAAs, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), N-methyl- and N-ethyl-perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetates had comparable detection rate in both maternal and cord sera, while the mean concentrations and detection rates of 8:2 FTS and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) were higher in maternal sera compared to cord sera (Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.05). Analysis of variance and least significant difference tests showed that the youngest maternal age group (21-24 years old) had the highest concentration of 6:2 FTS in cord sera. Maternal serum PFOSA was found significantly correlated with the cord serum perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) (Spearman test, r = 0.361, P = 0.010), indicating that maternal serum PFOSA might be an indirect source of PFOS in fetuses. The obtained results suggested the potential prenatal exposure and human placental transfer of perfluoroalkyl acid precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, No. 7, Panjiayuannanli, 100021 Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730 Beijing, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, No. 7, Panjiayuannanli, 100021 Beijing, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, No. 7, Panjiayuannanli, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, No. 7, Panjiayuannanli, 100021 Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, No. 7, Panjiayuannanli, 100021 Beijing, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, No. 7, Panjiayuannanli, 100021 Beijing, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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137
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Gebbink WA, Bossi R, Rigét FF, Rosing-Asvid A, Sonne C, Dietz R. Observation of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Greenland marine mammals. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:2384-91. [PMID: 26610298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The present pilot study examined emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), i.e., a suite of short chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), PFAA precursors and replacement chemicals, and legacy PFASs (long chain length PFAAs) in livers from ringed seals, polar bears and, for the first time, killer whales from East Greenland collected in 2012-2013. Among the emerging PFASs, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) and F-53B (a chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid) were detected in Arctic wildlife, albeit at concentrations approximately four orders of magnitude lower compared to perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). PFOS was positively correlated with F-53B, but not PFBS in all three species. A total of 17 PFASs were detected in killer whales, including in a mother-fetus pair, demonstrating maternal transfer. ∑PFAS concentrations in killer whales (269 ± 90 ng/g) were comparable to concentrations found in ringed seals (138 ± 7 ng/g), however, an order of magnitude lower compared to concentrations found in polar bear livers (2336 ± 263 ng/g). Patterns of long chain PFAAs in killer whales differed from the pattern in ringed seals and polar bears. Of the monitored PFAA precursors, only perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA) was detected in all three species, and FOSA/PFOS ratios and isomer patterns indicated that killer whales have a potential lower metabolic capacity to degrade FOSA compared to polar bears and ringed seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A Gebbink
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
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138
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Franklin J. How reliable are field-derived biomagnification factors and trophic magnification factors as indicators of bioaccumulation potential? Conclusions from a case study on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2016; 12:6-20. [PMID: 25845916 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the usefulness of the metrics BMF (biomagnification factor) and TMF (trophic magnification factor), derived from field measurements of the levels of contaminants in naturally occurring biota, for characterizing the bioaccumulation potential ("B") of chemicals. Trophic magnification factor and BMF values greater than 1.0 are often considered to be the most conclusive indicators of B status, and the TMF criterion has been referred to as the "gold standard" for B categorization. Although not wishing to dispute the theoretical primacy of field-derived BMFs and TMFs as B metrics, we make the case that, in practice, the study-to-study (and even within-study) variability of the results is so great that they are of very restricted usefulness for assessing B status, at least in the case of the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), on which we focus here. This conclusion is based on an analysis of the results of 24 peer-reviewed studies reporting field-derived BMFs or TMFs for 14 PFASs, for which BMF values often range over several orders of magnitude from <<1.0 to >>1.0, sometimes even in the same study. For TMFs, the range is a factor of approximately 20 for the most intensely studied PFASs (perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA] and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid [PFOS]). We analyze the possible causes for such variability: To some extent it results from the differing ways in which the metrics are expressed, but most of the scatter is likely attributable to such factors as nonachievement of the tacitly assumed steady-state conditions, uncertainties in the feeding ecology, the impact of metabolism of precursor compounds, and so forth. As more trustworthy alternatives to field-derived BMFs and TMFs, we suggest the implementation of dietary BMF studies performed under strictly controlled conditions on aquatic, terrestrial, and avian species, as well as the consideration of measured elimination half-lives, which have been demonstrated to be directly related to BMF values.
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139
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Eriksson U, Kärrman A. World-Wide Indoor Exposure to Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Esters (PAPs) and other PFASs in Household Dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14503-11. [PMID: 26000882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is ongoing and in some cases increasing, despite efforts made to reduce emissions. The role of precursor compounds such as polyfluorinated phosphate esters (PAPs) has received increasing attention, but there are knowledge gaps regarding their occurrence and impact on human exposure. In this study, mono-, di-, and triPAPs, perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs), saturated, and unsaturated fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (FTCA/FTUCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonamides, and sulfonamidethanols (FOSA/FOSEs), and one fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTSA)) were compared in household dust samples from Canada, the Faroe Islands, Sweden, Greece, Spain, Nepal, Japan, and Australia. Mono-, di-, and triPAPs, including several diPAP homologues, were frequently detected in dust from all countries, revealing an ubiquitous spread in private households from diverse geographic areas, with significant differences between countries. The median levels of monoPAPs and diPAPs ranged from 3.7 ng/g to 1 023 ng/g and 3.6 ng/g to 692 ng/g, respectively, with the lowest levels found in Nepal and the highest in Japan. The levels of PAPs exceeded those of the other PFAS classes. These findings reveal the importance of PAPs as a source of PFAS exposure worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Eriksson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University , SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University , SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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140
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Shan G, Chen X, Zhu L. Occurrence, fluxes and sources of perfluoroalkyl substances with isomer analysis in the snow of northern China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 299:639-46. [PMID: 26280369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and the isomers of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) were analyzed in fresh snow samples collected from 19 cities in northern China, 2013. The levels of total PFASs in the snow samples were 33.5-229 ng/L, suggesting heavy atmospheric pollution of PFASs in northern China. PFOA (9.08-107 ng/L), PFOS (3.52-54.3 ng/L), perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA) (3.66-44.8 ng/L), and perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA) (3.21-23.6 ng/L) were predominant with a summed contribution of 82% to the total PFASs. The particulate matters (PMs) associated PFASs contributed 21.5-56.2% to the total PFASs in the snow, suggesting PMs are vital for the transport and deposition of airborne PFASs. Partitioning of PFASs between PM and dissolved phases was dependent on the carbon chain length and end functional groups. Isomer profiles of PFOA and PFOS in the snow were in agreement with the signature of the historical 3M electrochemical fluorination (ECF) products, suggesting that the ECF products were still produced and used in China. Further source analysis showed that the airborne PFASs in urban area were mainly due to direct release rather than degradation of their precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Shan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xinwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, PR China.
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141
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Chen M, Qiang L, Pan X, Fang S, Han Y, Zhu L. In Vivo and in Vitro Isomer-Specific Biotransformation of Perfluorooctane Sulfonamide in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13817-24. [PMID: 26053759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of PFOS-precursors (PreFOS) may contribute significantly to the level of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in the environment. Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) is one of the major intermediates of higher molecular weight PreFOS. Its further degradation to PFOS could be isomer specific and thereby explain unexpected high percentages of branched (Br-) PFOS isomers observed in wildlife. In this study, isomeric degradation of PFOSA was concomitantly investigated by in vivo and in vitro tests using common carp as an animal model. In the in vivo tests branched isomers of PFOSA and PFOS were eliminated faster than the corresponding linear (n-) isomers, leading to enrichment of n-PFOSA in the fish. In contrast, Br-PFOS was enriched in the fish, suggesting that Br-PFOSA isomers were preferentially metabolized to Br-PFOS over n-PFOSA. This was confirmed by the in vitro test. The exception was 1m-PFOSA, which could be the most difficult to be metabolized due to its α-branched structure, resulting in the deficiency of 1m-PFOS in the fish. The in vitro tests indicated that the metabolism mainly took place in the fish liver instead of its kidney, and it was mainly a Phase I reaction. The results may help to explain the special PFOS isomer profile observed in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Liwen Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- College of Marine Science of Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Shuhong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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142
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Forns J, Iszatt N, White RA, Mandal S, Sabaredzovic A, Lamoree M, Thomsen C, Haug LS, Stigum H, Eggesbø M. Perfluoroalkyl substances measured in breast milk and child neuropsychological development in a Norwegian birth cohort study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 83:176-82. [PMID: 26159671 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are chemicals with potential neurotoxic effects although the current evidence is still limited. This study investigated the association between perinatal exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and neuropsychological development assessed at 6, 12 and 24 months. We measured PFOS and PFOA in breast milk samples collected one month after delivery by mothers of children participating in the HUMIS study (Norway). Cognitive and psychomotor development was measured at 6 and at 24 months using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-II). Behavioral development was assessed using the infant-toddler symptom checklist (ITSC) at 12 and at 24 months. Weighted logistic regression and weighted negative binomial regression models were applied to analyze the associations between PFASs and ASQ-II and ITSC, respectively. The median concentration of PFOS was 110 ng/L, while the median for PFOA was 40 ng/L. We did not detect an increased risk of having an abnormal score in ASQ-II at 6 months or 24 months. Moreover, no consistent increase in behavioral problems assessed at 12 and 24 months by ITSC questionnaire was detected. We observed no association between perinatal PFOS and PFOA exposure and early neuropsychological development. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the effects of these compounds on neuropsychological development in older children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Forns
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - N Iszatt
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - R A White
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Mandal
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Sabaredzovic
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Lamoree
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Thomsen
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - L S Haug
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - H Stigum
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Eggesbø
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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143
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Salihovic S, Kärrman A, Lind L, Lind PM, Lindström G, van Bavel B. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) including structural PFOS isomers in plasma from elderly men and women from Sweden: Results from the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 82:21-7. [PMID: 26001496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of compounds with unique chemical properties that have been shown useful in a wide variety of applications because they provide materials with reduced surface tension and exceptional non-stick properties. PFASs are commonly found in impregnation materials, coatings of papers and textiles, fire-fighting foams, pesticides, and cleaning agents. The potential for human exposure to PFASs is high because of their widespread distribution. The aim of this study was to investigate levels of PFASs in men and women from Sweden and to assess the influence of gender and parity among women. Levels of 13 PFASs were determined in plasma samples collected during 2001-2004 from 1016 (507 women) 70year-old participants from the population-based Prospective Study of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS). The PFASs studied were nine perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), four perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA). In addition, structural isomers of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were determined in a subset of 398 individuals. The detection rates were high and the majority of the studied compounds were detected in more than 75% of the participants. Levels of the selected analytes were found to be similar to other studies of non-occupationally exposed populations. Gender differences were observed in levels of PFHpA which was higher in men, while PFHxS was higher in women. Parity among women was shown to have a minor effect on PFAS concentrations and we found primi- and multiparous women to have slightly lower levels of PFUnDA when compared to nulliparous women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Salihovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Anna Kärrman
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Lindström
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bert van Bavel
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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144
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Wang T, Wang P, Meng J, Liu S, Lu Y, Khim JS, Giesy JP. A review of sources, multimedia distribution and health risks of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 129:87-99. [PMID: 25262946 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been recognized as emerging pollutants because of their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment, biota and humans. In order to investigate their sources, fate and environmental effects, a great number of surveys have been carried out over the past several years. In the present review, we summarized the status of sources and emission, concentration, distribution and risks of PFAAs in China. Concentrations of PFAAs, especially perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in various environmental media including water, sediment, soil, rain, snow and organisms, as well as human tissues are summarized based on the available data. Concentrations of PFAAs in aquatic systems are higher in relatively more industrialized and urbanized areas than those from the less populated and remote regions in China, indicating that their emission and distribution are closely related to regional urbanization and industrialization. PFAAs and related products have been widely used over the past several decades, which have brought about high concentrations detected in environmental matrixes, biota and even local residents. Ecological risk assessment of PFAAs is still less developed in China. Most existing studies compared concentrations of PFAAs to guideline values derived for single species to evaluate the risk. In order to reveal the transport, partitioning and degradation of PFAAs in the environment, further studies on their behavior, fate, bioaccumulation and adverse effects in different trophic levels should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieyu Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Meng
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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145
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Brambilla G, D'Hollander W, Oliaei F, Stahl T, Weber R. Pathways and factors for food safety and food security at PFOS contaminated sites within a problem based learning approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 129:192-202. [PMID: 25439130 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and related substances have been listed in Annex B of the Stockholm Convention. The implementation requires inventories of use, stockpiles, and environmental contamination including contaminated sites and measures for (risk) reduction and phase out. In most countries monitoring capacity is not available and therefore other approaches for assessment of contaminated sites are needed. Available informations about PFOS contamination in hot spot areas and its bio-accumulation in the food webs have been merged to build up a worst-case scenario We model PFOS transfer from 1 to 100ngL(-1) range in water to extensive and free-range food producing animals, also via the spread of contaminated sludges on agriculture soils. The modeling indicates that forages represented 78% of the exposure in ruminants, while soil accounted for >80% in outdoor poultry/eggs and pigs. From the carry-over rates derived from literature, in pork liver, egg, and feral fish computed concentration falls at 101, 28 and 2.7ngg(-1), respectively, under the 1ngL(-1) PFOS scenario. Assuming a major consumption of food produced from a contaminated area, advisories on egg and fish, supported by good agriculture/farming practices could abate 75% of the human food intake. Such advisories would allow people to become resilient in a PFOS contaminated area through an empowerment of the food choices, bringing the alimentary exposure toward the current Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of 150ngkg(-1)bodyweightd(-1) proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Brambilla
- Istituto Superiore di sanità, Toxicological Chemistry Unit, Viale Regina Elena, 299 I-00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Wendy D'Hollander
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicology Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fardin Oliaei
- Cambridge Environmental Consulting, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thorsten Stahl
- Hessian State Laboratory, Glarusstrasse 6, D-65203 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Lindenfirststrasse 23, D-73527 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
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146
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Beesoon S, Martin JW. Isomer-Specific Binding Affinity of Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) to Serum Proteins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5722-31. [PMID: 25826685 DOI: 10.1021/es505399w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are among the most prominent contaminants in human serum, and these were historically manufactured as technical mixtures of linear and branched isomers. The isomers display unique pharmacokinetics in humans and in animal models, but molecular mechanisms underlying isomer-specific PFOS and PFOA disposition have not previously been studied. Here, ultrafiltration devices were used to examine (i) the dissociation constants (Kd) of individual PFOS and PFOA isomers with human serum albumin (HSA) and (ii) relative binding affinity of isomers in technical mixtures spiked to whole calf serum and human serum. Measurement of HSA Kd's demonstrated that linear PFOS (Kd=8(±4)×10(-8) M) was much more tightly bound than branched PFOS isomers (Kd range from 8(±1)×10(-5) M to 4(±2)×10(-4) M). Similarly, linear PFOA (Kd=1(±0.9)×10(-4) M) was more strongly bound to HSA compared to branched PFOA isomers (Kd range from 4(±2)×10(-4) M to 3(±2)×10(-4) M). The higher binding affinities of linear PFOS and PFOA to total serum protein were confirmed when both calf serum and human serum were spiked with technical mixtures. Overall, these data provide a mechanistic explanation for the longer biological half-life of PFOS in humans, compared to PFOA, and for the higher transplacental transfer efficiencies and renal clearance of branched PFOS and PFOA isomers, compared to the respective linear isomer.
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147
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Ye F, Zushi Y, Masunaga S. Survey of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and their precursors present in Japanese consumer products. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 127:262-268. [PMID: 25753850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and their precursors have been used in various consumer products. However, limited information regarding their occurrence and concentration levels in products is available. In this study, we investigated 18 PFAAs and 14 PFAA precursors in various categories of consumer products purchased in Japan. Relatively high total concentrations of PFAAs and their precursors were found in sprays for fabrics and textiles (<limit of quantitation (LOQ)-30000 ng g(-1)) and car wash/coating products (<LOQ-7500 ng g(-1)) compared to other categories, and the similar observation was found in previous studies in Norway and Germany. A precursor of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), N-methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (MeFOSE) was detected in a higher frequency (8%) and in greater concentrations (<LOQ-3600±1800 ng g(-1)) than PFOS (frequency 4%; concentrations<LOQ-59±10 ng g(-1)). These results indicate that careful control of PFOS precursors in consumer products is required. Furthermore, the amount of PFAAs emitted from consumer products may be underestimated if the occurrence of PFAA precursors is not considered. In addition to PFAA precursors, long chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) (carbon chain length⩾7) were also detected in greater concentrations than short chain PFCAs (⩽6). This result suggests that consumer products are one of the important sources of long-chain PFCAs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ye
- Faculty and Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Zushi
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shigeki Masunaga
- Faculty and Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan.
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148
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Liu Y, Pereira ADS, Martin JW. Discovery of C5–C17 Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Water by In-Line SPE-HPLC-Orbitrap with In-Source Fragmentation Flagging. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4260-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Liu
- Division of Analytical and
Environmental Toxicity, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Alberto Dos Santos Pereira
- Division of Analytical and
Environmental Toxicity, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Jonathan W. Martin
- Division of Analytical and
Environmental Toxicity, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
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149
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Gebbink WA, Glynn A, Berger U. Temporal changes (1997-2012) of perfluoroalkyl acids and selected precursors (including isomers) in Swedish human serum. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 199:166-73. [PMID: 25660070 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations (including isomer patterns) and temporal changes (1997-2012) of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and selected perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) precursors were determined in serum samples from Swedish women. Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (FOSAA), as well as its N-methyl and N-ethyl derivatives (MeFOSAA and EtFOSAA) were consistently detected. Highest PFOS precursor concentrations were found for EtFOSAA (before year 2000) or MeFOSAA and FOSAA (after 2000). Disappearance half-lives for all PFOS precursors were shorter compared to PFOS. 4:2/6:2 and 6:2/6:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs) were detected in <60% of the samples, whereas 6:2/8:2 and 8:2/8:2 diPAPs were detected in >60% of the samples, but showed no significant change in concentrations over time. Linear and sum-branched isomers were quantified separately for three PFAAs and three precursors. Significant changes between 1997 and 2012 in the % linear isomer were observed for PFOA and FOSA (increase) and PFOS (decrease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A Gebbink
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, National Food Agency, SE 75126, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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150
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Miralles-Marco A, Harrad S. Perfluorooctane sulfonate: a review of human exposure, biomonitoring and the environmental forensics utility of its chirality and isomer distribution. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 77:148-59. [PMID: 25728452 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) found extensive use for over 60 years up until its restriction in the early 2000s, culminating in its listing under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in 2009. Efforts to minimise human body burdens are hindered by uncertainty over their precise origins. While diet appears the principal source for the majority of western populations (with other pathways like dust ingestion, drinking water and inhalation also important contributors); the role played by exposure to PFOS-precursor compounds followed by in vivo metabolism to PFOS as the ultimate highly stable end-product is unclear. Such PFOS-precursor compounds include perfluorooctane sulfonamide derivates, e.g., perfluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs) and sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs). Understanding the indirect contribution of such precursors to human body burdens of PFOS is important as a significant contribution from this pathway would render the margin of safety between the current exposure limits and estimates of external exposure to PFOS alone, narrower than hitherto appreciated. Estimates derived from mathematical modelling studies, put the contribution of so-called "precursor exposure" at between 10% and 40% of total PFOS body burdens. However, there are substantial uncertainties associated with such approaches. This paper reviews current understanding of human exposure to PFOS, with particular reference to recent research highlighting the potential of environmental forensics approaches based on the relative abundance and chiral signatures of branched chain PFOS isomers to provide definitive insights into the role played by "precursor exposure".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Miralles-Marco
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Stuart Harrad
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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