101
|
Lieleg O, Baumgärtel RM, Bausch AR. Selective filtering of particles by the extracellular matrix: an electrostatic bandpass. Biophys J 2009; 97:1569-77. [PMID: 19751661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of microscopic particles such as growth factors, proteins, or drugs through the extracellular matrix (ECM) is based on diffusion, a ubiquitous mechanism in nature. The ECM shapes the local distribution of the transported macromolecules and at the same time constitutes an important barrier toward infectious agents. To fulfill these competing tasks, the hydrogels have to employ highly selective filtering mechanisms. Yet, the underlying microscopic principles are still an enigma in cell biology and drug delivery. Here, we show that the extracellular matrix presents an effective electrostatic bandpass, suppressing the diffusive motion of both positively and negatively charged objects. This mechanism allows uncharged particles to easily diffuse through the matrix, while charged particles are effectively trapped. However, by tuning the strength of this physical interaction of the particles with the biopolymer matrix, the microscopic mobility of formerly trapped particles can be rescued on demand. Moreover, we identify heparan sulfate chains to be one important key factor for the barrier function of the extracellular matrix. We propose that localized charge patches in the ECM are responsible for its highly unspecific but strongly selective filtering effect. Such localized interactions could also account for the observed tunability and selectivity of many other important permeability barriers that are established by biopolymer-based hydrogels, e.g., the mucus layer of endothelial cells or the hydrogel in the nuclear core complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Lieleg
- Lehrstuhl für Zellbiophysik E27, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
de Moura JP, Nicolau SM, Stávale JN, da Silva Pinhal MA, de Matos LL, Baracat EC, de Lima GR. Heparanase-2 Expression in Normal Ovarian Epithelium and in Benign and Malignant Ovarian Tumors. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19:1494-500. [DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e3181a834a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:Studies have highlighted the changes that take place in the environment between the cell and the extracellular matrix during the process of neoplastic expansion. Several papers have associated the expression of heparanase 1 with various malignant tumors. Heparanase 2 is probably related to loss of cell adhesion.Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of heparanase 2 in epithelial neoplasia of the ovaries and in samples of normal ovarian tissue.Methods:Seventy-five ovary specimens were analyzed and divided into 3 groups: 23 malignant and 35 benign epithelial ovarian neoplasia and 17 without ovarian disease. We used 2 methodological techniques for evaluating the immunoexpression of heparanase 2. The first followed the qualitative criterion of positive or negative in relation to enzymatic expression, and the second involved computerized quantification of this expression, performed on the same slides.Results:In the quantitative analysis, we found positivity indices for heparanase 2 expression of 72.2% and 87.3% in the samples of benign and malignant neoplasias, respectively. In these, the intensity of expression and the expression index were 147.2 and 121.2, respectively, for the benign neoplasia and 134.1 and 118.0 for the malignant neoplasia. Qualitatively, its expression was strong or moderate in 44.2% of the benign and 78.2% of the malignant tumors; its expression in all of the nonneoplastic samples was negative, with the exception of one that was weakly positive.Conclusions:Heparanase 2 is involved in neoplastic proliferation, but it was not exclusively associated with the malignant process. Furthermore, there was no difference in its expression between benign and malignant ovarian epithelial neoplasia.
Collapse
|
103
|
Stavarachi M, Toma M, Butoianu N, Gavrila L. Preliminary results in a study regarding the relationship between perlecan gene polymorphism and spinal muscular atrophy type I disease. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2009; 13:821-4. [PMID: 19839757 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2009.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease characterized by weakness and atrophy of proximal muscles. Despite the fact that the disease transmission suggests an autosomal recessive trait, the wide spectrum of clinical manifestations indicates that other genes may contribute to the SMA phenotype. To identify possible modifier genes, the aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between BamH1 perlecan gene polymorphism and SMA type I, the classical severe form of the disease. We genotyped 40 patients with SMA type I disease and 50 subjects without personal or heredo-colateral neuromuscular problems, using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. After statistical analysis of the observed genotypes, a significant difference (p = 0.03) could be observed regarding the incidence of TT genotype and T allele in boys with SMA type I compared with affected girls. However, this result cannot be assessed because of the small and unequal number of subjects. We concluded that there might be no association between perlecan gene polymorphism and SMA type I disease.
Collapse
|
104
|
Schneider WJ. Receptor-mediated mechanisms in ovarian follicle and oocyte development. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 163:18-23. [PMID: 19523388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The normal development of the chicken oocyte within the ovarian follicle depends on the coordinated expression and function of several members of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. The human low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is the prototype of the gene family; since its discovery and the elucidation of the medical significance of mutations in the ldlr gene, many additional family members have been discovered and characterized, and some important advances have resulted from studies in the chicken. I describe the analogies as well as the differences that exist between the molecular genetics of the mammalian and avian members of this important gene family, with emphasis on receptor-mediated oocyte growth. Recent progress in the molecular characterization of the chicken genes whose products mediate oocyte growth, follicle development, and accessory pathways is described in detail, and emerging information of preliminary nature is included. As the availability of chicken genome sequence data has enhanced the rate of progress in the field, our understanding of the physiological roles of members of this receptor family in general has already gained from studies in the avian model system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang J Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/2, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Topographical variation in the distributions of versican, aggrecan and perlecan in the foetal human spine reflects their diverse functional roles in spinal development. Histochem Cell Biol 2009; 132:491-503. [PMID: 19669783 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the immunohistochemical distribution of three major proteoglycans of cartilage, i.e., aggrecan, versican and perlecan vis-a-vis collagens I and II in the developing human spine of first-trimester foetuses. Aggrecan and perlecan were prominently immunolocalised in the cartilaginous vertebral body rudiments and to a lesser extent within the foetal intervertebral disc. In contrast, versican was only expressed in the developing intervertebral disc interspace. Using domain-specific monoclonal antibodies against the various modules of versican, we discovered the V0 isoform as the predominant form present. Versican immunolocalisations conducted with antibodies directed to epitopes in its N and C termini and GAG-alpha and GAG-beta core protein domains provided evidence that versican in the nucleus pulposus was either synthesised devoid of a G3 domain or this domain was proteolytically removed in situ. The V0 versican isoform was localised with prominent fibrillar components in the annular lamellae of the outer annulus fibrosus. Perlecan was a notable pericellular proteoglycan in the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus but poorly immunolocalised in the marginal tissues of the developing intervertebral disc, apparently delineating the intervertebral disc-vertebral body interface region destined to become the cartilaginous endplate in the mature intervertebral disc. The distribution of collagens I and II in the foetal spine was mutually exclusive with type I present in the outer annulus fibrosus, marginal tissues around the vertebral body rudiment and throughout the developing intervertebral disc, and type II prominent in the vertebral rudiment, absent in the outer annulus fibrosus and diffusely distributed in the inner annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. Collectively, our findings suggest the existence of an intricate and finely balanced interplay between various proteoglycans and collagens and the spinal cell populations which synthesise and assemble these components during spinal development.
Collapse
|
106
|
|
107
|
Iozzo RV, Zoeller JJ, Nyström A. Basement membrane proteoglycans: modulators Par Excellence of cancer growth and angiogenesis. Mol Cells 2009; 27:503-13. [PMID: 19466598 PMCID: PMC6712562 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans located in basement membranes, the nanostructures underling epithelial and endothelial layers, are unique in several respects. They are usually large, elongated molecules with a collage of domains that share structural and functional homology with numerous extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors and surface receptors. They mainly carry heparan sulfate side chains and these contribute not only to storing and preserving the biological activity of various heparan sulfate-binding cytokines and growth factors, but also in presenting them in a more "active configuration" to their cognate receptors. Abnormal expression or deregulated function of these proteoglycans affect cancer and angiogenesis, and are critical for the evolution of the tumor microenvironment. This review will focus on the functional roles of the major heparan sulfate proteoglycans from basement membrane zones: perlecan, agrin and collagen XVIII, and on their roles in modulating cancer growth and angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
108
|
Zoeller JJ, Whitelock JM, Iozzo RV. Perlecan regulates developmental angiogenesis by modulating the VEGF-VEGFR2 axis. Matrix Biol 2009; 28:284-91. [PMID: 19422911 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Using the zebrafish, we previously identified a central function for perlecan during angiogenic blood vessel development. Here, we explored the nature of perlecan function during developmental angiogenesis. A close examination of individual endothelial cell behavior revealed that perlecan is required for proper endothelial cell migration and proliferation. Because these events are largely mediated by VEGF-VEGFR2 signaling, we investigated the relationship between perlecan and the VEGF pathway. We discovered that perlecan knockdown caused an abnormal increase and redistribution of total VEGF-A protein suggesting that perlecan is required for the appropriate localization of VEGF-A. Importantly, we linked perlecan function to the VEGF pathway by efficiently rescuing the perlecan morphant phenotype by microinjecting VEGF-A(165) protein or mRNA. Combining the strategic localization of perlecan throughout the vascular basement membrane along with its growth factor-binding ability, we hypothesized a major role for perlecan during the establishment of the VEGF gradient which provides the instructive cues to endothelial cells during angiogenesis. In support of this hypothesis we demonstrated that human perlecan bound in a heparan sulfate-dependent fashion to VEGF-A(165). Moreover, perlecan enhanced VEGF mediated VEGFR2 activation of human endothelial cells. Collectively, our results indicate that perlecan coordinates developmental angiogenesis through modulation of VEGF-VEGFR2 signaling events. The identification of angiogenic factors, such as perlecan, and their role in vertebrate development will not only enhance overall understanding of the molecular basis of angiogenesis, but may also provide new insight into angiogenesis-based therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Zoeller
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Tilakaratne WM, Kobayashi T, Ida-Yonemochi H, Swelam W, Yamazaki M, Mikami T, Alvarado CG, Shahidul AM, Maruyama S, Cheng J, Saku T. Matrix metalloproteinase 7 and perlecan in oral epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma in situ: an aid for histopathologic recognition of their cell proliferation centers. J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 38:348-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
110
|
Gandhi NS, Mancera RL. The Structure of Glycosaminoglycans and their Interactions with Proteins. Chem Biol Drug Des 2008; 72:455-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 703] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
111
|
Genes and pathways differentially expressed in the brains of Fxr2 knockout mice. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 32:510-20. [PMID: 18930145 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome is a common inherited form of mental retardation and originates from the absence of expression of the FMR1 gene. This gene and its two homologues, FXR1 and FXR2, encode for a family of fragile X related (FXR) proteins with similar tissue distribution, together with sequence and functional homology. Based on these characteristics, it has been suggested that these proteins might partly complement one another. To unravel the function of Fxr2 protein, the expression pattern of 12,588 genes was studied in the brains of wild-type and Fxr2 knockout mice, an animal model which shows behavioral abnormalities partly similar to those observed in Fmr1-knockout mice. By genome expression profiling and stringent significance tests we identify genes and gene groups de-regulated in the brains of Fxr2 knockout mice. Differential expression of candidate genes was validated by real-time PCR, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. A number of differentially expressed genes associated with the Fxr2 phenotype have been previously involved in other memory or cognitive disorders.
Collapse
|
112
|
Tran-Lundmark K, Tran PK, Paulsson-Berne G, Fridén V, Soininen R, Tryggvason K, Wight TN, Kinsella MG, Borén J, Hedin U. Heparan sulfate in perlecan promotes mouse atherosclerosis: roles in lipid permeability, lipid retention, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Circ Res 2008; 103:43-52. [PMID: 18596265 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.172833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) has been proposed to be antiatherogenic through inhibition of lipoprotein retention, inflammation, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Perlecan is the predominant HS proteoglycan in the artery wall. Here, we investigated the role of perlecan HS chains using apoE null (ApoE0) mice that were cross-bred with mice expressing HS-deficient perlecan (Hspg2(Delta3/Delta3)). Morphometry of cross-sections from aortic roots and en face preparations of whole aortas revealed a significant decrease in lesion formation in ApoE0/Hspg2(Delta3/Delta3) mice at both 15 and 33 weeks. In vitro, binding of labeled mouse triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and human LDL to total extracellular matrix, as well as to purified proteoglycans, prepared from ApoE0/Hspg2(Delta3/Delta3) smooth muscle cells was reduced. In vivo, at 20 minutes influx of human (125)I-LDL or mouse triglyceride-rich lipoproteins into the aortic wall was increased in ApoE0/Hspg2(Delta3/Delta3) mice compared to ApoE0 mice. However, at 72 hours accumulation of (125)I-LDL was similar in ApoE0/Hspg2(Delta3/Delta3) and ApoE0 mice. Immunohistochemistry of lesions from ApoE0/Hspg2(Delta3/Delta3) mice showed decreased staining for apoB and increased smooth muscle alpha-actin content, whereas accumulation of CD68-positive inflammatory cells was unchanged. We conclude that the perlecan HS chains are proatherogenic in mice, possibly through increased lipoprotein retention, altered vascular permeability, or other mechanisms. The ability of HS to inhibit smooth muscle cell growth may also influence development as well as instability of lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Tran-Lundmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
113
|
Bix G, Iozzo RV. Novel interactions of perlecan: unraveling perlecan's role in angiogenesis. Microsc Res Tech 2008; 71:339-48. [PMID: 18300285 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Perlecan, a highly conserved and ubiquitous basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is essential for life, inasmuch as its absence results in embryonic lethality in mice and C. elegans, and neonatal lethality in humans. Perlecan plays an essential role in vasculogenesis and chondrogenesis, as well as in pathological states where these processes are maladapted. Although a large body of evidence supports a pro-angiogenic role for perlecan, recent findings suggests that portions of the perlecan protein core can be antiangiogenic, requiring a further evaluation of the functioning of this complex molecule. This review is focused on the genetics of mammalian and nonmammalian perlecan, the elucidation of its novel interacting partners and its role in angiogenesis. By more fully understanding perlecan's functioning in angiogenesis, we may gain invaluable insight that could lead to therapeutic interventions in cancer and other pathologic states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Bix
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
Tran-Lundmark K, Tran PK, Paulsson-Berne G, Fridén V, Soininen R, Tryggvason K, Wight TN, Kinsella MG, Borén J, Hedin U. Heparan Sulfate in Perlecan Promotes Mouse Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.172833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) has been proposed to be antiatherogenic through inhibition of lipoprotein retention, inflammation, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Perlecan is the predominant HS proteoglycan in the artery wall. Here, we investigated the role of perlecan HS chains using apoE null (ApoE0) mice that were cross-bred with mice expressing HS-deficient perlecan (
Hspg2
Δ3/Δ3
). Morphometry of cross-sections from aortic roots and en face preparations of whole aortas revealed a significant decrease in lesion formation in ApoE0/
Hspg2
Δ3/Δ3
mice at both 15 and 33 weeks. In vitro, binding of labeled mouse triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and human LDL to total extracellular matrix, as well as to purified proteoglycans, prepared from ApoE0/
Hspg2
Δ3/Δ3
smooth muscle cells was reduced. In vivo, at 20 minutes influx of human
125
I-LDL or mouse triglyceride-rich lipoproteins into the aortic wall was increased in ApoE0/
Hspg2
Δ3/Δ3
mice compared to ApoE0 mice. However, at 72 hours accumulation of
125
I-LDL was similar in ApoE0/
Hspg2
Δ3/Δ3
and ApoE0 mice. Immunohistochemistry of lesions from ApoE0/
Hspg2
Δ3/Δ3
mice showed decreased staining for apoB and increased smooth muscle α-actin content, whereas accumulation of CD68-positive inflammatory cells was unchanged. We conclude that the perlecan HS chains are proatherogenic in mice, possibly through increased lipoprotein retention, altered vascular permeability, or other mechanisms. The ability of HS to inhibit smooth muscle cell growth may also influence development as well as instability of lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Tran-Lundmark
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Phan-Kiet Tran
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Gabrielle Paulsson-Berne
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Vincent Fridén
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Raija Soininen
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Thomas N. Wight
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Michael G. Kinsella
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Jan Borén
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Ulf Hedin
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Haraldsson B, Nyström J, Deen WM. Properties of the Glomerular Barrier and Mechanisms of Proteinuria. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:451-87. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00055.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the intricate properties of the glomerular barrier. Other reviews have focused on podocyte biology, mesangial cells, and the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). However, since all components of the glomerular membrane are important for its function, proteinuria will occur regardless of which layer is affected by disease. We review the properties of endothelial cells and their surface layer, the GBM, and podocytes, discuss various methods of studying glomerular permeability, and analyze data concerning the restriction of solutes by size, charge, and shape. We also review the physical principles of transport across biological or artificial membranes and various theoretical models used to predict the fluxes of solutes and water. The glomerular barrier is highly size and charge selective, in qualitative agreement with the classical studies performed 30 years ago. The small amounts of albumin filtered will be reabsorbed by the megalin-cubulin complex and degraded by the proximal tubular cells. At present, there is no unequivocal evidence for reuptake of intact albumin from urine. The cellular components are the key players in restricting solute transport, while the GBM is responsible for most of the resistance to water flow across the glomerular barrier.
Collapse
|
116
|
Abstract
The extracellular matrix provides an environment for cells. It is produced, assembled and modified by cells and in turn, it modifies the functions and behavior of the cells it encounters. The molecules that make up the matrix are diverse in both structure and function. This well-illustrated unit provides an introduction to the structure and function of the major components of matrix and serves as a background for the other units in the chapter which include protocols for isolation and analysis of individual components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P Mecham
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Kvist AJ, Nyström A, Hultenby K, Sasaki T, Talts JF, Aspberg A. The major basement membrane components localize to the chondrocyte pericellular matrix — A cartilage basement membrane equivalent? Matrix Biol 2008; 27:22-33. [PMID: 17825545 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that articular cartilage chondrocytes are surrounded by the defining basement membrane proteins laminin, collagen type IV, nidogen and perlecan, and suggest that these form the functional equivalent of a basement membrane. We found by real-time PCR that mouse chondrocytes express these four cardinal components of basement membranes and demonstrated by immunohistochemistry that the proteins are present in bovine and mouse cartilage tissues and are deposited in a thin pericellular structure. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed high laminin concentration in the pericellular matrix. In cartilage from newborn mice, basement membrane components are widespread in the territorial and interterritorial matrix, while in mature cartilage of adult mice the basement membrane components are localized mainly to a narrow pericellular zone. With progression into old age, this layer becomes less distinct, especially in areas of obvious mechanical attrition. Interestingly, individual laminin subunits were located in different zones of the cartilage, with laminin alpha1 showing preferential localization around a select population of superficial layer chondrocytes. We propose that the chondrocyte, like several other cell types of mesenchymal origin, is surrounded by the functional equivalent of a basement membrane. This structure is presumably involved in maintaining chondrocyte phenotype and viability and may well allow a new understanding of cartilage development and provide clues to the progression of degenerative joint disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Kvist
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Melrose J, Hayes AJ, Whitelock JM, Little CB. Perlecan, the “jack of all trades” proteoglycan of cartilaginous weight-bearing connective tissues. Bioessays 2008; 30:457-69. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.20748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
119
|
Kisilevsky R, Fraser P. Proteoglycans and amyloid fibrillogenesis. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 199:58-67; discussion 68-72, 90-103. [PMID: 8915604 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514924.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A brief discussion of the general structure of proteoglycans is followed by a description of the diverse nature of amyloids. Using the murine form of inflammation-associated (AA) amyloid, we have examined the temporal and anatomical relationship between the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, its mRNA and AA amyloid deposition in vivo. The in vitro effect of heparan sulfate on the secondary structure of amyloid precursors, and on amyloid peptides, suggests that this interaction is important in amyloidogenesis. The relationship of these two components likely reflects a more general process taking place between basement membrane proteins (which may be synthesized by a variety of cell types within and outside the CNS) and amyloid precursors. A general definition of in vivo amyloid deposits emerges from these considerations as do concepts for interfering with amyloidogenesis. Preliminary results showing the effect of small molecule aliphatic sulfonates and sulfates on in vitro amyloid beta-protein fibrillogenesis and AA amyloidogenesis in vivo supports the general process presented and suggests therapeutic strategies for treating amyloid-based diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kisilevsky
- Department of Pathology, Queen's University, Kingston General Hospital, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
120
|
Charron T, Nili N, Strauss BH. The cell cycle: a critical therapeutic target to prevent vascular proliferative disease. Can J Cardiol 2007; 22 Suppl B:41B-55B. [PMID: 16498512 PMCID: PMC2780832 DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(06)70986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention is the preferred revascularization approach for most patients with coronary artery disease. However, this strategy is limited by renarrowing of the vessel by neointimal hyperplasia within the stent lumen (in-stent restenosis). Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation is a major component in this healing process. This process is mediated by multiple cytokines and growth factors, which share a common pathway in inducing cell proliferation: the cell cycle. The cell cycle is highly regulated by numerous mechanisms ensuring orderly and coordinated cell division. The present review discusses current concepts related to regulation of the cell cycle and new therapeutic options that target aspects of the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bradley H Strauss
- Correspondence: Dr Bradley H Strauss, St Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B IW8. Telephone 416-864-5913, fax 416-864-5978, e-mail
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
DiScipio RG, Schraufstatter IU. The role of the complement anaphylatoxins in the recruitment of eosinophils. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1909-23. [PMID: 18039528 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are blood and tissue immune cells that participate in a diverse range of activities normally beneficial for the host defense, but in circumstances of untoward inflammatory conditions these cells can be responsible for pathological responses. Accordingly the transit of eosinophils from the blood to tissues is a subject of considerable importance in immunology. In this article we review how the complement anaphylatoxins, C3a and C5a bring about eosinophil extravasation. These mediators do not merely provide a chemotactic or haptotactic gradient but are responsible for orchestrating innumerable responses by other cells types, including of endothelial cells, mast cells, and basophils in order to create an environment that is conducive for eosinophil infiltration. C5a has the capacity to prime the endothelium directly to present P-selectin, and C5a stimulated generation of eosinophil hydrogen peroxide and other oxidants can cause additional upregulation of endothelial P-selectin and ICAM-1. Moreover, the anaphylatoxins have the ability to recruit mast cells and basophils and can stimulate these cells to release IL-4 and IL-13, which by augmenting endothelial VCAM-1, convey some selectivity for eosinophils. The anaphylatoxins also have the capability to evoke the release and activation of eosinophil MMP-9, which is employed by this cell type to digest its way past the subendothelial matrix. Finally, because C3a and C5a can stimulate the generation of nitric oxide along with the secretion of histamine and LTC4 from several cell types, the anaphylatoxins can bring about an increase in vascular permeability that facilitates eosinophil accumulation at sites of allergic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G DiScipio
- La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, 4570 Executive Dr. #100, San Diego, CA 92122, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Schneider WJ. Low density lipoprotein receptor relatives in chicken ovarian follicle and oocyte development. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 117:248-55. [PMID: 17675866 DOI: 10.1159/000103186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal development of the chicken oocyte within the ovarian follicle depends on the coordinated expression and function of several members of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. The human low density lipoprotein receptor is the prototype of the gene family; since its discovery and the elucidation of the medical significance of mutations in the LDLR gene, many additional family members have been discovered and characterized, and some important advances have resulted from studies in the chicken. I describe the analogies as well as the differences that exist between the molecular genetics of the mammalian and avian members of this important gene family, with emphasis on receptor-mediated oocyte growth. Recent progress in the molecular characterization of the chicken genes whose products mediate oocyte growth, follicle development, and accessory pathways is described in detail, and emerging information of preliminary nature is included. As the availability of chicken genome sequence data has enhanced the rate of progress in the field, our understanding of the physiological roles of members of this receptor family in general has already gained from studies in the avian model system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Hurst RE, Moldwin RM, Mulholland SG. Bladder defense molecules, urothelial differentiation, urinary biomarkers, and interstitial cystitis. Urology 2007; 69:17-23. [PMID: 17462475 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2006.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that interstitial cystitis (IC) is a disease of the urothelium. In this article, we review the results of published studies and present new data concerning the precise role of the bladder epithelium in IC. We discuss bladder defenses against both the penetration of urinary solutes and bacterial adherence, and we present new information about the proteoglycans that are present on the normal bladder. Previously published results and new data presented here support the conclusion that IC involves an aberrant differentiation program in the bladder urothelium that leads to altered synthesis of several proteoglycans, cell adhesion and tight junction proteins, and bacterial defense molecules such as GP51. These findings lend support to the rationale for glycosaminoglycan replacement therapy for the treatment of patients with IC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Hurst
- Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Rodgers KD, Sasaki T, Aszodi A, Jacenko O. Reduced perlecan in mice results in chondrodysplasia resembling Schwartz-Jampel syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:515-28. [PMID: 17213231 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Perlecan knock-in mice were developed to model Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (SJS), a skeletal disease resulting from decreased perlecan. Two mouse strains were generated: those carrying a C-to-Y mutation at residue 1532 and the neomycin cassette (C1532Yneo) and those harboring the mutation alone (C1532Y). Immunostaining, biochemistry, size measurements, skeletal studies and histology revealed Hspg2 transcriptional changes in C1532Yneo mice, leading to reduced perlecan secretion and a skeletal disease phenotype characteristic of SJS patients. Skeletal disease features include smaller size, impaired mineralization, misshapen bones, flat face and joint dysplasias reminiscent of osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis. Moreover, C1532Yneo mice displayed transient expansion of hypertrophic cartilage in the growth plate concomitant with radial trabecular bone orientation. In contrast, C1532Y mice, harboring only the mutation associated with SJS, displayed a mild phenotype, inconsistent with SJS. These studies question the C1532Y mutation as the sole causative factor of SJS in the human family harboring this alteration and imply that transcriptional changes leading to perlecan reduction may represent the disease mechanism for SJS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn D Rodgers
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Rosenthal Room 152, Pennsylvania, PA 19104-6046, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Jiroutova A, Slavkovsky R, Cermakova M, Majdiakova L, Hanovcova I, Bolehovska R, Hajzlerova M, Radilova H, Ruszova E, Kanta J. Expression of mRNAs related to connective tissue metabolism in rat hepatic stellate cells and myofibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 58:263-73. [PMID: 17056239 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and liver myofibroblasts (MFB) are two cell populations most likely responsible for the synthesis of most connective tissue components in fibrotic liver. They differ in their origin and location, and possibly in patterns of gene expression. Normal and carbon tetrachloride-cirrhotic livers from rats were used to isolate HSC. Liver was perfused with pronase and collagenase solutions, followed by centrifugation of the cell suspension on a density gradient. HSC were quiescent 2 days after plating on plastic but they became activated after another 5 days in culture. When the culture was passaged 5 times, its character changed profoundly as HSC were replaced by MFB. Microarray analysis was used to determine gene expression in quiescent HSC, activated HSC and MFB. The expression of 49 genes coding for connective tissue proteins, proteoglycans, metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, growth factors and cellular markers was determined. The pattern of gene expression changed during HSC activation and there were distinct differences between HSC and MFB. Little difference between normal cells and cells isolated from cirrhotic liver was found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Jiroutova
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Simkova 870, 500 38 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Sugaya K, Hongo E, Ishihara Y, Tsuji H. The conserved role of Smu1 in splicing is characterized in its mammalian temperature-sensitive mutant. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:4944-51. [PMID: 17105761 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature-sensitive CHO-K1 mutant cell line tsTM18 exhibits chromosomal instability and cell-cycle arrest at S and G2 phases with decreased DNA synthesis at the nonpermissive temperature, 39 degrees C. We previously identified an amino acid substitution in Smu1 that underlies the temperature-sensitive phenotypes of tsTM18 cells. In the present study, we confirmed that Smu1 is associated with the temperature-sensitive defect of tsTM18 by RNA interference. We also found an early temperature effect in DNA synthesis. Because genetic studies of nematodes revealed that smu-1 is involved in splicing of the unc52/perlecan pre-mRNA, we analysed the perlecan transcript in tsTM18 cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The perlecan PCR product amplified from RNA of tsTM18 cells cultured at 39 degrees C appeared to be a mixture of variants. Sequence analysis identified at least six variants that result from alternative splicing and intron retention. Comparison of the results of perlecan RT-PCR analysis with those of analysis of four other genes suggested that the splicing defect in the perlecan gene is unique and that it is conserved through evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiko Sugaya
- Radiation Effect Mechanisms Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
127
|
Melrose J, Roughley P, Knox S, Smith S, Lord M, Whitelock J. The structure, location, and function of perlecan, a prominent pericellular proteoglycan of fetal, postnatal, and mature hyaline cartilages. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:36905-14. [PMID: 16984910 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608462200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to immunolocalize perlecan in human fetal, postnatal, and mature hyaline cartilages and to determine information on the structure and function of chondrocyte perlecan. Perlecan is a prominent component of human fetal (12-14 week) finger, toe, knee, and elbow cartilages; it was localized diffusely in the interterritorial extracellular matrix, densely in the pericellular matrix around chondrocytes, and to small blood vessels in the joint capsules and perichondrium. Aggrecan had a more intense distribution in the marginal regions of the joint rudiments and in para-articular structures. Perlecan also had a strong pericellular localization pattern in postnatal (2-7 month) and mature (55-64 year) femoral cartilages, whereas aggrecan had a prominent extracellular matrix distribution in these tissues. Western blotting identified multiple perlecan core protein species in extracts of the postnatal and mature cartilages, some of which were substituted with heparan sulfate and/or chondroitin sulfate and some were devoid of glycosaminoglycan substitution. Some perlecan core proteins were smaller than intact perlecan, suggesting that proteolytic processing or alternative splicing had occurred. Surface plasmon resonance and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation experiments demonstrated that chondrocyte perlecan bound fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 and -9 less efficiently than endothelial cell perlecan. The latter perlecan supported the proliferation of Baf-32 cells transfected with FGFR3c equally well with FGF-1 and -9, whereas chondrocyte perlecan only supported Baf-32 cell proliferation with FGF-9. The function of perlecan therefore may not be universal but may vary with its cellular origin and presumably its structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- The Raymond Purves Research Laboratories, Institute of Bone and Joint , University of Sydney at the Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
128
|
Oba-Shinjo SM, Correa M, Ricca TI, Molognoni F, Pinhal MA, Neves IA, Marie SK, Sampaio LO, Nader HB, Chammas R, Jasiulionis MG. Melanocyte transformation associated with substrate adhesion impediment. Neoplasia 2006; 8:231-41. [PMID: 16611417 PMCID: PMC1578519 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exclude experimental models of malignant transformation employ chemical and physical carcinogens or genetic manipulations to study tumor progression. In this work, different melanoma cell lines were established after submitting a nontumorigenic melanocyte lineage (melan-a) to sequential cycles of forced anchorage impediment. The great majority of these cells underwent anoikis when maintained in suspension. After one deadhesion cycle, phenotypic alterations were noticeable in the few surviving cells, which became more numerous and showed progressive alterations after each adhesion impediment step. No significant differences in cell surface expression of integrins were detected, but a clear electrophoretic migration shift, compatible with an altered glycosylation pattern, was observed for beta1 chain in transformed cell lines. In parallel, a progressive enrichment of tri- and tetra-antennary N-glycans was apparent, suggesting increased N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V activity. Alterations both in proteoglycan glycosylation pattern and core protein expression were detected during the transformation process. In conclusion, this model corroborates the role of adhesion state as a promoting agent in transformation process and demonstrates that cell adhesion disturbances may act as carcinogenic stimuli, at least for a nontumorigenic immortalized melanocyte lineage. These findings have intriguing implications for in vivo carcinogenesis, suggesting that anchorage independence may precede, and contribute to, neoplastic conversion.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anoikis
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Line, Transformed/transplantation
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/biosynthesis
- Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/genetics
- Culture Media, Serum-Free
- Decorin
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/biosynthesis
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Fibronectins
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glucuronidase/biosynthesis
- Glucuronidase/genetics
- Glycosaminoglycans/analysis
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/biosynthesis
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/genetics
- Integrins/metabolism
- Laminin
- Lectins, C-Type/biosynthesis
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Melanocytes/cytology
- Melanocytes/metabolism
- Melanocytes/transplantation
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Phenotype
- Proteoglycans/biosynthesis
- Proteoglycans/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Versicans
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sueli M Oba-Shinjo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Matsuoka H, Sisson TH, Nishiuma T, Simon RH. Plasminogen-mediated activation and release of hepatocyte growth factor from extracellular matrix. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 35:705-13. [PMID: 16840775 PMCID: PMC2643296 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0006oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventions that enhance plasminogen activation within the lung consistently limit the fibrosis that follows alveolar injury. However, this protective effect cannot be attributed solely to accelerated clearance of fibrin that forms as a provisional matrix after lung injury. To explore other mechanisms, we considered interactions between the plasminogen activation system and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). HGF is known to have antifibrotic activity, but to do so, it must be both released from its sites of sequestration within extracellular matrix (ECM) and activated by proteolytic cleavage. A recent study using bleomycin-exposed mice showed that manipulations of the plasminogen activation system influenced the amount of free HGF within bronchoalveolar lavage fluid without affecting total lung HGF mRNA or protein. To elucidate the mechanisms, we studied the role of plasminogen activation in fibroblast-mediated HGF release and activation. We found that NIH3T3 and mouse lung fibroblasts release ECM-bound HGF in a plasminogen-dependent fashion. The plasminogen effect was lost when lung fibroblasts from urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)-deficient mice were used, and was increased by fibroblasts from plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1-deficient mice. Plasminogen addition to NIH3T3 or mouse lung fibroblasts increased conversion of pro-HGF to its active form. The plasminogen effect on activation was lost when uPA-deficient fibroblasts were used and accentuated by PAI-1-deficient fibroblasts. In conjunction with the previous in vivo study, these results suggest that plasminogen activation can protect the lung against fibrosis by increasing the availability of active HGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Matsuoka
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health Sciences Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Seidler DG, Goldoni S, Agnew C, Cardi C, Thakur ML, Owens RT, McQuillan DJ, Iozzo RV. Decorin protein core inhibits in vivo cancer growth and metabolism by hindering epidermal growth factor receptor function and triggering apoptosis via caspase-3 activation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:26408-18. [PMID: 16835231 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602853200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Decorin is not only a regulator of matrix assembly but also a key signaling molecule that modulates the activity of tyrosine kinase receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Decorin evokes protracted internalization of the EGFR via a caveolar-mediated endocytosis, which leads to EGFR degradation and attenuation of its signaling pathway. In this study, we tested if systemic delivery of decorin protein core would affect the biology of an orthotopic squamous carcinoma xenograft. After tumor engraftment, the animals were given intraperitoneal injections of either vehicle or decorin protein core (2.5-10 mg kg(-1)) every 2 days for 18-38 days. This regimen caused a significant and dose-dependent inhibition of the tumor xenograft growth, with a concurrent decrease in mitotic index and a significant increase in apoptosis. Positron emission tomography showed that the metabolic activity of the tumor xenografts was significantly reduced by decorin treatment. Decorin protein core specifically targeted the tumor cells enriched in EGFR and caused a significant down-regulation of EGFR and attenuation of its activity. In vitro studies showed that the uptake of decorin by the A431 cells was rapid and caused a protracted down-regulation of the EGFR to levels similar to those observed in the tumor xenografts. Furthermore, decorin induced apoptosis via activation of caspase-3. This could represent an additional mechanism whereby decorin might influence cell growth and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela G Seidler
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Muriel JM, Xu X, Kramer JM, Vogel BE. Selective assembly of fibulin-1 splice variants reveals distinct extracellular matrix networks and novel functions for perlecan/UNC-52 splice variants. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:2632-40. [PMID: 16804890 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibulin-1C and fibulin-1D splice variants have been conserved throughout metazoan evolution and have distinct functions in Caenorhabditis elegans development. Both splice variants are required for the assembly of hemidesmosome-mediated mechanosensory neuron and uterine attachments, although the molecular associations that underlie their distinct functions at these locations are not known. Here, we show that the assembly of fibulin-1C and fibulin-1D splice variants at these anchorages is dependent upon distinct components of the extracellular matrix (ECM): Fibulin-1D assembly at uterine and mechanosensory neurons attachments is dependent upon a perlecan/ UNC-52 splice variant that includes alternately spliced IG8-IG10, whereas the assembly of fibulin-1C at mechanosensory neuron attachments is dependent upon laminin/ EPI-1. These data not only indicate that fibulin-1C and fibulin-1D are components of distinct networks of ECM but also demonstrates a novel function for a major class of perlecan splice variants found in C. elegans and mouse. In addition, we demonstrate that overexpression of another ECM protein, collagen XVIII, can suppress gonad morphogenesis defects associated with loss of fibulin-1C, suggesting that some genetic defects that result in a weakened basement membrane can be compensated by overexpression of genes for ECM components that stabilize basement membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin M Muriel
- Program in Cell Structure and Development, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
132
|
Hirata A, Nakamura H. Localization of perlecan and heparanase in Hertwig's epithelial root sheath during root formation in mouse molars. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54:1105-13. [PMID: 16782852 PMCID: PMC3957802 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.5a6883.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During cementogenesis, dental follicular cells penetrate the ruptured Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) and differentiate into cementoblasts. Mechanisms involved in basement membrane degradation during this process have not been clarified. Perlecan, a heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan, is a component of all basement membranes. Degradation of HS of perlecan by heparanase cleavage affects a variety of biological processes. We elucidated immunolocalization of perlecan and heparanase in developing murine molars to clarify their roles in cementoblast differentiation. At the initial stage of root formation, perlecan immunoreactivity was detected on the basement membrane of HERS. Weak heparanase immunoreactivity was detected in HERS cells. HERS showed intense staining for heparanase as root formation progressed. In contrast, labeling for perlecan disappeared from the basement membrane facing the dental follicle, and weak immunoreactivity for perlecan was detected on the inner side of the basement membrane of HERS. These findings suggest that perlecan removal is an important step for root and periodontal tissue formation. Heparanase secreted by the cells of HERS may contribute to root formation by degrading perlecan in the dental basement membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azumi Hirata
- Department of Oral Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Chen CP, Chang SC, Vivian Yang WC. High glucose alters proteoglycan expression and the glycosaminoglycan composition in placentas of women with gestational diabetes mellitus and in cultured trophoblasts. Placenta 2006; 28:97-106. [PMID: 16630654 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Impaired glucose metabolism with diabetes may alter the expressions of proteoglycans (PGs), which may impair the biological functions of placenta. In this study, we investigated the expression of PGs and their conjugated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition in the placentas of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and trophoblasts cultured in a high-glucose condition. The PGs by guanidine/HCl extraction and DEAE Sepharose fractionation followed by GAG degradation enzyme digestion analyses showed that the expression of chondroitin sulfate and/or dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) PGs was increased whereas the heparan sulfate (HS) PG was decreased in GDM placentas compared to controls. Western blot analyses demonstrated that the increased CS/DS PGs in GDM placentas were predominantly the small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), decorin and biglycan. Increased mRNA expression level was consistently shown by quantitative real-time PCR. Immunohistochemistry indicated intensive staining of decorin and biglycan in the diabetic placenta with different localizations. Additionally, the basement membrane HSPG, perlecan was found to contain both CS/DS and HS in GDM placentas and plain HS in controls. Similar findings of PG alterations induced by hyperglycemia were observed in cultured trophoblast in a high-glucose condition. This study demonstrated that hyperglycemia induced not only the gene expressions of PGs but also alterations in the carried GAG type and composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C-P Chen
- Division of High Risk Pregnancy, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
134
|
Tran PK, Agardh HE, Tran-Lundmark K, Ekstrand J, Roy J, Henderson B, Gabrielsen A, Hansson GK, Swedenborg J, Paulsson-Berne G, Hedin U. Reduced perlecan expression and accumulation in human carotid atherosclerotic lesions. Atherosclerosis 2006; 190:264-70. [PMID: 16620836 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate in the extracellular matrix of the artery wall has been proposed to possess anti-atherogenic properties by interfering with lipoprotein retention, suppression of inflammation, and inhibition of smooth muscle cell growth. Previously, the amount of heparan sulfate in atherosclerotic lesions from humans and animals has been shown to be reduced but the identity or identities of the heparan sulfate molecules being down regulated in this disease are not known. In this study, atherosclerotic lesions were retrieved from 44 patients undergoing surgery for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Normal iliac arteries from organ donors were used as controls. Analysis of the specimens by gene microarray showed a selective reduction in perlecan gene expression, whereas, expression of the other heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the artery wall, agrin and collagen XVIII, remained unchanged. Expression of the large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, versican, also remained unchanged. Real-time PCR confirmed the decrease in perlecan gene expression and the unchanged expression of versican. The findings were supported by immunohistochemical analysis demonstrating a reduced accumulation of both perlecan core protein and heparan sulfate in carotid lesions. The study demonstrates a reduction of perlecan mRNA-expression and protein deposition in human atherosclerosis, which in part explains the low levels of heparan sulfate in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phan-Kiet Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Datta MW, Hernandez AM, Schlicht MJ, Kahler AJ, DeGueme AM, Dhir R, Shah RB, Farach-Carson C, Barrett A, Datta S. Perlecan, a candidate gene for the CAPB locus, regulates prostate cancer cell growth via the Sonic Hedgehog pathway. Mol Cancer 2006; 5:9. [PMID: 16507112 PMCID: PMC1421430 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-5-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic studies associated the CAPB locus with familial risk of brain and prostate cancers. We have identified HSPG2 (Perlecan) as a candidate gene for CAPB. Previously we have linked Perlecan to Hedgehog signaling in Drosophila. More recently, we have demonstrated the importance of Hedgehog signaling in humans for advanced prostate cancer. Results Here we demonstrate Perlecan expression in prostate cancer, and its function in prostate cancer cell growth through interaction and modulation of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling. Perlecan expression in prostate cancer tissues correlates with a high Gleason score and rapid cell proliferation. Perlecan is highly expressed in prostate cancer cell lines, including androgen insensitive cell lines and cell lines selected for metastatic properties. Inhibition of Perlecan expression in these cell lines decreases cell growth. Simultaneous blockade of Perlecan expression and androgen signaling in the androgen-sensitive cell line LNCaP was additive, indicating the independence of these two pathways. Perlecan expression correlates with SHH in tumor tissue microarrays and increased tumor cell proliferation based on Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. Inhibition of Perlecan expression by siRNA in prostate cancer cell lines decreases SHH signaling while expression of the downstream SHH effector GLI1 rescues the proliferation defect. Perlecan forms complexes with increasing amounts of SHH that correlate with increasing metastatic potential of the prostate cancer cell line. SHH signaling also increases in the more metastatic cell lines. Metastatic prostate cancer cell lines grown under serum-starved conditions (low androgen and growth factors) resulted in maintenance of Perlecan expression. Under low androgen, low growth factor conditions, Perlecan expression level correlates with the ability of the cells to maintain SHH signaling. Conclusion We have demonstrated that Perlecan, a candidate gene for the CAPB locus, is a new component of the SHH pathway in prostate tumors and works independently of androgen signaling. In metastatic tumor cells increased SHH signaling correlates with the maintenance of Perlecan expression and more Perlecan-SHH complexes. Perlecan is a proteoglycan that regulates extracellular and stromal accessibility to growth factors such as SHH, thus allowing for the maintenance of SHH signaling under growth factor limiting conditions. This proteoglycan represents an important central regulator of SHH activity and presents an ideal drug target for blocking SHH effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milton W Datta
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ana Maria Hernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, USA
| | - Michael J Schlicht
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Andrea J Kahler
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Amy M DeGueme
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rajiv Dhir
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh PA, 15232, USA
| | - Rajal B Shah
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1500 Catherine Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Cindy Farach-Carson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, 304 Wolfe Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Andrea Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, USA
| | - Sumana Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, USA
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Allen JM, Bateman JF, Hansen U, Wilson R, Bruckner P, Owens RT, Sasaki T, Timpl R, Fitzgerald J. WARP is a novel multimeric component of the chondrocyte pericellular matrix that interacts with perlecan. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:7341-9. [PMID: 16407285 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513746200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
WARP is a novel member of the von Willebrand factor A domain superfamily of extracellular matrix proteins that is expressed by chondrocytes. WARP is restricted to the presumptive articular cartilage zone prior to joint cavitation and to the articular cartilage and fibrocartilaginous elements in the joint, spine, and sternum during mouse embryonic development. In mature articular cartilage, WARP is highly specific for the chondrocyte pericellular microenvironment and co-localizes with perlecan, a prominent component of the chondrocyte pericellular region. WARP is present in the guanidine-soluble fraction of cartilage matrix extracts as a disulfide-bonded multimer, indicating that WARP is a strongly interacting component of the cartilage matrix. To investigate how WARP is integrated with the pericellular environment, we studied WARP binding to mouse perlecan using solid phase and surface plasmon resonance analysis. WARP interacts with domain III-2 of the perlecan core protein and the heparan sulfate chains of the perlecan domain I with K(D) values in the low nanomolar range. We conclude that WARP forms macromolecular structures that interact with perlecan to contribute to the assembly and/or maintenance of "permanent" cartilage structures during development and in mature cartilages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Allen
- Cell and Matrix Biology Research Unit, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Abstract
The introduction and widespread use of coronary stents have been the most important advancement in the percutaneous treatment of coronary artery disease since the introduction of balloon angioplasty. Coronary artery stents reduce the rate of angiographic and clinical restenosis compared to balloon angioplasty. This angiographic restenosis was further reduced with the introduction of drug-eluting stents and hence further reduction in the frequency of major adverse cardiac events. Herein we present a comprehensive and up-to-date review about the use of drug-eluting stents in the treatment of coronary artery disease.
Collapse
|
138
|
Rahmani M, Wong BW, Ang L, Cheung CC, Carthy JM, Walinski H, McManus BM. Versican: signaling to transcriptional control pathways. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 84:77-92. [PMID: 16845893 DOI: 10.1139/y05-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Versican, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, is one of the main components of the extracellular matrix, which provides a loose and hydrated matrix during key events in development and disease. Versican participates in cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, and hence plays a central role in tissue morphogenesis and maintenance. In addition, versican contributes to the development of a number of pathologic processes including atherosclerotic vascular diseases, cancer, tendon remodeling, hair follicle cycling, central nervous system injury, and neurite outgrowth. Versican is a complex molecule consisting of modular core protein domains and glycosaminoglycan side chains, and there are various steps of synthesis and processes regulating them. Also, there is differential temporal and spatial expression of versican by multiple cell types and in different developmental and pathological time frames. To fully appreciate the functional roles of versican as it relates to changing patterns of expression in development and disease, an in depth knowledge of versican's biosynthetic processing is necessary. The goal of this review is to evaluate the current status of our knowledge regarding the transcriptional control of versican gene regulation. We will be focusing on the signal transduction pathways, promoter regions, cis-acting elements, and trans-factors that have been characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Rahmani
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Ida-Yonemochi H, Saku T. Perlecan, a Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan, Is a Major Constituent of the Intraepithelial Stroma Functioning in Tooth Morphogenesis. J Oral Biosci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(06)80006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
140
|
Melrose J, Smith S, Cake M, Read R, Whitelock J. Comparative spatial and temporal localisation of perlecan, aggrecan and type I, II and IV collagen in the ovine meniscus: an ageing study. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 124:225-35. [PMID: 16028067 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study to immunolocalise perlecan in meniscal tissues and to demonstrate how its localisation varied with ageing relative to aggrecan and type I, II and IV collagen. Perlecan was present in the middle and inner meniscal zones where it was expressed by cells of an oval or rounded morphology. Unlike the other components visualised in this study, perlecan was strongly cell associated and its levels fell significantly with age onset and cell number decline. The peripheral outer meniscal zones displayed very little perlecan staining other than in small blood vessels. Picrosirius red staining viewed under polarised light strongly delineated complex arrangements of slender discrete randomly oriented collagen fibre bundles as well as transverse, thick, strongly oriented, collagen tie bundles in the middle and outer meniscal zones. The collagen fibres demarcated areas of the meniscus which were rich in anionic toluidine blue positive proteoglycans; immunolocalisations confirmed the presence of aggrecan and perlecan. When meniscal sections were examined macroscopically, type II collagen localisation in the inner meniscal zone was readily evident in the 2- to 7-day-old specimens; this became more disperse in the older meniscal specimens. Type I collagen had a widespread distribution in all meniscal zones at all time points. Type IV collagen was strongly associated with blood vessels in the 2- to 7-day-old meniscal specimens but was virtually undetectable at the later time points (>7 month).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Level 5, The University Clinic, Building B26, The Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
141
|
Grønborg M, Kristiansen TZ, Iwahori A, Chang R, Reddy R, Sato N, Molina H, Jensen ON, Hruban RH, Goggins MG, Maitra A, Pandey A. Biomarker discovery from pancreatic cancer secretome using a differential proteomic approach. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005; 5:157-71. [PMID: 16215274 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m500178-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative proteomics can be used as a screening tool for identification of differentially expressed proteins as potential biomarkers for cancers. Candidate biomarkers from such studies can subsequently be tested using other techniques for use in early detection of cancers. Here we demonstrate the use of stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) method to compare the secreted proteins (secretome) from pancreatic cancer-derived cells with that from non-neoplastic pancreatic ductal cells. We identified 145 differentially secreted proteins (>1.5-fold change), several of which were previously reported as either up-regulated (e.g. cathepsin D, macrophage colony stimulation factor, and fibronectin receptor) or down-regulated (e.g. profilin 1 and IGFBP-7) proteins in pancreatic cancer, confirming the validity of our approach. In addition, we identified several proteins that have not been correlated previously with pancreatic cancer including perlecan (HSPG2), CD9 antigen, fibronectin receptor (integrin beta1), and a novel cytokine designated as predicted osteoblast protein (FAM3C). The differential expression of a subset of these novel proteins was validated by Western blot analysis. In addition, overexpression of several proteins not described previously to be elevated in human pancreatic cancer (CD9, perlecan, SDF4, apoE, and fibronectin receptor) was confirmed by immunohistochemical labeling using pancreatic cancer tissue microarrays suggesting that these could be further pursued as potential biomarkers. Lastly the protein expression data from SILAC were compared with mRNA expression data obtained using gene expression microarrays for the two cell lines (Panc1 and human pancreatic duct epithelial), and a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.28 was obtained, confirming previously reported poor associations between RNA and protein expression studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mads Grønborg
- Department of Biological Chemistry, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Duan W, Paka L, Pillarisetti S. Distinct effects of glucose and glucosamine on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells: evidence for a protective role for glucosamine in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2005; 4:16. [PMID: 16207378 PMCID: PMC1277831 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-4-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerated atherosclerosis is one of the major vascular complications of diabetes. Factors including hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia may contribute to accelerated vascular disease. Among the several mechanisms proposed to explain the link between hyperglycemia and vascular dysfunction is the hexosamine pathway, where glucose is converted to glucosamine. Although some animal experiments suggest that glucosamine may mediate insulin resistance, it is not clear whether glucosamine is the mediator of vascular complications associated with hyperglycemia. Several processes may contribute to diabetic atherosclerosis including decreased vascular heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), increased endothelial permeability and increased smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. In this study, we determined the effects of glucose and glucosamine on endothelial cells and SMCs in vitro and on atherosclerosis in apoE null mice. Incubation of endothelial cells with glucosamine, but not glucose, significantly increased matrix HSPG (perlecan) containing heparin-like sequences. Increased HSPG in endothelial cells was associated with decreased protein transport across endothelial cell monolayers and decreased monocyte binding to subendothelial matrix. Glucose increased SMC proliferation, whereas glucosamine significantly inhibited SMC growth. The antiproliferative effect of glucosamine was mediated via induction of perlecan HSPG. We tested if glucosamine affects atherosclerosis development in apoE-null mice. Glucosamine significantly reduced the atherosclerotic lesion in aortic root. (P < 0.05) These data suggest that macrovascular disease associated with hyperglycemia is unlikely due to glucosamine. In fact, glucosamine by increasing HSPG showed atheroprotective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlan Duan
- Reddy US therapeutics, 3065 Northwoods Circle, Norcross, GA 30071, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Latha Paka
- Angion Biomedica, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Sivaram Pillarisetti
- Reddy US therapeutics, 3065 Northwoods Circle, Norcross, GA 30071, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Abstract
The biology of basement membrane proteoglycans extends far beyond the original notion of anionic filters. These complex molecules have dual roles as structural constituents of basement membranes and functional regulators of several growth-factor signalling pathways. As such, they are involved in angiogenesis and, consequently, in tumour progression and their partial or total absence causes several congenital defects that affect the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and nervous systems. New findings indicate a potential functional coupling between the intricate make-up of basement membrane proteoglycans and their ability to control important biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cellular Biology and Signalling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Roy M, Reiland J, Murry BP, Chouljenko V, Kousoulas KG, Marchetti D. Antisense-mediated suppression of Heparanase gene inhibits melanoma cell invasion. Neoplasia 2005; 7:253-62. [PMID: 15799825 PMCID: PMC1501137 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis, is a frequent manifestation of malignant melanoma progression. Successful invasion into distant organs by tumor cells must include attachment to microvessel endothelial cells, and degradation of basement membranes and extracellular matrix (ECM). Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are essential and ubiquitous macromolecules associated with the cell surface and ECM of a wide range of cells and tissues. Heparanase (HPSE-1) is an ECM degradative enzyme, which degrades the heparan sulfate (HS) chains of HSPG at specific intrachain sites. To investigate effects of changes in heparanase gene expression in metastatic melanoma cells, we constructed adenoviral vectors containing the full-length human HPSE-1 cDNA in both sense (Ad-S/hep) and antisense orientations (Ad-AS/hep). We found increased HPSE-1 expression and activity in melanoma cell lines following Ad-S/hep infection by Western blot analyses and specific HPSE-1 activity assay. Conversely, HPSE-1 content was significantly inhibited following infection with Ad-AS/Hep. Importantly, HPSE-1 modulation by these adenoviral constructs correlated with invasive cellular properties in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that HPSE-1 not only contributes to the invasive phenotype of melanoma cells, but also that the Ad-AS/hep-mediated inhibition of its enzymatic activity can be efficacious in the prevention and treatment of melanoma metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhuchhanda Roy
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Jane Reiland
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Brian P Murry
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Vladimir Chouljenko
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Konstantin G Kousoulas
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Dario Marchetti
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Maxhimer JB, Somenek M, Rao G, Pesce CE, Baldwin D, Gattuso P, Schwartz MM, Lewis EJ, Prinz RA, Xu X. Heparanase-1 gene expression and regulation by high glucose in renal epithelial cells: a potential role in the pathogenesis of proteinuria in diabetic patients. Diabetes 2005; 54:2172-8. [PMID: 15983219 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.7.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of heparan sulfate proteoglycan downregulation in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) of the kidneys with diabetic nephropathy remain controversial. In the present study, we showed that the expression of heparanase-1 (HPR1), a heparan sulfate-degrading endoglycosidase, was upregulated in the renal epithelial cells in the kidney with diabetic nephropathy. Urinary HPR1 levels were elevated in patients with diabetic nephropathy. In vitro cell culture studies revealed that HPR1 promoter-driven luciferase reporter gene expression, HPR1 mRNA, and protein were upregulated in renal epithelial cells under high glucose conditions. Induction of HPR1 expression by high glucose led to decreased cell surface heparan sulfate expression. HPR1 inhibitors were able to restore cell surface heparan sulfate expression. Functional analysis revealed that renal epithelial cells grown under high glucose conditions resulted in an increase of basement membrane permeability to albumin. Our studies suggest that loss of heparan sulfate in the GBM with diabetic nephropathy is attributable to accelerated heparan sulfate degradation by increased HPR1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Maxhimer
- Department of General Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
Whitelock JM, Iozzo RV. Heparan Sulfate: A Complex Polymer Charged with Biological Activity. Chem Rev 2005; 105:2745-64. [PMID: 16011323 DOI: 10.1021/cr010213m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
147
|
Holt RCL, Webb NJA, Ralph S, Davies J, Short CD, Brenchley PEC. Heparanase activity is dysregulated in children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 2005; 67:122-9. [PMID: 15610235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune cells express heparanase, an endoglycosidase, able to degrade heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (HSGAG) in the glomerular capillary wall (GCW) and potentially induce proteinuria. The aim of this study was to determine whether dysregulated heparanase expression is associated with the heavy proteinuria of childhood steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS). METHODS Plasma and urinary heparanase activity and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) mRNA heparanase levels [real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] were measured in children with SSNS in relapse and remission. Plasma and urinary heparanase activity was determined in adult patients with nephrotic syndrome and in age- and gender-matched controls. RESULTS Plasma heparanase activity was reduced in SSNS with relapse (811.2 units) compared to remission (1147.96 units) (P= 0.003) and control subjects (1390.51 units) (P < 0.001). In adult nephrotic syndrome, plasma heparanase activity was significantly lower in patients compared to controls. However, there was no difference between remission and relapse states. In children, urinary heparanase activity/urinary creatinine ratio was highest in SSNS relapse (14.26 units/mg) compared with remission (7.43 units/mg) (P= 0.016) and controls (2.29) (P < 0.001). However, PBMC heparanase mRNA expression was not different between these three groups. In adult nephrotic syndrome, urinary heparanase activity/urinary creatinine levels were lower in both remission and relapse compared to controls and there was no difference between remission and relapse states. CONCLUSION In childhood SSNS, there is a qualitative and quantitative difference in urinary heparanase activity expression that is not paralleled in adult nephrotic syndrome. These data suggest that dysregulated heparanase expression may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of SSNS, possibly through an abnormality in post-translational control of latent heparanase activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard C L Holt
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Melrose J, Smith S, Cake M, Read R, Whitelock J. Perlecan displays variable spatial and temporal immunolocalisation patterns in the articular and growth plate cartilages of the ovine stifle joint. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 123:561-71. [PMID: 16021525 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Perlecan is a modular heparan sulphate and/or chondroitin sulphate substituted proteoglycan of basement membrane, vascular tissues and cartilage. Perlecan acts as a low affinity co-receptor for fibroblast growth factors 1, 2, 7, 9, binds connective tissue growth factor and co-ordinates chondrogenesis, endochondral ossification and vascular remodelling during skeletal development; however, relatively little is known of its distribution in these tissues during ageing and development. The aim of the present study was to immunolocalise perlecan in the articular and epiphyseal growth plate cartilages of stifle joints in 2-day to 8-year-old pedigree merino sheep. Perlecan was prominent pericellularly in the stifle joint cartilages at all age points and also present in the inter-territorial matrix of the newborn to 19-month-old cartilage specimens. Aggrecan was part pericellular, but predominantly an extracellular proteoglycan. Perlecan was a prominent component of the long bone growth plates and displayed a pericellular as well as a strong ECM distribution pattern; this may indicate a so far unrecognised role for perlecan in the mineralisation of hypertrophic cartilage. A significant age dependant decline in cell number and perlecan levels was evident in the hyaline and growth plate cartilages. The prominent pericellular distribution of perlecan observed indicates potential roles in cell-matrix communication in cartilage, consistent with growth factor signalling, cellular proliferation and tissue development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney at the Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Nascimento FD, Rizzi CCA, Nantes IL, Stefe I, Turk B, Carmona AK, Nader HB, Juliano L, Tersariol ILS. Cathepsin X binds to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 436:323-32. [PMID: 15797245 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans have been shown to be important regulators of activity of several papain-like cathepsins. Binding of glycosaminoglycans to cathepsins thus directly affects catalytic activity, stability or the rate of autocatalytic activation of cathepsins. The interaction between cathepsin X and heparin has been revealed by affinity chromatography using heparin-Sepharose. Conformational changes were observed to accompany heparin-cathepsin X interaction by far UV-circular dichroism at both acidic (4.5) and neutral (7.4) pH. These conformational changes promoted a 4-fold increase in the dissociation constant of the enzyme-substrate interaction and increased 2.6-fold the kcat value also. The interaction between cathepsin X and heparin or heparan sulfate is specific since dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid had no effect on the cathepsin X activity. Using flow cytometry cathepsin X was shown to bind cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans in wild-type CHO cells but not in CHO-745 cells, which are deficient in glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Moreover, fluorescently labeled cathepsin X was shown by confocal microscopy to be endocytosed by wild-type CHO cells, but not by CHO-745 cells. These results demonstrate the existence of an endocytosis mechanism of cathepsin X by the CHO cells dependent on heparan sulfate proteoglycans present at the cell surface, thus strongly suggesting that heparan sulfate proteoglycans can regulate the cellular trafficking and the enzymatic activity of cathepsin X.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio D Nascimento
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
150
|
Morita H, Yoshimura A, Inui K, Ideura T, Watanabe H, Wang L, Soininen R, Tryggvason K. Heparan sulfate of perlecan is involved in glomerular filtration. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:1703-10. [PMID: 15872080 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2004050387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Perlecan is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan and a major component of the glomerular basement membrane. To understand the role of heparan sulfate chains of perlecan in glomerular filtration, detailed analyses were performed of the kidneys of Hspg2(Delta)(3/)(Delta)(3) mice, whose perlecan lacks heparan sulfate attachment sites in N-terminal domain I. Macroscopic, histologic, and electron microscopic observations, as well as immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic analyses using specific antibodies against perlecan and agrin core proteins, revealed no significant abnormalities in these mice under physiologic conditions. Polyethyleneimine staining demonstrated no significant changes in charge density in the glomerular basement membrane. Transcripts of other heparan sulfate proteoglycans, agrin, and collagen type XVIII, as well as perlecan, were expressed at similar levels to those in the wild-type littermates. Approximately 40% of the perlecan synthesized by Hspg2(Delta)(3/)(Delta)(3) fibroblasts was substituted with heparin sulfate and 60% was substituted with chondroitin sulfate. All of the perlecan synthesized by wild-type fibroblasts contained heparin sulfate, indicating an altered substitution of glycosaminoglycans on Hspg2(Delta)(3/)(Delta)(3) perlecan. Immunostaining indicated that the level of chondroitin sulfate was actually increased in the Hspg2(Delta)(3/)(Delta)(3) glomerular basement membrane. When administered intraperitoneally with BSA, Hspg2(Delta)(3/)(Delta)(3) mice exhibited remarkable proteinuria. These findings suggest that heparan sulfate chains of perlecan play an important role in glomerular filtration, especially of a large amount of protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Morita
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University, Fujigaoka Hospital, Medicine, 1-30 Fujigaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8501, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|