101
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Dolcetti R, De Re V, Canzonieri V. Immunotherapy for Gastric Cancer: Time for a Personalized Approach? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1602. [PMID: 29844297 PMCID: PMC6032163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying immune modulation has greatly improved, allowing for the development of multiple therapeutic approaches that are revolutionizing the treatment of cancer. Immunotherapy for gastric cancer (GC) is still in the early phases but is rapidly evolving. Recently, multi-platform molecular analyses of GC have proposed a new classification of this heterogeneous group of tumors, highlighting subset-specific features that may more reliably inform therapeutic choices, including the use of new immunotherapeutic drugs. The clinical benefit and improved survival observed in GC patients treated with immunotherapeutic strategies and their combination with conventional therapies highlighted the importance of the immune environment surrounding the tumor. A thorough investigation of the tumor microenvironment and the complex and dynamic interaction between immune cells and tumor cells is a fundamental requirement for the rational design of novel and more effective immunotherapeutic approaches. This review summarizes the pre-clinical and clinical results obtained so far with immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic treatments for GC and discusses the novel combination strategies that are being investigated to improve the personalization and efficacy of GC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Dolcetti
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Str, Woolloongabba, 4102 QLD, Australia.
| | - Valli De Re
- Immunopathology and Tumor Biomarkers Unit/Bio-proteomics Facility, Department of Translational Research and Advanced Tumor Diagnostics CRO National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Department of Translational Research and Advanced Tumor Diagnostics, CRO National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy.
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102
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Dwarakanath BS, Farooque A, Gupta S. Targeting regulatory T cells for improving cancer therapy: Challenges and prospects. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2018; 1:e21105. [PMID: 32729245 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a central role in immune responses to infectious agents and tumors. Paradoxically, Tregs protect self-cells from the immune response as a part of peripheral tolerance and prevents autoimmune disorders, whereas during the process of carcinogenesis, they are exploited by tumor cells for protection against antitumor immune responses. Therefore, Tregs are often considered as a major obstacle in anticancer therapy. The objective of this review is to provide a current understanding on Tregs as a potential cellular target for achieving therapeutic gain and discuss various approaches that are implicated at preclinical and clinical scenario. RECENT FINDINGS Several approaches like immunotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy, which reduce Tregs population, have been found to be useful in improving local tumor control. Our recent observations with the glycolytic inhibitor, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, established as an adjuvant in radiotherapy and chemotherapy of tumors also show that potential of 2-deoxy-D-glucose to improve local tumor control is linked with its ability to reduce the Tregs pool. CONCLUSIONS Several published studies and emerging evidences indicate that suppression of Treg numbers, infiltration into the tumors, and function can improve the cancer therapy by enhancing the antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seema Gupta
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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103
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Shrimali RK, Ahmad S, Verma V, Zeng P, Ananth S, Gaur P, Gittelman RM, Yusko E, Sanders C, Robins H, Hammond SA, Janik JE, Mkrtichyan M, Gupta S, Khleif SN. Concurrent PD-1 Blockade Negates the Effects of OX40 Agonist Antibody in Combination Immunotherapy through Inducing T-cell Apoptosis. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 5:755-766. [PMID: 28848055 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Combination therapies that depend on checkpoint inhibitor antibodies (Abs) such as for PD-1 or its ligand (PD-L1) together with immune stimulatory agonist Abs like anti-OX40 are being tested in the clinic to achieve improved antitumor effects. Here, we studied the potential therapeutic and immune effects of one such combination: Ab to PD-1 with agonist Ab to OX40/vaccine. We tested the antitumor effects of different treatment sequencing of this combination. We report that simultaneous addition of anti-PD-1 to anti-OX40 negated the antitumor effects of OX40 Ab. Antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell infiltration into the tumor was diminished, the resultant antitumor response weakened, and survival reduced. Although we observed an increase in IFNγ-producing E7-specifc CD8+ T cells in the spleens of mice treated with the combination of PD-1 blockade with anti-OX40/vaccine, these cells underwent apoptosis both in the periphery and the tumor. These results indicate that anti-PD-1 added at the initiation of therapy exhibits a detrimental effect on the positive outcome of anti-OX40 agonist Ab. These findings have important implications on the design of combination immunotherapy for cancer, demonstrating the need to test treatment combination and sequencing before moving to the clinic. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(9); 755-66. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shamim Ahmad
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Vivek Verma
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Peng Zeng
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Sudha Ananth
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Pankaj Gaur
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | | | - Erik Yusko
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Harlan Robins
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington.,Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - John E Janik
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | | | - Seema Gupta
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Samir N Khleif
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
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104
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Gilbreth RN, Oganesyan VY, Amdouni H, Novarra S, Grinberg L, Barnes A, Baca M. Crystal structure of the human 4-1BB/4-1BBL complex. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9880-9891. [PMID: 29720399 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
4-1BBL is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily and is the ligand for the TNFR superfamily receptor, 4-1BB. 4-1BB plays an immunomodulatory role in T cells and NK cells, and agonists of this receptor have garnered strong attention as potential immunotherapy agents. Broadly speaking, the structural features of TNF superfamily members, their receptors, and ligand-receptor complexes are similar. However, a published crystal structure of human 4-1BBL suggests that it may be unique in this regard, exhibiting a three-bladed propeller-like trimer assembly that is distinctly different from that observed in other family members. This unusual structure also suggests that the human 4-1BB/4-1BBL complex may be structurally unique within the TNF/TNFR superfamily, but to date no structural data have been reported. Here we report the crystal structure of the human 4-1BB/4-1BBL complex at 2.4-Å resolution. In this structure, 4-1BBL does not adopt the unusual trimer assembly previously reported, but instead forms a canonical bell-shaped trimer typical of other TNF superfamily members. The structure of 4-1BB is also largely canonical as is the 4-1BB/4-1BBL complex. Mutational data support the 4-1BBL structure reported here as being biologically relevant, suggesting that the previously reported structure is not. Together, the data presented here offer insight into structure/function relationships in the 4-1BB/4-1BBL system and improve our structural understanding of the TNF/TNFR superfamily more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N Gilbreth
- From the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Vaheh Y Oganesyan
- From the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Hamza Amdouni
- From the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Shabazz Novarra
- From the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Luba Grinberg
- From the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Arnita Barnes
- From the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Manuel Baca
- From the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
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105
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Teijeira A, Labiano S, Garasa S, Etxeberria I, Santamaría E, Rouzaut A, Enamorado M, Azpilikueta A, Inoges S, Bolaños E, Aznar MA, Sánchez-Paulete AR, Sancho D, Melero I. Mitochondrial Morphological and Functional Reprogramming Following CD137 (4-1BB) Costimulation. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:798-811. [PMID: 29678874 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T and NK lymphocytes express CD137 (4-1BB), a costimulatory receptor of the TNFR family whose function is exploitable for cancer immunotherapy. Mitochondria regulate the function and survival of T lymphocytes. Herein, we show that CD137 costimulation provided by agonist mAb and CD137L (4-1BBL) induced mitochondria enlargement that resulted in enhanced mitochondrial mass and transmembrane potential in human and mouse CD8+ T cells. Such mitochondrial changes increased T-cell respiratory capacities and were critically dependent on mitochondrial fusion protein OPA-1 expression. Mass and function of mitochondria in tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells from cancer-bearing mice were invigorated by agonist mAb to CD137, whereas mitochondrial baseline mass and function were depressed in CD137-deficient tumor reactive T cells. Tumor rejection induced by the synergistic combination of adoptive T-cell therapy and agonistic anti-CD137 was critically dependent on OPA-1 expression in transferred CD8+ T cells. Moreover, stimulation of CD137 with CD137 mAb in short-term cultures of human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes led to mitochondria enlargement and increased transmembrane potential. Collectively, these data point to a critical link between mitochondrial morphology and function and enhanced antitumor effector activity upon CD137 costimulation of T cells. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(7); 798-811. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Teijeira
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. .,CIBERONC, Centro Virtual de la Investigación Biomédica en red de Oncología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Labiano
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Santamaría
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBEREHD, Centro Virtual de la Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Rouzaut
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERONC, Centro Virtual de la Investigación Biomédica en red de Oncología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michel Enamorado
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERONC, Centro Virtual de la Investigación Biomédica en red de Oncología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Inoges
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERONC, Centro Virtual de la Investigación Biomédica en red de Oncología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Angela Aznar
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfonso R Sánchez-Paulete
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERONC, Centro Virtual de la Investigación Biomédica en red de Oncología, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sancho
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. .,CIBERONC, Centro Virtual de la Investigación Biomédica en red de Oncología, Madrid, Spain
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106
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Segal NH, He AR, Doi T, Levy R, Bhatia S, Pishvaian MJ, Cesari R, Chen Y, Davis CB, Huang B, Thall AD, Gopal AK. Phase I Study of Single-Agent Utomilumab (PF-05082566), a 4-1BB/CD137 Agonist, in Patients with Advanced Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:1816-1823. [PMID: 29549159 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Utomilumab (PF-05082566) is an agonistic mAb that engages the immune costimulatory molecule 4-1BB/CD137. In this first-in-human, phase I, open-label, multicenter, multiple-dose study (NCT01307267) we evaluated safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, preliminary clinical activity, and pharmacodynamics of single-agent utomilumab in patients with advanced malignancies.Experimental Design: Dose escalation was based on a standard 3+3 design for doses of utomilumab from 0.006 to 0.3 mg/kg every 4 weeks and a time-to-event continual reassessment method for utomilumab 0.6 to 10 mg/kg every 4 weeks. The primary study endpoint was dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) in the first two cycles.Results: Utomilumab demonstrated a well-tolerated safety profile (N = 55). None of the patients experienced a DLT at the dose levels evaluated. The most common treatment-related adverse events were fatigue, pyrexia, decreased appetite, dizziness, and rash (<10% of patients). Only one (1.8%) patient experienced a grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse event (fatigue), and no clinically relevant elevations in transaminases were noted. Utomilumab demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics at doses ranging from 0.006 to 10 mg/kg, with similar safety and pharmacokinetics in anti-drug antibody (ADA)-negative and ADA-positive patients. The overall objective response rate was 3.8% (95% CI, 0.5%-13.0%) in patients with solid tumors and 13.3% in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma, including a complete response and a partial response. Circulating biomarkers support 4-1BB/CD137 engagement by utomilumab and suggest that circulating lymphocyte levels may influence probability of clinical benefit.Conclusions: The favorable safety profile and preliminary antitumor activity demonstrated by utomilumab warrant further evaluation in patients with advanced malignancies. Clin Cancer Res; 24(8); 1816-23. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil H Segal
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Aiwu R He
- Georgetown University, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, D.C
| | | | - Ronald Levy
- Stanford University Cancer Center, Stanford, California
| | - Shailender Bhatia
- University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael J Pishvaian
- Georgetown University, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, D.C
| | | | - Ying Chen
- Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, California
| | | | - Bo Huang
- Pfizer Oncology, Groton, Connecticut
| | | | - Ajay K Gopal
- University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington
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107
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Patel SA, Minn AJ. Combination Cancer Therapy with Immune Checkpoint Blockade: Mechanisms and Strategies. Immunity 2018; 48:417-433. [PMID: 29562193 PMCID: PMC6948191 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The success of immune checkpoint blockade in patients with a wide variety of malignancies has changed the treatment paradigm in oncology. However, combination therapies with immune checkpoint blockade will be needed to overcome resistance and broaden the clinical utility of immunotherapy. Here we discuss a framework for rationally designing combination therapy strategies based on enhancing major discriminatory functions of the immune system that are corrupted by cancer-namely, antigenicity, adjuvanticity, and homeostatic feedback inhibition. We review recent advances on how conventional genotoxic cancer therapies, molecularly targeted therapies, epigenetic agents, and immune checkpoint inhibitors can restore these discriminatory functions. Potential barriers that can impede response despite combination therapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shetal A Patel
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andy J Minn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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108
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Marin-Acevedo JA, Dholaria B, Soyano AE, Knutson KL, Chumsri S, Lou Y. Next generation of immune checkpoint therapy in cancer: new developments and challenges. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:39. [PMID: 29544515 PMCID: PMC5856308 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoints consist of inhibitory and stimulatory pathways that maintain self-tolerance and assist with immune response. In cancer, immune checkpoint pathways are often activated to inhibit the nascent anti-tumor immune response. Immune checkpoint therapies act by blocking or stimulating these pathways and enhance the body's immunological activity against tumors. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death ligand-1(PD-L1) are the most widely studied and recognized inhibitory checkpoint pathways. Drugs blocking these pathways are currently utilized for a wide variety of malignancies and have demonstrated durable clinical activities in a subset of cancer patients. This approach is rapidly extending beyond CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1. New inhibitory pathways are under investigation, and drugs blocking LAG-3, TIM-3, TIGIT, VISTA, or B7/H3 are being investigated. Furthermore, agonists of stimulatory checkpoint pathways such as OX40, ICOS, GITR, 4-1BB, CD40, or molecules targeting tumor microenvironment components like IDO or TLR are under investigation. In this article, we have provided a comprehensive review of immune checkpoint pathways involved in cancer immunotherapy, and discuss their mechanisms and the therapeutic interventions currently under investigation in phase I/II clinical trials. We also reviewed the limitations, toxicities, and challenges and outline the possible future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhagirathbhai Dholaria
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Present Address: Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Aixa E Soyano
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Saranya Chumsri
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yanyan Lou
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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109
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Tunger A, Kießler M, Wehner R, Temme A, Meier F, Bachmann M, Schmitz M. Immune Monitoring of Cancer Patients Prior to and During CTLA-4 or PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor Treatment. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6010026. [PMID: 29494517 PMCID: PMC5874683 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the immune checkpoint receptors cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), or programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) represents a very attractive treatment modality for tumor patients. The administration of antibodies against these receptors can promote efficient antitumor effects and can induce objective clinical responses in about 20–40% patients with various tumor types, accompanied by improved survival. Based on their therapeutic efficiency, several antibodies have been approved for the treatment of tumor patients. However, many patients do not respond to checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Therefore, the identification of biomarkers is required to guide patient selection for this treatment modality. Here, we summarize recent studies investigating the PD-L1 expression or mutational load of tumor tissues as well as the frequency and phenotype of immune cells in tumor patients prior to and during CTLA-4 or PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Tunger
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Kießler
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Rebekka Wehner
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Achim Temme
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery and Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Friedegund Meier
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Michael Bachmann
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Marc Schmitz
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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110
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Amatore F, Gorvel L, Olive D. Inducible Co-Stimulator (ICOS) as a potential therapeutic target for anti-cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:343-351. [PMID: 29468927 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1444753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The recent success of checkpoint-inhibitors in cancer treatment paved the way for the development of new strategies of agonist and antagonist agents against B7 superfamily members. Inducible Co-Stimulator (ICOS), a co-stimulatory receptor for T-cell enhancement, arouses interest. Areas covered: We performed an extensive literature search with PUBMED using the keywords 'ICOS' and 'cancer' to discuss its involvement in oncogenesis, its expression in different malignancies, and its targeting in relevant preclinical studies. We also searched the Clinicaltrials.gov database for recent updates on early phase clinical trials. Expert opinion: ICOS/ICOSL axis has a dual effect and might participate in anti-tumour T cell response as well as a pro-tumour response due to its connection with regulatory T-cells (Tregs) suppressive activity. Therefore, both antagonist and agonist antibodies might be of interest in the targeting ICOS/ICOSL pathway for cancer treatment. In preclinical studies, ICOS agonist monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have shown to potentiate the effect of inhibitory checkpoint blockade. In contrast, antagonistic anti-ICOS mAbs could not only inhibit lymphoid tumour cells expressing ICOS, but also dampen immunosuppressive Tregs. Two agonist and one antagonist mAbs are evaluated in phase I/II trials. Efficacy, safety, and combination strategies with anti-ICOS agonist or antagonist have yet to be specified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Amatore
- a Centre de recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS U7258 , Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes , Marseille , France
| | - Laurent Gorvel
- a Centre de recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS U7258 , Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes , Marseille , France
| | - Daniel Olive
- a Centre de recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS U7258 , Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes , Marseille , France
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111
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Herzyk DJ, Haggerty HG. Cancer Immunotherapy: Factors Important for the Evaluation of Safety in Nonclinical Studies. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:28. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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112
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Obeid JM, Kunk PR, Zaydfudim VM, Bullock TN, Slingluff CL, Rahma OE. Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients: is it ready for prime time? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:161-174. [PMID: 29052780 PMCID: PMC11028155 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Current treatment options for patients with intermediate and advanced HCC are limited, and there is an unmet need for novel therapeutic approaches. HCC is an attractive target for immunomodulation therapy, since it arises in an inflammatory milieu due to hepatitis B and C infections and cirrhosis. However, a major barrier to the development and success of immunotherapy in patients with HCC is the liver's inherent immunosuppressive function. Recent advances in the field of cancer immunology allowed further characterization of immune cell subsets and function, and created new opportunities for therapeutic modulation of the immune system. In this review, we present the different immune cell subsets involved in potential immune modulation of HCC, discuss their function and clinical relevance, review the variety of immune therapeutic agents currently under investigation in clinical trials, and outline future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Obeid
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Paul R Kunk
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Timothy N Bullock
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Osama E Rahma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, M1B13, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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113
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Zhang J, Song K, Wang J, Li Y, Liu S, Dai C, Chen L, Wang S, Qin Z. S100A4 blockage alleviates agonistic anti-CD137 antibody-induced liver pathology without disruption of antitumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1296996. [PMID: 29632708 PMCID: PMC5889198 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1296996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver-related autoimmune toxicities triggered by agonistic anti-CD137 antibodies have greatly limited their use in clinical applications. Here, we found that anti-CD137 monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment in mice induced the infiltration of a large number of S100A4+ macrophages into the liver. Depletion of these cells or deficiency of S100A4 decreased inflammatory cytokine profiles and drastically reduced the number of liver pathogenic CD8+ T cells. Mechanistically, soluble S100A4 directly activated the Akt pathway and specifically prolonged CD8+ T cell survival. Interestingly, one S100A4 neutralizing mAb selectively alleviated liver abnormalities but did not affect the antitumor immunity induced by anti-CD137 mAb therapy. Thus, our study presents a novel molecular link to the liver pathology induced by an immune stimulatory antibody and proposes that combinational immunotherapies targeting those pathways could potentially elicit optimal antitumor immunity with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Song
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Immunobiology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengliang Dai
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shengdian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihai Qin
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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114
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Wei Y, Wang Y, Zang A, Shang Y, Song Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Yang H. Inducible T-cell co-stimulators regulate the proliferation and invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Biol Res 2018; 51:2. [PMID: 29316975 PMCID: PMC5759367 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study determined the regulatory effects of inducible T-cell co-stimulators (ICOS) in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells using a RNA interference (RNAi) technique. Methods A RNAi technique was used to knockdown the expression of ICOS. ICOS expression after knockdown was detected as mRNA and protein levels by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. A MTT colorimetric assay was used to detect cell proliferation, and the Transwell assay was used to detect cell invasion. Western blot was carried out to detect the level of Bcl-2, AKT, and PI3K protein expression in different groups. Results The proliferation of HepG2 cells were significantly decreased after ICOS siRNA transfection (EG group). Similarly, the results of the Transwell experiment showed that invasion of HepG2 cells in the EG group was clearly reduced compared to the negative control (NC) and blank control groups (CON). Western blot analysis showed that knockdown of ICOS expression reduced the levels of Bcl-2 and AKT, and also significantly up-regulated the level of PI3K phosphorylation (P < 0.01). Conclusion Down-regulating ICOS expression in HepG2 cells suppressed cell proliferation and invasion. The underlying mechanism may be related to the expression of the downstream factor, PI3K/AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Wei
- Departments of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Aimin Zang
- Departments of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yanhong Shang
- Departments of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Zizheng Song
- Departments of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Departments of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Departments of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China.
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115
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Newell EW, Becht E. High-Dimensional Profiling of Tumor-Specific Immune Responses: Asking T Cells about What They “See” in Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:2-9. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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116
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Luo Z, Wang J, Zhang Z, Li H, Huang L, Qiao Y, Wang D, Huang J, Guo L, Liu J, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Efficacy of Early Enteral Immunonutrition on Immune Function and Clinical Outcome for Postoperative Patients With Gastrointestinal Cancer. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 42:758-765. [PMID: 28666095 DOI: 10.1177/0148607117715439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition support is crucial for patients with gastrointestinal (GI) cancer after the operation. However, the controversy over the application of parenteral nutrition (PN) and early enteral immunonutrition (EEIN) has no determinate conclusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared the effects of PN and EEIN on the postoperative nutrition condition, immune status, inflammation level, long-term survival, and quality of life of the patients with GI cancer. Seventy-eight patients were randomly divided into the PN group (n = 44) or EEIN group (n = 34). After an 8-day nutrition treatment, clinical and immunological parameters were evaluated. RESULTS The EEIN group had a significantly shorter hospital stay and higher body mass index level on postoperative day 30 than those in the PN group (P < .05). However, total hospital cost and incidences of short-term postoperative complications had no significant difference (P > .05). The percentages of CD4+ , natural killer, and natural killer T lymphocyte cells and the ratio of CD4+ /CD8+ in peripheral blood were significantly increased. Compared with the PN group, the EEIN group had a higher expression of activated cell surface markers such as CD27 and CD28. In addition, the secretion of interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon-γ was significantly higher, and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-10 was lower. Complication-free survival in the EEIN group were longer than those in the PN group (P = .04). CONCLUSION EEIN is superior to PN in improving nutrition status, enhancing immune function, and elevating quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Luo
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hong Li
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yamin Qiao
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Luwei Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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117
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Massa C, Seliger B. The tumor microenvironment: Thousand obstacles for effector T cells. Cell Immunol 2017; 343:103730. [PMID: 29249298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is endowed with the capability to recognize and destroy transformed cells, but even in the presence of an immune infiltrate many tumors do progress. In the last decades new discoveries have shed light into (some of) the underlying mechanisms. Immune effector cells are not only under the influence of immune suppressive cell subsets, but also intrinsically regulated by immune check point molecules that under physiological condition avoid attach of healthy tissue. Moreover, tumor cells are modifying the surrounding microenvironment through secretion of immune modulators as well as via their own metabolism, thus further impairing the development of immune effector functions. Different approaches are currently being evaluated in the clinic to overcome those regulatory mechanisms and to unleash effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Massa
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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118
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Torphy RJ, Schulick RD, Zhu Y. Newly Emerging Immune Checkpoints: Promises for Future Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122642. [PMID: 29211042 PMCID: PMC5751245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has been a great breakthrough, with immune checkpoint inhibitors leading the way. Despite the clinical effectiveness of certain immune checkpoint inhibitors, the overall response rate remains low, and the effectiveness of immunotherapies for many tumors has been disappointing. There is substantial interest in looking for additional immune checkpoint molecules that may act as therapeutic targets for cancer. Recent advances during the last decade have identified several novel immune checkpoint targets, including lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), programmed death-1 homolog (PD-1H), T-cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain (TIM-3)/carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1), and the poliovirus receptor (PVR)-like receptors. The investigations into these molecules have generated promising results in preclinical studies. Herein, we will summarize our current progress and understanding of these newly-characterized immune checkpoints and their potential application in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Torphy
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Richard D Schulick
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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119
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Muntasell A, Cabo M, Servitja S, Tusquets I, Martínez-García M, Rovira A, Rojo F, Albanell J, López-Botet M. Interplay between Natural Killer Cells and Anti-HER2 Antibodies: Perspectives for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1544. [PMID: 29181007 PMCID: PMC5694168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) defines a subgroup of breast tumors with aggressive behavior. The addition of HER2-targeted antibodies (i.e., trastuzumab, pertuzumab) to chemotherapy significantly improves relapse-free and overall survival in patients with early-stage and advanced disease. Nonetheless, considerable proportions of patients develop resistance to treatment, highlighting the need for additional and co-adjuvant therapeutic strategies. HER2-specific antibodies can trigger natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and indirectly enhance the development of tumor-specific T cell immunity; both mechanisms contributing to their antitumor efficacy in preclinical models. Antibody-dependent NK cell activation results in the release of cytotoxic granules as well as the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IFNγ and TNFα) and chemokines. Hence, NK cell tumor suppressive functions include direct cytolytic killing of tumor cells as well as the regulation of subsequent antitumor adaptive immunity. Albeit tumors with gene expression signatures associated to the presence of cytotoxic lymphocyte infiltrates benefit from trastuzumab-based treatment, NK cell-related biomarkers of response/resistance to HER2-specific therapeutic antibodies in breast cancer patients remain elusive. Several variables, including (i) the configuration of the patient NK cell repertoire; (ii) tumor molecular features (i.e., estrogen receptor expression); (iii) concomitant therapeutic regimens (i.e., chemotherapeutic agents, tyrosine kinase inhibitors); and (iv) evasion mechanisms developed by progressive breast tumors, have been shown to quantitatively and qualitatively influence antibody-triggered NK cell responses. In this review, we discuss possible interventions for restoring/enhancing the therapeutic activity of HER2 therapeutic antibodies by harnessing NK cell antitumor potential through combinatorial approaches, including immune checkpoint blocking/stimulatory antibodies, cytokines and toll-like receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Muntasell
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Cabo
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Servitja
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Tusquets
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Martínez-García
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Rovira
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Joan Albanell
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain.,Univ. Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Botet
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Univ. Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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120
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Liu B, Song Y, Liu D. Clinical trials of CAR-T cells in China. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:166. [PMID: 29058636 PMCID: PMC5651613 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel immunotherapeutic agents targeting tumor-site microenvironment are revolutionizing cancer therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells are widely studied for cancer immunotherapy. CD19-specific CAR-T cells, tisagenlecleucel, have been recently approved for clinical application. Ongoing clinical trials are testing CAR designs directed at novel targets involved in hematological and solid malignancies. In addition to trials of single-target CAR-T cells, simultaneous and sequential CAR-T cells are being studied for clinical applications. Multi-target CAR-engineered T cells are also entering clinical trials. T cell receptor-engineered CAR-T and universal CAR-T cells represent new frontiers in CAR-T cell development. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of CAR constructs and registered clinical trials of CAR-T cells in China and provided a quick glimpse of the landscape of CAR-T studies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingshan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Yongping Song
- Henan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
| | - Delong Liu
- Henan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
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121
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Zhou SJ, Wei J, Su S, Chen FJ, Qiu YD, Liu BR. Strategies for Bispecific Single Chain Antibody in Cancer Immunotherapy. J Cancer 2017; 8:3689-3696. [PMID: 29151956 PMCID: PMC5688922 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering has resulted in more than 50 recombinant bispecific antibody formats over the past two decades. Bispecific scFv antibodies represent a successful and promising immunotherapy platform that retargets cytotoxic T cells to tumor cells, with one scFv directed to tumor-associated antigens and the other to T cells. Based on this antibody construct, strategies for both specific tumor targeting and T cell activation are reviewed here. Three distinct types of tumor antigens are considered to optimize specificity and safety in bispecific scFv based treatment: cancer-testis antigens, neo-antigens and virus-associated antigens. In terms of T cell activation, although CD3 has been widely applied in bispecific scFvs being developed, CD28 and CD137 among co-stimulatory signals are also ideal candidates to be evaluated. Besides, LIGHT and HIV-Tat101 have drawn much attention as their potential roles in modulating antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Juan Zhou
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Wei
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Su
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang-Jun Chen
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Dong Qiu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bao-Rui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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122
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Schumacher FR, Delamarre L, Jhunjhunwala S, Modrusan Z, Phung QT, Elias JE, Lill JR. Building proteomic tool boxes to monitor MHC class I and class II peptides. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 27928884 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex Class I (MHCI) and Class II (MHCII) presented peptides powerfully modulate T cell immunity and play a vital role in generating effective anti-tumor and anti-viral immune responses in mammals. Characterizing these MHCI or MHCII presented peptides can help generate therapeutic treatments, afford information on T cell mediated biomarkers, provide insight into disease progression, and reduce adverse anti-drug side effects from engineered biotherapeutics. Here, we explore the tools and techniques commonly employed to discover both MHCI- and MHCII-presented peptides. We describe complementary strategies that enhance the characterization of these peptides and the informatics tools employed for both predicting and characterizing MHCI- and MHCII-presented epitopes. The evolution of methodologies for isolating MHC-presented peptides is discussed, as are the mass spectrometric workflows that can be employed for their characterization. We provide a perspective on where this field is headed, and how these tools may be applicable to the discovery and monitoring of epitopes in a variety of scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lélia Delamarre
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Suchit Jhunjhunwala
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qui T Phung
- Department of Proteomics and Biological Resources, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua E Elias
- Department of Chemical & Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennie R Lill
- Department of Proteomics & Biological Resources, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
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123
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Azpilikueta A, Bolaños E, Lang V, Labiano S, Aznar MA, Etxeberria I, Teijeira A, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Perez-Gracia JL, Jure-Kunkel M, Zapata JM, Rodriguez MS, Melero I. Deubiquitinases A20 and CYLD modulate costimulatory signaling via CD137 (4-1BB). Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1368605. [PMID: 29296520 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1368605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
TRAF2 dependent K63-polyubiquitinations have been recently shown to connect CD137 (4-1BB) stimulation to NF-κB activation. In a search of deubiquitinase enzymes (DUBs) that could regulate such a signaling route, A20 and CYLD were found to coimmunoprecipitate with CD137 and TRAF2 complexes. Indeed, overexpression of A20 or CYLD downregulated CD137-elicited ubiquitination of TRAF2 and TAK1 upon stimulation with agonist monoclonal antibodies. Moreover, overexpression of A20 or CYLD downregulated CD137-induced NF-κB activation in cultured cells and in gene-transferred hepatocytes in vivo, while silencing these deubiquitinases enhanced CD137 costimulation of primary human CD8 T cells. Therefore A20 and CYLD directly downregulate the signaling from a T and NK-cell costimulatory receptor under exploitation for cancer immunotherapy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantza Azpilikueta
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Valerie Lang
- Inbiomed Fundation, Fundation for Stem Cell Research, Mesechymal Stem Cell Laboratory, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sara Labiano
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria A Aznar
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria E Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,University Clinic, University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose L Perez-Gracia
- University Clinic, University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Juan M Zapata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel S Rodriguez
- Institut des Technologies Avancées en sciences du Vivant (ITAV), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Tolouse, France
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,University Clinic, University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
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124
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张 世, 任 胜. [Novel Immuno-oncology Therapy: Current Status of Clinical Research and Prospect of Application]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2017; 20:645-651. [PMID: 28935020 PMCID: PMC5973373 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2017.09.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, immune-oncologic therapy advanced rapidly and has been defined as another option, following surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy, for treatment of malignant diseases. To date, several immune checkpoint inhibitors and compounds have been approved to treat various of malignant diseases with efficiency. Meanwhile, more and more potential therapeutic targets in processes of the cancer immunity have been noticed. We aimed to summarize the research status and clinical prospects of novel immune-oncologic treatment agencies targeted to different steps of the cancer-immunity cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- 世佳 张
- />200433 上海,同济大学附属上海市肺科医院肿瘤科Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - 胜祥 任
- />200433 上海,同济大学附属上海市肺科医院肿瘤科Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
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125
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Cabo M, Offringa R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Muntasell A, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies for oncological indications. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1371896. [PMID: 29209572 PMCID: PMC5706611 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1371896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of cancer immunotherapy is to establish new or boost pre-existing anticancer immune responses that eradicate malignant cells while generating immunological memory to prevent disease relapse. Over the past few years, immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that block co-inhibitory receptors on immune effectors cells - such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1, best known as PD-1) - or their ligands - such as CD274 (best known as PD-L1) - have proven very successful in this sense. As a consequence, many of such immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) have already entered the clinical practice for various oncological indications. Considerable attention is currently being attracted by a second group of immunomodulatory mAbs, which are conceived to activate co-stimulatory receptors on immune effector cells. Here, we discuss the mechanisms of action of these immunostimulatory mAbs and summarize recent progress in their preclinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Cabo
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rienk Offringa
- Department of General Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ-Bayer Joint Immunotherapeutics Laboratory, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP; Paris, France
| | - Aura Muntasell
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, France
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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126
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Hu-Lieskovan S, Ribas A. New Combination Strategies Using Programmed Cell Death 1/Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Checkpoint Inhibitors as a Backbone. Cancer J 2017; 23:10-22. [PMID: 28114250 PMCID: PMC5844278 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of immune checkpoints and subsequent clinical development of checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the field of oncology. The durability of the antitumor immune responses has raised the hope for long-term patient survival and potential cure; however, currently, only a minority of patients respond. Combination strategies to help increase antigen release and T-cell priming, promote T-cell activation and homing, and improve the tumor immune microenvironment, all guided by predictive biomarkers, can help overcome the tumor immune-evasive mechanisms and maximize efficacy to ultimately benefit the majority of patients. Great challenges remain because of the complex underlying biology, unpredictable toxicity, and accurate assessment of response. Carefully designed clinical trials guided by translational studies of paired biopsies will be key to develop reliable predictive biomarkers to choose which patients would most likely benefit from each strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Hu-Lieskovan
- From the Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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127
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Friedlander P, Wassmann K, Christenfeld AM, Fisher D, Kyi C, Kirkwood JM, Bhardwaj N, Oh WK. Whole-blood RNA transcript-based models can predict clinical response in two large independent clinical studies of patients with advanced melanoma treated with the checkpoint inhibitor, tremelimumab. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:67. [PMID: 28807052 PMCID: PMC5557000 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tremelimumab is an antibody that blocks CTLA-4 and demonstrates clinical efficacy in a subset of advanced melanoma patients. An unmet clinical need exists for blood-based response-predictive gene signatures to facilitate clinically effective and cost-efficient use of such immunotherapeutic interventions. Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected in PAXgene® tubes from 210 treatment-naïve melanoma patients receiving tremelimumab in a worldwide, multicenter phase III study (discovery dataset). A central panel of radiologists determined objective response using RECIST criteria. Gene expression for 169 mRNA transcripts was measured using quantitative PCR. A 15-gene pre-treatment response-predictive classifier model was identified. An independent population (N = 150) of refractory melanoma patients receiving tremelimumab after chemotherapy enrolled in a worldwide phase II study (validation dataset). The classifier model, using the same genes, coefficients and constants for objective response and one-year survival after treatment, was applied to the validation dataset. Results A 15-gene pre-treatment classifier model (containing ADAM17, CDK2, CDKN2A, DPP4, ERBB2, HLA-DRA, ICOS, ITGA4, LARGE, MYC, NAB2, NRAS, RHOC, TGFB1, and TIMP1) achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.86 (95% confidence interval 0.81 to 0.91, p < 0.0001) for objective response and 0.6 (95% confidence interval 0.54 to 0.67, p = 0.0066) for one-year survival in the discovery set. This model was validated in the validation set with AUCs of 0.62 (95% confidence interval 0.54 to 0.70 p = 0.0455) for objective response and 0.68 for one-year survival (95% confidence interval 0.59 to 0.75 p = 0.0002). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the largest blood-based biomarker study of a checkpoint inhibitor, tremelimumab, which demonstrates a validated pre-treatment mRNA classifier model that predicts clinical response. The data suggest that the model captures a biological signature representative of genes needed for a robust anti-cancer immune response. It also identifies non-responders to tremelimumab at baseline prior to treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40425-017-0272-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Friedlander
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | | | - David Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chrisann Kyi
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Departments of Medicine, Dermatology and Translational Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA.,Parker Institute of Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William K Oh
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
In this issue, Overacre-Delgoffe et al. show that interferon gamma production by a subset of regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment triggers Treg instability locally and restores anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Merghoub
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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129
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Decker WK, da Silva RF, Sanabria MH, Angelo LS, Guimarães F, Burt BM, Kheradmand F, Paust S. Cancer Immunotherapy: Historical Perspective of a Clinical Revolution and Emerging Preclinical Animal Models. Front Immunol 2017; 8:829. [PMID: 28824608 PMCID: PMC5539135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
At the turn of the last century, the emerging field of medical oncology chose a cytotoxic approach to cancer therapy over an immune-centered approach at a time when evidence in support of either paradigm did not yet exist. Today, nearly 120 years of data have established that (a) even the best cytotoxic regimens only infrequently cure late-stage malignancy and (b) strategies that supplement and augment existing antitumor immune responses offer the greatest opportunities to potentiate durable remission in cancer. Despite widespread acceptance of these paradigms today, the ability of the immune system to recognize and fight cancer was a highly controversial topic for much of the twentieth century. Why this modern paradigmatic mainstay should have been both dubious and controversial for such an extended period is a topic of considerable interest that merits candid discussion. Herein, we review the literature to identify and describe the watershed events that ultimately led to the acceptance of immunotherapy as a viable regimen for the treatment of neoplastic malignancy. In addition to noting important clinical discoveries, we also focus on research milestones and the development of critical model systems in rodents and dogs including the advanced modeling techniques that allowed development of patient-derived xenografts. Together, their use will further our understanding of cancer biology and tumor immunology, allow for a speedier assessment of the efficacy and safety of novel approaches, and ultimately provide a faster bench to beside transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K. Decker
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rodrigo F. da Silva
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Women’s Hospital – CAISM, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mayra H. Sanabria
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Laura S. Angelo
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Bryan M. Burt
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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130
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Terranova-Barberio M, Thomas S, Munster PN. Epigenetic modifiers in immunotherapy: a focus on checkpoint inhibitors. Immunotherapy 2017; 8:705-19. [PMID: 27197539 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune surveillance should be directed to suppress tumor development and progression, involving a balance of coinhibitory and costimulatory signals that amplify immune response without overwhelming the host. Immunotherapy confers durable clinical benefit in 'immunogenic tumors', whereas in other tumors the responses are modest. Thus, immune checkpoint inhibitors may need to be combined with strategies to boost immune response or increase the tumor immune profile. Epigenetic aberrations contribute significantly to carcinogenesis. Recent findings suggest that epigenetic drugs prime the immune response by increasing expression of tumor-associated antigens and immune-related genes, as well as modulating chemokines and cytokines involved in immune system activation. This review describes our current understanding regarding epigenetic and immunotherapy combination, focusing on immune response priming to checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Terranova-Barberio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of California, Room A722, 1600 Divisadero St, Box 1770, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Scott Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of California, Room A722, 1600 Divisadero St, Box 1770, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Pamela N Munster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of California, Room A722, 1600 Divisadero St, Box 1770, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
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131
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Sukumar S, Wilson DC, Yu Y, Wong J, Naravula S, Ermakov G, Riener R, Bhagwat B, Necheva AS, Grein J, Churakova T, Mangadu R, Georgiev P, Manfra D, Pinheiro EM, Sriram V, Bailey WJ, Herzyk D, McClanahan TK, Willingham A, Beebe AM, Sadekova S. Characterization of MK-4166, a Clinical Agonistic Antibody That Targets Human GITR and Inhibits the Generation and Suppressive Effects of T Regulatory Cells. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4378-4388. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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132
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Fang F, Xiao W, Tian Z. NK cell-based immunotherapy for cancer. Semin Immunol 2017; 31:37-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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133
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Guillerey C, Huntington ND, Smyth MJ. Targeting natural killer cells in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Immunol 2017; 17:1025-36. [PMID: 27540992 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alteration in the expression of cell-surface proteins is a common consequence of malignant transformation. Natural killer (NK) cells use an array of germline-encoded activating and inhibitory receptors that scan for altered protein-expression patterns, but tumor evasion of detection by the immune system is now recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer. NK cells display rapid and potent immunity to metastasis or hematological cancers, and major efforts are now being undertaken to fully exploit NK cell anti-tumor properties in the clinic. Diverse approaches encompass the development of large-scale NK cell-expansion protocols for adoptive transfer, the establishment of a microenvironment favorable to NK cell activity, the redirection of NK cell activity against tumor cells and the release of inhibitory signals that limit NK cell function. In this Review we detail recent advances in NK cell-based immunotherapies and discuss the advantages and limitations of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Guillerey
- Immunology of Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology of Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
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134
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In vitro assays supporting the safety assessment of immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:296-308. [PMID: 28263892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Many monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) licensed for human use or in clinical development for cancer and autoimmune disease directly interact with the immune system. These immunomodulatory mAbs have an inherent risk of adverse immune-mediated drug reactions, including infusion reactions, cytokine storms, immunosuppression and autoimmunity. A thorough understanding of the potential for immunotoxicity of a mAb is required to support administration to humans. This review will highlight the key role of in vitro assays in defining the immunopharmacology, immunotoxicity and immunogenicity of mAbs. A wide range of in vitro tests with multiple formats of different complexity can be utilized to characterize i) the antibody-binding domains of the mAb, such as on-target binding and downstream pharmacological effects (e.g. immunosuppression, immune activation, cytokine release) in both humans and animal species used for toxicology studies and off-target binding; ii) Fc-dependent effects such as Fc-mediated cellular activation (e.g. of leukocytes, platelets) and cytokine release, complement activation; and iii) product-related factors (sequence, physical-chemical properties and impurities) that can impact both pharmacological activity and immunogenicity potential of a mAb. These assays can be crucial to the selection of mAbs with an optimum balance of safety and efficacy, in defining whether a mAb is a high risk molecule, and together with animal data, can inform human safe starting doses and escalation schemes.
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135
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Nowak EC, Lines JL, Varn FS, Deng J, Sarde A, Mabaera R, Kuta A, Le Mercier I, Cheng C, Noelle RJ. Immunoregulatory functions of VISTA. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:66-79. [PMID: 28258694 PMCID: PMC5702497 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of negative checkpoint regulators (NCRs) for cancer immunotherapy has garnered significant interest with the completion of clinical trials demonstrating efficacy. While the results of monotherapy treatments are compelling, there is increasing emphasis on combination treatments in an effort to increase response rates to treatment. One of the most recently discovered NCRs is VISTA (V-domain Ig-containing Suppressor of T cell Activation). In this review, we describe the functions of this molecule in the context of cancer immunotherapy. We also discuss factors that may influence the use of anti-VISTA antibody in combination therapy and how genomic analysis may assist in providing indications for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Nowak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - J. Louise Lines
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Frederick S. Varn
- Department of Biomedical Data Science and Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jie Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Aurelien Sarde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Rodwell Mabaera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Anna Kuta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Data Science and Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Randolph J. Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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136
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Abstract
Immuno-oncology (I/O) research has intensified significantly in recent years due to the breakthrough development and the regulatory approval of several immune checkpoint inhibitors, leading to the rapid expansion of the new discovery of novel I/O therapies, new checkpoint inhibitors and beyond. However, many I/O questions remain unanswered, including why only certain subsets of patients respond to these treatments, who the responders would be, and how to expand patient response (the conversion of non-responders or maximizing response in partial responders). All of these require relevant I/O experimental systems, particularly relevant preclinical animal models. Compared to other oncology drug discovery, e.g. cytotoxic and targeted drugs, a lack of relevant animal models is a major obstacle in I/O drug discovery, and an urgent and unmet need. Despite the obvious importance, and the fact that much I/O research has been performed using many different animal models, there are few comprehensive and introductory reviews on this topic. This article attempts to review the efforts in development of a variety of such models, as well as their applications and limitations for readers new to the field, particularly those in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Xiang Li
- Crown Bioscience Inc., 3375 Scott Blvd, Suite 108, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Gerold Feuer
- HuMurine Technologies, Inc., 2700 Stockton Blvd, Rm. 1403, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Xuesong Ouyang
- Crown Bioscience Inc., 3375 Scott Blvd, Suite 108, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA
| | - Xiaoyu An
- Crown Bioscience Inc., 3375 Scott Blvd, Suite 108, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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137
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Hendriks D, Choi G, de Bruyn M, Wiersma VR, Bremer E. Antibody-Based Cancer Therapy: Successful Agents and Novel Approaches. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 331:289-383. [PMID: 28325214 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery, antibodies have been viewed as ideal candidates or "magic bullets" for use in targeted therapy in the fields of cancer, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammatory disorders. A wave of antibody-dedicated research followed, which resulted in the clinical approval of a first generation of monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy such as rituximab (1997) and cetuximab (2004), and infliximab (2002) for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. More recently, the development of antibodies that prevent checkpoint-mediated inhibition of T cell responses invigorated the field of cancer immunotherapy. Such antibodies induced unprecedented long-term remissions in patients with advanced stage malignancies, most notably melanoma and lung cancer, that do not respond to conventional therapies. In this review, we will recapitulate the development of antibody-based therapy, and detail recent advances and new functions, particularly in the field of cancer immunotherapy. With the advent of recombinant DNA engineering, a number of rationally designed molecular formats of antibodies and antibody-derived agents have become available, and we will discuss various molecular formats including antibodies with improved effector functions, bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-cytokine fusion proteins, and T cells genetically modified with chimeric antigen receptors. With these exciting advances, new antibody-based treatment options will likely enter clinical practice and pave the way toward more successful control of malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hendriks
- Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G Choi
- Department of Hematology, Section Immunohematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M de Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - V R Wiersma
- Department of Hematology, Section Immunohematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - E Bremer
- Department of Hematology, Section Immunohematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
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138
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Wang J, Yuan R, Song W, Sun J, Liu D, Li Z. PD-1, PD-L1 (B7-H1) and Tumor-Site Immune Modulation Therapy: The Historical Perspective. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:34. [PMID: 28122590 PMCID: PMC5267378 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The current success of targeted inhibition against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed Death 1/Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1, herein collectively referred to as PD) pathways is hailed as a cancer immunotherapy breakthrough. PD-L1, known also as B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1), was initially discovered by Dr. Lieping Chen in 1999. To recognize the seminal contributions by Chen to the development of PD-directed therapy against cancer, the Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network (CAHON) decided to honor him with its inaugural Lifetime Achievement Award in Hematology and Oncology at the CAHON’s 2015 annual meeting. This essay chronicles the important discoveries made by Chen in the exciting field of immuno-oncology, which goes beyond his original fateful finding. It also argues that PD-directed therapy should be appropriately considered as Tumor-Site Immune Modulation Therapy to distinguish it from CTLA-4-based immune checkpoint blocking agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Ruirong Yuan
- Veterans Health Administration Medical Center, East Orange, NJ, 07018, USA.,The Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network (CAHON), Scarsdale, NY, 11577, USA
| | - Wenru Song
- The Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network (CAHON), Scarsdale, NY, 11577, USA
| | - Jingwei Sun
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Delong Liu
- The Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network (CAHON), Scarsdale, NY, 11577, USA.,New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- The Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network (CAHON), Scarsdale, NY, 11577, USA. .,Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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139
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Grant EJ, Nüssing S, Sant S, Clemens EB, Kedzierska K. The role of CD27 in anti-viral T-cell immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 22:77-88. [PMID: 28086150 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CD27 is a co-stimulatory immune-checkpoint receptor, constitutively expressed on a broad range of T-cells (αβ and γδ), NK-cells and B-cells. Ligation of CD27 with CD70 results in potent co-stimulatory effects. In mice, co-stimulation of CD8+ T-cells through CD27 promotes immune activation and enhances primary, secondary, memory and recall responses towards viral infections. Limited in vitro human studies support mouse experiments and show that CD27 co-stimulation enhances antiviral T-cell immunity. Given the potent co-stimulatory effects of CD27, manipulating CD27 signalling is of interest for viral, autoimmune and anti-tumour immunotherapies. This review focuses on the role of CD27 co-stimulation in anti-viral T-cell immunity and discusses clinical studies utilising the CD27 co-stimulation pathway for anti-viral, anti-tumour and autoimmune immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Grant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Nüssing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia
| | - Sneha Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia
| | - E Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia.
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140
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Jayashankar L, Hafner R. Adjunct Strategies for Tuberculosis Vaccines: Modulating Key Immune Cell Regulatory Mechanisms to Potentiate Vaccination. Front Immunol 2016; 7:577. [PMID: 28018344 PMCID: PMC5159487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health threat of alarming proportions, resulting in 1.5 million deaths worldwide. The only available licensed vaccine, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin, does not confer lifelong protection against active TB. To date, development of an effective vaccine against TB has proven to be elusive, and devising newer approaches for improved vaccination outcomes is an essential goal. Insights gained over the last several years have revealed multiple mechanisms of immune manipulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in infected macrophages and dendritic cells that support disease progression and block development of protective immunity. This review provides an assessment of the known immunoregulatory mechanisms altered by Mtb, and how new interventions may reverse these effects. Examples include blocking of inhibitory immune cell coreceptor checkpoints (e.g., programed death-1). Conversely, immune mechanisms that strengthen immune cell effector functions may be enhanced by interventions, including stimulatory immune cell coreceptors (e.g., OX40). Modification of the activity of key cell “immunometabolism” signaling pathway molecules, including mechanistic target of rapamycin, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, wnt/β-catenin, adenosine monophosophate-activated protein kinase, and sirtuins, related epigenetic changes, and preventing induction of immune regulatory cells (e.g., regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells) are powerful new approaches to improve vaccine responses. Interventions to favorably modulate these components have been studied primarily in oncology to induce efficient antitumor immune responses, often by potentiation of cancer vaccines. These agents include antibodies and a rapidly increasing number of small molecule drug classes that have contributed to the dramatic immune-based advances in treatment of cancer and other diseases. Because immune responses to malignancies and to Mtb share many similar mechanisms, studies to improve TB vaccine responses using interventions based on “immuno-oncology” are needed to guide possible repurposing. Understanding the regulation of immune cell functions appropriated by Mtb to promote the imbalance between protective and pathogenic immune responses may guide the development of innovative drug-based adjunct approaches to substantially enhance the clinical efficacy of TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Jayashankar
- Columbus Technologies, Inc., Contractor to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Richard Hafner
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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141
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Sweis RF, Galsky MD. Emerging role of immunotherapy in urothelial carcinoma-Immunobiology/biomarkers. Urol Oncol 2016; 34:556-565. [PMID: 27836246 PMCID: PMC5709811 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial bladder cancer is one of the first cancers recognized to be immunogenic since 40 years ago when the use of bacillus Calmette-Guerin was shown to prevent recurrence. Since that time, our knowledge of immune biology of cancer has expanded tremendously, and patients with bladder cancer finally have new active immunotherapeutic drugs on the horizon. Anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) therapy has shown impressively durable responses in urothelial bladder cancer (UBC), but the reported response rates warrant improvement. To outline potential strategies to overcome tumor immune resistance, herein, we summarize current models of tumor immunology with a specific focus on bladder cancer. Recognition of tumor-specific antigens through cross-presentation, T-cell priming and activation, and trafficking of immune cells to the tumor microenvironment are some of the critical steps we now understand to be necessary for an effective antitumor immune response. Many of the involved steps are important targets for therapeutic interventions. As new immunotherapies are developed, predictive biomarkers would also be important to select patients most likely to respond and to better understand tumor biology. Several potential biomarkers are reviewed including PD-L1 expression, identification of T-cell-inflamed/non-T-cell-inflamed tumors based on immune gene expression, intrinsic molecular subtyping based on luminal/basal or the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) groups, T-cell receptor sequencing, and somatic mutational density. Even within the past few years, our current knowledge of immune biology has exploded, and we are highly optimistic about the future of UBC therapy that will be available to patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- B7-H1 Antigen/immunology
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/therapy
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Costimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Therapies, Investigational
- Tumor Escape/immunology
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/chemistry
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/immunology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy F Sweis
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Matthew D Galsky
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
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142
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Vlachostergios PJ, Galletti G, Palmer J, Lam L, Karir BS, Tagawa ST. Antibody therapeutics for treating prostate cancer: where are we now and what comes next? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 17:135-149. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1258398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Galletti
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Palmer
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linda Lam
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beerinder S. Karir
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott T. Tagawa
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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143
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Hu X, Liu X, Moisan J, Wang Y, Lesch CA, Spooner C, Morgan RW, Zawidzka EM, Mertz D, Bousley D, Majchrzak K, Kryczek I, Taylor C, Van Huis C, Skalitzky D, Hurd A, Aicher TD, Toogood PL, Glick GD, Paulos CM, Zou W, Carter LL. Synthetic RORγ agonists regulate multiple pathways to enhance antitumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1254854. [PMID: 28123897 PMCID: PMC5215247 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1254854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
RORγt is the key transcription factor controlling the development and function of CD4+ Th17 and CD8+ Tc17 cells. Across a range of human tumors, about 15% of the CD4+ T cell fraction in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are RORγ+ cells. To evaluate the role of RORγ in antitumor immunity, we have identified synthetic, small molecule agonists that selectively activate RORγ to a greater extent than the endogenous agonist desmosterol. These RORγ agonists enhance effector function of Type 17 cells by increasing the production of cytokines/chemokines such as IL-17A and GM-CSF, augmenting expression of co-stimulatory receptors like CD137, CD226, and improving survival and cytotoxic activity. RORγ agonists also attenuate immunosuppressive mechanisms by curtailing Treg formation, diminishing CD39 and CD73 expression, and decreasing levels of co-inhibitory receptors including PD-1 and TIGIT on tumor-reactive lymphocytes. The effects of RORγ agonists were not observed in RORγ−/− T cells, underscoring the selective on-target activity of the compounds. In vitro treatment of tumor-specific T cells with RORγ agonists, followed by adoptive transfer to tumor-bearing mice is highly effective at controlling tumor growth while improving T cell survival and maintaining enhanced IL-17A and reduced PD-1 in vivo. The in vitro effects of RORγ agonists translate into single agent, immune system-dependent, antitumor efficacy when compounds are administered orally in syngeneic tumor models. RORγ agonists integrate multiple antitumor mechanisms into a single therapeutic that both increases immune activation and decreases immune suppression resulting in robust inhibition of tumor growth. Thus, RORγ agonists represent a novel immunotherapy approach for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Lycera Corp , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kinga Majchrzak
- Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center , Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ilona Kryczek
- University of Michigan, School of Medicine , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center , Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Weiping Zou
- University of Michigan, School of Medicine , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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144
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Ellmark P, Mangsbo SM, Furebring C, Norlén P, Tötterman TH. Tumor-directed immunotherapy can generate tumor-specific T cell responses through localized co-stimulation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 66:1-7. [PMID: 27714433 PMCID: PMC5222923 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The most important goals for the field of immuno-oncology are to improve the response rate and increase the number of tumor indications that respond to immunotherapy, without increasing adverse side effects. One approach to achieve these goals is to use tumor-directed immunotherapy, i.e., to focus the immune activation to the most relevant part of the immune system. This may improve anti-tumor efficacy as well as reduce immune-related adverse events. Tumor-directed immune activation can be achieved by local injections of immune modulators in the tumor area or by directing the immune modulator to the tumor using bispecific antibodies. In this review, we focus on therapies targeting checkpoint inhibitors and co-stimulatory receptors that can generate tumor-specific T cell responses through localized immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ellmark
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, 223 63, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sara M Mangsbo
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Per Norlén
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, 223 63, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas H Tötterman
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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145
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Fellermeier S, Beha N, Meyer JE, Ring S, Bader S, Kontermann RE, Müller D. Advancing targeted co-stimulation with antibody-fusion proteins by introducing TNF superfamily members in a single-chain format. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1238540. [PMID: 27999756 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1238540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-stimulation via receptors of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) emerges as promising strategy to support antitumor immune responses. Targeted strategies with antibody-fusion proteins composed of a tumor-directed antibody part and the extracellular domain of a co-stimulatory ligand of the TNFSF constitute an attractive option to focus the co-stimulatory activity to the tumor site. Since TNFSF members intrinsically form functional units of non-covalently linked homotrimers, the protein engineering of suitable antibody-fusion proteins is challenging. Aiming for molecules of simple and stable configuration, we used TNFSF ligands in a single-chain format (scTNFSF), i.e., three units of the ectodomain connected by polypeptide linkers, folding into an intramolecular trimer. By fusing tumor-directed scFv antibody fragments directed against EpCAM or FAP to co-stimulatory scTNFSF molecules (sc4-1BBL, scOX40L, scGITRL or scLIGHT), a set of monomeric scFv-scTNFSF fusion proteins was generated. In comparison to the scFv-TNFSF format, defined by intermolecular homotrimerization via the TNFSF part, scFv-scTNFSF showed equal or enhanced co-stimulatory activity despite reduced avidity in antibody binding. In addition, enhanced serum stability and improved bioavailability in mice were observed. We show that the scFv-scTNFSF format can be applied to various members of the TNFSF, presenting targeting-dependent co-stimulatory activity. Hence, this format exhibits favorable properties that make it a promising choice for further therapeutic fusion protein development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Fellermeier
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadine Beha
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan-Erik Meyer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sarah Ring
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Bader
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dafne Müller
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
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146
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Redeker A, Arens R. Improving Adoptive T Cell Therapy: The Particular Role of T Cell Costimulation, Cytokines, and Post-Transfer Vaccination. Front Immunol 2016; 7:345. [PMID: 27656185 PMCID: PMC5011476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) is a form of immunotherapy whereby antigen-specific T cells are isolated or engineered, expanded ex vivo, and transferred back to patients. Clinical benefit after ACT has been obtained in treatment of infection, various hematological malignancies, and some solid tumors; however, due to poor functionality and persistence of the transferred T cells, the efficacy of ACT in the treatment of most solid tumors is often marginal. Hence, much effort is undertaken to improve T cell function and persistence in ACT and significant progress is being made. Herein, we will review strategies to improve ACT success rates in the treatment of cancer and infection. We will deliberate on the most favorable phenotype for the tumor-specific T cells that are infused into patients and on how to obtain T cells bearing this phenotype by applying novel ex vivo culture methods. Moreover, we will discuss T cell function and persistence after transfer into patients and how these factors can be manipulated by means of providing costimulatory signals, cytokines, blocking antibodies to inhibitory molecules, and vaccination. Incorporation of these T cell stimulation strategies and combinations of the different treatment modalities are likely to improve clinical response rates further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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147
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Santegoets SJAM, Welters MJP, van der Burg SH. Monitoring of the Immune Dysfunction in Cancer Patients. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4030029. [PMID: 27598210 PMCID: PMC5041023 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy shows promising clinical results in patients with different types of cancer, but its full potential is not reached due to immune dysfunction as a result of several suppressive mechanisms that play a role in cancer development and progression. Monitoring of immune dysfunction is a prerequisite for the development of strategies aiming to alleviate cancer-induced immune suppression. At this point, the level at which immune dysfunction occurs has to be established, the underlying mechanism(s) need to be known, as well as the techniques to assess this. While it is relatively easy to measure general signs of immune suppression, it turns out that accurate monitoring of the frequency and function of immune-suppressive cells is still difficult. A lack of truly specific markers, the phenotypic complexity among suppressive cells of the same lineage, but potentially with different functions and functional assays that may not cover every mechanistic aspect of immune suppression are among the reasons complicating proper assessments. Technical innovations in flow and mass cytometry will allow for more complete sets of markers to precisely determine phenotype and associated function. There is, however, a clear need for functional assays that recapitulate more of the mechanisms employed to suppress the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J A M Santegoets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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148
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Fine needle aspirate flow cytometric phenotyping characterizes immunosuppressive nature of the mesothelioma microenvironment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31745. [PMID: 27539742 PMCID: PMC4990967 DOI: 10.1038/srep31745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of checkpoint blockade and other immunotherapeutic drugs, and the growing adoption of smaller, more flexible adaptive clinical trial designs, there is an unmet need to develop diagnostics that can rapidly immunophenotype patient tumors. The ability to longitudinally profile the tumor immune infiltrate in response to immunotherapy also presents a window of opportunity to illuminate mechanisms of resistance. We have developed a fine needle aspirate biopsy (FNA) platform to perform immune profiling on thoracic malignancies. Matching peripheral blood, bulk resected tumor, and FNA were analyzed from 13 mesothelioma patients. FNA samples yielded greater numbers of viable cells when compared to core needle biopsies. Cell numbers were adequate to perform flow cytometric analyses on T cell lineage, T cell activation and inhibitory receptor expression, and myeloid immunosuppressive checkpoint markers. FNA samples were representative of the tumor as a whole as assessed by head-to-head comparison to single cell suspensions of dissociated whole tumor. Parallel analysis of matched patient blood enabled us to establish quality assurance criteria to determine the accuracy of FNA procedures to sample tumor tissue. FNA biopsies provide a diagnostic to rapidly phenotype the tumor immune microenvironment that may be of great relevance to clinical trials.
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149
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CD137-CRDI is not necessary in the role of contacting its natural ligand. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:24-32. [PMID: 27430526 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors result in impressive clinical responses and are expanding to treat a wide variety of tumors. One common problem is low responses from current clinical trials that only benefit a fraction of patients. One key promising direction is combination therapy to increase clinical benefit. CD137, a well-defined antitumor target, can cause strong co-stimulating activity and break immune tolerance. In this study, the role of CD137-CRDI (cysteine rich domain I) in the binding of CD137-CD137L was further investigated based on our previous work. The results revealed that CRDI-mediated limited CD137 assembly without relying on CD137L. Furthermore, CRDI was not involved in direct contact with CD137L in either mice or humans. Isolated mouse CRDII and human CRDII+CRDIII were proven to be the minimum unit for interface with their respective ligands. Fine-tuning of this signaling may improve CD137-targeting strategy.
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150
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Yang J, Chen J, Wei J, Liu X, Cho WC. Immune checkpoint blockade as a potential therapeutic target in non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:1209-23. [PMID: 27426430 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2016.1214265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The recent emergence of immune checkpoint blockade therapy and the progression of immunobiology in cancer have spurred an increasing interest in the immunotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), designed to directly target immune inhibitory molecules, have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC. AREAS COVERED In the present article, the authors summarize the mechanism, efficacy and safety of major ICIs for the treatment of advanced or metastatic NSCLC. Combinations of different ICIs or conventional therapy and/or targeted agents for NSCLC treatment in clinical trials are also updated. In addition, immune-related adverse events and the roles of inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules as potential biomarkers in the immune checkpoint blockade therapy for NSCLC are emphatically elucidated. EXPERT OPINION Immunotherapies targeting the immune checkpoint pathways have shown potential to generate durable responses and improve survival for NSCLC patients. Although the toxicity profile of this immunotherapy is manageable, immune-related adverse events and drug resistance may cause therapeutic failure. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms underpinning its function and the potential side effects of ICIs, as well as the identification of predictive biomarkers for patient selection are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yang
- a Center of Laboratory Medicine , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China
| | - Juan Chen
- b Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China
| | - Jun Wei
- a Center of Laboratory Medicine , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China.,c Human Stem Cell Institute , General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- a Center of Laboratory Medicine , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China.,c Human Stem Cell Institute , General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China
| | - William C Cho
- d Department of Clinical Oncology , Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Kowloon , Hong Kong
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