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Knutson MD. Iron transport proteins: Gateways of cellular and systemic iron homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12735-12743. [PMID: 28615441 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r117.786632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular iron homeostasis is maintained by iron and heme transport proteins that work in concert with ferrireductases, ferroxidases, and chaperones to direct the movement of iron into, within, and out of cells. Systemic iron homeostasis is regulated by the liver-derived peptide hormone, hepcidin. The interface between cellular and systemic iron homeostasis is readily observed in the highly dynamic iron handling of four main cell types: duodenal enterocytes, erythrocyte precursors, macrophages, and hepatocytes. This review provides an overview of how these cell types handle iron, highlighting how iron and heme transporters mediate the exchange and distribution of body iron in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell D Knutson
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-03170.
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102
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Ageitos J, Sánchez-Pérez A, Calo-Mata P, Villa T. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs): Ancient compounds that represent novel weapons in the fight against bacteria. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 133:117-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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103
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Liang L, Liu H, Yue J, Liu LR, Han M, Luo LL, Zhao YL, Xiao H. Association of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Hepcidin Promoter Gene with Susceptibility to Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:351-356. [PMID: 28530443 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepcidin is a 25-amino acid peptide produced by the liver in response to inflammation and iron overload. It is encoded by the hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP) gene and plays a key role in innate immunity. Previous studies have reported that a -582 A>G polymorphism in the HAMP promoter (HAMP-P) affects hepcidin expression, causing susceptibility to various bacterial and viral pathogens. However, it is not known whether the HAMP-P -582 A>G polymorphism is associated with tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility. AIMS The objective of the current study was to examine the relationship between the HAMP-P -582 A>G polymorphism and TB susceptibility in a Chinese Han population. METHODS Han Chinese subjects examined included 500 pulmonary TB, 386 extrapulmonary TB, and 600 healthy control subjects. We analyzed correlations between the hepcidin promoter -582 A>G polymorphism and disease susceptibility and then examined the regulatory effects of the -582 A>G variant on hepcidin production in CD14+ monocyte cultures stimulated with lipoarabinomannan derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RESULTS Our findings indicate that the HAMP-P -582 A>G polymorphism (rs10421768) is associated with susceptibility to extrapulmonary TB, but not pulmonary TB. CD14+ monocytes from individuals with the rs10421768 GG genotype secreted significantly less hepcidin in response to M. tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan compared with cells from individuals with either the AA or AG genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The G allele of the HAMP-P -582 A>G gene may play a critical role in TB susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liang
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- 2 Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Yue
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Rong Liu
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Min Han
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Liu-Lin Luo
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhao
- 3 National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China
| | - Heping Xiao
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
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104
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Reichert CO, da Cunha J, Levy D, Maselli LMF, Bydlowski SP, Spada C. Hepcidin: Homeostasis and Diseases Related to Iron Metabolism. Acta Haematol 2017; 137:220-236. [PMID: 28514781 DOI: 10.1159/000471838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential metal for cell survival that is regulated by the peptide hormone hepcidin. However, its influence on certain diseases is directly related to iron metabolism or secondary to underlying diseases. Genetic alterations influence the serum hepcidin concentration, which can lead to an iron overload in tissues, as observed in haemochromatosis, in which serum hepcidin or defective hepcidin synthesis is observed. Another genetic imbalance of iron is iron-refractory anaemia, in which serum concentrations of hepcidin are increased, precluding the flow and efflux of extra- and intracellular iron. During the pathogenesis of certain diseases, the resulting oxidative stress, as well as the increase in inflammatory cytokines, influences the transcription of the HAMP gene to generate a secondary anaemia due to the increase in the serum concentration of hepcidin. To date, there is no available drug to inhibit or enhance hepcidin transcription, mostly due to the cytotoxicity described in the in vitro models. The proposed therapeutic targets are still in the early stages of clinical trials. Some candidates are promising, such as heparin derivatives and minihepcidins. This review describes the main pathways of systemic and genetic regulation of hepcidin, as well as its influence on the disorders related to iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cadiele Oliana Reichert
- Clinical Analysis Department, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
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105
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Grillo AS, SantaMaria AM, Kafina MD, Cioffi AG, Huston NC, Han M, Seo YA, Yien YY, Nardone C, Menon AV, Fan J, Svoboda DC, Anderson JB, Hong JD, Nicolau BG, Subedi K, Gewirth AA, Wessling-Resnick M, Kim J, Paw BH, Burke MD. Restored iron transport by a small molecule promotes absorption and hemoglobinization in animals. Science 2017; 356:608-616. [PMID: 28495746 PMCID: PMC5470741 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah3862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple human diseases ensue from a hereditary or acquired deficiency of iron-transporting protein function that diminishes transmembrane iron flux in distinct sites and directions. Because other iron-transport proteins remain active, labile iron gradients build up across the corresponding protein-deficient membranes. Here we report that a small-molecule natural product, hinokitiol, can harness such gradients to restore iron transport into, within, and/or out of cells. The same compound promotes gut iron absorption in DMT1-deficient rats and ferroportin-deficient mice, as well as hemoglobinization in DMT1- and mitoferrin-deficient zebrafish. These findings illuminate a general mechanistic framework for small molecule-mediated site- and direction-selective restoration of iron transport. They also suggest that small molecules that partially mimic the function of missing protein transporters of iron, and possibly other ions, may have potential in treating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Grillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Anna M SantaMaria
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Martin D Kafina
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander G Cioffi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nicholas C Huston
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Murui Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Young Ah Seo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yvette Y Yien
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Nardone
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Archita V Menon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Dillon C Svoboda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jacob B Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John D Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Bruno G Nicolau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kiran Subedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Andrew A Gewirth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Marianne Wessling-Resnick
- Department of Genetic and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Barry H Paw
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Martin D Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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106
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Ali MK, Kim RY, Karim R, Mayall JR, Martin KL, Shahandeh A, Abbasian F, Starkey MR, Loustaud-Ratti V, Johnstone D, Milward EA, Hansbro PM, Horvat JC. Role of iron in the pathogenesis of respiratory disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 88:181-195. [PMID: 28495571 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for many biological processes, however, too much or too little iron can result in a wide variety of pathological consequences, depending on the organ system, tissue or cell type affected. In order to reduce pathogenesis, iron levels are tightly controlled in throughout the body by regulatory systems that control iron absorption, systemic transport and cellular uptake and storage. Altered iron levels and/or dysregulated homeostasis have been associated with several lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and asthma. However, the mechanisms that underpin these associations and whether iron plays a key role in the pathogenesis of lung disease are yet to be fully elucidated. Furthermore, in order to survive and replicate, pathogenic micro-organisms have evolved strategies to source host iron, including freeing iron from cells and proteins that store and transport iron. To counter these microbial strategies, mammals have evolved immune-mediated defence mechanisms that reduce iron availability to pathogens. This interplay between iron, infection and immunity has important ramifications for the pathogenesis and management of human respiratory infections and diseases. An increased understanding of the role that iron plays in the pathogenesis of lung disease and respiratory infections may help inform novel therapeutic strategies. Here we review the clinical and experimental evidence that highlights the potential importance of iron in respiratory diseases and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khadem Ali
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rafia Karim
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jemma R Mayall
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kristy L Martin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ali Shahandeh
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Firouz Abbasian
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Johnstone
- Bosch Institute and Discipline of Physiology, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Milward
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
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107
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Upanan S, McKie AT, Latunde-Dada GO, Roytrakul S, Uthaipibull C, Pothacharoen P, Kongtawelert P, Fucharoen S, Srichairatanakool S. Hepcidin suppression in β-thalassemia is associated with the down-regulation of atonal homolog 8. Int J Hematol 2017; 106:196-205. [PMID: 28405918 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-017-2231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Atonal homolog 8 (ATOH8) is defined as a positive regulator of hepcidin transcription, which links erythropoietic activity with iron-sensing molecules. In the present study, we investigated the association between hepcidin and ATOH8 expression in β-thalassemia. We found that inhibition of hepcidin expression in β-thalassemia is correlated with reduced ATOH8 expression. Hepatic hepcidin 1 (Hamp1) and Atoh8 mRNA expression were down-regulated in β-thalassemic mice. Hepcidin (HAMP) and ATOH8 mRNA expression were consistently suppressed in Huh7 cells cultured in medium supplemented with β-thalassemia patient serum. The Huh7 cells, which were transfected with ATOH8-FLAG expression plasmid and cultured in the supplemented medium, exhibited increased levels of ATOH8 mRNA, ATOH8-FLAG protein, pSMAD1,5,8, and HAMP mRNA. Interestingly, over-expression of ATOH8 reversed the effects of hepcidin suppression induced by the β-thalassemia patient sera. In conclusion, hepcidin suppression in β-thalassemia is associated with the down-regulation of ATOH8 in response to anemia. We, therefore, suggest that ATOH8 is an important transcriptional regulator of hepcidin in β-thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supranee Upanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Andrew T McKie
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Gladys O Latunde-Dada
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Chairat Uthaipibull
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Peraphan Pothacharoen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Prachya Kongtawelert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Suthat Fucharoen
- Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakornpathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Somdet Srichairatanakool
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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108
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Chandrangsu P, Rensing C, Helmann JD. Metal homeostasis and resistance in bacteria. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:338-350. [PMID: 28344348 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal ions are essential for many reactions, but excess metals can be toxic. In bacteria, metal limitation activates pathways that are involved in the import and mobilization of metals, whereas excess metals induce efflux and storage. In this Review, we highlight recent insights into metal homeostasis, including protein-based and RNA-based sensors that interact directly with metals or metal-containing cofactors. The resulting transcriptional response to metal stress takes place in a stepwise manner and is reinforced by post-transcriptional regulatory systems. Metal limitation and intoxication by the host are evolutionarily ancient strategies for limiting bacterial growth. The details of the resulting growth restriction are beginning to be understood and seem to be organism-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Chandrangsu
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Wing Hall, 123 Wing Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China.,Department of Agricultural Resource and Environment, College of Resources and the Environment, Fujian Agriculture &Forestry University, Boxbue Building, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.,J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - John D Helmann
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Wing Hall, 123 Wing Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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109
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Nairz M, Theurl I, Swirski FK, Weiss G. "Pumping iron"-how macrophages handle iron at the systemic, microenvironmental, and cellular levels. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:397-418. [PMID: 28251312 PMCID: PMC5362662 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages reside in virtually every organ. First arising during embryogenesis, macrophages replenish themselves in the adult through a combination of self-renewal and influx of bone marrow-derived monocytes. As large phagocytic cells, macrophages participate in innate immunity while contributing to tissue-specific homeostatic functions. Among the key metabolic tasks are senescent red blood cell recycling, free heme detoxification, and provision of iron for de novo hemoglobin synthesis. While this systemic mechanism involves the shuttling of iron between spleen, liver, and bone marrow through the concerted function of defined macrophage populations, similar circuits appear to exist within the microenvironment of other organs. The high turnover of iron is the prerequisite for continuous erythropoiesis and tissue integrity but challenges macrophages’ ability to maintain cellular iron homeostasis and immune function. This review provides a brief overview of systemic, microenvironmental, and cellular aspects of macrophage iron handling with a focus on exciting and unresolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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110
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Bhatia P, Singh A, Hegde A, Jain R, Bansal D. Systematic evaluation of paediatric cohort with iron refractory iron deficiency anaemia (IRIDA) phenotype reveals multipleTMPRSS6gene variations. Br J Haematol 2017; 177:311-318. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Bhatia
- Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Unit; Department of Paediatrics; Advanced Paediatric Centre; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Aditya Singh
- Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Unit; Department of Paediatrics; Advanced Paediatric Centre; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Avani Hegde
- Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Unit; Department of Paediatrics; Advanced Paediatric Centre; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Richa Jain
- Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Unit; Department of Paediatrics; Advanced Paediatric Centre; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Deepak Bansal
- Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Unit; Department of Paediatrics; Advanced Paediatric Centre; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
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111
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Fan Q, Zhou Y, Yu C, Chen J, Shi X, Zhang Y, Zheng W. Cross-sectional study of expression of divalent metal transporter-1, transferrin, and hepcidin in blood of smelters who are occupationally exposed to manganese. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2413. [PMID: 27635361 PMCID: PMC5012280 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Manganese (Mn) is widely used in industries including the manufacture of Mn-iron (Fe) alloy. Occupational Mn overexposure causes manganism. Mn is known to affect Fe metabolism; this study was designed to test the hypothesis that workers exposed to Mn may have an altered expression of mRNAs encoding proteins in Fe metabolism. Methods Workers occupationally exposed to Mn (n = 71) from a Mn–Fe alloy factory and control workers without Mn-exposure (n = 48) from a pig-iron plant from Zunyi, China, were recruited for this study. Blood samples were collected into Trizol-containing tubes. Total RNA was isolated, purified, and subjected to real-time RT-PCR analysis. Metal concentrations were quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results Working environment and genetic background of both groups were similar except for marked differences in airborne Mn concentrations (0.18 mg/m3 in Mn–Fe alloy factory vs. 0.0022 mg/m3 in pig-Fe plant), and in blood Mn levels (34.3 µg/L vs. 10.4 µg/L). Mn exposure caused a significant decrease in the expression of divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1), transferrin (Tf) and hepcidin by 58.2%, 68.5% and 61.5%, respectively, as compared to controls, while the expression of transferrin receptor (TfR) was unaltered. Linear regression analysis revealed that expressions of DMT1, Tf and hepcidin were inversely correlated with the accumulative Mn exposure; the correlation coefficients (r) are −0.47, −0.54, and −0.49, respectively (p < 0.01). Conclusion The data suggest that occupational Mn exposure causes decreased expressions of DMT1, Tf and hepcidin in blood cells; the finding will help understand the mechanism underlying Mn exposure-associated alteration in Fe homeostasis among workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Fan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Zunyi Medical College , Zunyi , Guizhou , China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Zunyi Medical College , Zunyi , Guizhou , China
| | - Changyin Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Zunyi Medical College , Zunyi , Guizhou , China
| | - Jian Chen
- Guizhou Institute of Occupational Safety and Health , Zunyi , Guizhou , China
| | - Xiujuan Shi
- Guizhou Institute of Occupational Safety and Health , Zunyi , Guizhou , China
| | - Yanshu Zhang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China; School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , United States
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112
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Theurl I, Hilgendorf I, Nairz M, Tymoszuk P, Haschka D, Asshoff M, He S, Gerhardt LMS, Holderried TAW, Seifert M, Sopper S, Fenn AM, Anzai A, Rattik S, McAlpine C, Theurl M, Wieghofer P, Iwamoto Y, Weber GF, Harder NK, Chousterman BG, Arvedson TL, McKee M, Wang F, Lutz OMD, Rezoagli E, Babitt JL, Berra L, Prinz M, Nahrendorf M, Weiss G, Weissleder R, Lin HY, Swirski FK. On-demand erythrocyte disposal and iron recycling requires transient macrophages in the liver. Nat Med 2016; 22:945-51. [PMID: 27428900 PMCID: PMC4957133 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential component of the erythrocyte protein hemoglobin and is crucial to oxygen transport in vertebrates. In the steady state, erythrocyte production is in equilibrium with erythrocyte removal. In various pathophysiological conditions, however, erythrocyte life span is compromised severely, which threatens the organism with anemia and iron toxicity. Here we identify an on-demand mechanism that clears erythrocytes and recycles iron. We show that monocytes that express high levels of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus C1 (LY6C1, also known as Ly-6C) ingest stressed and senescent erythrocytes, accumulate in the liver via coordinated chemotactic cues, and differentiate into ferroportin 1 (FPN1, encoded by SLC40A1)-expressing macrophages that can deliver iron to hepatocytes. Monocyte-derived FPN1(+)Tim-4(neg) macrophages are transient, reside alongside embryonically derived T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 4 (Timd4, also known as Tim-4)(high) Kupffer cells (KCs), and depend on the growth factor Csf1 and the transcription factor Nrf2 (encoded by Nfe2l2). The spleen, likewise, recruits iron-loaded Ly-6C(high) monocytes, but these do not differentiate into iron-recycling macrophages, owing to the suppressive action of Csf2. The accumulation of a transient macrophage population in the liver also occurs in mouse models of hemolytic anemia, anemia of inflammation, and sickle cell disease. Inhibition of monocyte recruitment to the liver during stressed erythrocyte delivery leads to kidney and liver damage. These observations identify the liver as the primary organ that supports rapid erythrocyte removal and iron recycling, and uncover a mechanism by which the body adapts to fluctuations in erythrocyte integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Theurl
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Heart Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Malte Asshoff
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Shun He
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louisa M. S. Gerhardt
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tobias A. W. Holderried
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ashley M. Fenn
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Atsushi Anzai
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Rattik
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cameron McAlpine
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Milan Theurl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georg F. Weber
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nina K. Harder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin G. Chousterman
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mary McKee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fudi Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Discovery Innovation Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Emanuele Rezoagli
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jodie L. Babitt
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Berra
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Herbert Y. Lin
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Filip K. Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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113
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Corna G, Caserta I, Monno A, Apostoli P, Manfredi AA, Camaschella C, Rovere-Querini P. The Repair of Skeletal Muscle Requires Iron Recycling through Macrophage Ferroportin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1914-25. [PMID: 27465531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages recruited at the site of sterile muscle damage play an essential role in the regeneration of the tissue. In this article, we report that the selective disruption of macrophage ferroportin (Fpn) results in iron accumulation within muscle-infiltrating macrophages and jeopardizes muscle healing, prompting fat accumulation. Macrophages isolated from the tissue at early time points after injury express ferritin H, CD163, and hemeoxygenase-1, indicating that they can uptake heme and store iron. At later time points they upregulate Fpn expression, thus acquiring the ability to release the metal. Transferrin-mediated iron uptake by regenerating myofibers occurs independently of systemic iron homeostasis. The inhibition of macrophage iron export via the silencing of Fpn results in regenerating muscles with smaller myofibers and fat accumulation. These results highlight the existence of a local pathway of iron recycling that plays a nonredundant role in the myogenic differentiation of muscle precursors, limiting the adipose degeneration of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranca Corna
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Imma Caserta
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Monno
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Apostoli
- Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, Section of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; and
| | - Angelo A Manfredi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Camaschella
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy;
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114
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Frazer DM, Wilkins SJ, Mirciov CSG, Dunn LA, Anderson GJ. Hepcidin independent iron recycling in a mouse model of β-thalassaemia intermedia. Br J Haematol 2016; 175:308-317. [PMID: 27410488 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In conditions such as β-thalassaemia, stimulated erythropoiesis can reduce the expression of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin, increasing both macrophage iron release and intestinal iron absorption and leading to iron loading. However, in certain conditions, sustained elevation of erythropoiesis can occur without an increase in body iron load. To investigate this in more detail, we made use of a novel mouse strain (RBC14), which exhibits mild β-thalassaemia intermedia with minimal iron loading. We compared iron homeostasis in RBC14 mice to that of Hbbth3/+ mice, a more severe model of β-thalassaemia intermedia. Both mouse strains showed a decrease in plasma iron half-life, although the changes were less severe in RBC14 mice. Despite this, intestinal ferroportin and serum hepcidin levels were unaltered in RBC14 mice. In contrast, Hbbth3/+ mice exhibited reduced serum hepcidin and increased intestinal ferroportin. However, splenic ferroportin levels were increased in both mouse strains. These data suggest that in low-grade chronic haemolytic anaemia, such as that seen in RBC14 mice, the increased erythroid iron requirements can be met through enhanced macrophage iron release without the need to increase iron absorption, implying that hepcidin is not the sole regulator of macrophage iron release in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Frazer
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.
| | - Sarah J Wilkins
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Cornel S G Mirciov
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.,Schools of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Linda A Dunn
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Gregory J Anderson
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia. .,Schools of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia. .,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
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115
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Chiang S, Kovacevic Z, Sahni S, Lane DJR, Merlot AM, Kalinowski DS, Huang MLH, Richardson DR. Frataxin and the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial iron-loading in Friedreich's ataxia. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:853-70. [PMID: 27129098 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is a major site for the metabolism of the transition metal, iron, which is necessary for metabolic processes critical for cell vitality. The enigmatic mitochondrial protein, frataxin, is known to play a significant role in both cellular and mitochondrial iron metabolism due to its iron-binding properties and its involvement in iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) and heme synthesis. The inherited neuro- and cardio-degenerative disease, Friedreich's ataxia (FA), is caused by the deficient expression of frataxin that leads to deleterious alterations in iron metabolism. These changes lead to the accumulation of inorganic iron aggregates in the mitochondrial matrix that are presumed to play a key role in the oxidative damage and subsequent degenerative features of this disease. Furthermore, the concurrent dys-regulation of cellular antioxidant defense, which coincides with frataxin deficiency, exacerbates oxidative stress. Hence, the pathogenesis of FA underscores the importance of the integrated homeostasis of cellular iron metabolism and the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox environments. This review focuses on describing the pathogenesis of the disease, the molecular mechanisms involved in mitochondrial iron-loading and the dys-regulation of cellular antioxidant defense due to frataxin deficiency. In turn, current and emerging therapeutic strategies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Chiang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Darius J R Lane
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Angelica M Merlot
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michael L-H Huang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia )
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia )
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116
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Abstract
Iron is an essential cofactor for many basic metabolic pathways in pathogenic microbes and their hosts. It is also dangerous as it can catalyse the production of reactive free radicals. This dual character makes the host can either limit iron availability to invading microbes or exploit iron to induce toxicity to pathogens. Successful pathogens, including Leishmania species, must possess mechanisms to circumvent host's iron limitation and iron-induced toxicity in order to survive. In this review, we discuss the regulation of iron metabolism in the setting of infection and delineate the iron acquisition strategies used by Leishmania parasites and their subversions to host iron metabolism to overcome host's iron-related defences.
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117
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"Irony" of managing refractory anemia with transfusional support in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Transfus Apher Sci 2016; 55:105-8. [PMID: 27102761 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening derangement of the immune system in which host macrophages phagocytose the patient's own blood cells. Herein, we present the case of a patient with HLH and associated refractory anemia who developed rapid iron deposition in the liver after transfusion of sixteen units of packed red blood cells (RBCs). Before transfusion, neither a liver biopsy nor computed tomography scan demonstrated iron deposition in the organ parenchyma. After receiving sixteen units of packed RBCs, liver iron concentration rose to 6.7 mg/g dry weight, which is highly unusual in other diseases requiring transfusional support.
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118
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Jiang H, Wang J, Rogers J, Xie J. Brain Iron Metabolism Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3078-3101. [PMID: 27039308 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of iron metabolism, which includes its uptake, storage, and release, plays a key role in neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Understanding how iron accumulates in the substantia nigra (SN) and why it specifically targets dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is particularly warranted for PD, as this knowledge may provide new therapeutic avenues for a more targeted neurotherapeutic strategy for this disease. In this review, we begin with a brief introduction describing brain iron metabolism and its regulation. We then provide a detailed description of how iron accumulates specifically in the SN and why DAergic neurons are especially vulnerable to iron in PD. Furthermore, we focus on the possible mechanisms involved in iron-induced cell death of DAergic neurons in the SN. Finally, we present evidence in support that iron chelation represents a plausable therapeutic strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jack Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatric Neurosciences and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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119
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Soares MP, Hamza I. Macrophages and Iron Metabolism. Immunity 2016; 44:492-504. [PMID: 26982356 PMCID: PMC4794998 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron is a transition metal that due to its inherent ability to exchange electrons with a variety of molecules is essential to support life. In mammals, iron exists mostly in the form of heme, enclosed within an organic protoporphyrin ring and functioning primarily as a prosthetic group in proteins. Paradoxically, free iron also has the potential to become cytotoxic when electron exchange with oxygen is unrestricted and catalyzes the production of reactive oxygen species. These biological properties demand that iron metabolism is tightly regulated such that iron is available for core biological functions while preventing its cytotoxic effects. Macrophages play a central role in establishing this delicate balance. Here, we review the impact of macrophages on heme-iron metabolism and, reciprocally, how heme-iron modulates macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel P Soares
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences and Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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120
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Marques O, Porto G, Rêma A, Faria F, Cruz Paula A, Gomez-Lazaro M, Silva P, Martins da Silva B, Lopes C. Local iron homeostasis in the breast ductal carcinoma microenvironment. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:187. [PMID: 26944411 PMCID: PMC4779214 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the deregulation of iron homeostasis in breast epithelial cells is acknowledged, iron-related alterations in stromal inflammatory cells from the tumor microenvironment have not been explored. METHODS Immunohistochemistry for hepcidin, ferroportin 1 (FPN1), transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1) and ferritin (FT) was performed in primary breast tissues and axillary lymph nodes in order to dissect the iron-profiles of epithelial cells, lymphocytes and macrophages. Furthermore, breast carcinoma core biopsies frozen in optimum cutting temperature (OCT) compound were subjected to imaging flow cytometry to confirm FPN1 expression in the cell types previously evaluated and determine its cellular localization. RESULTS We confirm previous results by showing that breast cancer epithelial cells present an 'iron-utilization phenotype' with an increased expression of hepcidin and TFR1, and decreased expression of FT. On the other hand, lymphocytes and macrophages infiltrating primary tumors and from metastized lymph nodes display an 'iron-donor' phenotype, with increased expression of FPN1 and FT, concomitant with an activation profile reflected by a higher expression of TFR1 and hepcidin. A higher percentage of breast carcinomas, compared to control mastectomy samples, present iron accumulation in stromal inflammatory cells, suggesting that these cells may constitute an effective tissue iron reservoir. Additionally, not only the deregulated expression of iron-related proteins in epithelial cells, but also on lymphocytes and macrophages, are associated with clinicopathological markers of breast cancer poor prognosis, such as negative hormone receptor status and tumor size. CONCLUSIONS The present results reinforce the importance of analyzing the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer, extending the contribution of immune cells to local iron homeostasis in the tumor microenvironment context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Marques
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics - Autoimmunity and Neurosciences, Unit for Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228,Edif 2 Piso 4, P-4050313, Porto, Portugal. .,Pathology and Molecular Immunology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Basic and Clinical Research on Iron Biology, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Graça Porto
- Pathology and Molecular Immunology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Hematology Service, Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alexandra Rêma
- Pathology and Molecular Immunology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fátima Faria
- Pathology and Molecular Immunology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Arnaud Cruz Paula
- Pathology and Molecular Immunology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Gomez-Lazaro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal. .,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Berta Martins da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics - Autoimmunity and Neurosciences, Unit for Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228,Edif 2 Piso 4, P-4050313, Porto, Portugal. .,Pathology and Molecular Immunology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Lopes
- Pathology and Molecular Immunology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO), Porto, Portugal.
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121
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The burden of anaemia in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Dig Liver Dis 2016; 48:267-70. [PMID: 26698411 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaemia (AN) is frequently associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and can negatively influence the quality of life of patients. AIM To evaluate the prevalence and causes of AN in IBD. METHODS We prospectively performed a one-year multicentre observational study including all IBD cases attending six Units. We also investigated patients' main serological parameters. RESULTS The study population included 965 IBD patients (582 CD; 383 UC), of whom 142 were in-patients and 823 out-patients. AN was diagnosed in 134 out of 965 IBD patients (14%). No significant difference in AN prevalence was observed between CD and UC. The prevalence of AN was higher in the hospitalized IBD (26% in- vs. 11.7% out-patients; p<0.01; OR 2.2) and in active disease (CD: 34% active vs. 16% inactive; p<0.01; OR 2.1 - UC: 26% active vs. 19% inactive; p=0.03; OR 1.3). Iron deficiency was present in 72 patients (53.7%), AN of chronic diseases in 12 (8.2%), mixed type AN in 11 (8.2%), thalassemia in 9 (6.7%), and macrocytic AN in 8 (5.9%). CONCLUSIONS In Southern Italy, AN is common in IBD and is more frequent in active disease and hospitalized patients. Iron deficiency still remains the major cause of AN in IBD.
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122
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Oh M, Umasuthan N, Elvitigala DAS, Wan Q, Jo E, Ko J, Noh GE, Shin S, Rho S, Lee J. First comparative characterization of three distinct ferritin subunits from a teleost: Evidence for immune-responsive mRNA expression and iron depriving activity of seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) ferritins. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:450-460. [PMID: 26747640 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ferritins play an indispensable role in iron homeostasis through their iron-withholding function in living beings. In the current study, cDNA sequences of three distinct ferritin subunits, including a ferritin H, a ferritin M, and a ferritin L, were identified from big belly seahorse, Hippocampus abdominalis, and molecularly characterized. Complete coding sequences (CDS) of seahorse ferritin H (HaFerH), ferritin M (HaFerM), and ferritin L (HaFerL) subunits were comprised of 531, 528, and 522 base pairs (bp), respectively, which encode polypeptides of 177, 176, and 174 amino acids, respectively, with molecular masses of ∼20-21 kDa. Our in silico analyses demonstrate that these three ferritin subunits exhibit the typical characteristics of ferritin superfamily members including iron regulatory elements, domain signatures, and reactive centers. The coding sequences of HaFerH, M, and L were cloned and the corresponding proteins were overexpressed in a bacterial system. Recombinantly expressed HaFer proteins demonstrated detectable in vivo iron sequestrating (ferroxidase) activity, consistent with their putative iron binding capability. Quantification of the basal expression of these three HaFer sequences in selected tissues demonstrated a gene-specific ubiquitous spatial distribution pattern, with abundance of mRNA in HaFerM in the liver and predominant expression of HaFerH and HaFerL in blood. Interestingly, the basal expression of all three ferritin genes was found to be significantly modulated against pathogenic stress mounted by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), poly I:C, Streptococcus iniae, and Edwardsiella tarda. Collectively, our findings suggest that the three HaFer subunits may be involved in iron (II) homeostasis in big belly seahorse and that they are important in its host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Oh
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Don Anushka Sandaruwan Elvitigala
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Jo
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ko
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Eon Noh
- Corea Cheju Origin Roh's Aquariums, Jongdal-ri, Gujwa-eup, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63364, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangok Shin
- Corea Cheju Origin Roh's Aquariums, Jongdal-ri, Gujwa-eup, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63364, Republic of Korea
| | - Sum Rho
- Corea Cheju Origin Roh's Aquariums, Jongdal-ri, Gujwa-eup, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63364, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea.
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123
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Seo YA, Elkhader JA, Wessling-Resnick M. Distribution of manganese and other biometals in flatiron mice. Biometals 2015; 29:147-55. [PMID: 26693922 PMCID: PMC4735247 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-015-9904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Flatiron (ffe) mice display features of “ferroportin disease” or Type IV hereditary hemochromatosis. While it is known that both Fe and Mn metabolism are impaired in flatiron mice, the effects of ferroportin (Fpn) deficiency on physiological distribution of these and other biometals is unknown. We hypothesized that Fe, Mn, Zn and/or Cu distribution would be altered in ffe/+ compared to wild-type (+/+) mice. ICP-MS analysis showed that Mn, Zn and Cu levels were significantly reduced in femurs from ffe/+ mice. Bone deposits reflect metal accumulation, therefore these data indicate that Mn, Zn and Cu metabolism are affected by Fpn deficiency. The observations that muscle Cu, lung Mn, and kidney Cu and Zn levels were reduced in ffe/+ mice support the idea that metal metabolism is impaired. While all four biometals appeared to accumulate in brains of flatiron mice, significant gender effects were observed for Mn and Zn levels in male ffe/+ mice. Metals were higher in olfactory bulbs of ffe/+ mice regardless of gender. To further study brain metal distribution, 54MnCl2 was administered by intravenous injection and total brain 54Mn was measured over time. At 72 h, 54Mn was significantly greater in brains of ffe/+ mice compared to +/+ mice while blood 54Mn was cleared to the same levels by 24 h. Taken together, these results indicate that Fpn deficiency decreases Mn trafficking out of the brain, alters body Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu levels, and promotes metal accumulation in olfactory bulbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ah Seo
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Jamal A Elkhader
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Marianne Wessling-Resnick
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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124
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Nakamura K, Kawakami T, Yamamoto N, Tomizawa M, Fujiwara T, Ishii T, Harigae H, Ogasawara K. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by cellular labile iron. Exp Hematol 2015; 44:116-24. [PMID: 26577567 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellular labile iron, which contains chelatable redox-active Fe(2+), has been implicated in iron-mediated cellular toxicity leading to multiple organ dysfunction. Iron homeostasis is controlled by monocytes/macrophages through their iron recycling and storage capacities. Furthermore, iron sequestration by monocytes/macrophages is regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1, highlighting the importance of these cells in the crosstalk between inflammation and iron homeostasis. However, a role for cellular labile iron in monocyte/macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses has not been defined. Here we describe how cellular labile iron activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in human monocytes. Stimulation of lipopolysaccharide-primed peripheral blood mononuclear cells with ferric ammonium citrate increases the level of cellular Fe(2+) levels in monocytes and induces production of interleukin-1β in a dose-dependent manner. This ferric ammonium citrate-induced interleukin-1β production is dependent on caspase-1 and is significantly inhibited by an Fe(2+)-specific chelator. Ferric ammonium citrate consistently induced interleukin-1β secretion in THP1 cells, but not in NLRP3-deficient THP1 cells, indicating a requirement for the NLRP3 inflammasome. Additionally, activation of the inflammasome is mediated by potassium efflux, reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, and lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Thus, these results suggest that monocytes/macrophages not only sequestrate iron during inflammation, but also mediate inflammation in response to cellular labile iron, which provides novel insights into the role of iron in chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Nakamura
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toru Kawakami
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Miyu Tomizawa
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tohru Fujiwara
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ishii
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideo Harigae
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kouetsu Ogasawara
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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125
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Boumaiza M, Jaouen M, Deschemin JC, Ezzine A, Khalaf NB, Vaulont S, Marzouki MN, Sari MA. Expression and purification of a new recombinant camel hepcidin able to promote the degradation of the iron exporter ferroportin1. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 115:11-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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126
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Soares MP, Weiss G. The Iron age of host-microbe interactions. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1482-500. [PMID: 26474900 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes exert a major impact on human health and disease by either promoting or disrupting homeostasis, in the latter instance leading to the development of infectious diseases. Such disparate outcomes are driven by the ever-evolving genetic diversity of microbes and the countervailing host responses that minimize their pathogenic impact. Host defense strategies that limit microbial pathogenicity include resistance mechanisms that exert a negative impact on microbes, and disease tolerance mechanisms that sustain host homeostasis without interfering directly with microbes. While genetically distinct, these host defense strategies are functionally integrated, via mechanisms that remain incompletely defined. Here, we explore the general principles via which host adaptive responses regulating iron (Fe) metabolism impact on resistance and disease tolerance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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127
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Giorgi G, D'Anna MC, Roque ME. Iron homeostasis and its disruption in mouse lung in iron deficiency and overload. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:1199-216. [DOI: 10.1113/ep085166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Giorgi
- Laboratory of Human Physiology; Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR-CONICET); San Juan 670, Universidad Nacional del Sur; Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - María Cecilia D'Anna
- Laboratory of Human Physiology; Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR-CONICET); San Juan 670, Universidad Nacional del Sur; Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Marta Elena Roque
- Laboratory of Human Physiology; Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR-CONICET); San Juan 670, Universidad Nacional del Sur; Bahía Blanca Argentina
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128
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Aljwaid H, White DL, Collard KJ, Moody AJ, Pinkney JH. Non-transferrin-bound iron is associated with biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:943-9. [PMID: 26104728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the association between circulating non-transferrin-bound iron [NTBI], and markers of oxidative stress, endothelial function and inflammation in subjects with type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic subjects with varying degrees of obesity. METHODS Plasma NTBI was measured by HPLC, together with total iron, iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation and soluble transferrin receptor, together with total and reduced ascorbate, malondialdehyde [MDA], E-selectin and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein [hs-CRP] in groups of 28 subjects with type 2 diabetes, 28 non-obese controls and 17 obese non-diabetic subjects. RESULTS Levels of NTBI were higher than controls in the diabetes group, but the total serum iron levels were lower. MDA levels were higher than controls in both the diabetes and obese groups, and this was associated with higher levels of oxidised ascorbate. hs-CRP levels were higher in both the diabetes and obese groups, and E-selectin was significantly higher in the diabetes group. There were strong positive correlations between HbA1c levels and NTBI [P<0.01], HbA1c and E-selectin [P<0.001] and NTBI and E-selectin [P<0.02] in the diabetes group. CONCLUSION These results support the hypothesis that iron-mediated oxidative stress may be a mechanism linking poor glycaemic control with vascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Aljwaid
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science & Environment, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Desley L White
- School of Health Professions, Faculty of Health & Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Derriford Road, Plymouth, UK.
| | - Keith J Collard
- School of Health Professions, Faculty of Health & Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Derriford Road, Plymouth, UK.
| | - A John Moody
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science & Environment, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Jonathan H Pinkney
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Translational and Stratified Medicine, Peninsula Schools of Medicine & Dentistry, Plymouth, UK.
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129
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Jenkitkasemwong S, Wang CY, Coffey R, Zhang W, Chan A, Biel T, Kim JS, Hojyo S, Fukada T, Knutson MD. SLC39A14 Is Required for the Development of Hepatocellular Iron Overload in Murine Models of Hereditary Hemochromatosis. Cell Metab 2015; 22:138-50. [PMID: 26028554 PMCID: PMC4497937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all forms of hereditary hemochromatosis are characterized by pathological iron accumulation in the liver, pancreas, and heart. These tissues preferentially load iron because they take up non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI), which appears in the plasma during iron overload. Yet, how tissues take up NTBI is largely unknown. We report that ablation of Slc39a14, the gene coding for solute carrier SLC39A14 (also called ZIP14), in mice markedly reduced the uptake of plasma NTBI by the liver and pancreas. To test the role of SLC39A14 in tissue iron loading, we crossed Slc39a14(-/-) mice with Hfe(-/-) and Hfe2(-/-) mice, animal models of type 1 and type 2 (juvenile) hemochromatosis, respectively. Slc39a14 deficiency in hemochromatotic mice greatly diminished iron loading of the liver and prevented iron deposition in hepatocytes and pancreatic acinar cells. The data suggest that inhibition of SLC39A14 may mitigate hepatic and pancreatic iron loading and associated pathologies in iron overload disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supak Jenkitkasemwong
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Chia-Yu Wang
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Richard Coffey
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alan Chan
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Thomas Biel
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Shintaro Hojyo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Osteoimmunology, Charitéplatz, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa 142-8666, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8055, Japan
| | - Mitchell D Knutson
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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130
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Abstract
Macrophages play a critical role in iron homeostasis via their intimate association with developing and dying red cells. Central nurse macrophages promote erythropoiesis in the erythroblastic island niche. These macrophages make physical contact with erythroblasts, enabling signaling and the transfer of growth factors and possibly nutrients to the cells in their care. Human mature red cells have a lifespan of 120 days before they become senescent and again come into contact with macrophages. Phagocytosis of red blood cells is the main source of iron flux in the body, because heme must be recycled from approximately 270 billion hemoglobin molecules in each red cell, and roughly 2 million senescent red cells are recycled each second. Here we will review pathways for iron trafficking found at the macrophage-erythroid axis, with a focus on possible roles for the transport of heme in toto.
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131
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Pereda J, Sulz L, Monge JI. The role of the gastrointestinal epithelium as a possible pathway for the transfer of nutrients to the embryo's circulation. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:500-7. [PMID: 25808242 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The endodermal cells of the human yolk sac (YS) produce non-nucleated erythrocytes (NNEs) and numerous serum proteins that are transiently storage within the YS cavity. After their transfer via the vitelline duct to the embryo gastrointestinal lumen, the nutrients' final fate is unknown. With the aim of investigate how erythroid cells and nutrients are conveyed to embryo circulation, we studied, using a morphological and immunohistochemical approach, the embryo anatomy and the serum protein α-fetoprotein (AFP) presence, in 15 human embryos and their YS, collected from tubal pregnancies from 4 to 8 wpf. We observed at 5 wpf, a strong AFP staining in the endodermal cells of the YS, thereafter AFP was only present in the YS cavity and the gastrointestinal lumen. During 7 wpf, AFP expression declined and disappeared, concomitant with YS regression. Between 5 and 7 wpf, NNEs were observed in the gastrointestinal cavity, where they accumulate in the stomach. Here, the cells were attached to the endodermal epithelial cells or were free in the lumen. By scanning electron microscopy, we identified signs of NNEs phagocytized by endodermal cells. Those NNEs free in the lumen, after hemolysis, were probably removed by endocytosis (cell debris). Taking all together, we postulate that after reaching the endodermal epithelial cells of the stomach, nutrients are transferred to the embryo by a phagocytic/endocytic mechanism that is operative until the end of 6 wpf. After absorption, NNEs are probably degraded within phagosomes, nutrients delivered to the cell cytoplasm and then transported towards the embryonic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Pereda
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avda, Bdo, O'Higgins 3363, Casilla 442-Carreo 2, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Sulz
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avda, Bdo, O'Higgins 3363, Casilla 442-Carreo 2, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan I Monge
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avda, Bdo, O'Higgins 3363, Casilla 442-Carreo 2, Santiago, Chile.,Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Ricardo Morales 3369, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile
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132
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Kim KO. [Management of anemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2015; 65:145-50. [PMID: 25797377 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2015.65.3.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anemia is one of the commonest extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The pathogenesis of anemia in IBD is complex but iron deficiency combined with inflammation is the most common factor related to the development of anemia. However, other causes such as vitamin B12 and folate deficiency, hemolysis, myelosuppression and drug also should not be overlooked. In addition to ferritin, inflammatory markers and new biochemical parameters such as hepcidin and ferritin index are being tested as diagnostic a tool. First step for treatment is disease activity control and iron supplementation. Although oral iron is widely used, intravenous iron therapy should be considered in patients who are intolerant to oral iron therapy, have severe and refractory anemia or are in active disease state. Recently, new intravenous iron formulations have been introduced and due to their safety and easy usage, they have become the standard treatment modality for managing anemia in IBD. Erythropoietin and transfusion can be considered in specific situations. Vitamin B12 and folate supplementation is also important in patients who are deficient of these micronutrients. Since anemia in IBD patients could significantly influence the disease outcome, further studies and standard guideline for IBD are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Ok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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133
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Seo YA, Wessling-Resnick M. Ferroportin deficiency impairs manganese metabolism in flatiron mice. FASEB J 2015; 29:2726-33. [PMID: 25782988 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-262592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We examined the physiologic role of ferroportin (Fpn) in manganese (Mn) export using flatiron (ffe/+) mice, a genetic model of Fpn deficiency. Blood (0.0123 vs. 0.0107 mg/kg; P = 0.0003), hepatic (1.06 vs. 0.96 mg/kg; P = 0.0125), and bile Mn levels (79 vs. 38 mg/kg; P = 0.0204) were reduced in ffe/+ mice compared to +/+ controls. Erythrocyte Mn-superoxide dismutase was also reduced at 6 (0.154 vs. 0.096, P = 0.0101), 9 (0.131 vs. 0.089, P = 0.0162), and 16 weeks of age (0.170 vs. 0.090 units/mg protein/min; P < 0.0001). (54)Mn uptake after intragastric gavage was markedly reduced in ffe/+ mice (0.0187 vs. 0.0066% dose; P = 0.0243), while clearance of injected isotope was similar in ffe/+ and +/+ mice. These values were compared to intestinal absorption of (59)Fe, which was significantly reduced in ffe/+ mice (8.751 vs. 3.978% dose; P = 0.0458). The influence of the ffe mutation was examined in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells and human embryonic HEK293T cells. While expression of wild-type Fpn reversed Mn-induced cytotoxicity, ffe mutant H32R failed to confer protection. These combined results demonstrate that Fpn plays a central role in Mn transport and that flatiron mice provide an excellent genetic model to explore the role of this exporter in Mn homeostasis. -
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ah Seo
- Departments of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marianne Wessling-Resnick
- Departments of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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134
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Macrophages and iron trafficking at the birth and death of red cells. Blood 2015; 125:2893-7. [PMID: 25778532 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-12-567776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a critical role in iron homeostasis via their intimate association with developing and dying red cells. Central nurse macrophages promote erythropoiesis in the erythroblastic island niche. These macrophages make physical contact with erythroblasts, enabling signaling and the transfer of growth factors and possibly nutrients to the cells in their care. Human mature red cells have a lifespan of 120 days before they become senescent and again come into contact with macrophages. Phagocytosis of red blood cells is the main source of iron flux in the body, because heme must be recycled from approximately 270 billion hemoglobin molecules in each red cell, and roughly 2 million senescent red cells are recycled each second. Here we will review pathways for iron trafficking found at the macrophage-erythroid axis, with a focus on possible roles for the transport of heme in toto.
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135
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Bordini J, Bertilaccio MTS, Ponzoni M, Fermo I, Chesi M, Bergsagel PL, Camaschella C, Campanella A. Erythroblast apoptosis and microenvironmental iron restriction trigger anemia in the VK*MYC model of multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2015; 100:834-841. [PMID: 25715406 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.118000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a malignant disorder characterized by bone marrow proliferation of plasma cells and by overproduction of monoclonal immunoglobulin detectable in the sera (M-spike). Anemia is a common complication of multiple myeloma, but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. We aimed to identify the different determinants of anemia using the Vk*MYC mouse, which spontaneously develops an indolent bone marrow localized disease with aging. Affected Vk*MYC mice develop a mild normochromic normocytic anemia. We excluded the possibility that anemia results from defective erythropoietin production, inflammation or increased hepcidin expression. Mature erythroid precursors are reduced in Vk*MYC bone marrow compared with wild-type. Malignant plasma cells express the apoptogenic receptor Fas ligand and, accordingly, active caspase 8 is detected in maturing erythroblasts. Systemic iron homeostasis is not compromised in Vk*MYC animals, but high expression of the iron importer CD71 by bone marrow plasma cells and iron accumulation in bone marrow macrophages suggest that iron competition takes place in the local multiple myeloma microenvironment, which might contribute to anemia. In conclusion, the mild anemia of the Vk*MYC model is mainly related to the local effect of the bone marrow malignant clone in the absence of an overt inflammatory status. We suggest that this reproduces the initial events triggering anemia in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bordini
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Pathology and Myeloma Units, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Fermo
- Division of Immunology, Transplants and Infectious Diseases IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Chesi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic AZ, USA
| | | | - Clara Camaschella
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Campanella
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy Fondazione Centro San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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136
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Toblli JE, Angerosa M. Optimizing iron delivery in the management of anemia: patient considerations and the role of ferric carboxymaltose. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 8:2475-91. [PMID: 25525337 PMCID: PMC4266270 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s55499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the challenge of optimizing iron delivery, new intravenous (iv) iron-carbohydrate complexes have been developed in the last few years. A good example of these new compounds is ferric carboxymaltose (FCM), which has recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in adult patients who are intolerant to oral iron or present an unsatisfactory response to oral iron, and in adult patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD). FCM is a robust and stable complex similar to ferritin, which minimizes the release of labile iron during administration, allowing higher doses to be administered in a single application and with a favorable cost-effective rate. Cumulative information from randomized, controlled, multicenter trials on a diverse range of indications, including patients with chronic heart failure, postpartum anemia/abnormal uterine bleeding, inflammatory bowel disease, NDD-CKD, and those undergoing hemodialysis, supports the efficacy of FCM for iron replacement in patients with iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia. Furthermore, as FCM is a dextran-free iron-carbohydrate complex (which has a very low risk for hypersensitivity reactions) with a small proportion of the reported adverse effects in a large number of subjects who received FCM, it may be considered a safe drug. Therefore, FCM appears as an interesting option to apply high doses of iron as a single infusion in a few minutes in order to obtain the quick replacement of iron stores. The present review on FCM summarizes diverse aspects such as pharmacology characteristics and analyzes trials on the efficacy/safety of FCM versus oral iron and different iv iron compounds in multiple clinical scenarios. Additionally, the information on cost effectiveness and data on change in quality of life are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Eduardo Toblli
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Alemán, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Margarita Angerosa
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Alemán, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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137
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Elvitigala DAS, Priyathilaka TT, Lim BS, Whang I, Yeo SY, Choi CY, Lee J. Molecular profile and functional characterization of the ferritin H subunit from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus), revealing its putative role in host antioxidant and immune defense. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 47:104-114. [PMID: 25020197 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ferritins are iron binding proteins made out of 24 subunits, involved in iron homeostasis and metabolism in cellular environments. Here, we sought to identify and functionally characterize a one type of subunits of ferritin (ferritin H-like subunit) from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus; RbFerH). The complete coding sequence of RbFerH was 531 bp in length, encoding a 177-amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 20.8 kDa. The deduced protein structure possessed the domain architecture characteristic of known ferritin H subunits, including metal ligands for iron binding, a ferroxidase center, and two iron-binding region signatures. As expected, the 5' untranslated region of the RbFerH cDNA sequence contained a putative iron response element region, a characteristic regulatory element involved in its translation. The RbFerH gene comprised 5 exons and 4 introns spanning a 4195 bp region. Overexpressed recombinant RbFerH protein demonstrated prominent Fe(II) ion depriving activity, bacteriostatic properties, and protective effects against oxidative double-stranded DNA damage. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), we found that RbFerH was expressed ubiquitously in the majority of physiologically important tissues in rock bream. A greater abundance of the mRNA transcripts were detected in blood and liver tissues. Upon administering different microbial pathogens and pathogen-derived mitogens, RbFerH transcription was markedly elevated in the blood of rock bream. Taken together, our findings suggest that RbFerH acts as a potent iron sequestrator in rock bream and may actively participate in antimicrobial as well as antioxidative defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Anushka Sandaruwan Elvitigala
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanthrige Thiunuwan Priyathilaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Lim
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilson Whang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Yeo
- Department of Biotechnology, Division of Applied Chemistry & Biotechnology, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 305-719, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Young Choi
- Division of Marine Environment and Bioscience, Korea Maritime University, Busan 606-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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138
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Destoumieux-Garzón D, Duperthuy M, Vanhove AS, Schmitt P, Wai SN. Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides in Vibrios. Antibiotics (Basel) 2014; 3:540-63. [PMID: 27025756 PMCID: PMC4790380 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics3040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrios are associated with a broad diversity of hosts that produce antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as part of their defense against microbial infections. In particular, vibrios colonize epithelia, which function as protective barriers and express AMPs as a first line of chemical defense against pathogens. Recent studies have shown they can also colonize phagocytes, key components of the animal immune system. Phagocytes infiltrate infected tissues and use AMPs to kill the phagocytosed microorganisms intracellularly, or deliver their antimicrobial content extracellularly to circumvent tissue infection. We review here the mechanisms by which vibrios have evolved the capacity to evade or resist the potent antimicrobial defenses of the immune cells or tissues they colonize. Among their strategies to resist killing by AMPs, primarily vibrios use membrane remodeling mechanisms. In particular, some highly resistant strains substitute hexaacylated Lipid A with a diglycine residue to reduce their negative surface charge, thereby lowering their electrostatic interactions with cationic AMPs. As a response to envelope stress, which can be induced by membrane-active agents including AMPs, vibrios also release outer membrane vesicles to create a protective membranous shield that traps extracellular AMPs and prevents interaction of the peptides with their own membranes. Finally, once AMPs have breached the bacterial membrane barriers, vibrios use RND efflux pumps, similar to those of other species, to transport AMPs out of their cytoplasmic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón
- Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, IRD, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC80, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Marylise Duperthuy
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Audrey Sophie Vanhove
- Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, IRD, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC80, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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139
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The role of hepcidin, ferroportin, HCP1, and DMT1 protein in iron absorption in the human digestive tract. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2014; 9:208-13. [PMID: 25276251 PMCID: PMC4178046 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2014.45102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron is found in almost all foods, so dietary iron intake is related to energy intake. However, its availability for absorption is quite variable, and poor bioavailability is a major reason for the high prevalence of nutritional iron deficiency anaemia. Absorption occurs primarily in the proximal small intestine through mature enterocytes located at the tips of the duodenal villi. Two transporters: Hem Carrier Protein 1 (HCP1) and Divalent Metal Transporter 1 (DMT1) appear to mediate the entry of most if not all dietary iron into these mucosal cells. Absorption is regulated according to the body's needs. The results of studies suggest that iron absorption is regulated by the control of iron export from duodenal enterocytes to the circulating transferrin pool by ferroportin. Hepcidin, a 25-amino acid polypeptide, which is synthesised primarily in hepatocytes, reduces the iron absorption from the intestine by binding to the only known cellular iron exporter, ferroportin, causing it to be degraded. Therefore, hepcidin is now considered to be the most important factor controlling iron absorption.
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140
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Jung M, Mertens C, Brüne B. Macrophage iron homeostasis and polarization in the context of cancer. Immunobiology 2014; 220:295-304. [PMID: 25260218 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are central in regulating iron homeostasis, which is tightly linked to their versatile role during innate immunity. They sequester iron by phagocytosis of senescent erythrocytes and represent a major source of available iron in the body. Macrophage iron homeostasis is coupled to the functional heterogeneity and plasticity of these cells, with their extreme roles during inflammation, immune modulation, and resolution of inflammation. It is now appreciated that the macrophage polarization process dictates expression profiles of genes involved in iron metabolism. Therefore, macrophages have evolved a multitude of mechanisms to sequester, transport, store, and release iron. A new, enigmatic protein entering the iron scene and affecting the macrophage phenotype is lipocalin-2. Iron sequestration in macrophages depletes the microenvironment, thereby limiting extracellular pathogen or tumor growth, while fostering inflammation. In contrast, iron release from macrophages contributes to bystander cell proliferation, which is important for tissue regeneration and repair. This dichotomy is also reflected by the dual role of lipocalin-2 in macrophages. Unfortunately, the iron release macrophage phenotype is also a characteristic of tumor-associated macrophages and stimulates tumor cell survival and growth. Iron sequestration versus its release is now appreciated to be associated with the macrophage polarization program and can be used to explain a number of biological functions attributed to distinct macrophage phenotypes. Here we discuss macrophage iron homeostasis with a special focus on lipocalin-2 related to the formation and function of tumor-associated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry I/ZAFES, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christina Mertens
- Institute of Biochemistry I/ZAFES, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I/ZAFES, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
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141
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Kong WN, Niu QM, Ge L, Zhang N, Yan SF, Chen WB, Chang YZ, Zhao SE. Sex differences in iron status and hepcidin expression in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 160:258-67. [PMID: 24962641 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that men and women exhibit significant differences regarding iron status. However, the effects of sex on iron accumulation and distribution are not well established. In this study, female and male Sprague-Dawley rats were killed at 4 months of age. Blood samples were analyzed to determine the red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, hematocrit (Hct), and mean red blood cell volume (MCV). The serum samples were analyzed to determine the concentrations of serum iron (SI), transferrin saturation (TS), ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and erythropoietin (EPO). The tissue nonheme iron concentrations were measured in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, kidney, heart, gastrocnemius, duodenal epithelium, lung, pallium, cerebellum, hippocampus, and striatum. Hepatic hepcidin expression was detected by real-time PCR analysis. The synthesis of ferroportin 1 (FPN1) in the liver, spleen, kidney, and bone marrow was determined by Western blot analysis. The synthesis of duodenal cytochrome B561 (DcytB), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), FPN1, hephaestin (HP) in the duodenal epithelium was also measured by Western blot analysis. The results showed that the RBC, Hb, and Hct in male rats were higher than those in female rats. The SI and plasma TS levels were lower in male rats than in female rats. The levels of serum ferritin and sTfR were higher in male rats than in female rats. The EPO levels in male rats were lower than that in female rats. The nonheme iron contents in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and kidney in male rats were also lower (56.7, 73.2, 60.6, and 61.4 % of female rats, respectively). Nonheme iron concentrations in the heart, gastrocnemius, duodenal epithelium, lung, and brain were similar in rats of both sexes. A moderate decrease in hepatic hepcidin mRNA content was also observed in male rats (to 56.0 % of female rats). The levels of FPN1 protein in the liver, spleen, and kidney were higher in male rats than in female rats. There was no significant change in FPN1 expression in bone marrow. Significant difference was also not found in DcytB, DMT1, FPN1, and HP protein levels in the duodenal epithelium between male and female rats. These data suggest that iron is distributed differently in male and female rats. This difference in iron distribution may be associated with the difference in the hepcidin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Na Kong
- The 3rd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
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142
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Abstract
Iron is essential for the normal physiological function of all organisms. In humans it is required for a plethora of biochemical roles including the transport of oxygen in the blood and energy production in the mitochondria. However, iron is also highly cytotoxic when present at high levels as it readily participates in oxidation-reduction reactions that lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species. One unique feature of iron biology is the lack of excretory mechanisms to remove excess iron from the body. Therefore, the concerted action of several genes and proteins working together to regulate the movement of iron across cell membranes, its storage in peripheral tissues and its physiological utilization in the body is essential for maintaining iron homeostasis. Humans are exposed to iron in a number of chemical forms (haem or non-haem; ferric or ferrous). This chapter will describe how humans acquire iron from their diet; the subsequent delivery of iron to its sites of utilization and storage; and how iron is recycled from effete erythrocytes for re-use in metabolism. Mutations in a number of the genes controlling iron metabolism have been identified and study of the pathological consequences of these mutations has allowed us to gain a greater understanding of how the body senses changes in iron status and coordinates its transport, storage and utilization to maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sharp
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, School of Medicine Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
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143
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Nairz M, Haschka D, Demetz E, Weiss G. Iron at the interface of immunity and infection. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:152. [PMID: 25076907 PMCID: PMC4100575 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both, mammalian cells and microbes have an essential need for iron, which is required for many metabolic processes and for microbial pathogenicity. In addition, cross-regulatory interactions between iron homeostasis and immune function are evident. Cytokines and the acute phase protein hepcidin affect iron homeostasis leading to the retention of the metal within macrophages and hypoferremia. This is considered to result from a defense mechanism of the body to limit the availability of iron for extracellular pathogens while on the other hand the reduction of circulating iron results in the development of anemia of inflammation. Opposite, iron and the erythropoiesis inducing hormone erythropoietin affect innate immune responses by influencing interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) mediated (iron) or NF-kB inducible (erythropoietin) immune effector pathways in macrophages. Thus, macrophages loaded with iron lose their ability to kill intracellular pathogens via IFN-γ mediated effector pathways such as nitric oxide (NO) formation. Accordingly, macrophages invaded by the intracellular bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium increase the expression of the iron export protein ferroportin thereby reducing the availability of iron for intramacrophage bacteria while on the other side strengthening anti-microbial macrophage effector pathways via increased formation of NO or TNF-α. In addition, certain innate resistance genes such as natural resistance associated macrophage protein function (Nramp1) or lipocalin-2 exert part of their antimicrobial activity by controlling host and/or microbial iron homeostasis. Consequently, pharmacological or dietary modification of cellular iron trafficking enhances host resistance to intracellular pathogens but may increase susceptibility to microbes in the extracellular compartment and vice versa. Thus, the control over iron homeostasis is a central battlefield in host–pathogen interplay influencing the course of an infectious disease in favor of either the mammalian host or the pathogenic invader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI-Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine VI-Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI-Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI-Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
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144
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Potdar AA, Sarkar J, Das NK, Ghosh P, Gratzl M, Fox PL, Saidel GM. Computational modeling and analysis of iron release from macrophages. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003701. [PMID: 24991925 PMCID: PMC4083485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A major process of iron homeostasis in whole-body iron metabolism is the release of iron from the macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system. Macrophages recognize and phagocytose senescent or damaged erythrocytes. Then, they process the heme iron, which is returned to the circulation for reutilization by red blood cell precursors during erythropoiesis. The amount of iron released, compared to the amount shunted for storage as ferritin, is greater during iron deficiency. A currently accepted model of iron release assumes a passive-gradient with free diffusion of intracellular labile iron (Fe2+) through ferroportin (FPN), the transporter on the plasma membrane. Outside the cell, a multi-copper ferroxidase, ceruloplasmin (Cp), oxidizes ferrous to ferric ion. Apo-transferrin (Tf), the primary carrier of soluble iron in the plasma, binds ferric ion to form mono-ferric and di-ferric transferrin. According to the passive-gradient model, the removal of ferrous ion from the site of release sustains the gradient that maintains the iron release. Subcellular localization of FPN, however, indicates that the role of FPN may be more complex. By experiments and mathematical modeling, we have investigated the detailed mechanism of iron release from macrophages focusing on the roles of the Cp, FPN and apo-Tf. The passive-gradient model is quantitatively analyzed using a mathematical model for the first time. A comparison of experimental data with model simulations shows that the passive-gradient model cannot explain macrophage iron release. However, a facilitated-transport model associated with FPN can explain the iron release mechanism. According to the facilitated-transport model, intracellular FPN carries labile iron to the macrophage membrane. Extracellular Cp accelerates the oxidation of ferrous ion bound to FPN. Apo-Tf in the extracellular environment binds to the oxidized ferrous ion, completing the release process. Facilitated-transport model can correctly predict cellular iron efflux and is essential for physiologically relevant whole-body model of iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka A. Potdar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joydeep Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nupur K. Das
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Paroma Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Miklos Gratzl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Paul L. Fox
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gerald M. Saidel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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145
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Song D, Zhao L, Li Y, Hadziahmetovic M, Song Y, Connelly J, Spino M, Dunaief JL. The oral iron chelator deferiprone protects against systemic iron overload-induced retinal degeneration in hepcidin knockout mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:4525-32. [PMID: 24970260 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the retinal-protective effects of the oral iron chelator deferiprone (DFP) in mice lacking the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin (Hepc). These Hepc knockout (KO) mice have age-dependent systemic and retinal iron accumulation leading to retinal degeneration. METHODS Hepc KO mice were given DFP in drinking water from age 6 to 18 months. They were then compared to Hepc KO mice not receiving DFP by fundus imaging, electroretinography (ERG), histology, immunofluorescence, and quantitative PCR to investigate the protective effect of DFP against retinal and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) degeneration. RESULTS In Hepc KO mice, DFP diminished RPE depigmentation and autofluorescence on fundus imaging. Autofluorescence in the RPE layer in cryosections was significantly diminished by DFP, consistent with the fundus images. Immunolabeling with L-ferritin and transferrin receptor antibodies showed a decreased signal for L-ferritin in the inner retina and RPE cells and an increased signal for transferrin receptor in the inner retina, indicating diminished retinal iron levels with DFP treatment. Plastic sections showed that photoreceptor and RPE cells were well preserved in Hepc KO mice treated with DFP. Consistent with photoreceptor protection, the mRNA level of rhodopsin was significantly higher in retinas treated with DFP. The mRNA levels of oxidative stress-related genes heme oxygenase-1 and catalase were significantly lower in DFP-treated Hepc KO retinas. Finally, ERG rod a- and b- and cone b-wave amplitudes were significantly higher in DFP-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Long-term treatment with the oral iron chelator DFP diminished retinal and RPE iron levels and oxidative stress, providing significant protection against retinal degeneration caused by chronic systemic iron overload in Hepc KO mice. This indicates that iron chelation could be a long-term preventive treatment for retinal disease involving iron overload and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delu Song
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Liangliang Zhao
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Majda Hadziahmetovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ying Song
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Michael Spino
- ApoPharma, Inc., Toronto, Canada Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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146
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Hamara K, Bielecka-Kowalska A, Przybylowska-Sygut K, Sygut A, Dziki A, Szemraj J. Alterations in expression profile of iron-related genes in colorectal cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 40:5573-85. [PMID: 24078156 PMCID: PMC3824343 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron can play a role in colorectal cancer (CRC) development. The expression of genes involved in iron metabolism and its regulation in CRC has not been investigated well. Also the correlation between the level of iron-related genes expression and cancer progression is not known. In this study we collected paired samples of primary adenocarcinoma and adjacent normal mucosa from 73 patients. We assessed the mRNA or miRNA levels of 21 genes and verify their association with clinicopathological characteristics of CRC patients. Our experiments revealed, that the level of divalent metal transporter 1 transcript is well correlated with mRNA levels of iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) in tumor specimens. We have shown, that IRP2 can also be engaged in the mRNA stabilization of other iron transporter–transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) in early stage of disease, however, in more advanced stages of CRC, mRNA level of TfR1 is related to miR-31 level. For the first time we have shown, that ferroportin concentration is significantly associated with miR-194 level, causing the reduction of this transporter amount in tumor tissues of patients with more advanced stages of CRC. We have also shown the alterations in expressing profile of miR-31, miR-133a, miR-141, miR-145, miR-149, miR-182 and miR-194, which were observed even in the early stage of disease, and identified a set of genes, which take place in correct assigning of patients in dependence of CRC stage. These iron-related genes could become potential diagnostic or prognostic indicators for patients with CRC.
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147
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Korolnek T, Hamza I. Like iron in the blood of the people: the requirement for heme trafficking in iron metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:126. [PMID: 24926267 PMCID: PMC4045156 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is an iron-containing porphyrin ring that serves as a prosthetic group in proteins that function in diverse metabolic pathways. Heme is also a major source of bioavailable iron in the human diet. While the synthesis of heme has been well-characterized, the pathways for heme trafficking remain poorly understood. It is likely that heme transport across membranes is highly regulated, as free heme is toxic to cells. This review outlines the requirement for heme delivery to various subcellular compartments as well as possible mechanisms for the mobilization of heme to these compartments. We also discuss how these trafficking pathways might function during physiological events involving inter- and intra-cellular mobilization of heme, including erythropoiesis, erythrophagocytosis, heme absorption in the gut, as well as heme transport pathways supporting embryonic development. Lastly, we aim to question the current dogma that heme, in toto, is not mobilized from one cell or tissue to another, outlining the evidence for these pathways and drawing parallels to other well-accepted paradigms for copper, iron, and cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Korolnek
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park MD, USA ; Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park MD, USA
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park MD, USA ; Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park MD, USA
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148
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Theurl M, Nairz M, Schroll A, Sonnweber T, Asshoff M, Haschka D, Seifert M, Willenbacher W, Wilflingseder D, Posch W, Murphy AT, Witcher DR, Theurl I, Weiss G. Hepcidin as a predictive factor and therapeutic target in erythropoiesis-stimulating agent treatment for anemia of chronic disease in rats. Haematologica 2014; 99:1516-24. [PMID: 24895335 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.099481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia of chronic disease is a multifactorial disorder, resulting mainly from inflammation-driven reticuloendothelial iron retention, impaired erythropoiesis, and reduced biological activity of erythropoietin. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents have been used for the treatment of anemia of chronic disease, although with varying response rates and potential adverse effects. Serum concentrations of hepcidin, a key regulator of iron homeostasis, are increased in patients with anemia of chronic disease and linked to the pathogenesis of this disease, because hepcidin blocks cellular iron egress, thus limiting availability of iron for erythropoiesis. We tested whether serum hepcidin levels can predict and affect the therapeutic efficacy of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent treatment using a well-established rat model of anemia of chronic disease. We found that high pre-treatment hepcidin levels correlated with an impaired hematologic response to an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent in rats with anemia of chronic disease. Combined treatment with an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent and an inhibitor of hepcidin expression, LDN-193189, significantly reduced serum hepcidin levels, mobilized iron from tissue stores, increased serum iron levels and improved hemoglobin levels more effectively than did the erythropoiesis-stimulating agent or LDN-193189 monotherapy. In parallel, both the erythropoiesis-stimulating agent and erythropoiesis-stimulating agent/LDN-193189 combined reduced the expression of cytokines known to inhibit erythropoiesis. We conclude that serum hepcidin levels can predict the hematologic responsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating agent therapy in anemia of chronic disease. Pharmacological inhibition of hepcidin formation improves the erythropoiesis-stimulating agent's therapeutic efficacy, which may favor a reduction of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent dosages, costs and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Sonnweber
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Malte Asshoff
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anthony T Murphy
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Derrick R Witcher
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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149
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Lokken KL, Tsolis RM, Bäumler AJ. Hypoferremia of infection: a double-edged sword? Nat Med 2014; 20:335-7. [PMID: 24710374 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Lokken
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Renée M Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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150
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McCarthy RC, Park YH, Kosman DJ. sAPP modulates iron efflux from brain microvascular endothelial cells by stabilizing the ferrous iron exporter ferroportin. EMBO Rep 2014; 15:809-15. [PMID: 24867889 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201338064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A sequence within the E2 domain of soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) stimulates iron efflux. This activity has been attributed to a ferroxidase activity suggested for this motif. We demonstrate that the stimulation of efflux supported by this peptide and by sAPPα is due to their stabilization of the ferrous iron exporter, ferroportin (Fpn), in the plasma membrane of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMVEC). The peptide does not bind ferric iron explaining why it does not and thermodynamically cannot promote ferrous iron autoxidation. This peptide specifically pulls Fpn down from the plasma membrane of hBMVEC; based on these results, FTP, for ferroportin-targeting peptide, correctly identifies the function of this peptide. The data suggest that in stabilizing Fpn via the targeting due to the FTP sequence, sAPP will increase the flux of iron into the cerebral interstitium. This inference correlates with the observation of significant iron deposition in the amyloid plaques characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C McCarthy
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yun-Hee Park
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Kosman
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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