101
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Redox cycling metals: Pedaling their roles in metabolism and their use in the development of novel therapeutics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:727-48. [PMID: 26844773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Essential metals, such as iron and copper, play a critical role in a plethora of cellular processes including cell growth and proliferation. However, concomitantly, excess of these metal ions in the body can have deleterious effects due to their ability to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, the human body has evolved a very well-orchestrated metabolic system that keeps tight control on the levels of these metal ions. Considering their very high proliferation rate, cancer cells require a high abundance of these metals compared to their normal counterparts. Interestingly, new anti-cancer agents that take advantage of the sensitivity of cancer cells to metal sequestration and their susceptibility to ROS have been developed. These ligands can avidly bind metal ions to form redox active metal complexes, which lead to generation of cytotoxic ROS. Furthermore, these agents also act as potent metastasis suppressors due to their ability to up-regulate the metastasis suppressor gene, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1. This review discusses the importance of iron and copper in the metabolism and progression of cancer, how they can be exploited to target tumors and the clinical translation of novel anti-cancer chemotherapeutics.
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102
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Dl-3-n-butylphthalide-induced upregulation of antioxidant defense is involved in the enhancement of cross talk between CREB and Nrf2 in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 38:32-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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103
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Finkelstein DI, Hare DJ, Billings JL, Sedjahtera A, Nurjono M, Arthofer E, George S, Culvenor JG, Bush AI, Adlard PA. Clioquinol Improves Cognitive, Motor Function, and Microanatomy of the Alpha-Synuclein hA53T Transgenic Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:119-29. [PMID: 26481462 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) has been linked to a number of neurodegenerative disorders, the most noteworthy of which is Parkinson's disease. Alpha-synuclein itself is not toxic and fulfills various physiological roles in the central nervous system. However, specific types of aggregates have been shown to be toxic, and metals have been linked to the assembly of these toxic aggregates. In this paper, we have characterized a transgenic mouse that overexpresses the A53T mutation of human α-syn, specifically assessing cognition, motor performance, and subtle anatomical markers that have all been observed in synucleinopathies in humans. We hypothesized that treatment with the moderate-affinity metal chelator, clioquinol (CQ), would reduce the interaction between metals and α-syn to subsequently improve the phenotype of the A53T animal model. We showed that CQ prevents an iron-synuclein interaction, the formation of urea-soluble α-syn aggregates, α-syn-related substantia nigra pars compacta cell loss, reduction in dendritic spine density of hippocampal and caudate putamen medium spiny neurons, and the decline in motor and cognitive function. In conclusion, our data suggests that CQ is capable of mitigating the pathological metal/α-syn interactions, suggesting that the modulation of metal ions warrants further study as a therapeutic approach for the synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I. Finkelstein
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Elemental
Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Senator
Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Science Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jessica L. Billings
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Amelia Sedjahtera
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Milawaty Nurjono
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Elisa Arthofer
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institut, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Sonia George
- School
of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Janetta G. Culvenor
- School
of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paul A. Adlard
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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104
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Jana MK, Cappai R, Pham CLL, Ciccotosto GD. Membrane-bound tetramer and trimer Aβ oligomeric species correlate with toxicity towards cultured neurons. J Neurochem 2016; 136:594-608. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Metta K. Jana
- Department of Pathology; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Roberto Cappai
- Department of Pathology; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Chi L. L. Pham
- Department of Pathology; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Giuseppe D. Ciccotosto
- Department of Pathology; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
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105
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Metals and Neuronal Metal Binding Proteins Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9812178. [PMID: 26881049 PMCID: PMC4736980 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9812178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent age-related dementia affecting millions of people worldwide. Its main pathological hallmark feature is the formation of insoluble protein deposits of amyloid-β and hyperphosphorylated tau protein into extracellular plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, respectively. Many of the mechanistic details of this process remain unknown, but a well-established consequence of protein aggregation is synapse dysfunction and neuronal loss in the AD brain. Different pathways including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metal metabolism have been suggested to be implicated in this process. In particular, a body of evidence suggests that neuronal metal ions such as copper, zinc, and iron play important roles in brain function in health and disease states and altered homeostasis and distribution as a common feature across different neurodegenerative diseases and aging. In this focused review, we overview neuronal proteins that are involved in AD and whose metal binding properties may underlie important biochemical and regulatory processes occurring in the brain during the AD pathophysiological process.
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106
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Torres JB, Andreozzi EM, Dunn JT, Siddique M, Szanda I, Howlett DR, Sunassee K, Blowera PJ. PET Imaging of Copper Trafficking in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:109-14. [PMID: 26449834 PMCID: PMC6207347 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.162370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alzheimer disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive neuronal loss and cognitive decline. The lack of reliable and objective diagnostic markers for AD hampers early disease detection and treatment. Growing evidence supports the existence of a dysregulation in brain copper trafficking in AD. The aim of this study was to investigate brain copper trafficking in a transgenic mouse model of AD by PET imaging with (64)Cu, to determine its potential as a diagnostic biomarker of the disorder. METHODS Brain copper trafficking was evaluated in 6- to 8-mo-old TASTPM transgenic mice and age-matched wild-type controls using the (64)Cu bis(thiosemicarbazone) complex (64)Cu-GTSM (glyoxalbis(N(4)-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazonato) copper(II)), which crosses the blood-brain barrier and releases (64)Cu bioreductively into cells. Animals were intravenously injected with (64)Cu-GTSM and imaged at 0-30 min and 24-25 h after injection. The images were analyzed by atlas-based quantification and texture analysis. Regional distribution of (64)Cu in the brain 24 h after injection was also evaluated via ex vivo autoradiography and compared with amyloid-β plaque deposition in TASTPM mice. RESULTS Compared with controls, in TASTPM mice PET image analysis demonstrated significantly increased (by a factor of ~1.3) brain concentration of (64)Cu at 30 min (P < 0.01) and 24 h (P < 0.05) after injection of the tracer and faster (by a factor of ~5) (64)Cu clearance from the brain (P < 0.01). Atlas-based quantification and texture analysis revealed significant differences in regional brain uptake of (64)Cu and PET image heterogeneity between the 2 groups of mice. Ex vivo autoradiography showed that regional brain distribution of (64)Cu at 24 h after injection did not correlate with amyloid-β plaque distribution in TASTPM mice. CONCLUSION The trafficking of (64)Cu in the brain after administration of (64)Cu-GTSM is significantly altered by AD-like pathology in the TASTPM mouse model, suggesting that (64)Cu-GTSM PET imaging warrants clinical evaluation as a diagnostic tool for AD and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Baguña Torres
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Erica M. Andreozzi
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Joel T. Dunn
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Muhammad Siddique
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Istvan Szanda
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - David R. Howlett
- King’s College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Kavitha Sunassee
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Philip J. Blowera
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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107
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Albrecht R, Fehse S, Pant K, Nowag S, Stephan H, Haag R, Tzschucke CC. Polyglycerol-Based Copper Chelators for the Transport and Release of Copper Ions in Biological Environments. Macromol Biosci 2015; 16:412-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Albrecht
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustr. 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Susanne Fehse
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Thielallee 63 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Kritee Pant
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR); Bautzner Landstrasse 400 01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Sabrina Nowag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustr. 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Holger Stephan
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR); Bautzner Landstrasse 400 01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustr. 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Carl Christoph Tzschucke
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustr. 3 14195 Berlin Germany
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108
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Hickey JL, James JL, Henderson CA, Price KA, Mot AI, Buncic G, Crouch PJ, White JM, White AR, Smith TA, Donnelly PS. Intracellular Distribution of Fluorescent Copper and Zinc Bis(thiosemicarbazonato) Complexes Measured with Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:9556-67. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janine L. James
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Katherine A. Price
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Alexandra I. Mot
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Peter J. Crouch
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Anthony R. White
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
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109
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Liddell JR. Targeting mitochondrial metal dyshomeostasis for the treatment of neurodegeneration. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2015; 5:345-64. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.15.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial impairment and metal dyshomeostasis are suggested to be associated with many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Friedreich's ataxia. Treatments aimed at restoring metal homeostasis are highly effective in models of these diseases, and clinical trials hold promise. However, in general, the effect of these treatments on mitochondrial metal homeostasis is unclear, and the contribution of mitochondrial metal dyshomeostasis to disease pathogenesis requires further investigation. This review describes the role of metals in mitochondria in health, how mitochondrial metals are disrupted in neurodegenerative diseases, and potential therapeutics aimed at restoring mitochondrial metal homeostasis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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110
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Abstract
Copper has many roles in biology that involve the change of coordination sphere and/or oxidation state of the copper ion. Consequently, the study of copper in heterogeneous environments is an important area in biophysics. EPR is a primary technique for the investigation of paramagnetic copper, which is usually the isolated Cu(II) ion, but sometimes as Cu(II) in different oxidation states of multitransition ion clusters. The gross geometry of the coordination environment of Cu(II) can often be determined from a simple inspection of the EPR spectrum, recorded in the traditional X-band frequency range (9-10 GHz). Identification and quantitation of the coordinating ligand atoms, however, is not so straightforward. In particular, analysis of the superhyperfine structure on the EPR spectrum, to determine the number of coordinated nitrogen atoms, is fraught with difficulty at X-band, despite the observation that the overwhelming number of EPR studies of Cu(II) in the literature have been carried out at X-band. Greater reliability has been demonstrated at S-band (3-4 GHz), using the low-field parallel (gz) features. However, analysis relies on clear identification of the outermost superhyperfine line, which has the lowest intensity of all the spectral features. Computer simulations have subsequently indicated that the much more intense perpendicular region of the spectrum can be reliably interpreted at L-band (2 GHz). The present work describes the development of L-band EPR of Cu(II) into a routine method that is applicable to biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bennett
- Physics Department, 540 N. 15th Street, Marquette University, Milwaukee WI 53233
| | - Jason Kowalski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha WI 53144
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111
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Brewer GJ. Divalent Copper as a Major Triggering Agent in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 46:593-604. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-143123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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112
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Helsel ME, Franz KJ. Pharmacological activity of metal binding agents that alter copper bioavailability. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:8760-70. [PMID: 25797044 PMCID: PMC4425619 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00634a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Iron, copper and zinc are required nutrients for many organisms but also potent toxins if misappropriated. An overload of any of these metals can be cytotoxic and ultimately lead to organ failure, whereas deficiencies can result in anemia, weakened immune system function, and other medical conditions. Cellular metal imbalances have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and infection. It is therefore critical for living organisms to maintain careful control of both the total levels and subcellular distributions of these metals to maintain healthy function. This perspective explores several strategies envisioned to alter the bioavailability of metal ions by using synthetic metal-binding agents targeted for diseases where misappropriated metal ions are suspected of exacerbating cellular damage. Specifically, we discuss chemical properties that influence the pharmacological outcome of a subset of metal-binding agents known as ionophores, and review several examples that have shown multiple pharmacological activities in metal-related diseases, with a specific focus on copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian E Helsel
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, 22708, Durham, NC, USA.
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113
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Atsmon-Raz Y, Miller Y. Insight into Atomic Resolution of the Cross-Seeding between Tau/Mutated Tau and Amyloid-β in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Isr J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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114
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Johanssen T, Suphantarida N, Donnelly PS, Liu XM, Petrou S, Hill AF, Barnham KJ. PBT2 inhibits glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in neurons through metal-mediated preconditioning. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 81:176-85. [PMID: 25697105 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is the pathological process by which neuronal death occurs as a result of excessive stimulation of receptors at the excitatory synapse such as the NMDA receptor (NMDAR). Excitotoxicity has been implicated in the acute neurological damage from ischemia and traumatic brain injury and in the chronic neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Huntington's disease (HD). As a result NMDAR antagonists have become an attractive therapeutic strategy for the potential treatment of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. However NMDAR signaling is dichotomous in nature, with excessive increases in neuronal intracellular calcium through excessive NMDAR activity being lethal but moderate increases to intracellular calcium levels during normal synaptic function providing neuroprotection. Subsequently indiscriminant inhibition of this receptor is best avoided as was concluded from previous clinical trials of NMDAR antagonists. We show that the metal chaperone, PBT2, currently in clinical trials for HD, is able to protect against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity mediated through NMDARs. This was achieved by PBT2 inducing Zn(2+)-dependent increases in intracellular Ca(2+) levels resulting in preconditioning of neurons and inhibition of Ca(2+)-induced neurotoxic signaling cascade involving calpain-activated cleavage of calcineurin. Our study demonstrates that modulating intracellular Ca(2+) levels by a zinc ionophore is a valid therapeutic strategy to protect against the effects of excitotoxicity thought to underlie both acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Johanssen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Nuttawat Suphantarida
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Centre for Neural Engineering and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Xiang M Liu
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Steven Petrou
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Centre for Neural Engineering and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kevin J Barnham
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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115
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Stelmashook EV, Isaev NK, Genrikhs EE, Amelkina GA, Khaspekov LG, Skrebitsky VG, Illarioshkin SN. Role of zinc and copper ions in the pathogenetic mechanisms of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:391-6. [PMID: 24954589 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914050022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Disbalance of zinc (Zn2+) and copper (Cu2+) ions in the central nervous system is involved in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative disorders such as multisystem atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Wilson-Konovalov disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Among these, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most frequent age-related neurodegenerative pathologies with disorders in Zn2+ and Cu2+ homeostasis playing a pivotal role in the mechanisms of pathogenesis. In this review we generalized and systematized current literature data concerning this problem. The interactions of Zn2+ and Cu2+ with amyloid precursor protein (APP), β-amyloid (Abeta), tau-protein, metallothioneins, and GSK3β are considered, as well as the role of these interactions in the generation of free radicals in AD and PD. Analysis of the literature suggests that the main factors of AD and PD pathogenesis (oxidative stress, structural disorders and aggregation of proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, energy deficiency) that initiate a cascade of events resulting finally in the dysfunction of neuronal networks are mediated by the disbalance of Zn2+ and Cu2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Stelmashook
- Research Center of Neurology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 125367, Russia.
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116
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Harris CJ, Voss K, Murchison C, Ralle M, Frahler K, Carter R, Rhoads A, Lind B, Robinson E, Quinn JF. Oral zinc reduces amyloid burden in Tg2576 mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 41:179-92. [PMID: 24595193 DOI: 10.3233/jad-131703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease can be affected by free transition metals such as copper and zinc in the brain. Addition of copper and zinc with amyloid acts to increase aggregation and copper additionally promotes the formation of reactive oxygen species. We propose that reduction of brain copper by blocking uptake of copper from the diet is a viable strategy to regulate the formation of insoluble amyloid-β in the brain of Tg2576 mice. Mice were treated with regimens of zinc acetate, which acts with metallothionein to block copper uptake in the gut, at various times along their lifespan to model prevention and treatment paradigms. We found that the mice tolerated zinc acetate well over the six month course of study. While we did not observe significant changes in cognition and behavior, there was a reduction in insoluble amyloid-β in the brain. This observation coincided with a reduction in brain copper and interestingly no change in brain zinc. Our findings show that blocking copper uptake from the diet can redistribute copper from the brain and reduce amyloid-β aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Harris
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kellen Voss
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Charles Murchison
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Martina Ralle
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kate Frahler
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Raina Carter
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Allison Rhoads
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Betty Lind
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Emily Robinson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology and Parkinson's Disease Research Education and Clinical Care Center (PADRECC), Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
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117
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Verwilst P, Sunwoo K, Kim JS. The role of copper ions in pathophysiology and fluorescent sensors for the detection thereof. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5556-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10366a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Copper ions are crucial to life, and some fundamental roles of copper in pathophysiology have been elucidated using fluorescent sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Verwilst
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea Univesity
- Seoul 136-701
- Korea
| | - Kyoung Sunwoo
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea Univesity
- Seoul 136-701
- Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea Univesity
- Seoul 136-701
- Korea
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118
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Abstract
No disease modifying therapy exists for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The growing burden of this disease to our society necessitates continued investment in drug development. Over the last decade, multiple phase 3 clinical trials testing drugs that were designed to target established disease mechanisms of AD have all failed to benefit patients. There is, therefore, a need for new treatment strategies. Changes to the transition metals, zinc, copper, and iron, in AD impact on the molecular mechanisms of disease, and targeting these metals might be an alternative approach to treat the disease. Here we review how metals feature in molecular mechanisms of AD, and we describe preclinical and clinical data that demonstrate the potential for metal-based drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Ayton
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia
| | - Peng Lei
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia
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119
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Shen C, New EJ. What has fluorescent sensing told us about copper and brain malfunction? Metallomics 2015; 7:56-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00288a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we review the development and application of fluorescent sensors for studying copper in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Shen
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- , Australia
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120
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Wang CY, Wang ZY, Xie JW, Cai JH, Wang T, Xu Y, Wang X, An L. CD36 upregulation mediated by intranasal LV-NRF2 treatment mitigates hypoxia-induced progression of Alzheimer's-like pathogenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2208-30. [PMID: 24702189 PMCID: PMC4224043 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS There is extensive evidence that oxidative stress induces cellular dysfunction in the brain and plays a critical role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Hypoxia increases factors involved in oxidative stress injury and contributes to the onset and progression of AD. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a major component regulating antioxidant response, is attenuated in the AD brain. Importantly, NRF2 directly regulates the alternative first exons of CD36, an important participant in oxidative and inflammatory processes. To explore the effects of hypoxia-induced deterioration of AD-like pathogenesis and investigate the correlation between hypoxia-induced NRF2 signal alterations and CD36 expression, we examined the NRF2 signaling, CD36, and oxidative stress events in hypoxia-treated APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice brain. RESULTS We observed that hypoxia treatment increased oxidative stress, exacerbated inflammation, and aggravated learning defects in aged APP/PS1 mice. Microglia from hypoxia-treated mice brain exhibited marked reduction in CD36 expression and inhibition of β-amyloid (Aβ) degradation. Accordingly, hypoxia treatment caused a decrease in transactivation of NRF2 target genes in the aging mouse brain. Intranasal administration with a lentiviral vector encoding human NRF2 increased CD36 expression, ameliorated the weak antioxidant response triggered by hypoxia, diminished Aβ deposition, and improved spatial memory defects. INNOVATION In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that NRF2 intranasal treatment-induced increases of CD36 could enhance Aβ clearance in AD transgenic mouse. CONCLUSION These results suggest that targeting NRF2-mediated CD36 expression might provide a beneficial intervention for cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Wang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education of China, Department of Pathophysiology, China Medical University , Shenyang, China
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121
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Voss K, Harris C, Ralle M, Duffy M, Murchison C, Quinn JF. Modulation of tau phosphorylation by environmental copper. Transl Neurodegener 2014; 3:24. [PMID: 25671100 PMCID: PMC4322670 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-3-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transition metal copper enhances amyloid β aggregation and neurotoxicity, and in models of concomitant amyloid and tau pathology, copper also promotes tau aggregation. Since it is not clear if the effects of environmental copper upon tau pathology are dependent on the presence of pathological amyloid β, we tested the effects of copper overload and complexing in disease models which lack pathological amyloid β. Methods We used cell culture and transgenic murine models to test the effects of environmental copper on tau phosphorylation. We used oral zinc acetate as a copper lowering agent in mice and examined changes in blood and brain metals through inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Behavioral effects of copper lowering were assessed with Morris water maze and novel object recognition tasks. Changes in tau phosphorylation were examined by phosphorylation specific antibodies on Western blots. Results In human neuroblastoma cells, excess copper promoted tau phosphorylation and a copper complexing agent, tetrathiomolybdate, attenuated tau phosphorylation. In a transgenic mouse model expressing wild type human tau, copper-lowering by oral zinc suppressed plasma and brain levels of copper, and resulted in a marked attenuation of tau phosphorylation. No significant changes in behavior were observed with copper lowering, but a trend to improved recognition of the novel object was observed in zinc acetate treated mice. Conclusions We propose that reduction of brain copper by blocking uptake of copper from the diet may be a viable strategy for modulating tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. The potential benefits of this approach are tempered by the absence of a behavioral benefit and by the health risks of excessive lowering of copper. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2047-9158-3-24) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen Voss
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201 USA
| | - Christopher Harris
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201 USA
| | - Martina Ralle
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Megan Duffy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Charles Murchison
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201 USA
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology and Parkinson's Disease Research Education and Clinical Care Center (PADRECC), Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR USA ; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201 USA
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Djoko KY, Paterson BM, Donnelly PS, McEwan AG. Antimicrobial effects of copper(II) bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes provide new insight into their biochemical mode of action. Metallomics 2014; 6:854-63. [PMID: 24435165 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00348e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The copper(II) complexes of bis-thiosemicarbazones (Cu(btsc)) such as Cu(atsm) and Cu(gtsm) are neutral, lipophilic compounds that show promise as therapeutics for the treatment of certain neurological diseases and cancers. Although the effects of these compounds have been described at the cellular level, there is almost no information about their biochemical mode of action. In this work, we showed that Cu(atsm) and Cu(gtsm) displayed antimicrobial activities against the human obligate pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae that were more than 100 times more potent than Cu(NO3)2 salt alone. Treatment with Cu(btsc) also produced phenotypes that were consistent with copper poisoning, but the levels of intracellular copper were undetectable by ICP MS. We observed that Cu(btsc) interacted with proteins in the cell membrane. Systematic measurements of O2 uptake further demonstrated that treatment with both Cu(atsm) and Cu(gtsm) led to dose-dependent inhibition of respiratory electron transfer processes via succinate and NADH dehydrogenases. These dehydrogenases were not inhibited by a non-btsc source of Cu(II). The results led us to conclude that the biochemical mechanism of Cu(btsc) action is likely more complex than the present, simplistic model of copper release into the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karrera Y Djoko
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, University of Queensland, Bdg 76 Cooper Road, St Lucia, QLD 4127, Australia.
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123
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Djoko KY, Donnelly PS, McEwan AG. Inhibition of respiratory complex I by copper(ii)-bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes. Metallomics 2014; 6:2250-9. [PMID: 25366244 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00226a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Several copper(ii) complexes of bis(thiosemicarbazones) [Cu(btsc)s] show promise as therapeutics for the treatment of neurological diseases, cancers and bacterial infections. These complexes are thought to act primarily as copper ionophores or "copper boosting" agents, whereby the Cu(II) centre is reduced by cytosolic reductants and Cu(I) is released as "free" or "bioavailable" ion. It is then assumed that the dissociated Cu(I) ion is the species responsible for many of the observed biological effects of Cu(btsc)s. We recently showed that Cu(btsc) complexes inhibited NADH dehydrogenases in the bacterial respiratory chain. In this work, we demonstrate that Cu(btsc) complexes also inhibit mitochondrial respiration and that Complex I in the mitochondrial electron transport chain is a specific target of inhibition. However, bioavailable Cu ions do not appear to contribute to the action of Cu(btsc) as a respiratory inhibitor. Instead, an intact Cu(btsc) molecule may bind reversibly and competitively to the site of ubiquinone binding in Complex I. Our results add to the growing body of evidence that the intact complex may be important in the overall cellular activity of Cu(btsc) complexes and further the understanding of their biological effects as a potential therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karrera Y Djoko
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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124
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Lynes MA, Hidalgo J, Manso Y, Devisscher L, Laukens D, Lawrence DA. Metallothionein and stress combine to affect multiple organ systems. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:605-11. [PMID: 24584987 PMCID: PMC4147071 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0501-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins that have a wide range of functions in cellular homeostasis and immunity. MTs can be induced by a variety of conditions including metals, glucocorticoids, endotoxin, acute phase cytokines, stress, and irradiation. In addition to their important immunomodulatory functions, MTs can protect essential cellular compartments from toxicants, serve as a reservoir of essential heavy metals, and regulate cellular redox potential. Many of the roles of MTs in the neuroinflammation, intestinal inflammation, and stress response have been investigated and were the subject of a session at the 6th International Congress on Stress Proteins in Biology and Medicine in Sheffield, UK. Like the rest of the cell stress response, there are therapeutic opportunities that arise from an understanding of MTs, and these proteins also provide potential insights into the world of the heat shock protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Lynes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA,
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125
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Abstract
Copper is an essential element in many biological processes. The critical functions associated with copper have resulted from evolutionary harnessing of its potent redox activity. This same property also places copper in a unique role as a key modulator of cell signal transduction pathways. These pathways are the complex sequence of molecular interactions that drive all cellular mechanisms and are often associated with the interplay of key enzymes including kinases and phosphatases but also including intracellular changes in pools of smaller molecules. A growing body of evidence is beginning to delineate the how, when and where of copper-mediated control over cell signal transduction. This has been driven by research demonstrating critical changes to copper homeostasis in many disorders including cancer and neurodegeneration and therapeutic potential through control of disease-associated cell signalling changes by modulation of copper-protein interactions. This timely review brings together for the first time the diverse actions of copper as a key regulator of cell signalling pathways and discusses the potential strategies for controlling disease-associated signalling processes using copper modulators. It is hoped that this review will provide a valuable insight into copper as a key signal regulator and stimulate further research to promote our understanding of copper in disease and therapy.
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126
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Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential redox active metal that is potentially toxic in excess. Multicellular organisms acquire Cu from the diet and must regulate uptake, storage, distribution and export of Cu at both the cellular and organismal levels. Systemic Cu deficiency can be fatal, as seen in Menkes disease patients. Conversely Cu toxicity occurs in patients with Wilson disease. Cu dyshomeostasis has also been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Over the last decade, the fly Drosophila melanogaster has become an important model organism for the elucidation of eukaryotic Cu regulatory mechanisms. Gene discovery approaches with Drosophila have identified novel genes with conserved protein functions relevant to Cu homeostasis in humans. This review focuses on our current understanding of Cu uptake, distribution and export in Drosophila and the implications for mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Southon
- Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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127
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play essential roles in controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, communication, and adhesion. The dysregulated activities of PTPs are involved in the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. RECENT ADVANCES Many PTPs have emerged as potential new targets for novel drug discovery. PTP inhibitors have attracted much attention. Many PTP inhibitors have been developed. Some of them have been proven to be efficient in lowering blood glucose levels in vivo or inhibiting tumor xenograft growth. CRITICAL ISSUES Some metal ions and metal complexes potently inhibit PTPs. The metal atoms within metal complexes play an important role in PTP binding, while ligand structures influence the inhibitory potency and selectivity. Some metal complexes can penetrate the cell membrane and selectively bind to their targeting PTPs, enhancing the phosphorylation of the related substrates and influencing cellular metabolism. PTP inhibition is potentially involved in the pathophysiological and toxicological processes of metals and some PTPs may be cellular targets of certain metal-based therapeutic agents. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Investigating the structural basis of the interactions between metal complexes and PTPs would facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the structure-activity relationship and accelerate the development of promising metal-based drugs targeting specific PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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128
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Scheiber IF, Mercer JF, Dringen R. Metabolism and functions of copper in brain. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 116:33-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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129
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Fehse S, Nowag S, Quadir M, Kim KS, Haag R, Multhaup G. Copper Transport Mediated by Nanocarrier Systems in a Blood–Brain Barrier In Vitro Model. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1910-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500400k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Fehse
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade
Sir-William-Osler, McIntyre Building, Room 1325, Montreal, QC Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Sabrina Nowag
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohiuddin Quadir
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kwang Sik Kim
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine,
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 200 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Rainer Haag
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Multhaup
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade
Sir-William-Osler, McIntyre Building, Room 1325, Montreal, QC Canada H3G 1Y6
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130
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Gomes LMF, Vieira RP, Jones MR, Wang MCP, Dyrager C, Souza-Fagundes EM, Da Silva JG, Storr T, Beraldo H. 8-Hydroxyquinoline Schiff-base compounds as antioxidants and modulators of copper-mediated Aβ peptide aggregation. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 139:106-16. [PMID: 25019963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the brain are amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, and metal ions such as copper(II) and zinc(II) have been shown to play a role in the aggregation and toxicity of the Aβ peptide, the major constituent of these extracellular aggregates. Metal binding agents can promote the disaggregation of Aβ plaques, and have shown promise as AD therapeutics. Herein, we describe the syntheses and characterization of an acetohydrazone (8-H2QH), a thiosemicarbazone (8-H2QT), and a semicarbazone (8-H2QS) derived from 8-hydroxyquinoline. The three compounds are shown to be neutral at pH7.4, and are potent antioxidants as measured by a Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) assay. The ligands form complexes with Cu(II), 8-H2QT in a 1:1 metal:ligand ratio, and 8-H2QH and 8-H2QS in a 1:2 metal:ligand ratio. A preliminary aggregation inhibition assay using the Aβ1-40 peptide showed that 8-H2QS and 8-H2QH inhibit peptide aggregation in the presence of Cu(II). Native gel electrophoresis/Western blot and TEM images were obtained to give a more detailed picture of the extent and pathways of Aβ aggregation using the more neurotoxic Aβ1-42 in the presence and absence of Cu(II), 8-H2QH, 8-H2QS and the drug candidate PBT2. An increase in the formation of oligomeric species is evident in the presence of Cu(II). However, in the presence of ligands and Cu(II), the results match those for the peptide alone, suggesting that the ligands function by sequestering Cu(II) and limiting oligomer formation in this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza M F Gomes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, V5A-1S6 Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Rafael P Vieira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, V5A-1S6 Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Michael R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, V5A-1S6 Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Michael C P Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, V5A-1S6 Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Christine Dyrager
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, V5A-1S6 Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Elaine M Souza-Fagundes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jeferson G Da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tim Storr
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, V5A-1S6 Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - Heloisa Beraldo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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131
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Copper complexation screen reveals compounds with potent antibiotic properties against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3727-36. [PMID: 24752262 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02316-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages take advantage of the antibacterial properties of copper ions in the killing of bacterial intruders. However, despite the importance of copper for innate immune functions, coordinated efforts to exploit copper ions for therapeutic interventions against bacterial infections are not yet in place. Here we report a novel high-throughput screening platform specifically developed for the discovery and characterization of compounds with copper-dependent antibacterial properties toward methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We detail how one of the identified compounds, glyoxal-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (GTSM), exerts its potent strictly copper-dependent antibacterial properties on MRSA. Our data indicate that the activity of the GTSM-copper complex goes beyond the general antibacterial effects of accumulated copper ions and suggest that, in contrast to prevailing opinion, copper complexes can indeed exhibit species- and target-specific activities. Based on experimental evidence, we propose that copper ions impose structural changes upon binding to the otherwise inactive GTSM ligand and transfer antibacterial properties to the chelate. In turn, GTSM determines target specificity and utilizes a redox-sensitive release mechanism through which copper ions are deployed at or in close proximity to a putative target. According to our proof-of-concept screen, copper activation is not a rare event and even extends to already established drugs. Thus, copper-activated compounds could define a novel class of anti-MRSA agents that amplify copper-dependent innate immune functions of the host. To this end, we provide a blueprint for a high-throughput drug screening campaign which considers the antibacterial properties of copper ions at the host-pathogen interface.
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132
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Nowag S, Frangville C, Multhaup G, Marty JD, Mingotaud C, Haag R. Biocompatible, hyperbranched nanocarriers for the transport and release of copper ions. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3915-3918. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00454j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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133
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Grubman A, Pollari E, Duncan C, Caragounis A, Blom T, Volitakis I, Wong A, Cooper J, Crouch PJ, Koistinaho J, Jalanko A, White AR, Kanninen KM. Deregulation of biometal homeostasis: the missing link for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses? Metallomics 2014; 6:932-43. [PMID: 24804307 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00032c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), a group of genetically distinct fatal neurodegenerative disorders with no treatment or cure, are clinically characterised by progressive motor and visual decline leading to premature death. While the underlying pathological mechanisms are yet to be precisely determined, the diseases share several common features including inflammation, lysosomal lipofuscin deposits and lipid abnormalities. An important hallmark of most common neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and motor neuron diseases is deregulation of biologically active metal homeostasis. Metals such as zinc, copper and iron are critical enzyme cofactors and are important for synaptic transmission in the brain, but can mediate oxidative neurotoxicity when homeostatic regulatory mechanisms fail. We previously demonstrated biometal accumulation and altered biometal transporter expression in 3 animal models of CLN6 NCL disease. In this study we investigated the hypothesis that altered biometal homeostasis may be a feature of NCLs in general using 3 additional animal models of CLN1, CLN3 and CLN5 disease. We demonstrated significant accumulation of the biometals zinc, copper, manganese, iron and cobalt in these mice. Patterns of biometal accumulation in each model preceded significant neurodegeneration, and paralleled the relative severity of disease previously described for each model. Additionally, we observed deregulation of transcripts encoding the anti-oxidant protein, metallothionein (Mt), indicative of disruptions to biometal homeostasis. These results demonstrate that altered biometal homeostasis is a key feature of at least 4 genetically distinct forms of NCL disease.
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134
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Li DW, Liu ZQ, Chen W, Yao M, Li GR. Association of glycogen synthase kinase-3β with Parkinson's disease (review). Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2043-50. [PMID: 24681994 PMCID: PMC4055480 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a pleiotropic serine/threonine protein kinase found in almost all eukaryotes. It is structurally highly conserved and has been identified as a multifaceted enzyme affecting a wide range of biological functions, including gene expression and cellular processes. There are two closely related isoforms of GSK-3; GSK-3α and GSK-3β. The latter appears to play crucial roles in regulating the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, including neurodegenerative disease. The present review focuses on the involvement of this protein in Parkinson’s disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the gradually progressive and selective loss of dopaminergic neurons, and by intracellular inclusions known as Lewy bodies (LBs) expressed in surviving neurons of the substantia nigra (SN). GSK-3β is involved in multiple signaling pathways and has several phosphorylation targets. Numerous apoptotic conditions can be facilitated by the GSK-3β signaling pathways. Studies have shown that GSK-3β inhibition protects the dopaminergic neurons from various stress-induced injuries, indicating the involvement of GSK-3β in PD pathogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms of the protective effect of GSK-3β inhibition on dopaminergic neurons in PD is not completely understood. Multiple pathological events have been recognized to be responsible for the loss of dopaminergic neurons in PD, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, protein aggregation and neuroinflammation. The present review stresses the regulatory roles of GSK-3β in these events and in dopaminergic neuron degeneration, in an attempt to gain an improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms and to provide a potential effective therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Ren Li
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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135
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Hueting R. Radiocopper for the imaging of copper metabolism. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:231-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Hueting
- Division of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering; King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital; London UK
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
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136
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Bica L, Liddell JR, Donnelly PS, Duncan C, Caragounis A, Volitakis I, Paterson BM, Cappai R, Grubman A, Camakaris J, Crouch PJ, White AR. Neuroprotective copper bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes promote neurite elongation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90070. [PMID: 24587210 PMCID: PMC3938583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal biometal homeostasis is a central feature of many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and motor neuron disease. Recent studies have shown that metal complexing compounds behaving as ionophores such as clioquinol and PBT2 have robust therapeutic activity in animal models of neurodegenerative disease; however, the mechanism of neuroprotective action remains unclear. These neuroprotective or neurogenerative processes may be related to the delivery or redistribution of biometals, such as copper and zinc, by metal ionophores. To investigate this further, we examined the effect of the bis(thiosemicarbazonato)-copper complex, Cu(II)(gtsm) on neuritogenesis and neurite elongation (neurogenerative outcomes) in PC12 neuronal-related cultures. We found that Cu(II)(gtsm) induced robust neurite elongation in PC12 cells when delivered at concentrations of 25 or 50 nM overnight. Analogous effects were observed with an alternative copper bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complex, Cu(II)(atsm), but at a higher concentration. Induction of neurite elongation by Cu(II)(gtsm) was restricted to neurites within the length range of 75-99 µm with a 2.3-fold increase in numbers of neurites in this length range with 50 nM Cu(II)(gtsm) treatment. The mechanism of neurogenerative action was investigated and revealed that Cu(II)(gtsm) inhibited cellular phosphatase activity. Treatment of cultures with 5 nM FK506 (calcineurin phosphatase inhibitor) resulted in analogous elongation of neurites compared to 50 nM Cu(II)(gtsm), suggesting a potential link between Cu(II)(gtsm)-mediated phosphatase inhibition and neurogenerative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bica
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R. Liddell
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul S. Donnelly
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare Duncan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aphrodite Caragounis
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Irene Volitakis
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett M. Paterson
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roberto Cappai
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra Grubman
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Camakaris
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J. Crouch
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony R. White
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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137
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Grubman A, Lidgerwood GE, Duncan C, Bica L, Tan JL, Parker SJ, Caragounis A, Meyerowitz J, Volitakis I, Moujalled D, Liddell JR, Hickey JL, Horne M, Longmuir S, Koistinaho J, Donnelly PS, Crouch PJ, Tammen I, White AR, Kanninen KM. Deregulation of subcellular biometal homeostasis through loss of the metal transporter, Zip7, in a childhood neurodegenerative disorder. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:25. [PMID: 24581221 PMCID: PMC4029264 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant biometal metabolism is a key feature of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Metal modulating compounds are promising therapeutics for neurodegeneration, but their mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), caused by mutations in CLN genes, are fatal childhood neurodegenerative lysosomal storage diseases without a cure. We previously showed biometal accumulation in ovine and murine models of the CLN6 variant NCL, but the mechanism is unknown. This study extended the concept that alteration of biometal functions is involved in pathology in these disorders, and investigated molecular mechanisms underlying impaired biometal trafficking in CLN6 disease. Results We observed significant region-specific biometal accumulation and deregulation of metal trafficking pathways prior to disease onset in CLN6 affected sheep. Substantial progressive loss of the ER/Golgi-resident Zn transporter, Zip7, which colocalized with the disease-associated protein, CLN6, may contribute to the subcellular deregulation of biometal homeostasis in NCLs. Importantly, the metal-complex, ZnII(atsm), induced Zip7 upregulation, promoted Zn redistribution and restored Zn-dependent functions in primary mouse Cln6 deficient neurons and astrocytes. Conclusions This study demonstrates the central role of the metal transporter, Zip7, in the aberrant biometal metabolism of CLN6 variants of NCL and further highlights the key contribution of deregulated biometal trafficking to the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Importantly, our results suggest that ZnII(atsm) may be a candidate for therapeutic trials for NCLs.
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138
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Mot AI, Wedd AG, Sinclair L, Brown DR, Collins SJ, Brazier MW. Metal attenuating therapies in neurodegenerative disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 11:1717-45. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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139
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King MK, Pardo M, Cheng Y, Downey K, Jope RS, Beurel E. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors: Rescuers of cognitive impairments. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 141:1-12. [PMID: 23916593 PMCID: PMC3867580 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of cognitive processes is a devastating outcome of many diseases, injuries, and drugs affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Most often, very little can be done by available therapeutic interventions to improve cognitive functions. Here we review evidence that inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) ameliorates cognitive deficits in a wide variety of animal models of CNS diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, Parkinson's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, traumatic brain injury, and others. GSK3 inhibitors also improve cognition following impairments caused by therapeutic interventions, such as cranial irradiation for brain tumors. These findings demonstrate that GSK3 inhibitors are able to ameliorate cognitive impairments caused by a diverse array of diseases, injury, and treatments. The improvements in impaired cognition instilled by administration of GSK3 inhibitors appear to involve a variety of different mechanisms, such as supporting long-term potentiation and diminishing long-term depression, promotion of neurogenesis, reduction of inflammation, and increasing a number of neuroprotective mechanisms. The potential for GSK3 inhibitors to repair cognitive deficits associated with many conditions warrants further investigation of their potential for therapeutic interventions, particularly considering the current dearth of treatments available to reduce loss of cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K King
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Marta Pardo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yuyan Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Kimberlee Downey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Richard S Jope
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Eléonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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140
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Barnham KJ, Bush AI. Biological metals and metal-targeting compounds in major neurodegenerative diseases. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6727-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00138a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metals are functionally essential, but redistribute in neurodegenerative disease where they induce protein aggregates, catalyze radical formation, and lose bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Barnham
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- The University of Melbourne
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
- Department of Pathology
- The University of Melbourne
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141
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Kate AN, Kumbhar AA, Khan AA, Joshi PV, Puranik VG. Monitoring Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity of Copper(II) Complex Using a Fluorescent Anthracene Thiosemicarbazone Ligand. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 25:102-14. [DOI: 10.1021/bc400385d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anup N. Kate
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India
| | | | - Ayesha A. Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India
| | - Pranaya V. Joshi
- Centre
for Materials Characterization, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Vedavati G. Puranik
- Centre
for Materials Characterization, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
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142
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Neuroinflammation and copper in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 2013:145345. [PMID: 24369524 PMCID: PMC3863554 DOI: 10.1155/2013/145345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the innate immune response to infection or tissue damage. Initiation of proinflammatory cascades in the central nervous system (CNS) occurs through recognition of danger associated molecular patterns by cognate immune receptors expressed on inflammatory cells and leads to rapid responses to remove the danger stimulus. The presence of activated microglia and astrocytes in the vicinity of amyloid plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and mouse models implicates inflammation as a contributor to AD pathogenesis. Activated microglia play a critical role in amyloid clearance, but chronic deregulation of CNS inflammatory pathways results in secretion of neurotoxic mediators that ultimately contribute to neurodegeneration in AD. Copper (Cu) homeostasis is profoundly affected in AD, and accumulated extracellular Cu drives Aβ aggregation, while intracellular Cu deficiency limits bioavailable Cu required for CNS functions. This review presents an overview of inflammatory events that occur in AD in response to Aβ and highlights recent advances on the role of Cu in modulation of beneficial and detrimental inflammatory responses in AD.
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143
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Ayton S, Lei P, Bush AI. Metallostasis in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 62:76-89. [PMID: 23142767 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
2012 has been another year in which multiple large-scale clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have failed to meet their clinical endpoints. With the social and financial burden of this disease increasing every year, the onus is now on the field of AD researchers to investigate alternative ideas to deliver outcomes for patients. Although several major clinical trials targeting Aβ have failed, three smaller clinical trials targeting metal interactions with Aβ have all shown benefit for patients. Here we review the genetic, pathological, biochemical, and pharmacological evidence that underlies the metal hypothesis of AD. The AD-affected brain suffers from metallostasis, or fatigue of metal trafficking, resulting in redistribution of metals into inappropriate compartments. The metal hypothesis is built upon a triad of transition elements: iron, copper, and zinc. The hypothesis has matured from early investigations showing amyloidogenic and oxidative stress consequences of these metals; recently, disease-related proteins, APP, tau, and presenilin, have been shown to have major roles in metal regulation, which provides insight into the pathway of neurodegeneration in AD and illuminates potential new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Ayton
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Peng Lei
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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144
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Interactions between Aβ and mutated Tau lead to polymorphism and induce aggregation of Aβ-mutated tau oligomeric complexes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73303. [PMID: 23951348 PMCID: PMC3741189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main hallmarks of the fronto-temporal dementia with Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) is the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain as an outcome of the aggregation of mutated tau protein. This process occurs due to a number of genetic mutations in the MAPT gene. One of these mutations is the ∆K280 mutation in the tau R2 repeat domain, which promotes the aggregation vis-à-vis that for the wild-type tau. Experimental studies have shown that in Alzheimer's disease Aβ peptide forms aggregates both with itself and with wild-type tau. By analogy, in FTDP-17, it is likely that there are interactions between Aβ and mutated tau, but the molecular mechanisms underlying such interactions remain to be elucidated. Thus, to investigate the interactions between Aβ and mutated tau, we constructed fourteen ∆K280 mutated tau-Aβ17-42 oligomeric complexes. In seven of the mutated tau-Aβ17-42 oligoemric complexes the mutated tau oligomers exhibited hydrophobic interactions in their core domain, and in the other seven mutated tau-Aβ17-42 oligoemric complexes the mutated tau oligomers exhibited salt-bridge interactions in their core domain. We considered two types of interactions between mutated tau oligomers and Aβ oligomers: interactions of one monomer of the Aβ oligomer with one monomer of the mutated tau oligomer to form a single-layer conformation, and interactions of the entire Aβ oligomer with the entire mutated tau oligomer to form a double-layer conformation. We also considered parallel arrangements of Aβ trimers alternating with mutated tau trimers in a single-layer conformation. Our results demonstrate that in the interactions of Aβ and mutated tau oligomers, polymorphic mutated tau-Aβ17-42 oligomeric complexes were observed, with a slight preference for the double-layer conformation. Aβ trimers alternating with mutated tau trimers constituted a structurally stable confined β-structure, albeit one that was energetically less stable than all the other constructed models.
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145
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Cater MA, Pearson HB, Wolyniec K, Klaver P, Bilandzic M, Paterson BM, Bush AI, Humbert PO, La Fontaine S, Donnelly PS, Haupt Y. Increasing intracellular bioavailable copper selectively targets prostate cancer cells. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1621-31. [PMID: 23656859 DOI: 10.1021/cb400198p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of two bis(thiosemicarbazonato) copper complexes, glyoxalbis[N4-methylthiosemicarbazonato]Cu(II) [Cu(II)(gtsm)] and diacetylbis[N4-methylthiosemicarbazonato]Cu(II) [Cu(II)(atsm)], for the treatment of prostate cancer was assessed in cell culture and animal models. Distinctively, copper dissociates intracellularly from Cu(II)(gtsm) but is retained by Cu(II)(atsm). We further demonstrated that intracellular H2gtsm [reduced Cu(II)(gtsm)] continues to redistribute copper into a bioavailable (exchangeable) pool. Both Cu(II)(gtsm) and Cu(II)(atsm) selectively kill transformed (hyperplastic and carcinoma) prostate cell lines but, importantly, do not affect the viability of primary prostate epithelial cells. Increasing extracellular copper concentrations enhanced the therapeutic capacity of both Cu(II)(gtsm) and Cu(II)(atsm), and their ligands (H2gtsm and H2atsm) were toxic only toward cancerous prostate cells when combined with copper. Treatment of the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) model with Cu(II)(gtsm) (2.5 mg/kg) significantly reduced prostate cancer burden (∼70%) and severity (grade), while treatment with Cu(II)(atsm) (30 mg/kg) was ineffective at the given dose. However, Cu(II)(gtsm) caused mild kidney toxicity in the mice, associated primarily with interstitial nephritis and luminal distention. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Cu(II)(gtsm) inhibits proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity, a feature further established as being common to copper-ionophores that increase intracellular bioavailable copper. We have demonstrated that increasing intracellular bioavailable copper can selectively kill cancerous prostate cells in vitro and in vivo and have revealed the potential for bis(thiosemicarbazone) copper complexes to be developed as therapeutics for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Cater
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Helen B. Pearson
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Kamil Wolyniec
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Paul Klaver
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Maree Bilandzic
- Prince Henry’s Institute, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | | | | | - Patrick O. Humbert
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Sharon La Fontaine
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | | | - Ygal Haupt
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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146
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Savelieff MG, Lee S, Liu Y, Lim MH. Untangling amyloid-β, tau, and metals in Alzheimer's disease. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:856-65. [PMID: 23506614 DOI: 10.1021/cb400080f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and metal ion dyshomeostasis are believed to underlie numerous neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The pathological hallmark of AD is accumulation of misfolded amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and hyperphosphorylated tau (ptau) proteins in the brain. Since AD etiology remains unclear, several hypotheses have emerged to elucidate its pathological pathways. The amyloid cascade hypothesis, a leading hypothesis for AD development, advocates Aβ as the principal culprit. Additionally, evidence suggests that tau may contribute to AD pathology. Aβ and tau have also been shown to impact each other's pathology either directly or indirectly. Furthermore, metal ion dyshomeostasis is associated with these misfolded proteins. Metal interactions with Aβ and tau/ptau also influence their aggregation properties and neurotoxicity. Herein, we present current understanding on the roles of Aβ, tau, and metal ions, placing equal emphasis on each of these proposed features, as well as their inter-relationships in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masha G. Savelieff
- Life
Sciences Institute and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
United States
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Life
Sciences Institute and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
United States
| | - Yuzhong Liu
- Life
Sciences Institute and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
United States
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Life
Sciences Institute and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
United States
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147
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Hung YH, Bush AI, La Fontaine S. Links between copper and cholesterol in Alzheimer's disease. Front Physiol 2013; 4:111. [PMID: 23720634 PMCID: PMC3655288 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered copper homeostasis and hypercholesterolemia have been identified independently as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Abnormal copper and cholesterol metabolism are implicated in the genesis of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), which are two key pathological signatures of AD. Amyloidogenic processing of a sub-population of amyloid precursor protein (APP) that produces Aβ occurs in cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in copper deficient AD brains. Co-localization of Aβ and a paradoxical high concentration of copper in lipid rafts fosters the formation of neurotoxic Aβ:copper complexes. These complexes can catalytically oxidize cholesterol to generate H2O2, oxysterols and other lipid peroxidation products that accumulate in brains of AD cases and transgenic mouse models. Tau, the core protein component of NFTs, is sensitive to interactions with copper and cholesterol, which trigger a cascade of hyperphosphorylation and aggregation preceding the generation of NFTs. Here we present an overview of copper and cholesterol metabolism in the brain, and how their integrated failure contributes to development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Hui Hung
- Oxidation Biology Laboratory, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville, VIC, Australia ; Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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148
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Noda Y, Asada M, Kubota M, Maesako M, Watanabe K, Uemura M, Kihara T, Shimohama S, Takahashi R, Kinoshita A, Uemura K. Copper enhances APP dimerization and promotes Aβ production. Neurosci Lett 2013; 547:10-5. [PMID: 23669644 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, senile plaque. The Aβ peptide is cleaved from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase and γ-secretase. Until now, many literatures have documented that the high concentration of copper is present in Aβ plaques and enhances aggregation of. The APP copper binding domain (CuBD) is located in the N-terminal next to the growth factor-like domain that gets involved in APP homodimerization. Importantly, dimerization of APP has profound effect on Aβ production. We investigated whether copper alters the state of APP dimerization and how it affects APP metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that copper enhanced APP dimerization and increased extracellular release of Aβ. Moreover, copper chelator, D-penicillamine, suppressed APP dimerization and decreased extracellular release of Aβ. These results suggest that the action of copper may be profoundly associated with the pathway of Aβ production in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuha Noda
- Department of Health Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 53 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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149
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Greenough MA, Camakaris J, Bush AI. Metal dyshomeostasis and oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:540-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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150
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Oligomers, fact or artefact? SDS-PAGE induces dimerization of β-amyloid in human brain samples. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 125:549-64. [PMID: 23354835 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The formation of low-order oligomers of β-amyloid (Aβ) within the brain is widely believed to be a central component of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, despite advances in high-throughput and high-resolution techniques such as xMAP and mass spectrometry (MS), investigations into these oligomeric species have remained reliant on low-resolution Western blots and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The current investigation compared Aβ profiles within human cortical tissue using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), xMAP and surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS and found that whilst there was significant correlation across the techniques regarding levels of monomeric Aβ, only SDS-PAGE was capable of detecting dimeric isoforms of Aβ. The addition of synthetic di-tyrosine cross-linked Aβ(1-40)Met(35)(O) to the AD tissue demonstrated that the MS methodology was capable of observing dimeric Aβ at femto-molar concentrations, with no noticeable effect on monomeric Aβ levels. Focus turned to the association between SDS-PAGE and levels of observable dimeric Aβ within the AD brain tissue. These investigations revealed that increased levels of dimeric Aβ were observed with increasing concentrations of SDS in the sample buffer. This finding was subsequently confirmed using synthetic Aβ(1-42) and suggests that SDS was inducing the formation of dimeric Aβ. The findings that SDS promotes Aβ dimerization have significant implications for the putative role of low-order oligomers in AD pathogenesis and draw into question the utility of oligomeric Aβ as a therapeutic target.
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